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Nakhforoosh A, Hallin E, Karunakaran C, Korbas M, Stobbs J, Kochian L. Visualization and Quantitative Evaluation of Functional Structures of Soybean Root Nodules via Synchrotron X-ray Imaging. PLANT PHENOMICS (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2024; 6:0203. [PMID: 39021394 PMCID: PMC11254386 DOI: 10.34133/plantphenomics.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The efficiency of N2-fixation in legume-rhizobia symbiosis is a function of root nodule activity. Nodules consist of 2 functionally important tissues: (a) a central infected zone (CIZ), colonized by rhizobia bacteria, which serves as the site of N2-fixation, and (b) vascular bundles (VBs), serving as conduits for the transport of water, nutrients, and fixed nitrogen compounds between the nodules and plant. A quantitative evaluation of these tissues is essential to unravel their functional importance in N2-fixation. Employing synchrotron-based x-ray microcomputed tomography (SR-μCT) at submicron resolutions, we obtained high-quality tomograms of fresh soybean root nodules in a non-invasive manner. A semi-automated segmentation algorithm was employed to generate 3-dimensional (3D) models of the internal root nodule structure of the CIZ and VBs, and their volumes were quantified based on the reconstructed 3D structures. Furthermore, synchrotron x-ray fluorescence imaging revealed a distinctive localization of Fe within CIZ tissue and Zn within VBs, allowing for their visualization in 2 dimensions. This study represents a pioneer application of the SR-μCT technique for volumetric quantification of CIZ and VB tissues in fresh, intact soybean root nodules. The proposed methods enable the exploitation of root nodule's anatomical features as novel traits in breeding, aiming to enhance N2-fixation through improved root nodule activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emil Hallin
- Global Institute for Food Security, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4L8, Canada
| | | | | | - Jarvis Stobbs
- Canadian Light Source Inc., Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Leon Kochian
- Global Institute for Food Security, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4L8, Canada
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2
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Zhang Y, Wu X, Wang X, Dai M, Peng Y. Crop root system architecture in drought response. J Genet Genomics 2024:S1673-8527(24)00100-0. [PMID: 38723744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Drought is a natural disaster that profoundly impacts on global agricultural production, significantly reduces crop yields, and thereby poses a severe threat to worldwide food security. Addressing the challenge of effectively improving crop drought resistance (DR) to mitigate yield loss under drought conditions is a global issue. An optimal root system architecture (RSA) plays a pivotal role in enhancing crops' capacity to efficiently uptake water and nutrients, which consequently strengthens their resilience against environmental stresses. In this review, we discuss the compositions and roles of crop RSA and summarize the most recent developments in augmenting drought tolerance in crops by manipulating RSA-related genes. Based on the current research, we propose the potential optimal RSA configuration that could be helpful in enhancing crop DR. Lastly, we discussed the existing challenges and future directions for breeding crops with enhanced DR capabilities through genetic improvements targeting RSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China; State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China; Crop Research Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest Cold and Arid Regions, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Xi Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, HuBei 430070, China
| | - Xingrong Wang
- Crop Research Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest Cold and Arid Regions, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Mingqiu Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, HuBei 430070, China.
| | - Yunling Peng
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China; State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China.
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3
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Voothuluru P, Wu Y, Sharp RE. Not so hidden anymore: Advances and challenges in understanding root growth under water deficits. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1377-1409. [PMID: 38382086 PMCID: PMC11062450 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Limited water availability is a major environmental factor constraining plant development and crop yields. One of the prominent adaptations of plants to water deficits is the maintenance of root growth that enables sustained access to soil water. Despite early recognition of the adaptive significance of root growth maintenance under water deficits, progress in understanding has been hampered by the inherent complexity of root systems and their interactions with the soil environment. We highlight selected milestones in the understanding of root growth responses to water deficits, with emphasis on founding studies that have shaped current knowledge and set the stage for further investigation. We revisit the concept of integrated biophysical and metabolic regulation of plant growth and use this framework to review central growth-regulatory processes occurring within root growth zones under water stress at subcellular to organ scales. Key topics include the primary processes of modifications of cell wall-yielding properties and osmotic adjustment, as well as regulatory roles of abscisic acid and its interactions with other hormones. We include consideration of long-recognized responses for which detailed mechanistic understanding has been elusive until recently, for example hydrotropism, and identify gaps in knowledge, ongoing challenges, and opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Voothuluru
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Yajun Wu
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Robert E Sharp
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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4
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Kawa D, Thiombiano B, Shimels MZ, Taylor T, Walmsley A, Vahldick HE, Rybka D, Leite MFA, Musa Z, Bucksch A, Dini-Andreote F, Schilder M, Chen AJ, Daksa J, Etalo DW, Tessema T, Kuramae EE, Raaijmakers JM, Bouwmeester H, Brady SM. The soil microbiome modulates the sorghum root metabolome and cellular traits with a concomitant reduction of Striga infection. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113971. [PMID: 38537644 PMCID: PMC11063626 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Sorghum bicolor is among the most important cereals globally and a staple crop for smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. Approximately 20% of sorghum yield is lost annually in Africa due to infestation with the root parasitic weed Striga hermonthica. Existing Striga management strategies are not singularly effective and integrated approaches are needed. Here, we demonstrate the functional potential of the soil microbiome to suppress Striga infection in sorghum. We associate this suppression with microbiome-mediated induction of root endodermal suberization and aerenchyma formation and with depletion of haustorium-inducing factors, compounds required for the initial stages of Striga infection. We further identify specific bacterial taxa that trigger the observed Striga-suppressive traits. Collectively, our study describes the importance of the soil microbiome in the early stages of root infection by Striga and pinpoints mechanisms of Striga suppression. These findings open avenues to broaden the effectiveness of integrated Striga management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kawa
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Plant Stress Resilience, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3508 TC Utrecht, the Netherlands; Environmental and Computational Plant Development, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3508 TC Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Benjamin Thiombiano
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Green Life Sciences Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Science, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mahdere Z Shimels
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Microbial Ecology, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tamera Taylor
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Plant Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Aimee Walmsley
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Green Life Sciences Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Science, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hannah E Vahldick
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dominika Rybka
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Microbial Ecology, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcio F A Leite
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Microbial Ecology, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Zayan Musa
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alexander Bucksch
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Francisco Dini-Andreote
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Microbial Ecology, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Mario Schilder
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Green Life Sciences Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Science, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander J Chen
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jiregna Daksa
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Desalegn W Etalo
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Microbial Ecology, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands; Wageningen University and Research, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Taye Tessema
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, 3G53+6XC Holeta, Ethiopia
| | - Eiko E Kuramae
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Microbial Ecology, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands; Ecology and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jos M Raaijmakers
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Microbial Ecology, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harro Bouwmeester
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Green Life Sciences Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Science, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Siobhan M Brady
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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5
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Du P, Zhu YH, Weiner J, Sun Z, Li H, Feng T, Li FM. Reduced Root Cortical Tissue with an Increased Root Xylem Investment Is Associated with High Wheat Yields in Central China. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1075. [PMID: 38674484 PMCID: PMC11054696 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Trait-based approaches are increasingly used to understand crop yield improvement, although they have not been widely applied to anatomical traits. Little is known about the relationships between root and leaf anatomy and yield in wheat. We selected 20 genotypes that have been widely planted in Luoyang, in the major wheat-producing area of China, to explore these relationships. A field study was performed to measure the yields and yield components of the genotypes. Root and leaf samples were collected at anthesis to measure the anatomical traits relevant to carbon allocation and water transport. Yield was negatively correlated with cross-sectional root cortex area, indicating that reduced root cortical tissue and therefore reduced carbon investment have contributed to yield improvement in this region. Yield was positively correlated with root xylem area, suggesting that a higher water transport capacity has also contributed to increased yields in this study. The area of the leaf veins did not significantly correlate with yield, showing that the high-yield genotypes did not have larger veins, but they may have had a conservative water use strategy, with tight regulation of water loss from the leaves. This study demonstrates that breeding for higher yields in this region has changed wheat's anatomical traits, reducing the roots' cortical tissue and increasing the roots' xylem investment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengzhen Du
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Yong-He Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Jacob Weiner
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Zhengli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystems, Institute of Arid Agroecology, School of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.S.); (H.L.)
| | - Huiquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystems, Institute of Arid Agroecology, School of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.S.); (H.L.)
| | - Tao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Feng-Min Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystems, Institute of Arid Agroecology, School of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.S.); (H.L.)
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6
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McLaughlin CM, Li M, Perryman M, Heymans A, Schneider H, Lasky JR, Sawers RJH. Evidence that variation in root anatomy contributes to local adaptation in Mexican native maize. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13673. [PMID: 38468714 PMCID: PMC10925829 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Mexican native maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) is adapted to a wide range of climatic and edaphic conditions. Here, we focus specifically on the potential role of root anatomical variation in this adaptation. Given the investment required to characterize root anatomy, we present a machine-learning approach using environmental descriptors to project trait variation from a relatively small training panel onto a larger panel of genotyped and georeferenced Mexican maize accessions. The resulting models defined potential biologically relevant clines across a complex environment that we used subsequently for genotype-environment association. We found evidence of systematic variation in maize root anatomy across Mexico, notably a prevalence of trait combinations favoring a reduction in axial hydraulic conductance in varieties sourced from cooler, drier highland areas. We discuss our results in the context of previously described water-banking strategies and present candidate genes that are associated with both root anatomical and environmental variation. Our strategy is a refinement of standard environmental genome-wide association analysis that is applicable whenever a training set of georeferenced phenotypic data is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloee M. McLaughlin
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant BiologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Plant ScienceThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Melanie Perryman
- Department of Plant ScienceThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Adrien Heymans
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
- Earth and Life InstituteUC LouvainLouvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
| | - Hannah Schneider
- Department of Physiology and Cell BiologyLeibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)SeelandGermany
| | - Jesse R. Lasky
- Department of BiologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Ruairidh J. H. Sawers
- Department of Plant ScienceThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
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7
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Yamauchi T, Sumi K, Morishita H, Nomura Y. Root anatomical plasticity contributes to the different adaptive responses of two Phragmites species to water-deficit and low-oxygen conditions. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:FP23231. [PMID: 38479793 DOI: 10.1071/fp23231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The runner reed (Phragmites japonica ) is the dominant species on riverbanks, whereas the common reed (Phragmites australis ) thrives in continuously flooded areas. Here, we aimed to identify the key root anatomical traits that determine the different adaptative responses of the two Phragmites species to water-deficit and low-oxygen conditions. Growth measurements revealed that P . japonica tolerated high osmotic conditions, whereas P . australis preferred low-oxygen conditions. Root anatomical analysis revealed that the ratios of the cortex to stele area and aerenchyma (gas space) to cortex area in both species increased under low-oxygen conditions. However, a higher ratio of cortex to stele area in P . australis resulted in a higher ratio of aerenchyma to stele, which includes xylem vessels that are essential for water and nutrient uptakes. In contrast, a lower ratio of cortex to stele area in P . japonica could be advantageous for efficient water uptake under high-osmotic conditions. In addition to the ratio of root tissue areas, rigid outer apoplastic barriers composed of a suberised exodermis may contribute to the adaptation of P . japonica and P . australis to water-deficit and low-oxygen conditions, respectively. Our results suggested that root anatomical plasticity is essential for plants to adapt and respond to different soil moisture levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaki Yamauchi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kurumi Sumi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Morishita
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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8
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Nasr Esfahani M, Sonnewald U. Unlocking dynamic root phenotypes for simultaneous enhancement of water and phosphorus uptake. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 207:108386. [PMID: 38280257 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) and water are crucial for plant growth, but their availability is challenged by climate change, leading to reduced crop production and global food security. In many agricultural soils, crop productivity is confronted by both water and P limitations. The diminished soil moisture decreases available P due to reduced P diffusion, and inadequate P availability diminishes tissue water status through modifications in stomatal conductance and a decrease in root hydraulic conductance. P and water display contrasting distributions in the soil, with P being concentrated in the topsoil and water in the subsoil. Plants adapt to water- and P-limited environments by efficiently exploring localized resource hotspots of P and water through the adaptation of their root system. Thus, developing cultivars with improved root architecture is crucial for accessing and utilizing P and water from arid and P-deficient soils. To meet this goal, breeding towards multiple advantageous root traits can lead to better cultivars for water- and P-limited environments. This review discusses the interplay of P and water availability and highlights specific root traits that enhance the exploration and exploitation of optimal resource-rich soil strata while reducing metabolic costs. We propose root ideotype models, including 'topsoil foraging', 'subsoil foraging', and 'topsoil/subsoil foraging' for maize (monocot) and common bean (dicot). These models integrate beneficial root traits and guide the development of water- and P-efficient cultivars for challenging environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nasr Esfahani
- Department of Biology, Chair of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Department of Biology, Chair of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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9
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Singh T, Bisht N, Ansari MM, Mishra SK, Chauhan PS. Paenibacillus lentimorbus alleviates nutrient deficiency-induced stress in Zea mays by modulating root system architecture, auxin signaling, and metabolic pathways. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:49. [PMID: 38302760 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Paenibacillus lentimorbus reprograms auxin signaling and metabolic pathways for modulating root system architecture to mitigate nutrient deficiency in maize crops. The arable land across the world is having deficiency and disproportionate nutrients, limiting crop productivity. In this study, the potential of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) viz., Pseudomonas putida, Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and their consortium was explored for growth promotion in maize (Zea mays) under nutrient-deficient conditions. PGPR inoculation improved the overall health of plants under nutrient-deficient conditions. The PGPR inoculation significantly improved the root system architecture and also induced changes in root cortical aerenchyma. Based on plant growth and physiological parameters inoculation with P. lentimorbus performed better as compared to P. putida, consortium, and uninoculated control. Furthermore, expression of auxin signaling (rum1, rul1, lrp1, rtcs, rtcl) and root hair development (rth)-related genes modulated the root development process to improve nutrient acquisition and tolerance to nutrient-deficient conditions in P. lentimorbus inoculated maize plants. Further, GC-MS analysis indicated the involvement of metabolites including carbohydrates and organic acids due to the interaction between maize roots and P. lentimorbus under nutrient-deficient conditions. These findings affirm that P. lentimorbus enhance overall plant growth by modulating the root system of maize to provide better tolerance to nutrient-deficient condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Singh
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Nikita Bisht
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Mohd Mogees Ansari
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shashank Kumar Mishra
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Puneet Singh Chauhan
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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10
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Jiang N, Zou T, Huang H, Li C, Xia Y, Yang L. Auxin synthesis promotes N metabolism and optimizes root structure enhancing N acquirement in maize (Zea mays L.). PLANTA 2024; 259:46. [PMID: 38285079 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04327-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Foliar NAA increases photosynthate supplied by enhancing photosynthesis, to strengthen root activity and provide a large sink for root carbohydrate accumulation, which is beneficial to acquire more nitrogen. The improvement of grain yield is an effective component in the food security. Auxin acts as a well-known plant hormone, plays an important role in maize growth and nutrient uptake. In this study, with maize variety Zhengdan 958 (ZD958) as material, the effects of auxin on nitrogen (N) uptake and assimilation of seedling maize were studied by hydroponic experiments. With water as the control, naphthalene acetic acid (NAA, 0.1 mmol/L) and aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG, 0.1 mmol/L, an auxin synthesis inhibitor) were used for foliar spraying. The results showed that NAA significantly improved photosynthetic rate and plant biomass by 58.6% and 91.7%, respectively, while the effect of AVG was opposite to that of NAA. At the same time, key enzymes activities related N assimilation in NAA leaves were significantly increased, and the activities of nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) were increased by 32.3%, 22.9%, and 16.2% in new leaves. Furthermore, NAA treatment promoted underground growth. When compared with control, total root length, root surface area, root tip number, branch number and root activity were significantly increased by 37.8%, 22.2%, 35.1%, 28.8% and 21.2%. Root growth is beneficial to N capture in maize. Ultimately, the total N accumulation of NAA treatment was significantly increased by 74.5%, as compared to the control. In conclusion, NAA foliar spraying increased endogenous IAA content, and enhanced the activity of N assimilation-related enzymes and photosynthesis rate, in order to build a large sink for carbohydrate accumulation. In addition, NAA strengthened root activity and regulated root morphology and architecture, which facilitated further N uptake and plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Jiang
- College of Resources, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Zou
- Yiyang City Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yiyang, 413046, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Huang
- Changde Cigarette Factory, Changde, 415200, People's Republic of China
| | - Changwei Li
- College of Resources, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixiang Xia
- College of Resources, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Yang
- College of Resources, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Peralta Ogorek LL, Jiménez JDLC, Visser EJW, Takahashi H, Nakazono M, Shabala S, Pedersen O. Outer apoplastic barriers in roots: prospects for abiotic stress tolerance. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:NULL. [PMID: 37814289 DOI: 10.1071/fp23133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Floods and droughts are becoming more frequent as a result of climate change and it is imperative to find ways to enhance the resilience of staple crops to abiotic stresses. This is crucial to sustain food production during unfavourable conditions. Here, we analyse the current knowledge about suberised and lignified outer apoplastic barriers, focusing on the functional roles of the barrier to radial O2 loss formed as a response to soil flooding and we discuss whether this trait also provides resilience to multiple abiotic stresses. The barrier is composed of suberin and lignin depositions in the exodermal and/or sclerenchyma cell walls. In addition to the important role during soil flooding, the barrier can also restrict radial water loss, prevent phytotoxin intrusion, salt intrusion and the main components of the barrier can impede invasion of pathogens in the root. However, more research is needed to fully unravel the induction pathway of the outer apoplastic barriers and to address potential trade-offs such as reduced nutrient or water uptake. Nevertheless, we suggest that the outer apoplastic barriers might act as a jack of all trades providing tolerance to multiple abiotic and/or biotic stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas León Peralta Ogorek
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark; and School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Juan de la Cruz Jiménez
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Eric J W Visser
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, Netherlands
| | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mikio Nakazono
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Sergey Shabala
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia; and International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Ole Pedersen
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark; and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
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12
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Dwiningsih Y, Thomas J, Kumar A, Gupta C, Gill N, Ruiz C, Alkahtani J, Baisakh N, Pereira A. QTLs and Candidate Loci Associated with Drought Tolerance Traits of Kaybonnet x ZHE733 Recombinant Inbred Lines Rice Population. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15167. [PMID: 37894848 PMCID: PMC10606886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice is the most important staple crop for the sustenance of the world's population, and drought is a major factor limiting rice production. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of drought-resistance-related traits was conducted on a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the self-fed progeny of a cross between the drought-resistant tropical japonica U.S. adapted cultivar Kaybonnet and the drought-sensitive indica cultivar ZHE733. K/Z RIL population of 198 lines was screened in the field at Fayetteville (AR) for three consecutive years under controlled drought stress (DS) and well-watered (WW) treatment during the reproductive stage. The effects of DS were quantified by measuring morphological traits, grain yield components, and root architectural traits. A QTL analysis using a set of 4133 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and the QTL IciMapping identified 41 QTLs and 184 candidate genes for drought-related traits within the DR-QTL regions. RT-qPCR in parental lines was used to confirm the putative candidate genes. The comparison between the drought-resistant parent (Kaybonnet) and the drought-sensitive parent (ZHE733) under DS conditions revealed that the gene expression of 15 candidate DR genes with known annotations and two candidate DR genes with unknown annotations within the DR-QTL regions was up-regulated in the drought-resistant parent (Kaybonnet). The outcomes of this research provide essential information that can be utilized in developing drought-resistant rice cultivars that have higher productivity when DS conditions are prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yheni Dwiningsih
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture Food and Life Sciences, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (Y.D.); (J.T.); (A.K.); (C.R.); (J.A.)
| | - Julie Thomas
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture Food and Life Sciences, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (Y.D.); (J.T.); (A.K.); (C.R.); (J.A.)
| | - Anuj Kumar
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture Food and Life Sciences, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (Y.D.); (J.T.); (A.K.); (C.R.); (J.A.)
| | - Chirag Gupta
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Navdeep Gill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA;
| | - Charles Ruiz
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture Food and Life Sciences, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (Y.D.); (J.T.); (A.K.); (C.R.); (J.A.)
| | - Jawaher Alkahtani
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture Food and Life Sciences, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (Y.D.); (J.T.); (A.K.); (C.R.); (J.A.)
| | - Niranjan Baisakh
- Department of School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
| | - Andy Pereira
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture Food and Life Sciences, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (Y.D.); (J.T.); (A.K.); (C.R.); (J.A.)
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13
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Quiñones Martorello AS, Gyenge JE, Colabelli MN, Petigrosso LR, Fernández ME. Functional responses to multiple sequential abiotic stress (waterlogging-drought) in three woody taxa with different root systems and stress tolerance. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13958. [PMID: 37338179 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
There is generally a trade-off in the resistance to drought and to waterlogging. However, several species are sequentially subjected to both stressors in many environments. We evaluated the ecophysiological strategies to cope with multiple sequential stress of waterlogging and drought (W + D) of three taxa differing in stress resistance and root morphology: the phreatophic Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Ec) and two shallow-rooted willow clones: Salix matsudana x Salix alba (SmxSa) and Salix nigra (Sn4). Individuals of the three taxa were grown in pots and assigned to either of four treatments: Control (well-watered plants), well-watered followed by drought (C + D); waterlogged for 15 days followed by drought (W15d + D) and waterlogged for 30 days followed by drought (W30d + D). Biomass allocation, growth (diameter, height, length of leaves, and roots), specific leaf area, stomatal conductance, water potential, hydraulic conductivity of roots and branches, leaf C13 and root cortical aerenchyma formation were determined at different stages of the experiment. Ec growth was not affected by W + D, developing tolerance strategies at leaf and whole plant levels. Differential effects of W + D were observed in both Salix clones depending on the time of waterlogging. In Sn4 and SmxSa, the root biomass was affected in W15d + D treatment, but a root tolerance response (aerenchyma and adventitious root formation) was observed in W30d + D. In the three taxa, and contrary to expectations, the previous exposure to a waterlogging period did not increase the susceptibility of the plants to a subsequent drought event. On the contrary, we found tolerance, which depended on the time of waterlogging exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Quiñones Martorello
- LIA FORESTIA (INTA_INRAE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J E Gyenge
- LIA FORESTIA (INTA_INRAE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- UEDD INTA CONICET Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS) sede Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M N Colabelli
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L R Petigrosso
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M E Fernández
- LIA FORESTIA (INTA_INRAE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- UEDD INTA CONICET Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS) sede Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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14
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Tanaka W, Yamauchi T, Tsuda K. Genetic basis controlling rice plant architecture and its modification for breeding. BREEDING SCIENCE 2023; 73:3-45. [PMID: 37168811 PMCID: PMC10165344 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.22088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The shoot and root system architectures are fundamental for crop productivity. During the history of artificial selection of domestication and post-domestication breeding, the architecture of rice has significantly changed from its wild ancestor to fulfil requirements in agriculture. We review the recent studies on developmental biology in rice by focusing on components determining rice plant architecture; shoot meristems, leaves, tillers, stems, inflorescences and roots. We also highlight natural variations that affected these structures and were utilized in cultivars. Importantly, many core regulators identified from developmental mutants have been utilized in breeding as weak alleles moderately affecting these architectures. Given a surge of functional genomics and genome editing, the genetic mechanisms underlying the rice plant architecture discussed here will provide a theoretical basis to push breeding further forward not only in rice but also in other crops and their wild relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakana Tanaka
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Takaki Yamauchi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Tsuda
- National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
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15
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Liu X, Du Y, Ren Y, Wang S, Wang Y, Li Z, Wang W. New insights into the cortex-to-stele ratio show it to effectively indicate inter- and intraspecific function in the absorptive roots of temperate trees. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1061503. [PMID: 36743504 PMCID: PMC9895863 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1061503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The cortex-to-stele ratio (CSR), as it increases from thin- to thick-root species in angiosperms, is theorised to effectively reflect a compensation for the 'lag' of absorption behind transportation. But it is still not known if this compensatory effect exists in gymnosperm species or governs root structure and function within species. Here, anatomical, morphological, and tissue chemical traits of absorptive roots were measured in three temperate angiosperm and three gymnosperm species. Differences in the CSR and the above functional traits, as well as their intraspecific associations, were analyzed and then compared between angiosperms and gymnosperms. At the intraspecific level, the CSR decreased with increasing root order for all species. The expected functional indication of the CSR was consistent with decreases in specific root length (SRL) and N concentration and increases in the C to N ratio (C:N ratio) and the number of and total cross-sectional area of conduits with increasing root order, demonstrating that the CSR indicates the strength of absorption and transportation at the intraspecific level, but intraspecific changes are due to root development rather than the compensatory effect. These trends resulted in significant intraspecific associations between the CSR and SRL (R 2 = 0.36 ~ 0.80), N concentration (R 2 = 0.48 ~ 0.93), the C:N ratio (R 2 = 0.47 ~ 0.91), and the number of (R 2 = 0.21 ~ 0.78) and total cross-sectional area (R 2 = 0.29 ~ 0.72) of conduits in each species (p< 0.05). The overall mean CSR of absorptive roots in angiosperms was four times greater than in gymnosperms, and in angiosperms, the CSR was significantly higher in thick- than in thin-rooted species, whereas in gymnosperms, the interspecific differences were not significant (p > 0.05). This suggests that the compensation for the lag of absorption via cortex thickness regulation was stronger in three angiosperm species than in three gymnosperm species. In addition, there was poor concordance between angiosperms and gymnosperms in the relationships between CSRs and anatomical, morphological, and tissue chemical traits. However, these gymnosperm species show a more stable intraspecific functional association compared to three angiosperm species. In general, absorptive root CSRs could manifest complex strategies in resource acquisition for trees at both intra- and interspecific levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants of Hainan Province, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yanjun Du
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants of Hainan Province, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants of Hainan Province, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Taishan Forest Ecosystem Research Station of State Forestry Administration, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in downstream areas of the Yellow River, College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Zhongyue Li
- Taishan Forest Ecosystem Research Station of State Forestry Administration, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in downstream areas of the Yellow River, College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Wenna Wang
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants of Hainan Province, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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16
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Ning J, Yamauchi T, Takahashi H, Omori F, Mano Y, Nakazono M. Asymmetric auxin distribution establishes a contrasting pattern of aerenchyma formation in the nodal roots of Zea nicaraguensis during gravistimulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1133009. [PMID: 37152158 PMCID: PMC10154625 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1133009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Auxin distribution is essential for determining root developmental patterns. The formation of lateral roots and constitutive aerenchyma, which is a gas space developed through cell death, is regulated by auxin in rice (Oryza sativa). However, it is unclear whether the involvement of auxin in constitutive aerenchyma formation is conserved in other species. In this study, we found that constitutive aerenchyma formation was regulated by auxin in the nodal roots of Zea nicaraguensis, a wild relative of maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) grown naturally on frequently flooded coastal plains. Subsequent gravistimulation (root rotation) experiments showed opposite patterns of aerenchyma and lateral root formation. Lateral root formation on the convex side of rotated roots is known to be stimulated by a transient increase in auxin level in the pericycle. We found that aerenchyma formation was accelerated in the cortex on the concave side of the rotated nodal roots of Z. nicaraguensis. A cortex-specific expression analysis of auxin-responsive genes suggested that the auxin level was higher on the concave side than on the convex side. These results suggest that asymmetric auxin distribution underlies the regulation of aerenchyma and lateral root formation in the nodal roots of Z. nicaraguensis. As aerenchyma reduces the respiratory cost of the roots, constitutive aerenchyma on the concave side of the nodal root may balance resource allocation, thereby contributing to the uptake of water and nutrients by newly formed lateral roots. Our study provides insights into auxin-dependent asymmetric root patterning such as that of gravistimulation and hydropatterning response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayang Ning
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takaki Yamauchi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Fumie Omori
- Division of Feed and Livestock Research, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Nasushiobara, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Mano
- Division of Feed and Livestock Research, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Nasushiobara, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Mikio Nakazono
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- The University of Western Australia (UWA) School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Mikio Nakazono,
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17
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Shoaib M, Banerjee BP, Hayden M, Kant S. Roots’ Drought Adaptive Traits in Crop Improvement. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11172256. [PMID: 36079644 PMCID: PMC9460784 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Drought is one of the biggest concerns in agriculture due to the projected reduction of global freshwater supply with a concurrent increase in global food demand. Roots can significantly contribute to improving drought adaptation and productivity. Plants increase water uptake by adjusting root architecture and cooperating with symbiotic soil microbes. Thus, emphasis has been given to root architectural responses and root–microbe relationships in drought-resilient crop development. However, root responses to drought adaptation are continuous and complex processes and involve additional root traits and interactions among themselves. This review comprehensively compiles and discusses several of these root traits such as structural, physiological, molecular, hydraulic, anatomical, and plasticity, which are important to consider together, with architectural changes, when developing drought resilient crop varieties. In addition, it describes the significance of root contribution in improving soil structure and water holding capacity and its implication on long-term resilience to drought. In addition, various drought adaptive root ideotypes of monocot and dicot crops are compared and proposed for given agroclimatic conditions. Overall, this review provides a broader perspective of understanding root structural, physiological, and molecular regulators, and describes the considerations for simultaneously integrating multiple traits for drought tolerance and crop improvement, under specific growing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Shoaib
- Agriculture Victoria, Grains Innovation Park, 110 Natimuk Road, Horsham, VIC 3400, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Bikram P. Banerjee
- Agriculture Victoria, Grains Innovation Park, 110 Natimuk Road, Horsham, VIC 3400, Australia
| | - Matthew Hayden
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Surya Kant
- Agriculture Victoria, Grains Innovation Park, 110 Natimuk Road, Horsham, VIC 3400, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
- Correspondence:
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18
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Chen F, Wang RJ, Wu CJ, Lin M, Yan HW, Xiang Y. SAUR8, a small auxin-up RNA Gene in poplar, confers drought tolerance to transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Gene 2022; 837:146692. [PMID: 35760288 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
SAUR (small auxin-up RNA) is an early auxin-responsive gene. In this study, a novel SAUR gene PtSAUR8 was cloned from poplar (Populus trichocarpa), and subcellular location analysis showed that it is targeted to the nuclear membrane. In addition, PtSAUR8 overexpression in Arabidopsis improved the plant resistance to drought stress. Meanwhile, the loss of function mutant saur53 showed more drought sensitivity compared to the WT. PtSAUR8 conferred drought tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis, as determined through phenotypic and stress-associated physiological indicator analyses, namely, root length, germination rate, relative water content, proline content, CAT content, POD content, malondialdehyde content, hydrogen peroxide content, and relative conductivity. In addition, after the 1 μM abscisic acid (ABA) treatment, the PtSAUR8-OE lines promoted stomata closure. Quantitative fluorescence analysis of related genes induced by drought mutant stress further confirmed that overexpression of PtSAUR8 can improve drought resistance in transgenic Arabidopsis lines. Therefore, PtSAUR8 may play a role in plant drought resistance through ABA-mediated pathways; thus, providing new research materials for molecular breeding of poplar resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Laboratory of Modern Biotechnology, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Rui-Jia Wang
- Laboratory of Modern Biotechnology, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Cai-Juan Wu
- Laboratory of Modern Biotechnology, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Miao Lin
- Laboratory of Modern Biotechnology, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Han-Wei Yan
- Laboratory of Modern Biotechnology, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Yan Xiang
- Laboratory of Modern Biotechnology, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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19
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Anshu A, Agarwal P, Mishra K, Yadav U, Verma I, Chauhan S, Srivastava PK, Singh PC. Synergistic action of Trichoderma koningiopsis and T. asperellum mitigates salt stress in paddy. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:987-1004. [PMID: 35722516 PMCID: PMC9203646 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01192-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Intensive cultivation increases the salinity and alkalinity of soil leading to its degradation. Such soil lead to abiotic stress conditions in plants causing ROS-mediated cellular damage. Microbes constitute an important group of bio-stimulants, which are promising alternatives to reduce ROS-mediated abiotic stresses and improve plant growth. In the present study synergistic activity of stress-tolerant Trichoderma koningiopsis NBRI-PR5 (MTCC 25372) and T. asperellum NBRI-K14 (MTCC 25373) (TrichoMix) was assessed in paddy crop under salt stress conditions. Improved soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), total organic carbon (TOC), and available nutrients N/P/K by 2-3 folds was observed in the pot experiment using the TrichoMix. It restored the heterogeneous microbial population of the paddy rhizosphere during salt stress and modulated the soil enzyme activities. The anatomical distortions in rice roots due to salt stress were stabilized in presence of the TrichoMix. Different stress marker genes (OsMAPK5, OsAPX, OsGST, OsUSP, OsBADH, OsLYSO, OsNRAMP6, and OsBz8) were differentially modulated by the TrichoMix in presence of salt stress as compared to the control. The TrichoMix increased the yield by 10% in marginally stressed fields; however, it enhanced the yield by approximately 60% when used with the 50% recommended dose of NPK. In the integrated treatment, Fe and Zn were fortified by approximately 40% and 29% respectively in the grains. From the present study, it was concluded that the TrichoMix stimulated the rice plants to accumulate osmoprotectants, improved the anatomical features, modulated the plant defense system, and improved the grain yield and quality. Therefore, the NBRI-PR5 and NBRI-K14 mixture may be used as a bio-stimulant to increase productivity in the rapidly deteriorating soil and reduce the NPK inputs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01192-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Anshu
- Microbial Technology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001 India
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Hasanganj, Lucknow, 226007 India
| | - Pallavi Agarwal
- Microbial Technology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001 India
| | - Kumkum Mishra
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Hasanganj, Lucknow, 226007 India
| | - Udit Yadav
- Microbial Technology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001 India
- Academy India of Scientific and Innovative Research, AcSIR, Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Isha Verma
- Microbial Technology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001 India
- Academy India of Scientific and Innovative Research, AcSIR, Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Soni Chauhan
- Microbial Technology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001 India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Srivastava
- Environmental Technology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001 India
| | - Poonam C. Singh
- Microbial Technology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001 India
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Hasanganj, Lucknow, 226007 India
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20
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Galindo-Castañeda T, Lynch JP, Six J, Hartmann M. Improving Soil Resource Uptake by Plants Through Capitalizing on Synergies Between Root Architecture and Anatomy and Root-Associated Microorganisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:827369. [PMID: 35356114 PMCID: PMC8959776 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.827369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Root architectural and anatomical phenotypes are highly diverse. Specific root phenotypes can be associated with better plant growth under low nutrient and water availability. Therefore, root ideotypes have been proposed as breeding targets for more stress-resilient and resource-efficient crops. For example, root phenotypes that correspond to the Topsoil Foraging ideotype are associated with better plant growth under suboptimal phosphorus availability, and root phenotypes that correspond to the Steep, Cheap and Deep ideotype are linked to better performance under suboptimal availability of nitrogen and water. We propose that natural variation in root phenotypes translates into a diversity of different niches for microbial associations in the rhizosphere, rhizoplane and root cortex, and that microbial traits could have synergistic effects with the beneficial effect of specific root phenotypes. Oxygen and water content, carbon rhizodeposition, nutrient availability, and root surface area are all factors that are modified by root anatomy and architecture and determine the structure and function of the associated microbial communities. Recent research results indicate that root characteristics that may modify microbial communities associated with maize include aerenchyma, rooting angle, root hairs, and lateral root branching density. Therefore, the selection of root phenotypes linked to better plant growth under specific edaphic conditions should be accompanied by investigating and selecting microbial partners better adapted to each set of conditions created by the corresponding root phenotype. Microbial traits such as nitrogen transformation, phosphorus solubilization, and water retention could have synergistic effects when correctly matched with promising plant root ideotypes for improved nutrient and water capture. We propose that elucidation of the interactive effects of root phenotypes and microbial functions on plant nutrient and water uptake offers new opportunities to increase crop yields and agroecosystem sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Galindo-Castañeda
- Sustainable Agroecosystems, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental System Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan P. Lynch
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Johan Six
- Sustainable Agroecosystems, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental System Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Hartmann
- Sustainable Agroecosystems, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental System Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Ndoye MS, Burridge J, Bhosale R, Grondin A, Laplaze L. Root traits for low input agroecosystems in Africa: Lessons from three case studies. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:637-649. [PMID: 35037274 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In many regions across Africa, agriculture is largely based on low-input and small-holder farming systems that use little inorganic fertilisers and have limited access to irrigation and mechanisation. Improving agricultural practices and developing new cultivars adapted to these environments, where production already suffers from climate change, is a major priority for food security. Here, we illustrate how breeding for specific root traits could improve crop resilience in Africa using three case studies covering very contrasting low-input agroecosystems. We first review how greater basal root whorl number and longer and denser root hairs increased P acquisition efficiency and yield in common bean in South East Africa. We then discuss how water-saving strategies, root hair density and deep root growth could be targeted to improve sorghum and pearl millet yield in West Africa. Finally, we evaluate how breeding for denser root systems in the topsoil and interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi could be mobilised to optimise water-saving alternate wetting and drying practices in West African rice agroecosystems. We conclude with a discussion on how to evaluate the utility of root traits and how to make root trait selection feasible for breeders so that improved varieties can be made available to farmers through participatory approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mame S Ndoye
- CERAAS, Thies Escale, Thies, Senegal
- LMI LAPSE, Centre de Recherche ISRA/IRD de Bel Air, Dakar, Senegal
- UMR DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - James Burridge
- UMR DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Rahul Bhosale
- Future Food Beacon of Excellence and School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alexandre Grondin
- CERAAS, Thies Escale, Thies, Senegal
- LMI LAPSE, Centre de Recherche ISRA/IRD de Bel Air, Dakar, Senegal
- UMR DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Laplaze
- LMI LAPSE, Centre de Recherche ISRA/IRD de Bel Air, Dakar, Senegal
- UMR DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
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22
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G. Viana W, Scharwies JD, Dinneny JR. Deconstructing the root system of grasses through an exploration of development, anatomy and function. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:602-619. [PMID: 35092025 PMCID: PMC9303260 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Well-adapted root systems allow plants to grow under resource-limiting environmental conditions and are important determinants of yield in agricultural systems. Important staple crops such as rice and maize belong to the family of grasses, which develop a complex root system that consists of an embryonic root system that emerges from the seed, and a postembryonic nodal root system that emerges from basal regions of the shoot after germination. While early seedling establishment is dependent on the embryonic root system, the nodal root system, and its associated branches, gains in importance as the plant matures and will ultimately constitute the bulk of below-ground growth. In this review, we aim to give an overview of the different root types that develop in cereal grass root systems, explore the different physiological roles they play by defining their anatomical features, and outline the genetic networks that control their development. Through this deconstructed view of grass root system function, we provide a parts-list of elements that function together in an integrated root system to promote survival and crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José R. Dinneny
- Department of BiologyStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
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23
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Hazman MY, Kabil FF. Maize root responses to drought stress depend on root class and axial position. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2022; 135:105-120. [PMID: 34562205 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01348-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study we tested the hypotheses that root classes would exhibit distinctive anatomical and architectural responses to drought stress, and that those responses would vary along the root axes. The root systems of four maize (Zea mays L.) sweet corn genotypes designated SC1, SC2, SC3 and SC4 were phenotyped under well-watered and drought treatments in greenhouse mesocosms, permitting increasing stratification of moisture availability as the drought progressed. Anatomical and architectural responses to drought were evaluated for each root class. Lignin distribution was assessed by image processing of UV-illuminated root cross-sections acquired by laser ablation tomography. The two cultivars with less biomass reduction under drought, SC3 and SC4, substantially enhanced lateral root development along the apical segments of axial roots when plants were grown with drought stress. These segments grew into the deeper part of the mesocosm where more moisture was available. Apical segments of the axial and large lateral roots from drought-stressed plants were thicker and had greater theoretical axial water conductance than basal segments, especially in SC3 and SC4. Basal segments of crown roots of SC3 and SC4 showed increased lignification of the stele under drought. Root anatomical and architectural responses to drought are complex and vary among cultivars and root classes, and along root axes. Drought-induced proliferation of lateral roots on apical segments of axial roots would be expected to enhance deep water acquisition, while lignification of axial roots could help preserve axial water transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Y Hazman
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Centre, 9 Gamma St., Giza, 12619, Egypt.
| | - Farida F Kabil
- Vegetable Crops Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Gamma St., Giza, 12613, Egypt
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24
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Schäfer ED, Ajmera I, Farcot E, Owen MR, Band LR, Lynch JP. In silico evidence for the utility of parsimonious root phenotypes for improved vegetative growth and carbon sequestration under drought. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1010165. [PMID: 36466274 PMCID: PMC9713484 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a primary constraint to crop yields and climate change is expected to increase the frequency and severity of drought stress in the future. It has been hypothesized that crops can be made more resistant to drought and better able to sequester atmospheric carbon in the soil by selecting appropriate root phenotypes. We introduce OpenSimRoot_v2, an upgraded version of the functional-structural plant/soil model OpenSimRoot, and use it to test the utility of a maize root phenotype with fewer and steeper axial roots, reduced lateral root branching density, and more aerenchyma formation (i.e. the 'Steep, Cheap, and Deep' (SCD) ideotype) and different combinations of underlying SCD root phene states under rainfed and drought conditions in three distinct maize growing pedoclimatic environments in the USA, Nigeria, and Mexico. In all environments where plants are subjected to drought stress the SCD ideotype as well as several intermediate phenotypes lead to greater shoot biomass after 42 days. As an additional advantage, the amount of carbon deposited below 50 cm in the soil is twice as great for the SCD phenotype as for the reference phenotype in 5 out of 6 simulated environments. We conclude that crop growth and deep soil carbon deposition can be improved by breeding maize plants with fewer axial roots, reduced lateral root branching density, and more aerenchyma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst D. Schäfer
- Department of Plant Science, Pennysylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ishan Ajmera
- Department of Plant Science, Pennysylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Etienne Farcot
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Markus R. Owen
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Leah R. Band
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P. Lynch
- Department of Plant Science, Pennysylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jonathan P. Lynch,
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25
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Lynch JP. Harnessing root architecture to address global challenges. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:415-431. [PMID: 34724260 PMCID: PMC9299910 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Root architecture can be targeted in breeding programs to develop crops with better capture of water and nutrients. In rich nations, such crops would reduce production costs and environmental pollution and, in developing nations, they would improve food security and economic development. Crops with deeper roots would have better climate resilience while also sequestering atmospheric CO2 . Deeper rooting, which improves water and N capture, is facilitated by steeper root growth angles, fewer axial roots, reduced lateral branching, and anatomical phenotypes that reduce the metabolic cost of root tissue. Mechanical impedance, hypoxia, and Al toxicity are constraints to subsoil exploration. To improve topsoil foraging for P, K, and other shallow resources, shallower root growth angles, more axial roots, and greater lateral branching are beneficial, as are metabolically cheap roots. In high-input systems, parsimonious root phenotypes that focus on water capture may be advantageous. The growing prevalence of Conservation Agriculture is shifting the mechanical impedance characteristics of cultivated soils in ways that may favor plastic root phenotypes capable of exploiting low resistance pathways to the subsoil. Root ideotypes for many low-input systems would not be optimized for any one function, but would be resilient against an array of biotic and abiotic challenges. Root hairs, reduced metabolic cost, and developmental regulation of plasticity may be useful in all environments. The fitness landscape of integrated root phenotypes is large and complex, and hence will benefit from in silico tools. Understanding and harnessing root architecture for crop improvement is a transdisciplinary opportunity to address global challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Lynch
- Department of Plant ScienceThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
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26
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Ortiz-Ramírez C, Guillotin B, Xu X, Rahni R, Zhang S, Yan Z, Coqueiro Dias Araujo P, Demesa-Arevalo E, Lee L, Van Eck J, Gingeras TR, Jackson D, Gallagher KL, Birnbaum KD. Ground tissue circuitry regulates organ complexity in maize and Setaria. Science 2021; 374:1247-1252. [PMID: 34855479 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj2327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ortiz-Ramírez
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.,UGA Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, CINVESTAV Irapuato, Guanajuato 36821, México
| | - Bruno Guillotin
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Xiaosa Xu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Ramin Rahni
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Sanqiang Zhang
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Zhe Yan
- School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 1904, USA
| | | | | | - Laura Lee
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Joyce Van Eck
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.,Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - David Jackson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Kimberly L Gallagher
- School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 1904, USA
| | - Kenneth D Birnbaum
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
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27
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Chen Y, Li G, Zhao B, Zhang Y, Liu K, Nadeeshika Samarawickrama P, Wu X, Lv B, Liu L. Longitudinal Pattern of Aerenchyma Formation Using the Ti-Gompertz Model in Rice Adventitious Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:776971. [PMID: 34917110 PMCID: PMC8669396 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.776971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The longitudinal pattern of root aerenchyma formation of its relationship with the function of adventitious roots in rice remains unclear. In this study, the percentage of the aerenchyma area to the cross-sectional area (i.e., aerenchyma percentage) was fit with four non-linear models, namely, W0-Gompertz, Ti-Gompertz, logistic, and von Bertalanffy. Goodness-of-fit criteria such as the R 2, the Akaike information criterion (AIC), and the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) were used to select the model. The bias of the parameters was evaluated using the difference between the ordinary least squares-based parameter estimates and the mean of 1,000 bootstrap-based parameter estimates and the symmetry of the distributions of these parameters. The results showed that the Ti-Gompertz model, which had a high goodness-of-fit with an R 2 close to 1, lower AIC and BIC values, parameter estimates close to being unbiased, and good linear approximation, provided the best fit for the longitude pattern of rice aerenchyma formation with different root lengths among the competing models. Using the second- and third-order derivatives according to the distance from the root apex, the critical points of Ti-Gompertz were calculated. The rapid stage for aerenchyma formation was from the maximum acceleration point (1.38-1.76 cm from the root apex) to the maximum deceleration point (3.13-4.19 cm from the root apex). In this stage, the aerenchyma percentage increased by 5.3-15.7% per cm, suggesting that the cortical cells tended to die rapidly for the aerenchyma formation rather than for the respiration cost during this stage. Meanwhile, the volume of the aerenchyma of the entire roots could be computed using the integral function of the Ti-Gompertz model. We proposed that the longitudinal pattern of root aerenchyma formation modeled by the Ti-Gompertz model helped to deeply understand the relationship between the anatomical traits and physiological function in rice adventitious roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guoming Li
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Buhong Zhao
- Lixiahe Agricultural Institute of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | | | - Xiaoxia Wu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bing Lv
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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28
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Vaziriyeganeh M, Khan S, Zwiazek JJ. Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses Reveal Potential Salt Tolerance Mechanisms Contributing to Maintenance of Water Balance by the Halophytic Grass Puccinellia nuttalliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:760863. [PMID: 34777443 PMCID: PMC8586710 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.760863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Elevated soil salinity exacerbated by human activities and global climate change poses serious threats to plant survival. Although halophytes provide many important clues concerning salt tolerance in plants, some unanswered questions remain to be addressed, including the processes of water and solute transport regulation. We performed high-throughput RNA-sequencing in roots and metabolome characterizations in roots and leaves of Puccinellia nuttalliana halophytic grass subjected to 0 (control) and 150 mM NaCl. In RNAseq, a total of 31 Gb clean bases generated were de novo assembled into 941,894 transcripts. The PIP2;2 and HKT1;5 transcript levels increased in response to the NaCl treatment implying their roles in water and ion homeostasis. Several transcription factors, including WRKY39, DEK3, HY5, and ABF2, were also overexpressed in response to NaCl. The metabolomic analysis revealed that proline and dopamine significantly increased due to the upregulation of the pathway genes under salt stress, likely contributing to salt tolerance mechanisms. Several phosphatidylcholines significantly increased in roots suggesting that the alterations of membrane lipid composition may be an important strategy in P. nuttalliana for maintaining cellular homeostasis and membrane integrity under salt stress. In leaves, the TCA cycle was enriched suggesting enhanced energy metabolism to cope with salt stress. Other features contributing to the ability of P. nuttalliana to survive under high salinity conditions include salt secretion by the salt glands and enhanced cell wall lignification of the root cells. While most of the reported transcriptomic, metabolomics, and structural alterations may have consequences to water balance maintenance by plants under salinity stress, the key processes that need to be further addressed include the role of the changes in the aquaporin gene expression profiles in the earlier reported enhancement of the aquaporin-mediated root water transport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janusz J. Zwiazek
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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29
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Singh V, Bell M. Genotypic Variability in Architectural Development of Mungbean ( Vigna radiata L.) Root Systems and Physiological Relationships With Shoot Growth Dynamics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:725915. [PMID: 34490024 PMCID: PMC8417475 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.725915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Selection for root system architectures (RSA) to match target growing environments can improve yields through better adaptation to water and nutrient-limiting conditions in grain legume crops such as mungbean. In this study, the architectural development of root systems in four contrasting mungbean varieties was studied over time to explore their relationships to above-ground growth and development. Key findings suggested that early maturing mungbean varieties were characterized by more rapid root elongation rates and leaf area development, resulting in more vigorous root and shoot growth during early growth stages compared with a late maturing variety. The early maturing varieties also showed root morphological traits generally adapted to water-limited environments, such as deeper, longer and lighter roots. Early maturing varieties more rapidly colonized the top 10-20 cm of the soil profile during early growth stages, whereas the later maturing variety developed less prolific but 20-50% thicker roots in the same profile layers in later stages of crop growth. The diversity of root characteristics identified in these commercial varieties suggests that there are opportunities to combine desirable root traits with maturity types to target different production environments. Examples include deeper, longer, and thinner roots for crops to exploit deep profile reserves of water and nutrients, and thicker and shallower root systems for crops grown in shallow soils with stratified nutrient reserves and/or more favorable in-season rainfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Singh
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael Bell
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- The School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
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30
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Peralta Ogorek LL, Pellegrini E, Pedersen O. Novel functions of the root barrier to radial oxygen loss - radial diffusion resistance to H 2 and water vapour. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1365-1376. [PMID: 34013633 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The root barrier to radial O2 loss (ROL) is a trait enabling waterlogging tolerance of plants. The ROL barrier restricts O2 diffusion to the anoxic soil so that O2 is retained inside root tissues. We hypothesised that the ROL barrier can also restrict radial diffusion of other gases (H2 and water vapour) in rice roots with a barrier to ROL. We used O2 and H2 microsensors to measure ROL and permeability of rice roots, and gravimetric measurements to assess the influence of the ROL barrier on radial water loss (RWL). The ROL barrier greatly restricted radial diffusion of O2 as well as H2 . At 60 kPa pO2 , we found no radial diffusion of O2 across the barrier, and for H2 the barrier reduced radial diffusion by 73%. Similarly, RWL was reduced by 93% in roots with a ROL barrier. Our study showed that the root barrier to ROL not only completely blocks radial O2 diffusion under steep concentration gradients but is also a diffusive barrier to H2 and to water vapour. The strong correlation between ROL and RWL presents a case in which simple measurements of RWL can be used to predict ROL in screening studies with a focus on waterlogging tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas León Peralta Ogorek
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd Floor, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd Floor, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Ole Pedersen
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd Floor, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
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31
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Proofing Direct-Seeded Rice with Better Root Plasticity and Architecture. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116058. [PMID: 34199720 PMCID: PMC8199995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The underground reserve (root) has been an uncharted research territory with its untapped genetic variation yet to be exploited. Identifying ideal traits and breeding new rice varieties with efficient root system architecture (RSA) has great potential to increase resource-use efficiency and grain yield, especially under direct-seeded rice, by adapting to aerobic soil conditions. In this review, we tried to mine the available research information on the direct-seeded rice (DSR) root system to highlight the requirements of different root traits such as root architecture, length, number, density, thickness, diameter, and angle that play a pivotal role in determining the uptake of nutrients and moisture at different stages of plant growth. RSA also faces several stresses, due to excess or deficiency of moisture and nutrients, low or high temperature, or saline conditions. To counteract these hindrances, adaptation in response to stress becomes essential. Candidate genes such as early root growth enhancer PSTOL1, surface rooting QTL qSOR1, deep rooting gene DRO1, and numerous transporters for their respective nutrients and stress-responsive factors have been identified and validated under different circumstances. Identifying the desired QTLs and transporters underlying these traits and then designing an ideal root architecture can help in developing a suitable DSR cultivar and aid in further advancement in this direction.
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32
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Basu S, Kumari S, Kumar A, Shahid R, Kumar S, Kumar G. Nitro-oxidative stress induces the formation of roots' cortical aerenchyma in rice under osmotic stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:963-975. [PMID: 33826753 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress induces the formation of cortical aerenchyma in roots, providing drought tolerance by reducing respiration. However, unrestricted aerenchyma formation impedes the radial transport of water through the root's central cylinder; thereby decreasing the water uptake under drought stress. Therefore, exploring the root architectural and anatomical alterations in rice under drought is essential for targeting crop improvement. Drought stress-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a key role in the lysigenous aerenchyma development. However, the influence of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in the development of lysigenous aerenchyma under drought has never been studied in rice. The present study examined the effect of ROS and RNS, generated by progressive drought stress, on the lysigenous aerenchyma formation in the roots of contrasting rice genotypes of the Eastern Indo-Gangetic plains (EIGP). As expected, the PEG-induced drought stress stimulated the expression of NADPH oxidase (NOX), thereby promoting the ROS generation in roots of the rice seedlings. Excessive ROS and RNS accumulations in roots affected the membrane lipids, promoting the tissue-specific programmed cell death (PCD) in rice. The activation of the antioxidant defense system played a major role in the ROS and RNS detoxification, thereby restricting the root aerenchyma formation in rice under drought stress. The results also displayed that drought tolerance in rice is associated with the formation of the Casparian strip, which limits the apoplastic flow of water in the water-deficient roots. Overall, our study revealed the association of nitro-oxidative metabolism with PCD and lysigenous aerenchyma formation in the cortical cells of root under drought stress in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahana Basu
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Surbhi Kumari
- Department of Life Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Alok Kumar
- Department of Life Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Rimsha Shahid
- Department of Life Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Gautam Kumar
- Department of Life Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
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Bardhan K, York LM, Hasanuzzaman M, Parekh V, Jena S, Pandya MN. Can smart nutrient applications optimize the plant's hidden half to improve drought resistance? PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:1007-1015. [PMID: 33432608 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Global agriculture is challenged with achieving sustainable food security while the climate changes and the threat of drought increases. Much of the research attention has focused on above-ground plant responses with an aim to improve drought resistance. The hidden half, that is, the root system belowground, is receiving increasing attention as the interface of the plant with the soil. Because roots are a sensing organ for nutrients and moisture, we speculate that crop root system traits can be managed using smart nutrient application in order to increase drought resistance. Roots are known to be influenced both by their underlying genetics and also by responses to the environment, termed root plasticity. Though very little is known about the combined effect of water and nutrients on root plasticity, we explore the possibilities of root system manipulation by nutrient application. We compare the effects of different water or nutrient levels on root plasticity and its genetic regulation, with a focus on how this may affect drought resistance. We propose four primary mechanisms through which smart nutrient management can optimize root traits for drought resistance: (1) overall plant vigor, (2) increased root allocation, (3) influence specific root traits, and (4) use smart placement and timing to encourage deep rooting. In the longer term, we envision that beneficial root traits, including plasticity, could be bred into efficient varieties and combined with advanced precision management of water and nutrients to achieve agricultural sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Bardhan
- Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, India
| | - Larry M York
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Vipulkumar Parekh
- Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, India
| | - Suchismita Jena
- Department of Fruit Science, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, India
| | - Mansi N Pandya
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, India
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Reingwirtz I, Uretsky J, Cuneo IF, Knipfer T, Reyes C, Walker MA, McElrone AJ. Inherent and Stress-Induced Responses of Fine Root Morphology and Anatomy in Commercial Grapevine Rootstocks with Contrasting Drought Resistance. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1121. [PMID: 34205907 PMCID: PMC8227383 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Some grapevine rootstocks perform better than others during and after drought events, yet it is not clear how inherent and stress-induced differences in root morphology and anatomy along the length of fine roots are involved in these responses. Using a variety of growing conditions and plant materials, we observed significant differences in root diameter, specific root length (SRL) and root diameter distribution between two commonly used commercial grapevine rootstocks: Richter 110 (110R; drought resistant) and Millardet et de Grasset 101-14 (101-14Mgt; drought sensitive). The 110R consistently showed greater root diameters with smaller SRL and proportion of root length comprised of fine lateral roots. The 110R also exhibited significantly greater distance from tip to nearest lateral, longer white root length, and larger proportion of root length that is white under drought stress. Mapping of fine root cortical lacunae showed similar patterns between the rootstocks; mechanical failure of cortical cells was common in the maturation zone, limited near the root tip, and increased with drought stress for both genotypes; however, lacuna formed under wetter soil conditions in 110R. Results suggest that drought resistance in grapevine rootstocks is associated with thick, limitedly branched roots with a larger proportion of white-functional roots that tend to form lacuna under more mild water deficit, all of which likely favor continued resource acquisition at depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idan Reingwirtz
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (I.R.); (J.U.); (C.R.); (M.A.W.)
| | - Jake Uretsky
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (I.R.); (J.U.); (C.R.); (M.A.W.)
| | - Italo F. Cuneo
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340025, Chile;
| | - Thorsten Knipfer
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - Clarissa Reyes
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (I.R.); (J.U.); (C.R.); (M.A.W.)
| | - M. Andrew Walker
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (I.R.); (J.U.); (C.R.); (M.A.W.)
| | - Andrew J. McElrone
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (I.R.); (J.U.); (C.R.); (M.A.W.)
- Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Kumar J, Sen Gupta D, Djalovic I, Kumar S, Siddique KHM. Root-omics for drought tolerance in cool-season grain legumes. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:629-644. [PMID: 33314181 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Root traits can be exploited to increase the physiological efficiency of crop water use under drought. Root length, root hairs, root branching, root diameter, and root proliferation rate are genetically defined traits that can help to improve the water productivity potential of crops. Recently, high-throughput phenotyping techniques/platforms have been used to screen the germplasm of major cool-season grain legumes for root traits and their impact on different physiological processes, including nutrient uptake and yield potential. Advances in omics approaches have led to the dissection of genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic structures of these traits. This knowledge facilitates breeders to improve the water productivity and nutrient uptake of cultivars under limited soil moisture conditions in major cool-season grain legumes that usually face terminal drought. This review discusses the advances in root traits and their potential for developing drought-tolerant cultivars in cool-season grain legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Kumar
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India
| | - Debjyoti Sen Gupta
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India
| | - Ivica Djalovic
- Maize Department, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Shiv Kumar
- Biodiversity and Crop Improvement Program, International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture and School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Imran. The bioavailability of phosphorus in composite vs. hybrid maize differ with phosphorus and boron fertilization. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2021.1920588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imran
- Department of Agronomy, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
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Yamauchi T, Pedersen O, Nakazono M, Tsutsumi N. Key root traits of Poaceae for adaptation to soil water gradients. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:3133-3140. [PMID: 33222170 PMCID: PMC7986152 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Drought and flooding are contrasting abiotic stressors for plants. Evidence is accumulating for root anatomical traits being essential for the adaptation to drought or flooding. However, an integrated approach to comprehensively understand root anatomical traits has not yet been established. Here we analysed the root anatomical traits of 18 wild Poaceae species differing in adaptation to a range of soil water content. Regression model analyses revealed the optimal anatomical traits that were required by the plants to adapt to low or high soil water content. While the area and number of each root tissue (e.g. stele, cortex, xylem or aerenchyma) were not strongly correlated to the soil water content, the ratio of the root tissue areas (cortex to stele ratio (CSR), xylem to stele ratio (XSR) and aerenchyma to cortex ratio (ACR)) could fully explain the adaptations of the wild Poaceae species to the soil water gradients. Our results demonstrate that the optimal anatomical traits for the adaptations to soil water content can be determined by three indices (i.e. CSR, XSR and ACR), and thus we propose that these root anatomical indices can be used to improve the tolerance of crops to drought and flooding stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaki Yamauchi
- Japan Science and Technology AgencyPRESTOKawaguchiSaitama332‐0012Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoBunkyoTokyo113‐8657Japan
| | - Ole Pedersen
- Freshwater Biological LaboratoryDepartment of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 4, 3 floorCopenhagen2100Denmark
- UWA School of Agriculture and EnvironmentFaculty of ScienceThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWA6009Australia
| | - Mikio Nakazono
- UWA School of Agriculture and EnvironmentFaculty of ScienceThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWA6009Australia
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural SciencesNagoya UniversityNagoyaAichi464‐8601Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Tsutsumi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoBunkyoTokyo113‐8657Japan
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Schneider HM, Strock CF, Hanlon MT, Vanhees DJ, Perkins AC, Ajmera IB, Sidhu JS, Mooney SJ, Brown KM, Lynch JP. Multiseriate cortical sclerenchyma enhance root penetration in compacted soils. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2012087118. [PMID: 33536333 PMCID: PMC8017984 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012087118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical impedance limits soil exploration and resource capture by plant roots. We examine the role of root anatomy in regulating plant adaptation to mechanical impedance and identify a root anatomical phene in maize (Zea mays) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) associated with penetration of hard soil: Multiseriate cortical sclerenchyma (MCS). We characterize this trait and evaluate the utility of MCS for root penetration in compacted soils. Roots with MCS had a greater cell wall-to-lumen ratio and a distinct UV emission spectrum in outer cortical cells. Genome-wide association mapping revealed that MCS is heritable and genetically controlled. We identified a candidate gene associated with MCS. Across all root classes and nodal positions, maize genotypes with MCS had 13% greater root lignin concentration compared to genotypes without MCS. Genotypes without MCS formed MCS upon exogenous ethylene exposure. Genotypes with MCS had greater lignin concentration and bending strength at the root tip. In controlled environments, MCS in maize and wheat was associated improved root tensile strength and increased penetration ability in compacted soils. Maize genotypes with MCS had root systems with 22% greater depth and 49% greater shoot biomass in compacted soils in the field compared to lines without MCS. Of the lines we assessed, MCS was present in 30 to 50% of modern maize, wheat, and barley cultivars but was absent in teosinte and wild and landrace accessions of wheat and barley. MCS merits investigation as a trait for improving plant performance in maize, wheat, and other grasses under edaphic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Schneider
- Department of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Christopher F Strock
- Department of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Meredith T Hanlon
- Department of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Dorien J Vanhees
- Division of Agricultural and Environment Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Alden C Perkins
- Department of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Ishan B Ajmera
- Department of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Jagdeep Singh Sidhu
- Department of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Sacha J Mooney
- Division of Agricultural and Environment Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Kathleen M Brown
- Department of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Jonathan P Lynch
- Department of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802;
- Division of Agricultural and Environment Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
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Kong D, Wang J, Valverde-Barrantes OJ, Kardol P. A framework to assess the carbon supply-consumption balance in plant roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:659-664. [PMID: 32654148 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deliang Kong
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Change, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Junjian Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | | | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
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40
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Lavely EK, Chen W, Peterson KA, Klodd AE, Volder A, Marini RP, Eissenstat DM. On characterizing root function in perennial horticultural crops. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:1214-1224. [PMID: 32901939 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE While root-order approaches to fine-root classification have shown wide utility among wild plants, they have seen limited use for perennial crop plants. Moreover, inadequate characterization of fine roots across species of domesticated perennial crops has led to a knowledge gap in the understanding of evolutionary and functional patterns associated with different fine-root orders. METHODS We examined fine-root traits of common horticultural fruit and nut crops: Malus ×domestica, Prunus persica, Vitus vinifera, Prunus dulcis, and Citrus ×clementina. Additional roots were sampled from 33 common perennial horticultural crops, native to tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions, to examine variation in 1st- and 2nd-order absorptive roots. RESULTS First-order roots of grape and 1st- and 2nd-order roots of apple and peach were consistently thin, nonwoody, mycorrhizal, and had high N:C ratios. In contrast, 4th- and 5th-order roots of grape and 5th-order roots of apple and peach were woody, nonmycorrhizal, had low N:C ratios, and were thicker than lower-order roots. Among the 33 horticultural species, diameter of 1st- and 2nd-order roots varied about 15-fold, ranging from 0.04 to 0.60 mm and 0.05 to 0.89 mm respectively. This variation generally was phylogenetically conserved across plant lineages. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our research shows that root-order characterization has considerably more utility than an arbitrary diameter cutoff for identifying roots of different functions in perennial horticultural crops. In addition, much of the variation in root diameter among species can be predicted by evolutionary relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Lavely
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Weile Chen
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - K Aysha Peterson
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Annie E Klodd
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Astrid Volder
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Richard P Marini
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - David M Eissenstat
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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41
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Burke R, Schwarze J, Sherwood OL, Jnaid Y, McCabe PF, Kacprzyk J. Stressed to Death: The Role of Transcription Factors in Plant Programmed Cell Death Induced by Abiotic and Biotic Stimuli. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1235. [PMID: 32903426 PMCID: PMC7434935 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a genetically controlled pathway that plants can use to selectively eliminate redundant or damaged cells. In addition to its fundamental role in plant development, PCD can often be activated as an essential defense response when dealing with biotic and abiotic stresses. For example, localized, tightly controlled PCD can promote plant survival by restricting pathogen growth, driving the development of morphological traits for stress tolerance such as aerenchyma, or triggering systemic pro-survival responses. Relatively little is known about the molecular control of this essential process in plants, especially in comparison to well-described cell death models in animals. However, the networks orchestrating transcriptional regulation of plant PCD are emerging. Transcription factors (TFs) regulate the clusters of stimuli inducible genes and play a fundamental role in plant responses, such as PCD, to abiotic and biotic stresses. Here, we discuss the roles of different classes of transcription factors, including members of NAC, ERF and WRKY families, in cell fate regulation in response to environmental stresses. The role of TFs in stress-induced mitochondrial retrograde signaling is also reviewed in the context of life-and-death decisions of the plant cell and future research directions for further elucidation of TF-mediated control of stress-induced PCD events are proposed. An increased understanding of these complex signaling networks will inform and facilitate future breeding strategies to increase crop tolerance to disease and/or abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Joanna Kacprzyk
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Benes B, Guan K, Lang M, Long SP, Lynch JP, Marshall-Colón A, Peng B, Schnable J, Sweetlove LJ, Turk MJ. Multiscale computational models can guide experimentation and targeted measurements for crop improvement. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:21-31. [PMID: 32053236 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Computational models of plants have identified gaps in our understanding of biological systems, and have revealed ways to optimize cellular processes or organ-level architecture to increase productivity. Thus, computational models are learning tools that help direct experimentation and measurements. Models are simplifications of complex systems, and often simulate specific processes at single scales (e.g. temporal, spatial, organizational, etc.). Consequently, single-scale models are unable to capture the critical cross-scale interactions that result in emergent properties of the system. In this perspective article, we contend that to accurately predict how a plant will respond in an untested environment, it is necessary to integrate mathematical models across biological scales. Computationally mimicking the flow of biological information from the genome to the phenome is an important step in discovering new experimental strategies to improve crops. A key challenge is to connect models across biological, temporal and computational (e.g. CPU versus GPU) scales, and then to visualize and interpret integrated model outputs. We address this challenge by describing the efforts of the international Crops in silico consortium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bedrich Benes
- Computer Graphics Technology and Computer Science, Purdue University, Knoy Hall of Technology, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | - Kaiyu Guan
- College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- National Center of Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Meagan Lang
- National Center of Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stephen P Long
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 1YX, UK
| | - Jonathan P Lynch
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Amy Marshall-Colón
- National Center of Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 265 Morrill Hall, MC-116, 505 South Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Bin Peng
- College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- National Center of Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - James Schnable
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Lee J Sweetlove
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Matthew J Turk
- National Center of Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Han X, An Y, Lin S, Shen C, Wen J, Liu C, Yin W, Xia X. Root-specific NF-Y family transcription factor, PdNF-YB21, positively regulates root growth and drought resistance by abscisic acid-mediated indoylacetic acid transport in Populus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:407-426. [PMID: 32145071 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Root growth control plays an important role in plant adaptation to drought stress, but the underlying molecular mechanisms of this control remain largely elusive. Here, a root-specific nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) transcription factor PdNF-YB21 was isolated from Populus. The functional mechanism of PdNF-YB21 was characterised by various morphological, physiological, molecular, biochemical and spectroscopy techniques. Overexpression of PdNF-YB21 in poplar promoted root growth with highly lignified and enlarged xylem vessels, resulting in increased drought resistance. By contrast, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated poplar mutant nf-yb21 exhibited reduced root growth and drought resistance. PdNF-YB21 interacted with PdFUSCA3 (PdFUS3), a B3 domain transcription factor. PdFUS3 directly activated the promoter of the abscisic acid (ABA) synthesis key gene PdNCED3, resulting in a significant increase in root ABA content in poplars subjected to water deficit. Coexpression of poplar NF-YB21 and FUS3 significantly enhanced the expression of PdNCED3. Furthermore, ABA promoted indoylacetic acid transport in root tips, which ultimately increased root growth and drought resistance. Taken together, our data indicate that NF-YB21-FUS3-NCED3 functions as an important avenue in auxin-regulated poplar root growth in response to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyan Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Xiao Han
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yi An
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Shiwei Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chao Shen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - JiaLong Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Weilun Yin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xinli Xia
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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Schneider HM, Lynch JP. Should Root Plasticity Be a Crop Breeding Target? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:546. [PMID: 32499798 PMCID: PMC7243933 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Root phenotypic plasticity has been proposed as a target for the development of more productive crops in variable environments. However, the plasticity of root anatomical and architectural responses to environmental cues is highly complex, and the consequences of these responses for plant fitness are poorly understood. We propose that root phenotypic plasticity may be beneficial in natural or low-input systems in which the availability of soil resources is spatiotemporally dynamic. Crop ancestors and landraces were selected with multiple stresses, competition, significant root loss and heterogenous resource distribution which favored plasticity in response to resource availability. However, in high-input agroecosystems, the value of phenotypic plasticity is unclear, since human management has removed many of these constraints to root function. Further research is needed to understand the fitness landscape of plastic responses including understanding the value of plasticity in different environments, environmental signals that induce plastic responses, and the genetic architecture of plasticity before it is widely adopted in breeding programs. Phenotypic plasticity has many potential ecological, and physiological benefits, but its costs and adaptive value in high-input agricultural systems is poorly understood and merits further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan P. Lynch
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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45
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Mignolli F, Todaro JS, Vidoz ML. Internal aeration and respiration of submerged tomato hypocotyls are enhanced by ethylene-mediated aerenchyma formation and hypertrophy. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 169:49-63. [PMID: 31688957 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With the impending threat that climate change is imposing on all terrestrial ecosystems, the ability of plants to adjust to changing environments is, more than ever, a very desirable trait. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants display a number of responses that allow them to survive under different abiotic stresses such as flooding. We focused on understanding the mechanism that facilitates oxygen diffusion to submerged tissues and the impact it has on sustaining respiration levels. We observed that, as flooding stress progresses, stems increase their diameter and internal porosity. Ethylene triggers stem hypertrophy by inducing cell wall loosening genes, and aerenchyma formation seems to involve programmed cell death mediated by hydrogen peroxide. We finally assessed whether these changes in stem morphology and anatomy are indeed effective to restore oxygen levels in submerged organs. We found that aerenchyma formation and hypertrophy not only increase oxygen diffusion toward the base of the plant, but also result in an augmented respiration rate. We consider that this response is crucial to maintain adventitious root development under such conditions and, therefore, making it possible for the plant to survive when the original roots die.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mignolli
- Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (IBONE), UNNE-CONICET, Corrientes, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Juan S Todaro
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - María L Vidoz
- Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (IBONE), UNNE-CONICET, Corrientes, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina
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46
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Oyiga BC, Palczak J, Wojciechowski T, Lynch JP, Naz AA, Léon J, Ballvora A. Genetic components of root architecture and anatomy adjustments to water-deficit stress in spring barley. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:692-711. [PMID: 31734943 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Roots perform vital roles for adaptation and productivity under water-deficit stress, even though their specific functions are poorly understood. In this study, the genetic control of the nodal-root architectural and anatomical response to water deficit were investigated among diverse spring barley accessions. Water deficit induced substantial variations in the nodal root traits. The cortical, stele, and total root cross-sectional areas of the main-shoot nodal roots decreased under water deficit, but increased in the tiller nodal roots. Root xylem density and arrested nodal roots increased under water deficit, with the formation of root suberization/lignification and large cortical aerenchyma. Genome-wide association study implicated 11 QTL intervals in the architectural and anatomical nodal root response to water deficit. Among them, three and four QTL intervals had strong effects across seasons and on both root architectural and anatomical traits, respectively. Genome-wide epistasis analysis revealed 44 epistatically interacting SNP loci. Further analyses showed that these QTL intervals contain important candidate genes, including ZIFL2, MATE, and PPIB, whose functions are shown to be related to the root adaptive response to water deprivation in plants. These results give novel insight into the genetic architectures of barley nodal root response to soil water deficit stress in the fields, and thus offer useful resources for root-targeted marker-assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tobias Wojciechowski
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute for Bio- and Geosciences (Plant Sciences), Bonn, Germany
| | - Jonathan P Lynch
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State, State College, Pennsylvania
| | - Ali A Naz
- INRES-Plant Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens Léon
- INRES-Plant Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Agim Ballvora
- INRES-Plant Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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47
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Schneider HM, Klein SP, Hanlon MT, Kaeppler S, Brown KM, Lynch JP. Genetic control of root anatomical plasticity in maize. THE PLANT GENOME 2020; 13:e20003. [PMID: 33016634 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Root anatomical phenes have important roles in soil resource capture and plant performance; however, their phenotypic plasticity and genetic architecture is poorly understood. We hypothesized that (a) the responses of root anatomical phenes to water deficit (stress plasticity) and different environmental conditions (environmental plasticity) are genetically controlled and (b) stress and environmental plasticity are associated with different genetic loci than those controlling the expression of phenes under water-stress and well-watered conditions. Root anatomy was phenotyped in a large maize (Zea mays L.) association panel in the field with and without water deficit stress in Arizona and without water deficit stress in South Africa. Anatomical phenes displayed stress and environmental plasticity; many phenotypic responses to water deficit were adaptive, and the magnitude of response varied by genotype. We identified 57 candidate genes associated with stress and environmental plasticity and 64 candidate genes associated with phenes under well-watered and water-stress conditions in Arizona and under well-watered conditions in South Africa. Four candidate genes co-localized between plasticity groups or for phenes expressed under each condition. The genetic architecture of phenotypic plasticity is highly quantitative, and many distinct genes control plasticity in response to water deficit and different environments, which poses a challenge for breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Schneider
- Dep. of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Stephanie P Klein
- Dep. of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Meredith T Hanlon
- Dep. of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Shawn Kaeppler
- Dep. of Agronomy, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Kathleen M Brown
- Dep. of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jonathan P Lynch
- Dep. of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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48
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Pegg T, Edelmann RR, Gladish DK. Immunoprofiling of Cell Wall Carbohydrate Modifications During Flooding-Induced Aerenchyma Formation in Fabaceae Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1805. [PMID: 32117353 PMCID: PMC7008352 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding plant adaptation mechanisms to prolonged water immersion provides options for genetic modification of existing crops to create cultivars more tolerant of periodic flooding. An important advancement in understanding flooding adaptation would be to elucidate mechanisms, such as aerenchyma air-space formation induced by hypoxic conditions, consistent with prolonged immersion. Lysigenous aerenchyma formation occurs through programmed cell death (PCD), which may entail the chemical modification of polysaccharides in root tissue cell walls. We investigated if a relationship exists between modification of pectic polysaccharides through de-methyl esterification (DME) and the formation of root aerenchyma in select Fabaceae species. To test this hypothesis, we first characterized the progression of aerenchyma formation within the vascular stele of three different legumes-Pisum sativum, Cicer arietinum, and Phaseolus coccineus-through traditional light microscopy histological staining and scanning electron microscopy. We assessed alterations in stele morphology, cavity dimensions, and cell wall chemistry. Then we conducted an immunolabeling protocol to detect specific degrees of DME among species during a 48-hour flooding time series. Additionally, we performed an enzymatic pretreatment to remove select cell wall polymers prior to immunolabeling for DME pectins. We were able to determine that all species possessed similar aerenchyma formation mechanisms that begin with degradation of root vascular stele metaxylem cells. Immunolabeling results demonstrated DME occurs prior to aerenchyma formation and prepares vascular tissues for the beginning of cavity formation in flooded roots. Furthermore, enzymatic pretreatment demonstrated that removal of cellulose and select hemicellulosic carbohydrates unmasks additional antigen binding sites for DME pectin antibodies. These results suggest that additional carbohydrate modification may be required to permit DME and subsequent enzyme activity to form aerenchyma. By providing a greater understanding of cell wall pectin remodeling among legume species, we encourage further investigation into the mechanism of carbohydrate modifications during aerenchyma formation and possible avenues for flood-tolerance improvement of legume crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Pegg
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
| | - Richard R. Edelmann
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
- Center for Advance Microscopy & Imaging, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
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49
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Galindo-Castañeda T, Brown KM, Kuldau GA, Roth GW, Wenner NG, Ray S, Schneider H, Lynch JP. Root cortical anatomy is associated with differential pathogenic and symbiotic fungal colonization in maize. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2999-3014. [PMID: 31314912 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Root anatomical phenotypes vary among maize (Zea mays) cultivars and may have adaptive value by modifying the metabolic cost of soil exploration. However, the microbial trade-offs of these phenotypes are unknown. We hypothesized that nodal roots of maize with contrasting cortical anatomy have different patterns of mutualistic and pathogenic fungal colonization. Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in the field and mesocosms, root rots in the field, and Fusarium verticillioides colonization in mesocosms were evaluated in maize genotypes with contrasting root cortical anatomy. Increased aerenchyma and decreased living cortical area were associated with decreased mycorrhizal colonization in mesocosm and field experiments with inbred genotypes. In contrast, mycorrhizal colonization of hybrids increased with larger aerenchyma lacunae; this increase coincided with larger root diameters of hybrid roots. F. verticillioides colonization was inversely correlated with living cortical area in mesocosm-grown inbreds, and no relation was found between root rots and living cortical area or aerenchyma in field-grown hybrids. Root rots were positively correlated with cortical cell file number and inversely correlated with cortical cell size. Mycorrhizae and root rots were inversely correlated in field-grown hybrids. We conclude that root anatomy is associated with differential effects on pathogens and mycorrhizal colonization of nodal roots in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Galindo-Castañeda
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kathleen M Brown
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Gretchen A Kuldau
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Gregory W Roth
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Nancy G Wenner
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Swayamjit Ray
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Hannah Schneider
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jonathan P Lynch
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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50
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Lynch JP. Root phenotypes for improved nutrient capture: an underexploited opportunity for global agriculture. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:548-564. [PMID: 30746704 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient-efficient crops are a solution to the two grand challenges of modern agriculture: improving food security while reducing environmental impacts. The primary challenges are (1) nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) efficiency; (2) potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) efficiency for acid soils; and (3) iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) efficiency for alkaline soils. Root phenotypes are promising breeding targets for each of these. The Topsoil Foraging ideotype is beneficial for P capture and should also be useful for capture of K, Ca, and Mg in acid soils. The Steep, Cheap, and Deep ideotype for subsoil foraging is beneficial for N and water capture. Fe and Zn capture can be improved by targeting mechanisms of metal mobilization in the rhizosphere. Root hairs and phenes that reduce the metabolic cost of soil exploration should be prioritized in breeding programs. Nutrient-efficient crops should provide benefits at all input levels. Although our current understanding is sufficient to deploy root phenotypes for improved nutrient capture in crop breeding, this complex topic does not receive the resources it merits in either applied or basic plant biology. Renewed emphasis on these topics is needed in order to develop the nutrient-efficient crops urgently needed in global agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Lynch
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
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