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Singh A, Kumar A, Prakash J, Verma AK. Similar and divergent responses to salinity stress of jamun ( Syzygium cumini L. Skeels) genotypes. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17311. [PMID: 38766484 PMCID: PMC11100480 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic variation for salt tolerance remains elusive in jamun (Syzygium cumini). Methods Effects of gradually increased salinity (2.0-12.0 dS/m) were examined in 20 monoembryonic and 28 polyembryonic genotypes of jamun. Six genotypes were additionally assessed for understanding salt-induced changes in gas exchange attributes and antioxidant enzymes. Results Salt-induced reductions in leaf, stem, root and plant dry mass (PDM) were relatively greater in mono- than in poly-embryonic types. Reductions in PDM relative to control implied more adverse impacts of salinity on genotypes CSJ-28, CSJ-31, CSJ-43 and CSJ-47 (mono) and CSJ-1, CSJ-24, CSJ-26 and CSJ-27 (poly). Comparably, some mono- (CSJ-5, CSJ-18) and poly-embryonic (CSJ-7, CSJ-8, CSJ-14, CSJ-19) genotypes exhibited least reductions in PDM following salt treatment. Most polyembryonic genotypes showed lower reductions in root than in shoot mass, indicating that they may be more adept at absorbing water and nutrients when exposed to salt. The majority of genotypes did not exhibit leaf tip burn and marginal scorch despite significant increases in Na+ and Cl-, suggesting that tissue tolerance existed for storing excess Na+ and Cl- in vacuoles. Jamun genotypes were likely more efficient in Cl- exclusion because leaf, stem and root Cl- levels were consistently lower than those of Na+ under salt treatment. Leaf K+ was particularly little affected in genotypes with high leaf Na+. Lack of discernible differences in leaf, stem and root Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents between control and salt treatments was likely due to their preferential uptake. Correlation analysis suggested that Na+ probably had a greater inhibitory effect on biomass in both mono- and poly-embryonic types. Discriminant analysis revealed that while stem and root Cl- probably accounted for shared responses, root Na+, leaf K+ and leaf Cl- explained divergent responses to salt stress of mono- and poly-embryonic types. Genotypes CSJ-18 and CSJ-19 seemed efficient in fending off oxidative damage caused by salt because of their stronger antioxidant defences. Conclusions Polyembryonic genotypes CSJ-7, CSJ-8, CSJ-14 and CSJ-19, which showed least reductions in biomass even after prolonged exposure to salinity stress, may be used as salt-tolerant rootstocks. The biochemical and molecular underpinnings of tissue tolerance to excess Na+ and Cl- as well as preferential uptake of K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ need to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Singh
- ICAR–Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
- ICAR–Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- ICAR–Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Jai Prakash
- Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, ICAR–IARI, New Delhi, India
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Tausta SL, Fontaine K, Hillmer AT, Strobel SA. Fluoride transport in Arabidopsis thaliana plants is impaired in Fluoride EXporter (FEX) mutants. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:17. [PMID: 38342783 PMCID: PMC10859346 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01413-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Fluoride is an environmental toxin prevalent in water, soil, and air. A fluoride transporter called Fluoride EXporter (FEX) has been discovered across all domains of life, including bacteria, single cell eukaryotes, and all plants, that is required for fluoride tolerance. How FEX functions to protect multicellular plants is unknown. In order to distinguish between different models, the dynamic movement of fluoride in wildtype (WT) and fex mutant plants was monitored using [18F]fluoride with positron emission tomography. Significant differences were observed in the washout behavior following initial fluoride uptake between plants with and without a functioning FEX. [18F]Fluoride traveled quickly up the floral stem and into terminal tissues in WT plants. In contrast, the fluoride did not move out of the lower regions of the stem in mutant plants resulting in clearance rates near zero. The roots were not the primary locus of FEX action, nor did FEX direct fluoride to a specific tissue. Fluoride efflux by WT plants was saturated at high fluoride concentrations resulting in a pattern like the fex mutant. The kinetics of fluoride movement suggested that FEX mediates a fluoride transport mechanism throughout the plant where each individual cell benefits from FEX expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lori Tausta
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Institute of Biomolecular Design and Discovery, Yale University West Campus, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Kathryn Fontaine
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
- Yale PET Center, Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Ansel T Hillmer
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
- Yale PET Center, Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 17 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Scott A Strobel
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
- Institute of Biomolecular Design and Discovery, Yale University West Campus, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.
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Lindberg S, Premkumar A. Ion Changes and Signaling under Salt Stress in Wheat and Other Important Crops. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:46. [PMID: 38202354 PMCID: PMC10780558 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
High concentrations of sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-), calcium (Ca2+), and sulphate (SO42-) are frequently found in saline soils. Crop plants cannot successfully develop and produce because salt stress impairs the uptake of Ca2+, potassium (K+), and water into plant cells. Different intracellular and extracellular ionic concentrations change with salinity, including those of Ca2+, K+, and protons. These cations serve as stress signaling molecules in addition to being essential for ionic homeostasis and nutrition. Maintaining an appropriate K+:Na+ ratio is one crucial plant mechanism for salt tolerance, which is a complicated trait. Another important mechanism is the ability for fast extrusion of Na+ from the cytosol. Ca2+ is established as a ubiquitous secondary messenger, which transmits various stress signals into metabolic alterations that cause adaptive responses. When plants are under stress, the cytosolic-free Ca2+ concentration can rise to 10 times or more from its resting level of 50-100 nanomolar. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are linked to the Ca2+ alterations and are produced by stress. Depending on the type, frequency, and intensity of the stress, the cytosolic Ca2+ signals oscillate, are transient, or persist for a longer period and exhibit specific "signatures". Both the influx and efflux of Ca2+ affect the length and amplitude of the signal. According to several reports, under stress Ca2+ alterations can occur not only in the cytoplasm of the cell but also in the cell walls, nucleus, and other cell organelles and the Ca2+ waves propagate through the whole plant. Here, we will focus on how wheat and other important crops absorb Na+, K+, and Cl- when plants are under salt stress, as well as how Ca2+, K+, and pH cause intracellular signaling and homeostasis. Similar mechanisms in the model plant Arabidopsis will also be considered. Knowledge of these processes is important for understanding how plants react to salinity stress and for the development of tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Lindberg
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Albert Premkumar
- Bharathiyar Group of Institutes, Guduvanchery 603202, Tamilnadu, India;
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Liu L, Li X, Wang C, Ni Y, Liu X. The Role of Chloride Channels in Plant Responses to NaCl. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:19. [PMID: 38203189 PMCID: PMC10778697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chloride (Cl-) is considered a crucial nutrient for plant growth, but it can be a challenge under saline conditions. Excessive accumulation of Cl- in leaves can cause toxicity. Chloride channels (CLCs) are expressed in the inner membranes of plant cells and function as essential Cl- exchangers or channels. In response to salt stress in plants, CLCs play a crucial role, and CLC proteins assist in maintaining the intracellular Cl- homeostasis by sequestering Cl- into vacuoles. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is the primary substance responsible for causing salt-induced phytotoxicity. However, research on plant responses to Cl- stress is comparatively rare, in contrast to that emphasizing Na+. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the plant response and tolerance to Cl- stress, specifically focusing on comparative analysis of CLC protein structures in different species. Additionally, to further gain insights into the underlying mechanisms, the study summarizes the identified CLC genes that respond to salt stress. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the response of CLCs in terrestrial plants to salt stress and their biological functions, aiming to gain further insights into the mechanisms underlying the response of CLCs in plants to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (X.L.); (C.W.); (Y.N.)
| | - Xiaofei Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (X.L.); (C.W.); (Y.N.)
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (X.L.); (C.W.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yuxin Ni
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (X.L.); (C.W.); (Y.N.)
| | - Xunyan Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (X.L.); (C.W.); (Y.N.)
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Asins MJ, Bullones A, Raga V, Romero-Aranda MR, Espinosa J, Triviño JC, Bernet GP, Traverso JA, Carbonell EA, Claros MG, Belver A. Combining Genetic and Transcriptomic Approaches to Identify Transporter-Coding Genes as Likely Responsible for a Repeatable Salt Tolerance QTL in Citrus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15759. [PMID: 37958745 PMCID: PMC10650496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The excessive accumulation of chloride (Cl-) in leaves due to salinity is frequently related to decreased yield in citrus. Two salt tolerance experiments to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for leaf concentrations of Cl-, Na+, and other traits using the same reference progeny derived from the salt-tolerant Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reshni) and the disease-resistant donor Poncirus trifoliata were performed with the aim to identify repeatable QTLs that regulate leaf Cl- (and/or Na+) exclusion across independent experiments in citrus, as well as potential candidate genes involved. A repeatable QTL controlling leaf Cl- was detected in chromosome 6 (LCl-6), where 23 potential candidate genes coding for transporters were identified using the C. clementina genome as reference. Transcriptomic analysis revealed two important candidate genes coding for a member of the nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter family (NPF5.9) and a major facilitator superfamily (MFS) protein. Cell wall biosynthesis- and secondary metabolism-related processes appeared to play a significant role in differential gene expression in LCl-6. Six likely gene candidates were mapped in LCl-6, showing conserved synteny in C. reshni. In conclusion, markers to select beneficial Cleopatra mandarin alleles of likely candidate genes in LCl-6 to improve salt tolerance in citrus rootstock breeding programs are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Asins
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113 Valencia, Spain; (V.R.)
| | - Amanda Bullones
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain; (A.B.); (M.G.C.)
| | - Veronica Raga
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113 Valencia, Spain; (V.R.)
| | - Maria R. Romero-Aranda
- Integrative Biology for Plant Stress Group, La Mayora Institute of Subtropical and Mediterranean Horticulture, IHSM-CSIC-UMA, 29750 Malaga, Spain;
| | - Jesus Espinosa
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ CSIC), C/Prof. Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain; (J.E.); (A.B.)
| | - Juan C. Triviño
- Sistemas Genómicos S.L., Ronda de Guglielmo Marconi, 6, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (J.C.T.); (G.P.B.)
| | - Guillermo P. Bernet
- Sistemas Genómicos S.L., Ronda de Guglielmo Marconi, 6, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (J.C.T.); (G.P.B.)
| | - Jose A. Traverso
- Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Emilio A. Carbonell
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113 Valencia, Spain; (V.R.)
| | - M. Gonzalo Claros
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain; (A.B.); (M.G.C.)
- Integrative Biology for Plant Stress Group, La Mayora Institute of Subtropical and Mediterranean Horticulture, IHSM-CSIC-UMA, 29750 Malaga, Spain;
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) U741, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research in Málaga (IBIMA), IBIMA-RARE, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Andres Belver
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ CSIC), C/Prof. Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain; (J.E.); (A.B.)
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Bonnin M, Favreau B, Soriano A, Leonhardt N, Oustric J, Lourkisti R, Ollitrault P, Morillon R, Berti L, Santini J. Insight into Physiological and Biochemical Determinants of Salt Stress Tolerance in Tetraploid Citrus. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1640. [PMID: 37627635 PMCID: PMC10451669 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus are classified as salt-sensitive crops. However, a large diversity has been observed regarding the trends of tolerance among citrus. In the present article, physiological and biochemical studies of salt stress tolerance were carried out according to the level of polyploidy of different citrus genotypes. We particularly investigated the impact of tetraploidy in trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) (PO4x) and Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort. Ex Tan.) (CL4x) on the tolerance to salt stress compared to their respective diploids (PO2x and CL2x). Physiological parameters such as gas exchange, ions contents in leaves and roots were analyzed. Roots and leaves samples were collected to measure polyphenol, malondialdehyde (MDA), ascorbate and H2O2 contents but also to measure the activities of enzymes involved in the detoxification of active oxygen species (ROS). Under control conditions, the interaction between genotype and ploidy allowed to discriminate different behavior in terms of photosynthetic and antioxidant capacities. These results were significantly altered when salt stress was applied when salt stress was applied. Contrary to the most sensitive genotype, that is to say the diploid trifoliate orange PO2x, PO4x was able to maintain photosynthetic activity under salt stress and had better antioxidant capacities. The same observation was made regarding the CL4x genotype known to be more tolerant to salt stress. Our results showed that tetraploidy may be a factor that could enhance salt stress tolerance in citrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Bonnin
- CNRS, Equipe d’Adaptation des Végétaux Aux Changements Globaux, Projet Ressources Naturelles, UMR 6134 SPE, Universite de Corse, Corte, 20250 Corsica, France; (M.B.); (J.O.); (R.L.); (L.B.)
| | - Bénédicte Favreau
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes Méditerranéennes et Tropicales (UMR AGAP) Institut, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique Pour le Développement (CIRAD), av Agropolis, 34000 Montpellier, France; (B.F.); (A.S.); (P.O.); (R.M.)
| | - Alexandre Soriano
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes Méditerranéennes et Tropicales (UMR AGAP) Institut, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique Pour le Développement (CIRAD), av Agropolis, 34000 Montpellier, France; (B.F.); (A.S.); (P.O.); (R.M.)
| | - Nathalie Leonhardt
- CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, Aix Marseille Université, 13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France;
| | - Julie Oustric
- CNRS, Equipe d’Adaptation des Végétaux Aux Changements Globaux, Projet Ressources Naturelles, UMR 6134 SPE, Universite de Corse, Corte, 20250 Corsica, France; (M.B.); (J.O.); (R.L.); (L.B.)
| | - Radia Lourkisti
- CNRS, Equipe d’Adaptation des Végétaux Aux Changements Globaux, Projet Ressources Naturelles, UMR 6134 SPE, Universite de Corse, Corte, 20250 Corsica, France; (M.B.); (J.O.); (R.L.); (L.B.)
| | - Patrick Ollitrault
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes Méditerranéennes et Tropicales (UMR AGAP) Institut, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique Pour le Développement (CIRAD), av Agropolis, 34000 Montpellier, France; (B.F.); (A.S.); (P.O.); (R.M.)
| | - Raphaël Morillon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes Méditerranéennes et Tropicales (UMR AGAP) Institut, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique Pour le Développement (CIRAD), av Agropolis, 34000 Montpellier, France; (B.F.); (A.S.); (P.O.); (R.M.)
| | - Liliane Berti
- CNRS, Equipe d’Adaptation des Végétaux Aux Changements Globaux, Projet Ressources Naturelles, UMR 6134 SPE, Universite de Corse, Corte, 20250 Corsica, France; (M.B.); (J.O.); (R.L.); (L.B.)
| | - Jérémie Santini
- CNRS, Equipe d’Adaptation des Végétaux Aux Changements Globaux, Projet Ressources Naturelles, UMR 6134 SPE, Universite de Corse, Corte, 20250 Corsica, France; (M.B.); (J.O.); (R.L.); (L.B.)
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Peinado-Torrubia P, Álvarez R, Lucas M, Franco-Navarro JD, Durán-Gutiérrez FJ, Colmenero-Flores JM, Rosales MA. Nitrogen assimilation and photorespiration become more efficient under chloride nutrition as a beneficial macronutrient. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1058774. [PMID: 36704154 PMCID: PMC9871469 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1058774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chloride (Cl-) and nitrate ( NO 3 - ) are closely related anions involved in plant growth. Their similar physical and chemical properties make them to interact in cellular processes like electrical balance and osmoregulation. Since both anions share transport mechanisms, Cl- has been considered to antagonize NO 3 - uptake and accumulation in plants. However, we have recently demonstrated that Cl- provided at beneficial macronutrient levels improves nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE). Biochemical mechanisms by which beneficial Cl- nutrition improves NUE in plants are poorly understood. First, we determined that Cl- nutrition at beneficial macronutrient levels did not impair the NO 3 - uptake efficiency, maintaining similar NO 3 - content in the root and in the xylem sap. Second, leaf NO 3 - content was significantly reduced by the treatment of 6 mM Cl- in parallel with an increase in NO 3 - utilization and NUE. To verify whether Cl- nutrition reduces leaf NO 3 - accumulation by inducing its assimilation, we analysed the content of N forms and the activity of different enzymes and genes involved in N metabolism. Chloride supply increased transcript accumulation and activity of most enzymes involved in NO 3 - assimilation into amino acids, along with a greater accumulation of organic N (mostly proteins). A reduced glycine/serine ratio and a greater ammonium accumulation pointed to a higher activity of the photorespiration pathway in leaves of Cl--treated plants. Chloride, in turn, promoted higher transcript levels of genes encoding enzymes of the photorespiration pathway. Accordingly, microscopy observations suggested strong interactions between different cellular organelles involved in photorespiration. Therefore, in this work we demonstrate for the first time that the greater NO 3 - utilization and NUE induced by beneficial Cl- nutrition is mainly due to the stimulation of NO 3 - assimilation and photorespiration, possibly favouring the production of ammonia, reductants and intermediates that optimize C-N re-utilization and plant growth. This work demonstrates new Cl- functions and remarks on its relevance as a potential tool to manipulate NUE in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Procopio Peinado-Torrubia
- Plant Ion and Water Regulation Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Rosario Álvarez
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marta Lucas
- Plant Ion and Water Regulation Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC), Seville, Spain
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Ecophysiology, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Juan D. Franco-Navarro
- Plant Ion and Water Regulation Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Durán-Gutiérrez
- Plant Ion and Water Regulation Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - José M. Colmenero-Flores
- Plant Ion and Water Regulation Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC), Seville, Spain
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Ecophysiology, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Rosales
- Plant Ion and Water Regulation Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC), Seville, Spain
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Ecophysiology, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC), Seville, Spain
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8
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Ren Z, Bai F, Xu J, Wang L, Wang X, Zhang Q, Feng C, Niu Q, Zhang L, Song J, Bao F, Liu L, He Y, Ma L, Tian W, Hou C, Li L. A chloride efflux transporter, BIG RICE GRAIN 1, is involved in mediating grain size and salt tolerance in rice. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:2150-2163. [PMID: 34647689 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.07.434240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Grain size is determined by the size and number of cells in the grain. The regulation of grain size is crucial for improving crop yield; however, the genes and molecular mechanisms that control grain size remain elusive. Here, we report that a member of the detoxification efflux carrier /Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion (DTX/MATE) family transporters, BIG RICE GRAIN 1 (BIRG1), negatively influences grain size in rice (Oryza sativa L.). BIRG1 is highly expressed in reproductive organs and roots. In birg1 grain, the outer parenchyma layer cells of spikelet hulls are larger than in wild-type (WT) grains, but the cell number is unaltered. When expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, BIRG1 exhibits chloride efflux activity. Consistent with this role of BIRG1, the birg1 mutant shows reduced tolerance to salt stress at a toxic chloride level. Moreover, grains from birg1 plants contain a higher level of chloride than those of WT plants when grown under normal paddy field conditions, and the roots of birg1 accumulate more chloride than those of WT under saline conditions. Collectively, the data suggest that BIRG1 in rice functions as a chloride efflux transporter that is involved in mediating grain size and salt tolerance by controlling chloride homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Fenglin Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jingwen Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Changxin Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Qi Niu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Liying Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jiali Song
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Fang Bao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Liangyu Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yikun He
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Ligeng Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Wang Tian
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Congcong Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Legong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China
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Ren Z, Bai F, Xu J, Wang L, Wang X, Zhang Q, Feng C, Niu Q, Zhang L, Song J, Bao F, Liu L, He Y, Ma L, Tian W, Hou C, Li L. A chloride efflux transporter, BIG RICE GRAIN 1, is involved in mediating grain size and salt tolerance in rice. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:2150-2163. [PMID: 34647689 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Grain size is determined by the size and number of cells in the grain. The regulation of grain size is crucial for improving crop yield; however, the genes and molecular mechanisms that control grain size remain elusive. Here, we report that a member of the detoxification efflux carrier /Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion (DTX/MATE) family transporters, BIG RICE GRAIN 1 (BIRG1), negatively influences grain size in rice (Oryza sativa L.). BIRG1 is highly expressed in reproductive organs and roots. In birg1 grain, the outer parenchyma layer cells of spikelet hulls are larger than in wild-type (WT) grains, but the cell number is unaltered. When expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, BIRG1 exhibits chloride efflux activity. Consistent with this role of BIRG1, the birg1 mutant shows reduced tolerance to salt stress at a toxic chloride level. Moreover, grains from birg1 plants contain a higher level of chloride than those of WT plants when grown under normal paddy field conditions, and the roots of birg1 accumulate more chloride than those of WT under saline conditions. Collectively, the data suggest that BIRG1 in rice functions as a chloride efflux transporter that is involved in mediating grain size and salt tolerance by controlling chloride homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Fenglin Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jingwen Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Changxin Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Qi Niu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Liying Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jiali Song
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Fang Bao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Liangyu Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yikun He
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Ligeng Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Wang Tian
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Congcong Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Legong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, Beijing, 100048, China
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10
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Chu M, Wang Y, Mu B, Ge H, Zhang C, Zhao F, Fu A, Luan S, Li L, Lan W. An ICln homolog contributes to osmotic and low-nitrate tolerance by enhancing nitrate accumulation in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1580-1595. [PMID: 33495993 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3- ) is a source of plant nutrients and osmolytes, but its delivery machineries under osmotic and low-nutrient stress remain largely unknown. Here, we report that AtICln, an Arabidopsis homolog of the nucleotide-sensitive chloride-conductance regulatory protein family (ICln), is involved in response to osmotic and low-NO3- stress. The gene AtICln, encoding plasma membrane-anchored proteins, was upregulated by various osmotic stresses, and its disruption impaired plant tolerance to osmotic stress. Compared with the wild type, the aticln mutant retained lower anions, particularly NO3- , and its growth retardation was not rescued by NO3- supply under osmotic stress. Interestingly, this mutant also displayed growth defects under low-NO3 stress, which were accompanied by decreases in NO3- accumulation, suggesting that AtICln may facilitate the NO3- accumulation under NO3- deficiency. Moreover, the low-NO3- hypersensitive phenotype of aticln mutant was overridden by the overexpression of NRT1.1, an important NO3- transporter in Arabidopsis low-NO3- responses. Further genetic analysis in the plants with altered activity of AtICln and NRT1.1 indicated that AtICln and NRT1.1 play a compensatory role in maintaining NO3- homeostasis under low-NO3- environments. These results suggest that AtICln is involved in cellular NO3- accumulation and thus determines osmotic adjustment and low-NO3- tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moli Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Western Resources Biology and Biological Technology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Baicong Mu
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiman Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fugeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aigen Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Western Resources Biology and Biological Technology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Legong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhi Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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11
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Liu X, Hu C, Zhu Z, Riaz M, Liu X, Dong Z, Liu Y, Wu S, Tan Z, Tan Q. Migration of Chlorine in Plant-Soil-Leaching System and Its Effects on the Yield and Fruit Quality of Sweet Orange. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:744843. [PMID: 34707630 PMCID: PMC8542884 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.744843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine (Cl) is indispensable for the growth of plants. While rarely systematic reports are available for the effect of Cl-containing fertilizers on citrus production. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of various Cl-containing fertilizers on the nutrients in the leaves, the yield and quality of sweet orange, and the Cl migration in the plant-soil-leaching system. A 5-year field experiment (2016-2020) with five Cl treatments (0, 75, 150, 450, and 900 kg ha-1), and soil core lysimeter test with five Cl levels (0, 150, 225, 300, and 450 kg ha-1) were carried out. The results showed that 77.0% of Cl leached into above 60 cm deeper soil layer, with calcium as the main accompanying ions, resulting in less Cl being absorbed by the citrus plants. The content of Cl in the leaves and soil was enhanced by the increasing input of Cl-containing fertilizer, without yearly increased characteristics, under a mean annual rainfall of 1,474 mm. Chlorine significantly increased the yield (13.24-37.8 9%), fruit weight, and vitamin C (Vc), in addition to enhancing the flavor and the juice yield of sweet orange via improving the absorption of N and K. Moreover, the long-term application of potassium sulfate has elevated the accumulation of sulfur in the soil and in leaves; it is becoming a potential risk factor for citrus production. Taken together, the application of Cl-containing fertilizer in sweet orange is feasible, and trace absorbance of Cl could improve the yield and fruit quality of sweet orange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Liu
- Micro-Element Research Center/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengxiao Hu
- Micro-Element Research Center/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zongying Zhu
- Micro-Element Research Center/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Root Biology Center, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoman Liu
- Micro-Element Research Center/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihao Dong
- Micro-Element Research Center/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Micro-Element Research Center/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Songwei Wu
- Micro-Element Research Center/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenhua Tan
- Xiangnan Navel Orange Comprehensive Test Station, Hunan, China
| | - Qiling Tan
- Micro-Element Research Center/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Qiling Tan
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12
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Wang L, Xu JY, Jia W, Chen Z, Xu ZC. Chloride salinity in a chloride-sensitive plant: Focusing on photosynthesis, hormone synthesis and transduction in tobacco. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 153:119-130. [PMID: 32498010 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chloride (Cl-) is a micronutrient and a beneficial ion for plant growth, but excess Cl- easily leads to Cl- salinity. As a species sensitive to Cl-, tobacco experiences serious damage when encountering excessive Cl-. However, the molecular mechanism by which excess Cl- delays plant growth and development remain largely unknown. In this study, physiological, biochemical and genetic responses were determined in tobacco plants exposed to 12 h, 24 h and 48 h of Cl- salinity. Compared with the control, Cl- salinity increased the content of Cl- and decreased the relative water content (RWC) in tobacco, which severely limited the photosynthetic capacity and reduced photosynthetic products, resulting in decreased levels of auxin (IAA) and gibberellin (GA3). In addition, tobacco increased the content of starch, total phenol and increased phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity in response to Cl- salinity. Multi-omics results revealed that a total of 15,445 genes and 1983 proteins were differentially abundant in response to Cl- salinity. Two metabolic pathways, phenylalanine metabolism and starch and sucrose metabolism, were specifically enriched in the transcriptomic and proteomic data, respectively. In addition, our conjoint analysis of RNA-Seq and proteomics data revealed that 734 differentially abundant genes/proteins were enriched mainly in plant hormone signal transduction, photosynthesis and photosynthesis-antenna protein pathways. Our work presented here not only provides new insights into the molecular response of tobacco to Cl- salinity but also offers important guidance for the improvement of Cl- sensitive crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Jia-Yang Xu
- Agronomy and Biotechnology College, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Wei Jia
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Zheng Chen
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Zi-Cheng Xu
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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13
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Rosales MA, Franco-Navarro JD, Peinado-Torrubia P, Díaz-Rueda P, Álvarez R, Colmenero-Flores JM. Chloride Improves Nitrate Utilization and NUE in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:442. [PMID: 32528483 PMCID: PMC7264407 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Chloride (Cl-) has traditionally been considered harmful to agriculture because of its toxic effects in saline soils and its antagonistic interaction with nitrate (NO3 -), which impairs NO3 - nutrition. It has been largely believed that Cl- antagonizes NO3 - uptake and accumulation in higher plants, reducing crop yield. However, we have recently uncovered that Cl- has new beneficial macronutrient, functions that improve plant growth, tissue water balance, plant water relations, photosynthetic performance, and water-use efficiency. The increased plant biomass indicates in turn that Cl- may also improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Considering that N availability is a bottleneck for the plant growth, the excessive NO3 - fertilization frequently used in agriculture becomes a major environmental concern worldwide, causing excessive leaf NO3 - accumulation in crops like vegetables and, consequently, a potential risk to human health. New farming practices aimed to enhance plant NUE by reducing NO3 - fertilization should promote a healthier and more sustainable agriculture. Given the strong interaction between Cl- and NO3 - homeostasis in plants, we have verified if indeed Cl- affects NO3 - accumulation and NUE in plants. For the first time to our knowledge, we provide a direct demonstration which shows that Cl-, contrary to impairing of NO3 - nutrition, facilitates NO3 - utilization and improves NUE in plants. This is largely due to Cl- improvement of the N-NO3 - utilization efficiency (NUTE), having little or moderate effect on N-NO3 - uptake efficiency (NUPE) when NO3 - is used as the sole N source. Clear positive correlations between leaf Cl- content vs. NUE/NUTE or plant growth have been established at both intra- and interspecies levels. Optimal NO3 - vs. Cl- ratios become a useful tool to increase crop yield and quality, agricultural sustainability and reducing the negative ecological impact of NO3 - on the environment and on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Rosales
- Grupo Regulación Iónica e Hídrica en Plantas, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
- Laboratorio Interdepartamental de Ecofisiología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Juan D. Franco-Navarro
- Grupo Regulación Iónica e Hídrica en Plantas, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
- BioScripts – Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Recursos Científicos, Seville, Spain
| | - Procopio Peinado-Torrubia
- Grupo Regulación Iónica e Hídrica en Plantas, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Pablo Díaz-Rueda
- Grupo Regulación Iónica e Hídrica en Plantas, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Rosario Álvarez
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - José M. Colmenero-Flores
- Grupo Regulación Iónica e Hídrica en Plantas, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
- Laboratorio Interdepartamental de Ecofisiología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
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14
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Colmenero-Flores JM, Franco-Navarro JD, Cubero-Font P, Peinado-Torrubia P, Rosales MA. Chloride as a Beneficial Macronutrient in Higher Plants: New Roles and Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4686. [PMID: 31546641 PMCID: PMC6801462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloride (Cl-) has traditionally been considered a micronutrient largely excluded by plants due to its ubiquity and abundance in nature, its antagonism with nitrate (NO3-), and its toxicity when accumulated at high concentrations. In recent years, there has been a paradigm shift in this regard since Cl- has gone from being considered a harmful ion, accidentally absorbed through NO3- transporters, to being considered a beneficial macronutrient whose transport is finely regulated by plants. As a beneficial macronutrient, Cl- determines increased fresh and dry biomass, greater leaf expansion, increased elongation of leaf and root cells, improved water relations, higher mesophyll diffusion to CO2, and better water- and nitrogen-use efficiency. While optimal growth of plants requires the synchronic supply of both Cl- and NO3- molecules, the NO3-/Cl- plant selectivity varies between species and varieties, and in the same plant it can be modified by environmental cues such as water deficit or salinity. Recently, new genes encoding transporters mediating Cl- influx (ZmNPF6.4 and ZmNPF6.6), Cl- efflux (AtSLAH3 and AtSLAH1), and Cl- compartmentalization (AtDTX33, AtDTX35, AtALMT4, and GsCLC2) have been identified and characterized. These transporters have proven to be highly relevant for nutrition, long-distance transport and compartmentalization of Cl-, as well as for cell turgor regulation and stress tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Colmenero-Flores
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Avda Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Juan D Franco-Navarro
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Avda Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Paloma Cubero-Font
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Avda Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
- Biochimie et physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes (BPMP), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, 2 place P. Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France.
| | - Procopio Peinado-Torrubia
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Avda Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Miguel A Rosales
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Avda Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
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15
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Wu H, Li Z. The Importance of Cl - Exclusion and Vacuolar Cl - Sequestration: Revisiting the Role of Cl - Transport in Plant Salt Tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1418. [PMID: 31781141 PMCID: PMC6857526 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Salinity threatens agricultural production systems across the globe. While the major focus of plant researchers working in the field of salinity stress tolerance has always been on sodium and potassium, the transport patterns and physiological roles of Cl- in plant salt stress responses are studied much less. In recent years, the role of Cl- in plant salinity stress tolerance has been revisited and has received more attention. This review attempts to address the gap in knowledge of the role of Cl- transport in plant salinity stress tolerance. Cl- transport, Cl- exclusion, vacuolar Cl- sequestration, the specificity of mechanisms employed in different plant species to control shoot Cl- accumulation, and the identity of channels and transporters involved in Cl- transport in salt stressed plants are discussed. The importance of the electrochemical gradient across the tonoplast, for vacuolar Cl- sequestration, is highlighted. The toxicity of Cl- from CaCl2 is briefly reviewed separately to that of Cl- from NaCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Wu
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Honghong Wu, ; Zhaohu Li,
| | - Zhaohu Li
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Honghong Wu, ; Zhaohu Li,
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16
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Geilfus CM. Chloride: from Nutrient to Toxicant. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:877-886. [PMID: 29660029 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In salinized soils in which chloride (Cl-) is the dominant salt anion, growth of plants that tolerate only low concentrations of salt (glycophytes) is disturbed by Cl- toxicity. Chlorotic discolorations precede necrotic lesions, causing yield reductions. Little is known about the effects of Cl- toxicity on these dysfunctions. A lack of understanding exists regarding (i) the molecular and physiological mechanisms that lead to Cl--induced damage and (ii) the adaptive aspects of induced tolerance to Cl- salinity. Here, mechanistic explanations for the Cl--induced stress responses are proposed and novel ideas and strategies by which glycophytic plants avoid the excessive accumulation of Cl- are reviewed. New experiments are suggested to test the proposed hypotheses. Cl- salinity constrains global food security and thus we urgently need more research into the causes and consequences of Cl- salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph-Martin Geilfus
- Controlled Environment Horticulture, Faculty of Life Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 1, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Henderson SW, Wege S, Gilliham M. Plant Cation-Chloride Cotransporters (CCC): Evolutionary Origins and Functional Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E492. [PMID: 29415511 PMCID: PMC5855714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomes of unicellular and multicellular green algae, mosses, grasses and dicots harbor genes encoding cation-chloride cotransporters (CCC). CCC proteins from the plant kingdom have been comparatively less well investigated than their animal counterparts, but proteins from both plants and animals have been shown to mediate ion fluxes, and are involved in regulation of osmotic processes. In this review, we show that CCC proteins from plants form two distinct phylogenetic clades (CCC1 and CCC2). Some lycophytes and bryophytes possess members from each clade, most land plants only have members of the CCC1 clade, and green algae possess only the CCC2 clade. It is currently unknown whether CCC1 and CCC2 proteins have similar or distinct functions, however they are both more closely related to animal KCC proteins compared to NKCCs. Existing heterologous expression systems that have been used to functionally characterize plant CCC proteins, namely yeast and Xenopus laevis oocytes, have limitations that are discussed. Studies from plants exposed to chemical inhibitors of animal CCC protein function are reviewed for their potential to discern CCC function in planta. Thus far, mutations in plant CCC genes have been evaluated only in two species of angiosperms, and such mutations cause a diverse array of phenotypes-seemingly more than could simply be explained by localized disruption of ion transport alone. We evaluate the putative roles of plant CCC proteins and suggest areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam W Henderson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
| | - Stefanie Wege
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
| | - Matthew Gilliham
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
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18
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Wege S, Gilliham M, Henderson SW. Chloride: not simply a 'cheap osmoticum', but a beneficial plant macronutrient. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:3057-3069. [PMID: 28379459 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
At macronutrient levels, chloride has positive effects on plant growth, which are distinct from its function in photosynthesis..
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Wege
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology & The University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Precinct, PMB1, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Matthew Gilliham
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology & The University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Precinct, PMB1, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Sam W Henderson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology & The University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Precinct, PMB1, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
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Li B, Tester M, Gilliham M. Chloride on the Move. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:236-248. [PMID: 28081935 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Chloride (Cl-) is an essential plant nutrient but under saline conditions it can accumulate to toxic levels in leaves; limiting this accumulation improves the salt tolerance of some crops. The rate-limiting step for this process - the transfer of Cl- from root symplast to xylem apoplast, which can antagonize delivery of the macronutrient nitrate (NO3-) to shoots - is regulated by abscisic acid (ABA) and is multigenic. Until recently the molecular mechanisms underpinning this salt-tolerance trait were poorly defined. We discuss here how recent advances highlight the role of newly identified transport proteins, some that directly transfer Cl- into the xylem, and others that act on endomembranes in 'gatekeeper' cell types in the root stele to control root-to-shoot delivery of Cl-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mark Tester
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Matthew Gilliham
- Plant Transport and Signalling Group, Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
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20
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Wei P, Wang L, Liu A, Yu B, Lam HM. GmCLC1 Confers Enhanced Salt Tolerance through Regulating Chloride Accumulation in Soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1082. [PMID: 27504114 PMCID: PMC4959425 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The family of chloride channel proteins that mediate Cl(-) transportation play vital roles in plant nutrient supply, cellular action potential and turgor pressure adjustment, stomatal movement, hormone signal recognition and transduction, Cl(-) homeostasis, and abiotic and biotic stress tolerance. The anionic toxicity, mainly caused by chloride ions (Cl(-)), on plants under salt stress remains poorly understood. In this work, we investigated the function of soybean Cl(-)/H(+) antiporter GmCLC1 under salt stress in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana, soybean, and yeast. We found that GmCLC1 enhanced salt tolerance in transgenic A. thaliana by reducing the Cl(-) accumulation in shoots and hence released the negative impact of salt stress on plant growth. Overexpression of GmCLC1 in the hairy roots of soybean sequestered more Cl(-) in their roots and transferred less Cl(-) to their shoots, leading to lower relative electrolyte leakage values in the roots and leaves. When either the soybean GmCLC1 or the yeast chloride transporter gene, GEF1, was transformed into the yeast gef1 mutant, and then treated with different chloride salts (MnCl2, KCl, NaCl), enhanced survival rate was observed. The result indicates that GmCLC1 and GEF1 exerted similar effects on alleviating the stress of diverse chloride salts on the yeast gef1 mutant. Together, this work suggests a protective function of GmCLC1 under Cl(-) stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Longchao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Ailin Liu
- Center for Soybean Research of the Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, China
| | - Bingjun Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- Center for Soybean Research of the Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, China
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21
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Silent S-Type Anion Channel Subunit SLAH1 Gates SLAH3 Open for Chloride Root-to-Shoot Translocation. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2213-20. [PMID: 27397895 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants take up nutrients via the roots and load them into xylem vessels for translocation to the shoot. After uptake, anions have to be channeled toward the root xylem vessels. Thereby, xylem parenchyma and pericycle cells control the anion composition of the root-shoot xylem sap [1-6]. The fact that salt-tolerant genotypes possess lower xylem-sap Cl(-) contents compared to salt-sensitive genotypes [7-10] indicates that membrane transport proteins at the sites of xylem loading contribute to plant salinity tolerance via selective chloride exclusion. However, the molecular mechanism of xylem loading that lies behind the balance between NO3(-) and Cl(-) loading remains largely unknown. Here we identify two root anion channels in Arabidopsis, SLAH1 and SLAH3, that control the shoot NO3(-)/Cl(-) ratio. The AtSLAH1 gene is expressed in the root xylem-pole pericycle, where it co-localizes with AtSLAH3. Under high soil salinity, AtSLAH1 expression markedly declined and the chloride content of the xylem sap in AtSLAH1 loss-of-function mutants was half of the wild-type level only. SLAH3 anion channels are not active per se but require extracellular nitrate and phosphorylation by calcium-dependent kinases (CPKs) [11-13]. When co-expressed in Xenopus oocytes, however, the electrically silent SLAH1 subunit gates SLAH3 open even in the absence of nitrate- and calcium-dependent kinases. Apparently, SLAH1/SLAH3 heteromerization facilitates SLAH3-mediated chloride efflux from pericycle cells into the root xylem vessels. Our results indicate that under salt stress, plants adjust the distribution of NO3(-) and Cl(-) between root and shoot via differential expression and assembly of SLAH1/SLAH3 anion channel subunits.
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22
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Franco-Navarro JD, Brumós J, Rosales MA, Cubero-Font P, Talón M, Colmenero-Flores JM. Chloride regulates leaf cell size and water relations in tobacco plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:873-91. [PMID: 26602947 PMCID: PMC4737079 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chloride (Cl(-)) is a micronutrient that accumulates to macronutrient levels since it is normally available in nature and actively taken up by higher plants. Besides a role as an unspecific cell osmoticum, no clear biological roles have been explicitly associated with Cl(-) when accumulated to macronutrient concentrations. To address this question, the glycophyte tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. var. Habana) has been treated with a basal nutrient solution supplemented with one of three salt combinations containing the same cationic balance: Cl(-)-based (CL), nitrate-based (N), and sulphate+phosphate-based (SP) treatments. Under non-saline conditions (up to 5 mM Cl(-)) and no water limitation, Cl(-) specifically stimulated higher leaf cell size and led to a moderate increase of plant fresh and dry biomass mainly due to higher shoot expansion. When applied in the 1-5 mM range, Cl(-) played specific roles in regulating leaf osmotic potential and turgor, allowing plants to improve leaf water balance parameters. In addition, Cl(-) also altered water relations at the whole-plant level through reduction of plant transpiration. This was a consequence of a lower stomatal conductance, which resulted in lower water loss and greater photosynthetic and integrated water-use efficiency. In contrast to Cl(-), these effects were not observed for essential anionic macronutrients such as nitrate, sulphate, and phosphate. We propose that the abundant uptake and accumulation of Cl(-) responds to adaptive functions improving water homeostasis in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D Franco-Navarro
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, Avda Reina Mercedes 10, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Javier Brumós
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Centro de Genómica, Ctra Moncada-Náquera Km 4.6, 46113-Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel A Rosales
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, Avda Reina Mercedes 10, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Paloma Cubero-Font
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, Avda Reina Mercedes 10, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel Talón
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Centro de Genómica, Ctra Moncada-Náquera Km 4.6, 46113-Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - José M Colmenero-Flores
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, Avda Reina Mercedes 10, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
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Nawaz MA, Imtiaz M, Kong Q, Cheng F, Ahmed W, Huang Y, Bie Z. Grafting: A Technique to Modify Ion Accumulation in Horticultural Crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1457. [PMID: 27818663 PMCID: PMC5073839 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Grafting is a centuries-old technique used in plants to obtain economic benefits. Grafting increases nutrient uptake and utilization efficiency in a number of plant species, including fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals. Selected rootstocks of the same species or close relatives are utilized in grafting. Rootstocks absorb more water and ions than self-rooted plants and transport these water and ions to the aboveground scion. Ion uptake is regulated by a complex communication mechanism between the scion and rootstock. Sugars, hormones, and miRNAs function as long-distance signaling molecules and regulate ion uptake and ion homeostasis by affecting the activity of ion transporters. This review summarizes available information on the effect of rootstock on nutrient uptake and utilization and the mechanisms involved. Information on specific nutrient-efficient rootstocks for different crops of commercial importance is also provided. Several other important approaches, such as interstocking (during double grafting), inarching, use of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria, use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, use of plant growth substances (e.g., auxin and melatonin), and use of genetically engineered rootstocks and scions (transgrafting), are highlighted; these approaches can be combined with grafting to enhance nutrient uptake and utilization in commercially important plant species. Whether the rootstock and scion affect each other's soil microbiota and their effect on the nutrient absorption of rootstocks remain largely unknown. Similarly, the physiological and molecular bases of grafting, crease formation, and incompatibility are not fully identified and require investigation. Grafting in horticultural crops can help reveal the basic biology of grafting, the reasons for incompatibility, sensing, and signaling of nutrients, ion uptake and transport, and the mechanism of heavy metal accumulation and restriction in rootstocks. Ion transporter and miRNA-regulated nutrient studies have focused on model and non-grafted plants, and information on grafted plants is limited. Such information will improve the development of nutrient-efficient rootstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A. Nawaz
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of EducationWuhan, China
- Department of Horticulture, University College of Agriculture, University of SargodhaSargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imtiaz
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Qiusheng Kong
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of EducationWuhan, China
| | - Fei Cheng
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of EducationWuhan, China
| | - Waqar Ahmed
- United States Agency for International Development (USDA) and Cultivating New Frontiers in Agriculture (CNFA)Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Yuan Huang
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of EducationWuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yuan Huang
| | - Zhilong Bie
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of EducationWuhan, China
- Zhilong Bie
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Li B, Qiu J, Jayakannan M, Xu B, Li Y, Mayo GM, Tester M, Gilliham M, Roy SJ. AtNPF2.5 Modulates Chloride (Cl -) Efflux from Roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:2013. [PMID: 28111585 PMCID: PMC5216686 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.02013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of high concentrations of chloride (Cl-) in leaves can adversely affect plant growth. When comparing different varieties of the same Cl- sensitive plant species those that exclude relatively more Cl- from their shoots tend to perform better under saline conditions; however, the molecular mechanisms involved in maintaining low shoot Cl- remain largely undefined. Recently, it was shown that the NRT1/PTR Family 2.4 protein (NPF2.4) loads Cl- into the root xylem, which affects the accumulation of Cl- in Arabidopsis shoots. Here we characterize NPF2.5, which is the closest homolog to NPF2.4 sharing 83.2% identity at the amino acid level. NPF2.5 is predominantly expressed in root cortical cells and its transcription is induced by salt. Functional characterisation of NPF2.5 via its heterologous expression in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and Xenopus laevis oocytes indicated that NPF2.5 is likely to encode a Cl- permeable transporter. Arabidopsis npf2.5 T-DNA knockout mutant plants exhibited a significantly lower Cl- efflux from roots, and a greater Cl- accumulation in shoots compared to salt-treated Col-0 wild-type plants. At the same time, [Formula: see text] content in the shoot remained unaffected. Accumulation of Cl- in the shoot increased following (1) amiRNA-induced knockdown of NPF2.5 transcript abundance in the root, and (2) constitutive over-expression of NPF2.5. We suggest that both these findings are consistent with a role for NPF2.5 in modulating Cl- transport. Based on these results, we propose that NPF2.5 functions as a pathway for Cl- efflux from the root, contributing to exclusion of Cl- from the shoot of Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional GenomicsAdelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jiaen Qiu
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy BiologyAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Maheswari Jayakannan
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy BiologyAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Bo Xu
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy BiologyAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Yuan Li
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional GenomicsAdelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gwenda M. Mayo
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mark Tester
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional GenomicsAdelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Matthew Gilliham
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy BiologyAdelaide, SA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Matthew Gilliham
| | - Stuart J. Roy
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional GenomicsAdelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
- Stuart J. Roy
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25
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Zhang WW, Yang HQ, You SZ, Fan SL, Ran K. MhNCED3, a gene encoding 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase in Malus hupehensis Rehd., enhances plant tolerance to Cl- stress by reducing Cl- accumulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 89:85-91. [PMID: 25725410 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
High Cl(-) concentrations in tissues can be toxic to crop plants and may lead to reduced growth rates and yields. 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) is thought to be involved in the biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA), which is an important regulator of plant adaptive responses to stress. Here, the expression of MhNCED3 in Malus hupehensis Rehd. and the effects of MhNCED3 on plant tolerance to Cl(-) stress were explored. The results showed that MhNCED3 expression and ABA biosynthesis in M. hupehensis Rehd. were induced by Cl(-) stress. Ectopic expression of MhNCED3 in Arabidopsis complemented the phenotypic defects of the 129B08/nced3 mutant and enhanced WT tolerance to Cl(-) stress. The transgenic Arabidopsis showed improved growth and developmental status, increased ABA contents, and reduced transpiration rates and relative water content. Furthermore, ectopic expression of MhNCED3 decreased Cl(-) accumulation and oxidative damage, and up-regulated the expression levels of AtCLCc (chloride channel protein) and AtSLAH3 (slow anion channel 1 homolog 3) genes in Arabidopsis. These observations suggest that MhNCED3 has critical role in enhancing plant tolerance to Cl(-) stress by reducing Cl(-) accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-wei Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Hong-qiang Yang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China.
| | - Shu-zhen You
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Shu-lei Fan
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Kun Ran
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
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Kostopoulou Z, Therios I, Roumeliotis E, Kanellis AK, Molassiotis A. Melatonin combined with ascorbic acid provides salt adaptation in Citrus aurantium L. seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 86:155-165. [PMID: 25500452 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AsA) and melatonin (Mel) are known molecules participating in stress resistance, however, their combined role in counteracting the impact of salinity in plants is still unknown. In this work the effect of exogenous application of 0.50 mΜ AsA, 1 μΜ Mel and their combination (AsA + Mel) on various stress responses in leaves and roots of Citrus aurantium L. seedlings grown under 100 mΜ NaCl for 30 days was investigated. Application of AsA, Mel or AsA + Mel to saline solution decreased NaCl-induced electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation and prevented NaCl-associated toxicity symptoms and pigments degradation. Also, leaves exposed to combined AsA + Mel treatment displayed lower Cl(-) accumulation. Treatments with AsA and/or Mel modulated differently carbohydrates, proline, phenols, glutathione and the total antioxidant power of tissues as well as the activities of SOD, APX, POD, GR and PPO compared to NaCl alone treatment. Exposure of leaves and roots to chemical treatments and especially to combined AsA and Mel application was able to regulate CaMIPS, CaSLAH1 and CaMYB73 expression, indicating that sugar metabolism, ion homeostasis and transcription regulation were triggered by AsA and Mel. These results provide evidence that the activation of the metabolic pathways associated with combined AsA and Mel application are linked with salt adaptation in citrus plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharoula Kostopoulou
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Ioannis Therios
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Efstathios Roumeliotis
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Angelos K Kanellis
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanassios Molassiotis
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Henderson SW, Baumann U, Blackmore DH, Walker AR, Walker RR, Gilliham M. Shoot chloride exclusion and salt tolerance in grapevine is associated with differential ion transporter expression in roots. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:273. [PMID: 25344057 PMCID: PMC4220414 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0273-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salt tolerance in grapevine is associated with chloride (Cl-) exclusion from shoots; the rate-limiting step being the passage of Cl- between the root symplast and xylem apoplast. Despite an understanding of the physiological mechanism of Cl- exclusion in grapevine, the molecular identity of membrane proteins that control this process have remained elusive. To elucidate candidate genes likely to control Cl- exclusion, we compared the root transcriptomes of three Vitis spp. with contrasting shoot Cl- exclusion capacities using a custom microarray. RESULTS When challenged with 50 mM Cl-, transcriptional changes of genotypes 140 Ruggeri (shoot Cl- excluding rootstock), K51-40 (shoot Cl- including rootstock) and Cabernet Sauvignon (intermediate shoot Cl- excluder) differed. The magnitude of salt-induced transcriptional changes in roots correlated with the amount of Cl- accumulated in shoots. Abiotic-stress responsive transcripts (e.g. heat shock proteins) were induced in 140 Ruggeri, respiratory transcripts were repressed in Cabernet Sauvignon, and the expression of hypersensitive response and ROS scavenging transcripts was altered in K51-40. Despite these differences, no obvious Cl- transporters were identified. However, under control conditions where differences in shoot Cl- exclusion between rootstocks were still significant, genes encoding putative ion channels SLAH3, ALMT1 and putative kinases SnRK2.6 and CPKs were differentially expressed between rootstocks, as were members of the NRT1 (NAXT1 and NRT1.4), and CLC families. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that transcriptional events contributing to the Cl- exclusion mechanism in grapevine are not stress-inducible, but constitutively different between contrasting varieties. We have identified individual genes from large families known to have members with roles in anion transport in other plants, as likely candidates for controlling anion homeostasis and Cl- exclusion in Vitis species. We propose these genes as priority candidates for functional characterisation to determine their role in chloride transport in grapevine and other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam W Henderson
- />Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, & Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064 Australia
| | - Ute Baumann
- />Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, South Australia, 5064 Australia
| | - Deidre H Blackmore
- />CSIRO Plant Industry, PO Box 350, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064 Australia
| | - Amanda R Walker
- />CSIRO Plant Industry, PO Box 350, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064 Australia
| | - Rob R Walker
- />CSIRO Plant Industry, PO Box 350, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064 Australia
| | - Matthew Gilliham
- />Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, & Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064 Australia
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28
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Tanou G, Ziogas V, Belghazi M, Christou A, Filippou P, Job D, Fotopoulos V, Molassiotis A. Polyamines reprogram oxidative and nitrosative status and the proteome of citrus plants exposed to salinity stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:864-85. [PMID: 24112028 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The interplay among polyamines (PAs) and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RNS and ROS) is emerging as a key issue in plant responses to salinity. To address this question, we analysed the impact of exogenous PAs [putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm)] on the oxidative and nitrosative status in citrus plants exposed to salinity. PAs partially reversed the NaCl-induced phenotypic and physiological disturbances. The expression of PA biosynthesis (ADC, SAMDC, SPDS and SPMS) and catabolism (DAO and PAO) genes was systematically up-regulated by PAs. In addition, PAs altered the oxidative status in salt-stressed plants as inferred by changes in ROS production and redox status accompanied by regulation of transcript expression and activities of various antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, NaCl-induced up-regulation of NO-associated genes, such as NR, NADde, NOS-like and AOX, along with S-nitrosoglutathione reductase and nitrate reductase activities, was partially restored by PAs. Protein carbonylation and tyrosine nitration are depressed by specific PAs whereas protein S-nitrosylation was elicited by all PAs. Furthermore, we identified 271 S-nitrosylated proteins that were commonly or preferentially targeted by salinity and individual PAs. This work helps improve our knowledge on the plant's response to environmental challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Tanou
- Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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