1
|
Su-Zhou C, Durand M, Aphalo PJ, Martinez-Abaigar J, Shapiguzov A, Ishihara H, Liu X, Robson TM. Weaker photosynthetic acclimation to fluctuating than to corresponding steady UVB radiation treatments in grapevines. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14383. [PMID: 38859677 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The effects of transient increases in UVB radiation on plants are not well known; whether cumulative damage dominates or, alternately, an increase in photoprotection and recovery periods ameliorates any negative effects. We investigated photosynthetic capacity and metabolite accumulation of grapevines (Vitis vinifera Cabernet Sauvignon) in response to UVB fluctuations under four treatments: fluctuating UVB (FUV) and steady UVB radiation (SUV) at similar total biologically effective UVB dose (2.12 and 2.23 kJ m-2 day-1), and their two respective no UVB controls. We found a greater decrease in stomatal conductance under SUV than FUV. There was no decrease in maximum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) or its operational efficiency (ɸPSII) under the two UVB treatments, and Fv/Fm was higher under SUV than FUV. Photosynthetic capacity was enhanced under FUV in the light-limited region of rapid light-response curves but enhanced by SUV in the light-saturated region. Flavonol content was similarly increased by both UVB treatments. We conclude that, while both FUV and SUV effectively stimulate acclimation to UVB radiation at realistic doses, FUV confers weaker acclimation than SUV. This implies that recovery periods between transient increases in UVB radiation reduce UVB acclimation, compared to an equivalent dose of UVB provided continuously. Thus, caution is needed in interpreting the findings of experiments using steady UVB radiation treatments to infer effects in natural environments, as the stimulatory effect of steady UVB is greater than that of the equivalent fluctuating UVB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenxing Su-Zhou
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Maxime Durand
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pedro J Aphalo
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Alexey Shapiguzov
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Production Systems, Finland
| | - Hirofumi Ishihara
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xu Liu
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - T Matthew Robson
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National School of Forestry, University of Cumbria, Ambleside, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sáenz-de la O D, Morales LO, Strid Å, Feregrino-Perez AA, Torres-Pacheco I, Guevara-González RG. Antioxidant and drought-acclimation responses in UV-B-exposed transgenic Nicotiana tabacum displaying constitutive overproduction of H 2O 2. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:2373-2387. [PMID: 37486529 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an important molecule that regulates antioxidant responses that are crucial for plant stress resistance. Exposure to low levels of ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B, 280-315 nm) can also activate antioxidant defenses and acclimation responses. However, how H2O2 and UV-B interact to promote stress acclimation remains poorly understood. In this work, a transgenic model of Nicotiana tabacum cv Xanthi nc, with elevated Mn-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) activity, was used to study the interaction between the constitutive overproduction of H2O2 and a 14-day UV-B treatment (1.75 kJ m-2 d-1 biologically effective UV-B). Subsequently, these plants were subjected to a 7-day moderate drought treatment to evaluate the impact on drought resistance of H2O2- and UV-dependent stimulation of the plants' antioxidant system. The UV-B treatment enhanced H2O2 levels and altered the antioxidant status by increasing the epidermal flavonol index, Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity, and catalase, peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activities in the leaves. UV-B also retarded growth and suppressed acclimation responses in highly H2O2-overproducing transgenic plants. Plants not exposed to UV-B had a higher drought resistance in the form of higher relative water content of leaves. Our data associate the interaction between Mn-SOD transgene overexpression and the UV-B treatment with a stress response. Finally, we propose a hormetic biphasic drought resistance response curve as a function of leaf H2O2 content in N. tabacum cv Xanthi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Sáenz-de la O
- School of Engineering, National Technological Institute of Mexico-Campus Roque, Guanajuato, México
| | - Luis O Morales
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Åke Strid
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - A Angélica Feregrino-Perez
- Basic and Applied Bioengineering Group, School of Engineering, Autonomous University of Querétaro-Campus Amazcala, Querétaro, México
| | - Irineo Torres-Pacheco
- Center for Applied Research in Biosystems (CARB-CIAB), School of Engineering, Autonomous University of Querétaro-Campus Amazcala, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Ramón G Guevara-González
- Center for Applied Research in Biosystems (CARB-CIAB), School of Engineering, Autonomous University of Querétaro-Campus Amazcala, Querétaro, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Crestani G, Cunningham N, Csepregi K, Badmus UO, Jansen MAK. From stressor to protector, UV-induced abiotic stress resistance. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:2189-2204. [PMID: 37270745 PMCID: PMC10499975 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00441-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants are continuously exposed to combinations of abiotic and biotic stressors. While much is known about responses to individual stressors, understanding of plant responses to combinations of stressors is limited. The effects of combined exposure to drought and UV radiation are particularly relevant in the context of climate change. In this study it was explored whether UV-exposure can be used as a tool to prime stress-resistance in plants grown under highly protected culture conditions. It was hypothesised that priming mint plantlets (Mentha spicata L.) with a low-dose of UV irradiance can alleviate the drought effect caused by a change in humidity upon transplanting. Plants were grown for 30 days on agar in sealed tissue culture containers. During this period, plants were exposed to ~ 0.22 W m-2 UV-B for 8 days, using either UV-blocking or UV- transmitting filters. Plants were then transplanted to soil and monitored for a further 7 days. It was found that non-UV exposed mint plants developed necrotic spots on leaves, following transfer to soil, but this was not the case for plants primed with UV. Results showed that UV induced stress resistance is associated with an increase in antioxidant capacity, as well as a decrease in leaf area. UV-induced stress resistance can be beneficial in a horticultural setting, where priming plants with UV-B can be used as a tool in the production of commercial crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Crestani
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, North Mall Campus, Cork, T23 TK30, Ireland.
| | - Natalie Cunningham
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, North Mall Campus, Cork, T23 TK30, Ireland
| | - Kristóf Csepregi
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 6, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Uthman O Badmus
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, North Mall Campus, Cork, T23 TK30, Ireland
| | - Marcel A K Jansen
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, North Mall Campus, Cork, T23 TK30, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Karaca S, Aydin M, Agar G, Taspinar MS. α-Tocopherol application as a countermeasure to UV-B stress in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:89012-89021. [PMID: 37452252 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28768-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The source of energy for all photoautotrophic organisms is light, which is absorbed by photosynthetic processes and used to transform carbon dioxide and H2O into organic molecules. The majority of UV-B light (280 to 320 nm) is absorbed by stratospheric ozone layer, although some of it does reach at the Earth's surface. Because of the sedentary lifestyle of plants, this form of abiotic stress is unavoidable and can induce growth and even cell death. Ten-day-old calli generated from mature Kirik wheat embryos were subjected to UV-B radiation for 0, 2, 4, and 6 h to examine the function of exogenous α-tocopherol, a lipophilic antioxidant, in wheat tolerance to UV-B radiation stress. The calli were then moved to a callus medium containing α-tocopherol (0, 50, and 100 mg/l) and cultivated there for 20 days after being subjected to UV-B stress. For plant regeneration, embryogenic calli were put on a medium for plant regeneration after 30 days. The findings of this investigation demonstrated that an increase in UV-B exposure period resulted in a substantial drop in the relative growth rate of callus, the rate of embryogenic callus, the rate of responding embryogenic callus, and the number of plants in each explant. On the other hand, with the application of α-tocopherol, all these parameters improved, and the best result was observed in the application of 100 mg/l of α-tocopherol in terms of plant regeneration under UV-B stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sedat Karaca
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Murat Aydin
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Güleray Agar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Sinan Taspinar
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhou H, Yu L, Liu S, Zhu A, Yang Y, Chen C, Yang A, Liu L, Yu F. Transcriptome comparison analyses in UV-B induced AsA accumulation of Lactuca sativa L. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:61. [PMID: 36737693 PMCID: PMC9896689 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09133-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivated in facilities display low vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid (AsA)) contents which require augmentation. Although UV-B irradiation increases the accumulation of AsA in crops, processes underlying the biosynthesis as well as metabolism of AsA induced by UV-B in lettuce remain unclear. RESULTS UV-B treatment increased the AsA content in lettuce, compared with that in the untreated control. UV-B treatment significantly increased AsA accumulation in a dose-dependent manner up until a certain dose.. Based on optimization experiments, three UV-B dose treatments, no UV-B (C), medium dose 7.2 KJ·m- 2·d- 1 (U1), and high dose 12.96 KJ·m- 2·d- 1 (U2), were selected for transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) in this study. The results showed that C and U1 clustered in one category while U2 clustered in another, suggesting that the effect exerted on AsA by UV-B was dose dependent. MIOX gene in the myo-inositol pathway and APX gene in the recycling pathway in U2 were significantly different from the other two treatments, which was consistent with AsA changes seen in the three treatments, indicating that AsA accumulation caused by UV-B may be associated with these two genes in lettuce. UVR8 and HY5 were not significantly different expressed under UV-B irradiation, however, the genes involved in plant growth hormones and defence hormones significantly decreased and increased in U2, respectively, suggesting that high UV-B dose may regulate photomorphogenesis and response to stress via hormone regulatory pathways, although such regulation was independent of the UVR8 pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that studying the application of UV-B irradiation may enhance our understanding of the response of plant growth and AsA metabolism-related genes to UV-B stress, with particular reference to lettuce.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Genetic and Improvement of Jiangxi Province, Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Lei Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Genetic and Improvement of Jiangxi Province, Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, China
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Shujuan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Genetic and Improvement of Jiangxi Province, Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Anfan Zhu
- Jiangxi Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Nanchang, 330046, China
| | - Yanfang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Caihui Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Genetic and Improvement of Jiangxi Province, Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Aihong Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Genetic and Improvement of Jiangxi Province, Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Lipan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Genetic and Improvement of Jiangxi Province, Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Faxin Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Genetic and Improvement of Jiangxi Province, Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Albert NW, Lafferty DJ, Moss SMA, Davies KM. Flavonoids – flowers, fruit, forage and the future. J R Soc N Z 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2022.2034654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nick W. Albert
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Declan J. Lafferty
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sarah M. A. Moss
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kevin M. Davies
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jansen MAK, Ač A, Klem K, Urban O. A meta-analysis of the interactive effects of UV and drought on plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:41-54. [PMID: 34778989 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between climate change and UV penetration in the biosphere are resulting in the exposure of plants to new combinations of UV radiation and drought. In theory, the impacts of combinations of UV and drought may be additive, synergistic or antagonistic. Lack of understanding of the impacts of combined treatments creates substantial uncertainties that hamper predictions of future ecological change. Here, we compiled information from 52 publications and analysed the relative impacts of UV and/or drought. Both UV and drought have substantial negative effects on biomass accumulation, plant height, photosynthesis, leaf area and stomatal conductance and transpiration, while increasing stress-associated symptoms such as MDA accumulation and reactive-oxygen-species content. Contents of proline, flavonoids, antioxidants and anthocyanins, associated with plant acclimation, are upregulated both under enhanced UV and drought. In plants exposed to both UV and drought, increases in plant defense responses are less-than-additive, and so are the damage and growth retardation. Less-than-additive effects were observed across field, glasshouse and growth-chamber studies, indicating similar physiological response mechanisms. Induction of a degree of cross-resistance seems the most likely interpretation of the observed less-than-additive responses. The data show that in future climates, the impacts of increases in drought exposure may be lessened by naturally high UV regimes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel A K Jansen
- Laboratory of Ecological Plant Physiology, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Environmental Research Institute, UCC, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alexander Ač
- Laboratory of Ecological Plant Physiology, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Klem
- Laboratory of Ecological Plant Physiology, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Otmar Urban
- Laboratory of Ecological Plant Physiology, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Z, Zheng Y, Zhang J, Wang N, Wang Y, Liu W, Bai S, Xie W. High-Altitude Genetic Selection and Genome-Wide Association Analysis of Yield-Related Traits in Elymus sibiricus L. Using SLAF Sequencing. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:874409. [PMID: 35800604 PMCID: PMC9253694 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.874409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The genetic adaptations to harsh climatic conditions in high altitudes and genetic basis of important agronomic traits are poorly understood in Elymus sibiricus L. In this study, an association population of 210 genotypes was used for population structure, selective sweep analysis, and genome-wide association study (GWAS) based on 88,506 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We found 965 alleles under the natural selection of high altitude, which included 7 hub genes involved in the response to UV, and flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthetic process based on the protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis. Using a mixed linear model (MLM), the GWAS test identified a total of 1,825 significant loci associated with 12 agronomic traits. Based on the gene expression data of two wheat cultivars and the PPI analysis, we finally identified 12 hub genes. Especially, in plant height traits, the top hub gene (TOPLESS protein) encoding auxins and jasmonic acid signaling pathway, shoot apical meristem specification, and xylem and phloem pattern formation was highly overexpressed. These genes might play essential roles in controlling the growth and development of E. sibiricus. Therefore, this study provides fundamental insights relevant to hub genes and will benefit molecular breeding and improvement in E. sibiricus and other Elymus species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongyu Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuying Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junchao Zhang
- Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Na Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanrong Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Superior Forage Germplasm in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xining, China
| | - Shiqie Bai
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Science, Chengdu, China
| | - Wengang Xie
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wengang Xie,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Applications of Ultraviolet Light–Emitting Diode Technology in Horticultural Produce: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-021-02742-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
10
|
Ye ZP, Kang HJ, An T, Duan HL, Wang FB, Yang XL, Zhou SX. Modeling Light Response of Electron Transport Rate and Its Allocation for Ribulose Biphosphate Carboxylation and Oxygenation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:581851. [PMID: 33042194 PMCID: PMC7522219 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.581851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Accurately describing the light response curve of electron transport rate (J-I curve) and allocation of electron flow for ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) carboxylation (J C-I curve) and that for oxygenation (J O-I curve) is fundamental for modeling of light relations of electron flow at the whole-plant and ecosystem scales. The non-rectangular hyperbolic model (hereafter, NH model) has been widely used to characterize light response of net photosynthesis rate (A n; A n-I curve) and J-I curve. However, NH model has been reported to overestimate the maximum A n (A nmax) and the maximum J (J max), largely due to its asymptotic function. Meanwhile, few efforts have been delivered for describing J C-I and J O-I curves. The long-standing challenge on describing A n-I and J-I curves have been resolved by a recently developed A n-I and J-I models (hereafter, Ye model), which adopt a nonasymptotic function. To test whether Ye model can resolve the challenge of NH model in reproducing J-I, J C-I and J O-I curves over light-limited, light-saturated, and photoinhibitory I levels, we compared the performances of Ye model and NH model against measurements on two C3 crops (Triticum aestivum L. and Glycine max L.) grown in field. The results showed that NH model significantly overestimated the A nmax and J max for both species, which can be accurately obtained by Ye model. Furthermore, NH model significantly overestimated the maximum electron flow for carboxylation (J C-max) but not the maximum electron flow for oxygenation (J O-max) for both species, disclosing the reason underlying the long-standing problem of NH model-overestimation of J max and A nmax.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Piao Ye
- Maths and Physics College, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, China
| | - Hua-Jing Kang
- Department of Landscape and Water Conservancy Engineering, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ting An
- Maths and Physics College, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, China
| | - Hong-Lang Duan
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Restoration of Degraded Ecosystems & Watershed Ecohydrology, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang, China
| | - Fu-Biao Wang
- Maths and Physics College, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, China
| | - Xiao-Long Yang
- Maths and Physics College, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, China
| | - Shuang-Xi Zhou
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Qi W, Ma J, Zhang J, Gui M, Li J, Zhang L. Effects of low doses of UV-B radiation supplementation on tuber quality in purple potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.). PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1783490. [PMID: 32580625 PMCID: PMC8550202 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1783490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
UV-B is an important environmental factor that differentially affects plant growth and secondary metabolites. However, our knowledge regarding the physiological and biochemical changes in under-ground plant organs responded to UV-B treatment remains limited. In this study, we investigated potato plant (Solanum tuberosum L.) and tuber responses to short-term supplemental UV-B exposure performed during tuber development. Our results indicated that the supplemental UV-B radiation with relative low dose had no obvious adverse impact on plant growth or tuber production. Nutritional composition analyses of tubers revealed that the contents of starch, soluble sugars, and proteins were significantly increased under lower UV-B radiation relative to controls. Similarly, low dose of UV-B treatment promoted the health-promoting compounds, including anthocyanin, phenols, and flavonoids in tubers. Moreover, higher activities of antioxidant enzymes were significantly induced in tubers in response to lower UV-B radiation. These findings suggest that short-term UV-B radiation supplementation at relative low doses can improve the tuber quality in potato plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wencai Qi
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jingwen Ma
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jinguo Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Mengyuan Gui
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Green Medicinal Material Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Green Medicinal Material Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wilson K, Grzywacz D, Curcic I, Scoates F, Harper K, Rice A, Paul N, Dillon A. A novel formulation technology for baculoviruses protects biopesticide from degradation by ultraviolet radiation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13301. [PMID: 32764606 PMCID: PMC7411030 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70293-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopesticides are biological pest control agents that are viewed as safer alternatives to the synthetic chemicals that dominate the global insecticide market. A major constraint on the wider adoption of biopesticides is their susceptibility to the ultraviolet (UV: 290-400 nm) radiation in sunlight, which limits their persistence and efficacy. Here, we describe a novel formulation technology for biopesticides in which the active ingredient (baculovirus) is micro-encapsulated in an ENTOSTAT wax combined with a UV absorbant (titanium dioxide, TiO2). Importantly, this capsule protects the sensitive viral DNA from degrading in sunlight, but dissolves in the alkaline insect gut to release the virus, which then infects and kills the pest. We show, using simulated sunlight, in both laboratory bioassays and trials on cabbage and tomato plants, that this can extend the efficacy of the biopesticide well beyond the few hours of existing virus formulations, potentially increasing the spray interval and/or reducing the need for high application rates. The new formulation has a shelf-life at 30 °C of at least 6 months, which is comparable to standard commercial biopesticides and has no phytotoxic effect on the host plants. Taken together, these findings suggest that the new formulation technology could reduce the costs and increase the efficacy of baculovirus biopesticides, with the potential to make them commercially competitive alternatives to synthetic chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Wilson
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK.
| | - David Grzywacz
- Department of Agriculture Health and Environment, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Igor Curcic
- Exosect Limited, Leylands Business Park, Colden Common, Winchester, SO21 1TH, Hampshire, UK
| | - Freya Scoates
- Exosect Limited, Leylands Business Park, Colden Common, Winchester, SO21 1TH, Hampshire, UK
| | - Karen Harper
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Annabel Rice
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Nigel Paul
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Aoife Dillon
- Exosect Limited, Leylands Business Park, Colden Common, Winchester, SO21 1TH, Hampshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bian Z, Wang Y, Zhang X, Li T, Grundy S, Yang Q, Cheng R. A Review of Environment Effects on Nitrate Accumulation in Leafy Vegetables Grown in Controlled Environments. Foods 2020; 9:E732. [PMID: 32503134 PMCID: PMC7353485 DOI: 10.3390/foods9060732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive accumulation of nitrates in vegetables is a common issue that poses a potential threat to human health. The absorption, translocation, and assimilation of nitrates in vegetables are tightly regulated by the interaction of internal cues (expression of related genes and enzyme activities) and external environmental factors. In addition to global food security, food nutritional quality is recognized as being of strategic importance by most governments and other agencies. Therefore, the identification and development of sustainable, innovative, and inexpensive approaches for increasing vegetable production and concomitantly reducing nitrate concentration are extremely important. Under controlled environmental conditions, optimal fertilizer/nutrient element management and environmental regulation play vital roles in producing vegetables with low nitrate content. In this review, we present some of the recent findings concerning the effects of environmental factors (e.g., light, temperature, and CO2) and fertilizer/nutrient solution management strategies on nitrate reduction in vegetables grown under controlled environments and discuss the possible molecular mechanisms. We also highlight several perspectives for future research to optimize the yield and nutrition quality of leafy vegetables grown in controlled environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Bian
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Z.B.); (T.L.); (Q.Y.)
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG25 0QF, UK; (Y.W.); (S.G.)
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG25 0QF, UK; (Y.W.); (S.G.)
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China;
| | - Tao Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Z.B.); (T.L.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Steven Grundy
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG25 0QF, UK; (Y.W.); (S.G.)
| | - Qichang Yang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Z.B.); (T.L.); (Q.Y.)
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Ruifeng Cheng
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Z.B.); (T.L.); (Q.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ye ZP, Ling Y, Yu Q, Duan HL, Kang HJ, Huang GM, Duan SH, Chen XM, Liu YG, Zhou SX. Quantifying Light Response of Leaf-Scale Water-Use Efficiency and Its Interrelationships With Photosynthesis and Stomatal Conductance in C 3 and C 4 Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:374. [PMID: 32411151 PMCID: PMC7199201 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Light intensity (I) is the most dynamic and significant environmental variable affecting photosynthesis (A n), stomatal conductance (g s), transpiration (T r), and water-use efficiency (WUE). Currently, studies characterizing leaf-scale WUE-I responses are rare and key questions have not been answered. In particular, (1) What shape does the response function take? (2) Are there maximum intrinsic (WUEi; WUEi-max) and instantaneous WUE (WUEinst; WUEinst-max) at the corresponding saturation irradiances (I i-sat and I inst-sat)? This study developed WUEi-I and WUEinst-I models sharing the same non-asymptotic function with previously published A n-I and g s-I models. Observation-modeling intercomparison was conducted for field-grown plants of soybean (C3) and grain amaranth (C4) to assess the robustness of our models versus the non-rectangular hyperbola models (NH models). Both types of models can reproduce WUE-I curves well over light-limited range. However, at light-saturated range, NH models overestimated WUEi-max and WUEinst-max and cannot return I i-sat and I inst-sat due to its asymptotic function. Moreover, NH models cannot describe the down-regulation of WUE induced by high light, on which our models described well. The results showed that WUEi and WUEinst increased rapidly within low range of I, driven by uncoupled photosynthesis and stomatal responsiveness. Initial response rapidity of WUEi was higher than WUEinst because the greatest increase of A n and T r occurred at low g s. C4 species showed higher WUEi-max and WUEinst-max than C3 species-at similar I i-sat and I inst-sat. Our intercomparison highlighted larger discrepancy between WUEi-I and WUEinst-I responses in C3 than C4 species, quantitatively characterizing an important advantage of C4 photosynthetic pathway-higher A n gain but lower T r cost per unit of g s change. Our models can accurately return the wealth of key quantities defining species-specific WUE-I responses-besides A n-I and g s-I responses. The key advantage is its robustness in characterizing these entangled responses over a wide I range from light-limited to light-inhibitory light intensities, through adopting the same analytical framework and the explicit and consistent definitions on these responses. Our models are of significance for physiologists and modelers-and also for breeders screening for genotypes concurrently achieving maximized photosynthesis and optimized WUE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Piao Ye
- Maths & Physics College, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, China
| | - Yu Ling
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Lang Duan
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Restoration of Degraded Ecosystems and Watershed Ecohydrology, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang, China
| | - Hua-Jing Kang
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science & Technology, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guo-Min Huang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Restoration of Degraded Ecosystems and Watershed Ecohydrology, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang, China
| | - Shi-Hua Duan
- School of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, China
| | - Xian-Mao Chen
- Soil Fertilizer and Environmental Resources Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu-Guo Liu
- Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang-Xi Zhou
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Havelock North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Trošt Sedej T, ErznoŽnik T, Rovtar J. Effect of UV radiation and altitude characteristics on the functional traits and leaf optical properties in Saxifraga hostii at the alpine and montane sites in the Slovenian Alps. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:180-192. [PMID: 31956889 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00032a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UV radiation affects the biochemical, physiological and morphological responses of plants. The effect is most pronounced at high altitude, such as alpine regions, and low latitude environments. The effect of UV radiation is impacted by different environmental conditions including temperature. We examined the response of the alpine plant Saxifraga hostii Tausch subsp. hostii growing at two altitudes (montane, 1100 m a.s.l. and alpine, 1500 m a.s.l.) in the Slovenian Alps. Selected ecophysiological, anatomical and pigment analyses along with measurements of the leaf optical properties were carried out during the growing season from July to September. Plants were grown under two different UV levels, near-ambient UV (UV) and reduced UV (UV-) radiation, and temperature conditions were monitored at both altitudes. Saxifraga hostii exhibited high photochemical efficiency of photosystem II and stomatal conductance under near-ambient UV radiation in August, which indicates that it is a well-acclimated plant. In September, photochemical efficiency was higher under reduced UV at the alpine altitude which together with a lower photosynthetic pigment content indicate delayed senescence for plants growing under reduced UV. Most leaf tissue thicknesses were not affected by UV radiation and altitude difference. There was a trend of increased stomatal density and reduced stomatal length on both leaf surfaces under near-ambient UV in August. However, there was no effect of UV attenuation or location at the alpine or montane site on the content of UV-B absorbing compounds, which implies the plant's tolerance of UV-B radiation. Saxifraga hostii leaves showed high absorption in the UV spectrum at higher altitudes, as shown by their optical properties. This study shows that Saxifraga hostii is well-acclimated to ambient UV radiation and to the environmental conditions at both altitudes. The effect of UV radiation is impacted by site conditions and this produces diverse plant responses, which contribute to the specific functional traits of Saxifraga hostii in the high-altitude environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadeja Trošt Sedej
- University of Ljubljana, BF, Dept. of Biology, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen Z, Jiang H, Gao K, Qiu B. Acclimation to low ultraviolet‐B radiation increases photosystem I abundance and cyclic electron transfer with enhanced photosynthesis and growth in the cyanobacterium
Nostoc sphaeroides. Environ Microbiol 2019; 22:183-197. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative BiologyCentral China Normal University Wuhan Hubei 430079 People's Republic of China
| | - Hai‐Bo Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative BiologyCentral China Normal University Wuhan Hubei 430079 People's Republic of China
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental ScienceXiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 People's Republic of China
| | - Bao‐Sheng Qiu
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative BiologyCentral China Normal University Wuhan Hubei 430079 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pre-Harvest UV-B Radiation and Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density Interactively Affect Plant Photosynthesis, Growth, and Secondary Metabolites Accumulation in Basil (Ocimum Basilicum) Plants. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9080434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds in basil (Ocimum basilicum) plants grown under a controlled environment are reduced due to the absence of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and low photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). To characterize the optimal UV-B radiation dose and PPFD for enhancing the synthesis of phenolic compounds in basil plants without yield reduction, green and purple basil plants grown at two PPFDs, 160 and 224 μmol·m−2·s−1, were treated with five UV-B radiation doses including control, 1 h·d−1 for 2 days, 2 h·d−1 for 2 days, 1 h·d−1 for 5 days, and 2 h·d−1 for 5 days. Supplemental UV-B radiation suppressed plant growth and resulted in reduced plant yield, while high PPFD increased plant yield. Shoot fresh weight in green and purple basil plants was 12%–51% and 6%–44% lower, respectively, after UV-B treatments compared to control. Concentrations of anthocyanin, phenolics, and flavonoids in green basil leaves increased under all UV-B treatments by 9%–18%, 28%–126%, and 80%–169%, respectively, and the increase was greater under low PPFD compared to high PPFD. In purple basil plants, concentrations of phenolics and flavonoids increased after 2 h·d−1 UV-B treatments. Among all treatments, 1 h·d−1 for 2 days UV-B radiation under PPFD of 224 μmol·m−2·s−1 was the optimal condition for green basil production under a controlled environment.
Collapse
|
18
|
Faseela P, Puthur JT. Intraspecific variation in sensitivity of high yielding rice varieties towards UV-B radiation. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 25:727-740. [PMID: 31168235 PMCID: PMC6522621 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-019-00646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Effective screening of thirteen commonly cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties was carried out to evaluate the varietal-specific differences in morphological, physiological and biochemical responses to various doses of UV-B irradiation (7, 14, 21 and 28 kJ m-2d-1). Determination of UV-B tolerant rice varieties would be helpful in selecting a suitable variety for the areas experiencing higher influx of UV-B radiation. Based on the initial screening of thirteen rice varieties, carried out by analyzing shoot length, fresh weight, photosynthetic pigments and the rate of lipid peroxidation under various doses of UV-B, it was found that Mangalamahsuri, Aathira, Kanchana, Jyothi and Annapoorna were tolerant lines and Neeraja, Swetha, Swarnaprabha and Aiswarya were the sensitive ones. Further screening of these nine varieties was done by analyzing primary metabolites (total protein, soluble sugar and proline content) and non enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbate and glutathione) involved in free radical scavenging mechanism to mitigate the negative effects of UV-B irradiation. Based on the cumulative stress response index (CSRI), the sum of relative individual component responses (total protein, soluble sugar, proline, ascorbate and glutathione content) at each UV-B treatment and total stress response index (TSRI), the sum of CSRI of all the four UV-B treatments for each variety, nine rice varieties selected after primary screening were classified as tolerant (Mangalamahsuri, Aathira and Kanchana), intermediate (Jyothi, Annapoorna, Neeraja and Swetha) and sensitive (Swarnaprabha and Aiswarya).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parammal Faseela
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Division, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Malappuram, Kerala 673635 India
| | - Jos Thomas Puthur
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Division, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Malappuram, Kerala 673635 India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Solanki T, Aphalo PJ, Neimane S, Hartikainen SM, Pieristè M, Shapiguzov A, Porcar-Castell A, Atherton J, Heikkilä A, Robson TM. UV-screening and springtime recovery of photosynthetic capacity in leaves of Vaccinium vitis-idaea above and below the snow pack. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 134:40-52. [PMID: 30219502 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Evergreen plants in boreal biomes undergo seasonal hardening and dehardening adjusting their photosynthetic capacity and photoprotection; acclimating to seasonal changes in temperature and irradiance. Leaf epidermal ultraviolet (UV)-screening by flavonols responds to solar radiation, perceived in part through increased ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation, and is a candidate trait to provide cross-photoprotection. At Hyytiälä Forestry Station, central Finland, we examined whether the accumulation of flavonols was higher in leaves of Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. growing above the snowpack compared with those below the snowpack. We found that leaves exposed to colder temperatures and higher solar radiation towards the top of hummocks suffered greater photoinhibition than those at the base of hummocks. Epidermal UV-screening was highest in upper-hummock leaves, particularly during winter when lower leaves were beneath the snowpack. There was also a negative relationship between indices of flavonols and anthocyanins across all leaves suggesting fine-tuning of flavonoid composition for screening vs. antioxidant activity in response to temperature and irradiance. However, the positive correlation between the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and flavonol accumulation in upper hummock leaves during dehardening did not confer on them any greater cross-protection than would be expected from the general relationship of Fv/Fm with temperature and irradiance (throughout the hummocks). Irrespective of timing of snow-melt, photosynthesis fully recovered in all leaves, suggesting that V. vitis-idaea has the potential to exploit the continuing trend for longer growing seasons in central Finland without incurring significant impairment from reduced duration of snow cover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Twinkle Solanki
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Science, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pedro J Aphalo
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Science, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Santa Neimane
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Science, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland; Dept. Plant Physiology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, LV, 1004, Riga, Latvia
| | - Saara M Hartikainen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Science, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marta Pieristè
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Science, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland; Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Ecodiv URA/EA1293, IRSTEA, FR Scale CNRS, 3730, Rouen, France
| | - Alexey Shapiguzov
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Science, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street, 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Albert Porcar-Castell
- Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Department of Forest Sciences, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jon Atherton
- Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Department of Forest Sciences, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Heikkilä
- Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), POB 503, 00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas Matthew Robson
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Science, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jansen MAK, Bilger W, Hideg É, Strid Å, Urban O. Editorial: Interactive effects of UV-B radiation in a complex environment. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 134:1-8. [PMID: 30385007 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel A K Jansen
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Wolfgang Bilger
- Botanisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Éva Hideg
- Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, Ifjusag u. 6, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Åke Strid
- School of Science & Technology, Örebro Life Science Center, Örebro University, SE-70182 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Otmar Urban
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Emiliani J, D'Andrea L, Lorena Falcone Ferreyra M, Maulión E, Rodriguez E, Rodriguez-Concepción M, Casati P. A role for β,β-xanthophylls in Arabidopsis UV-B photoprotection. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4921-4933. [PMID: 29945243 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plastidial isoprenoids, such as carotenoids and tocopherols, are important anti-oxidant metabolites synthesized in plastids from precursors generated by the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. In this study, we found that irradiation of Arabidopsis thaliana plants with UV-B caused a strong increase in the accumulation of the photoprotective xanthophyll zeaxanthin but also resulted in slightly higher levels of γ-tocopherol. Plants deficient in the MEP enzymes 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase and 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate synthase showed a general reduction in both carotenoids and tocopherols and this was associated with increased DNA damage and decreased photosynthesis after exposure to UV-B. Genetic blockage of tocopherol biosynthesis did not affect DNA damage accumulation. In contrast, lut2 mutants that accumulate β,β-xanthophylls showed decreased DNA damage when irradiated with UV-B. Analysis of aba2 mutants showed that UV-B protection was not mediated by ABA (a hormone derived from β,β-xanthophylls). Plants accumulating β,β-xanthophylls also showed decreased oxidative damage and increased expression of DNA-repair enzymes, suggesting that this may be a mechanism for these plants to decrease DNA damage. In addition, in vitro experiments also provided evidence that β,β-xanthophylls can directly protect against DNA damage by absorbing radiation. Together, our results suggest that xanthophyll-cycle carotenoids that protect against excess illumination may also contribute to protection against UV-B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Emiliani
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Lucio D'Andrea
- Program of Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Evangelina Maulión
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Concepción
- Program of Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Casati
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kotilainen T, Robson TM, Hernández R. Light quality characterization under climate screens and shade nets for controlled-environment agriculture. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199628. [PMID: 29940006 PMCID: PMC6016941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate screens are typically used inside glass greenhouses to improve control of humidity and temperature, and thus reduce energy expenditure. Shade nets are more appropriate to use, either with or without polyethylene cladding, at locations less-reliant on climate control, but where protection against hail, wind and excessive solar radiation might be needed. In addition, insect screens and nets can be employed to hinder insect pests and other invertebrates entering either type of production environment, and to keep invertebrates used in pest management contained inside. Screens and nets both transmit sunlight in a wavelength-specific manner, giving them the potential to affect plant morphology and physiology. Screens and nets of various colours and nominal shading factors have been described and studied; however, detailed measurements of their spectral characteristics are scarce. We measured solar spectral photon-irradiance and its attenuation by climate screens, shade nets, insect nets, greenhouse glass, and polyethylene covers. Our aim was to elucidate the effects of different patterns, colours, and shading factors, on light quality in production environments. Our measurements reveal that there are large differences both in the fraction of global irradiance attenuated and spectral ratios received under materials that are otherwise superficially similar in terms of their appearance and texture. We suggest that the type of spectral characterization that we performed is required to fully interpret the results of research examining plant responses to different types of screen and net. These data on spectral irradiance would benefit material manufacturers, researchers, growers, and horticultural consultants, enabling material selection to better match the solutions sought by growers and their desired outcomes regarding plant performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Titta Kotilainen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helinski, Finland
| | - T. Matthew Robson
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helinski, Finland
| | - Ricardo Hernández
- Department of Horticultural Science, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Henry-Kirk RA, Plunkett B, Hall M, McGhie T, Allan AC, Wargent JJ, Espley RV. Solar UV light regulates flavonoid metabolism in apple (Malus x domestica). PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:675-688. [PMID: 29315644 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B light (UV-B) is one environmental signal perceived by plants that affects the flavonoid pathway and influences the levels of anthocyanins, flavonols, and proanthocyanidins. To understand the mechanisms underlying UV exposure, apple trees were grown under spectral filters that altered transmission of solar UV light. Fruit analysis showed that UV induced changes in physiology, metabolism, and gene expression levels during development over a season. These changes were sustained after storage. Under low UV, ripening was delayed, fruit size decreased, and anthocyanin and flavonols were reduced. Expression analysis showed changes in response to UV light levels for genes in the regulation and biosynthesis of anthocyanin and flavonols. Transcription of flavonol synthase (FLS), ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), MYB10, and MYB22 were down-regulated throughout fruit development under reduced UV. Functional testing showed that the FLS promoter was activated by HY5, and this response was enhanced by the presence of MYB22. The MYB22 promoter can also be activated by the anthocyanin regulator, MYB10. As ambient levels of UV light vary around the globe, this study has implications for future crop production, the quality of which can be determined by the response to UV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Henry-Kirk
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag, 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Blue Plunkett
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag, 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Miriam Hall
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag, 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tony McGhie
- Plant and Food Research, Palmerston North Research Centre, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Andrew C Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag, 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jason J Wargent
- Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Richard V Espley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag, 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Demarsy E, Goldschmidt-Clermont M, Ulm R. Coping with 'Dark Sides of the Sun' through Photoreceptor Signaling. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:260-271. [PMID: 29233601 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants grow in constantly changing environments, including highly variable light intensities. Sunlight provides the energy that drives photosynthesis and is thus of the utmost importance for plant growth and the generation of oxygen, which the majority of life on Earth depends on. However, exposure to either insufficient or excess levels of light can have detrimental effects and cause light stress. Whereas exposure to insufficient light limits photosynthetic activity, resulting in 'energy starvation', exposure to excess light can damage the photosynthetic apparatus. Furthermore, strong sunlight is associated with high levels of potentially damaging UV-B radiation. Different classes of photoreceptors play important roles in coping with the negative aspects of sunlight, for which specific mechanisms are emerging that are reviewed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Demarsy
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Section of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michel Goldschmidt-Clermont
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Section of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Roman Ulm
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Section of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chai S, Tang J, Mallik A, Shi Y, Zou R, Li J, Wei X. Eco-physiological basis of shade adaptation of Camellia nitidissima, a rare and endangered forest understory plant of Southeast Asia. BMC Ecol 2018; 18:5. [PMID: 29415702 PMCID: PMC5803960 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-018-0159-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Camellia nitidissima, a rare and endangered shrub is narrowly distributed in South China and North Vietnam occurring in forest understory. Their light tolerance mechanism is unclear. We measured photosynthesis and related parameters on 2-years-old cuttings growing at 10, 30, 50 and 100% sunlight. Our research question was: At what light level are C. nitidissima cuttings responding most favorably, and what is the eco-physiological basis for their response to light? We hypothesized that as a forest understory growth of C. nitidissima would respond most favorably at low to intermediate light by optimizing photosynthetic activity, and high light will affect photosynthetic functions due to photoinhibition, damage of photosynthetic apparatus and concomitant enzyme activity. Results With increasing light, the maximum net photosynthetic rate (PNmax) and apparent quantum yield (AQY) decreased, while the light compensation point increased, and light saturation point first increased followed by a decrease. The PNmax and AQY under 50 and 100% sunlight were significantly lower than that under 10 and 30% sunlight. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters Fm, Fv, Fv/Fm all decreased under high light (> 50%). The contents of chlorophyll a (Chla), chlorophyll b (Chlb), and carotenoid (Car) decreased with increasing light. Relative conductivity, malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline contents in leaves were significantly increased in high light but we found no significant difference in these indices at 10 and 30% sunlight. Conclusions We conclude that C. nitidissima is a shade adapted plant with poor adaptability to high light (> 50%). The novelty of this research is the demonstration of the eco-physiological basis of its light tolerance (conversely, shade adaptation) mechanisms indicated by decreased photosynthetic activity, chlorophyll fluorescence, Chla, Chlb and Car contents and concomitant increase in relative conductivity, MDA and proline contents at high light causing photoinhibition. For artificial propagation of C. nitidissima we recommend growing cuttings below 30% sunlight. For in situ conservation of this valuable, rare and endangered shrub it is necessary to protect its natural habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengfeng Chai
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Jianmin Tang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Azim Mallik
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, 541006, China. .,Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada.
| | - Yancai Shi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Rong Zou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Jitao Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Xiao Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, 541006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
UV-B antagonises shade avoidance and increases levels of the flavonoid quercetin in coriander (Coriandrum sativum). Sci Rep 2017; 7:17758. [PMID: 29259256 PMCID: PMC5736551 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite controlling a diverse array of regulatory processes in plants, UV-B wavelengths (280–315 nm) are attenuated by common greenhouse materials such as glass and polycarbonate and are therefore depleted in many commercial growing environments. In this study, we analysed the architecture, pigment accumulation and antioxidant capacity of coriander (Coriandrum sativum, also known as cilantro) plants grown with and without supplementary UV-B (1.5 µmol m−2 s−1). We demonstrate that UV-B limits stem elongation responses to neighbour proximity perception (shade avoidance), promoting a more compact plant architecture. In addition, UV-B increased leaf quercetin content and total antioxidant capacity. Arabidopsis thaliana mutants deficient in flavonoid biosynthesis were not impaired in shade avoidance inhibition, suggesting that UV-B-induced flavonoid synthesis is not a component of this response. Our results indicate that UV-B supplementation may provide a method to manipulate the architecture, flavour and nutritional content of potted herbs whilst reducing the deleterious impacts of dense planting on product quality.
Collapse
|
27
|
Mawphlang OIL, Kharshiing EV. Photoreceptor Mediated Plant Growth Responses: Implications for Photoreceptor Engineering toward Improved Performance in Crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1181. [PMID: 28744290 PMCID: PMC5504655 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rising temperatures during growing seasons coupled with altered precipitation rates presents a challenging task of improving crop productivity for overcoming such altered weather patterns and cater to a growing population. Light is a critical environmental factor that exerts a powerful influence on plant growth and development ranging from seed germination to flowering and fruiting. Higher plants utilize a suite of complex photoreceptor proteins to perceive surrounding red/far-red (phytochromes), blue/UV-A (cryptochromes, phototropins, ZTL/FKF1/LKP2), and UV-B light (UVR8). While genomic studies have also shown that light induces extensive reprogramming of gene expression patterns in plants, molecular genetic studies have shown that manipulation of one or more photoreceptors can result in modification of agronomically beneficial traits. Such information can assist researchers to engineer photoreceptors via genome editing technologies to alter expression or even sensitivity thresholds of native photoreceptors for targeting aspects of plant growth that can confer superior agronomic value to the engineered crops. Here we summarize the agronomically important plant growth processes influenced by photoreceptors in crop species, alongwith the functional interactions between different photoreceptors and phytohormones in regulating these responses. We also discuss the potential utility of synthetic biology approaches in photobiology for improving agronomically beneficial traits of crop plants by engineering designer photoreceptors.
Collapse
|
28
|
Escobar-Bravo R, Klinkhamer PGL, Leiss KA. Interactive Effects of UV-B Light with Abiotic Factors on Plant Growth and Chemistry, and Their Consequences for Defense against Arthropod Herbivores. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:278. [PMID: 28303147 PMCID: PMC5332372 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) light plays a crucial role in plant-herbivorous arthropods interactions by inducing changes in constitutive and inducible plant defenses. In particular, constitutive defenses can be modulated by UV-B-induced photomorphogenic responses and changes in the plant metabolome. In accordance, the prospective use of UV-B light as a tool to increase plant protection in agricultural practice has gained increasing interest. Changes in the environmental conditions might, however, modulate the UV-B -induced plant responses. While in some cases plant responses to UV-B can increase adaptation to changes in certain abiotic factors, UV-B-induced responses might be also antagonized by the changing environment. The outcome of these interactions might have a great influence on how plants interact with their enemies, e.g., herbivorous arthropods. Here, we provide a review on the interactive effects of UV-B and light quantity and quality, increased temperature and drought stress on plant biochemistry, and we discuss the implications of the outcome of these interactions for plant resistance to arthropod pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Escobar-Bravo
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology of Leiden, Leiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Aasamaa K, Aphalo PJ. The acclimation of Tilia cordata stomatal opening in response to light, and stomatal anatomy to vegetational shade and its components. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:209-219. [PMID: 27672187 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal anatomical traits and rapid responses to several components of visible light were measured in Tilia cordata Mill. seedlings grown in an open, fully sunlit field (C-set), or under different kinds of shade. The main questions were: (i) stomatal responses to which visible light spectrum regions are modified by growth-environment shade and (ii) which separate component of vegetational shade is most effective in eliciting the acclimation effects of the full vegetational shade. We found that stomatal opening in response to red or green light did not differ between the plants grown in the different environments. Stomatal response to blue light was increased (in comparison with that of C-set) in the leaves grown in full vegetational shade (IABW-set), in attenuated UVAB irradiance (AB-set) or in decreased light intensity (neutral shade) plus attenuated UVAB irradiance (IAB-set). In all sets, the addition of green light-two or four times stronger-into induction light barely changed the rate of the blue-light-stimulated stomatal opening. In the AB-set, stomatal response to blue light equalled the strong IABW-set response. In attenuated UVB-grown leaves, stomatal response fell midway between IABW- and C-set results. Blue light response by neutral shade-grown leaves did not differ from that of the C-set, and the response by the IAB-set did not differ from that of the AB-set. Stomatal size was not modified by growth environments. Stomatal density and index were remarkably decreased only in the IABW- and IAB-sets. It was concluded that differences in white light responses between T. cordata leaves grown in different light environments are caused only by their different blue light response. Differences in stomatal sensitivity are not dependent on altered stomatal anatomy. Attenuated UVAB irradiance is the most efficient component of vegetational shade in stimulating acclimation of stomata, whereas decreased light intensity plays a minor role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krõõt Aasamaa
- Department of Biosciences, Plant Biology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Department of Silviculture, Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Pedro José Aphalo
- Department of Biosciences, Plant Biology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Elfadly E, Abd El-Aal H, Rizk A, Sobeih W. Ambient UV manipulation in greenhouses: plant responses and insect pest management in cucumber. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2016.1134.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
31
|
|
32
|
Nunes-Nesi A, Nascimento VDL, de Oliveira Silva FM, Zsögön A, Araújo WL, Sulpice R. Natural genetic variation for morphological and molecular determinants of plant growth and yield. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:2989-3001. [PMID: 27012286 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The rates of increase in yield of the main commercial crops have been steadily falling in many areas worldwide. This generates concerns because there is a growing demand for plant biomass due to the increasing population. Plant yield should thus be improved in the context of climate change and decreasing natural resources. It is a major challenge which could be tackled by improving and/or altering light-use efficiency, CO2 uptake and fixation, primary metabolism, plant architecture and leaf morphology, and developmental plant processes. In this review, we discuss some of the traits which could lead to yield increase, with a focus on how natural genetic variation could be harnessed. Moreover, we provide insights for advancing our understanding of the molecular aspects governing plant growth and yield, and propose future avenues for improvement of crop yield. We also suggest that knowledge accumulated over the last decade in the field of molecular physiology should be integrated into new ideotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vitor de Laia Nascimento
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Franklin Magnum de Oliveira Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Agustin Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ronan Sulpice
- National University of Ireland, Galway, Plant Systems Biology Lab, Plant and AgriBiosciences Research Centre, School of Natural Sciences, Galway, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Barnes PW, Flint SD, Tobler MA, Ryel RJ. Diurnal adjustment in ultraviolet sunscreen protection is widespread among higher plants. Oecologia 2016; 181:55-63. [PMID: 26809621 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3558-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing compounds (flavonoids and related phenylpropanoids) in the epidermis of higher plants reduces the penetration of solar UV radiation to underlying tissues and is a primary mechanism of acclimation to changing UV conditions resulting from ozone depletion and climate change. Previously we reported that several herbaceous plant species were capable of rapid, diurnal adjustments in epidermal UV transmittance (T UV), but how widespread this phenomenon is among plants has been unknown. In the present study, we tested the generality of this response by screening 37 species of various cultivated and wild plants growing in four locations spanning a gradient of ambient solar UV and climate (Hawaii, Utah, Idaho and Louisiana). Non-destructive measurements of adaxial T UV indicated that statistically significant midday decreases in T UV occurred in 49 % of the species tested, including both herbaceous and woody growth forms, and there was substantial interspecific variation in the magnitude of these changes. In general, plants in Louisiana exhibited larger diurnal changes in T UV than those in the other locations. Moreover, across all taxa, the magnitude of these changes was positively correlated with minimum daily air temperatures but not daily UV irradiances. Results indicate that diurnal changes in UV shielding are widespread among higher plants, vary both within and among species and tend to be greatest in herbaceous plants growing in warm environments. These findings suggest that plant species differ in their UV protection "strategies" though the functional and ecological significance of this variation in UV sunscreen protection remains unclear at present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Barnes
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environment Program, Loyola University New Orleans, 6363 St. Charles Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA.
| | - Stephan D Flint
- Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, UIPO 441135, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-1135, USA
| | - Mark A Tobler
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environment Program, Loyola University New Orleans, 6363 St. Charles Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Ronald J Ryel
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, 5230 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-5230, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Barnes PW, Tobler MA, Keefover-Ring K, Flint SD, Barkley AE, Ryel RJ, Lindroth RL. Rapid modulation of ultraviolet shielding in plants is influenced by solar ultraviolet radiation and linked to alterations in flavonoids. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:222-30. [PMID: 26177782 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing compounds (flavonoids and related phenylpropanoids) and the resultant decrease in epidermal UV transmittance (TUV ) are primary protective mechanisms employed by plants against potentially damaging solar UV radiation and are critical components of the overall acclimation response of plants to changing solar UV environments. Whether plants can adjust this UV sunscreen protection in response to rapid changes in UV, as occurs on a diurnal basis, is largely unexplored. Here, we use a combination of approaches to demonstrate that plants can modulate their UV-screening properties within minutes to hours, and these changes are driven, in part, by UV radiation. For the cultivated species Abelmoschus esculentus, large (30-50%) and reversible changes in TUV occurred on a diurnal basis, and these adjustments were associated with changes in the concentrations of whole-leaf UV-absorbing compounds and several quercetin glycosides. Similar results were found for two other species (Vicia faba and Solanum lycopersicum), but no such changes were detected in Zea mays. These findings reveal a much more dynamic UV-protection mechanism than previously recognized, raise important questions concerning the costs and benefits of UV-protection strategies in plants and have practical implications for employing UV to enhance crop vigor and quality in controlled environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Barnes
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environment Program, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Mark A Tobler
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environment Program, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Ken Keefover-Ring
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Stephan D Flint
- Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Anne E Barkley
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environment Program, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Ronald J Ryel
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Richard L Lindroth
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Barnes PW, Flint SD, Ryel RJ, Tobler MA, Barkley AE, Wargent JJ. Rediscovering leaf optical properties: New insights into plant acclimation to solar UV radiation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 93:94-100. [PMID: 25465528 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of UV-absorbing compounds (flavonoids and other phenylpropanoid derivatives) and resultant decrease in the UV transmittance of the epidermis in leaves (TUV), is a primary protective mechanism against the potentially deleterious effects of UV radiation and is a critical component of the overall acclimation response of plants to changing UV environments. Traditional measurements of TUV were laborious, time-consuming and destructive or invasive, thus limiting their ability to efficiently make multiple measurements of the optical properties of plants in the field. The development of rapid, nondestructive optical methods of determining TUV has permitted the examination of UV optical properties of leaves with increased replication, on a finer time scale, and enabled repeated sampling of the same leaf over time. This technology has therefore allowed for studies examining acclimation responses to UV in plants in ways not previously possible. Here we provide a brief review of these earlier studies examining leaf UV optical properties and some of their important contributions, describe the principles by which the newer non-invasive measurements of epidermal UV transmittance are made, and highlight several case studies that reveal how this technique is providing new insights into this UV acclimation response in plants, which is far more plastic and dynamic than previously thought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Barnes
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environment Program, Loyola University New Orleans, 6363 St. Charles Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
| | - Stephan D Flint
- Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, UIPO 441135, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-1135, USA
| | - Ronald J Ryel
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, 5230 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-5230, USA
| | - Mark A Tobler
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environment Program, Loyola University New Orleans, 6363 St. Charles Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Anne E Barkley
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environment Program, Loyola University New Orleans, 6363 St. Charles Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Jason J Wargent
- Institute of Agriculture & Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Klem K, Holub P, Štroch M, Nezval J, Špunda V, Tříska J, Jansen MAK, Robson TM, Urban O. Ultraviolet and photosynthetically active radiation can both induce photoprotective capacity allowing barley to overcome high radiation stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 93:74-83. [PMID: 25583309 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to determine the effects of acclimation to ultraviolet (UV) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) on photoprotective mechanisms in barley leaves. Barley plants were acclimated for 7 days under three combinations of high or low UV and PAR treatments ([UV-PAR-], [UV-PAR+], [UV+PAR+]). Subsequently, plants were exposed to short-term high radiation stress (HRS; defined by high intensities of PAR - 1000 μmol m(-2) s(-1), UV-A - 10 W m(-2) and UV-B 2 W m(-2) for 4 h), to test their photoprotective capacity. The barley variety sensitive to photooxidative stress (Barke) had low constitutive flavonoid content compared to the resistant variety (Bonus) under low UV and PAR intensities. The accumulation of lutonarin and 3-feruloylquinic acid, but not of saponarin, was greatly enhanced by high PAR and further increased by UV exposure. Acclimation of plants to both high UV and PAR intensities also increased the total pool of xanthophyll-cycle pigments (VAZ). Subsequent exposure to HRS revealed that prior acclimation to UV and PAR was able to ameliorate the negative consequences of HRS on photosynthesis. Both total contents of epidermal flavonols and the total pool of VAZ were closely correlated with small reductions in light-saturated CO2 assimilation rate and maximum quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry caused by HRS. Based on these results, we conclude that growth under high PAR can substantially increase the photoprotective capacity of barley plants compared with plants grown under low PAR. However, additional UV radiation is necessary to fully induce photoprotective mechanisms in the variety Barke. This study demonstrates that UV-exposure can lead to enhanced photoprotective capacity and can contribute to the induction of tolerance to high radiation stress in barley.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Klem
- Global Change Research Center AS CR, v.v.i., Bělidla 4a, CZ 60300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Holub
- Global Change Research Center AS CR, v.v.i., Bělidla 4a, CZ 60300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Štroch
- Global Change Research Center AS CR, v.v.i., Bělidla 4a, CZ 60300 Brno, Czech Republic; University of Ostrava, 30. dubna 22, CZ 70103 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Nezval
- University of Ostrava, 30. dubna 22, CZ 70103 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Špunda
- Global Change Research Center AS CR, v.v.i., Bělidla 4a, CZ 60300 Brno, Czech Republic; University of Ostrava, 30. dubna 22, CZ 70103 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Tříska
- Global Change Research Center AS CR, v.v.i., Bělidla 4a, CZ 60300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marcel A K Jansen
- University of Cork, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, Distillery Fields, Cork, Ireland
| | - T Matthew Robson
- University of Helsinki, Department of Biosciences, Plant Biology, P.O. Box 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Otmar Urban
- Global Change Research Center AS CR, v.v.i., Bělidla 4a, CZ 60300 Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Usano-Alemany J, Panjai L. Effects of Increasing Doses of UV-B on Main Phenolic Acids Content, Antioxidant Activity and Estimated Biomass in Lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia). Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501000733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lavandin is a well-known aromatic plant cultivated mainly for its valuable essential oil. Nonetheless, little attention has been paid so far to the quantification of other natural products such as polyphenols. Accordingly, we examined the effect of increasing doses of UV-B radiation on the main phenolic content, antioxidant activity and estimated biomass of one year old lavandin pots compared with pots grown outdoors. Significantly higher total phenolic content and concentration of main polyphenols have been found in outdoor plants. Rosmarinic acid has been described as the major phenolic compound in methanolic extracts (max. 25.9±9.7 mg/g−1 DW). Furthermore, we found that increasing doses of UV-B promote the plant growth of this species as well as the accumulation of phenolic compounds although with less antioxidant capacity in scavenging DPPH radicals. On the other hand, our results showed a remarkable variability among individual plants regarding the content of major phenolic acids. The application of UV-B doses during plant growth could be a method to promote biomass in this species along with the promotion of higher content of valuable secondary metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Usano-Alemany
- Institute of Crop Science and Resources Conservation, INRES-Horticultural Sciences, University of Bonn, 53121-Bonn, Germany
| | - Lachinee Panjai
- Institute of Crop Science and Resources Conservation, INRES-Horticultural Sciences, University of Bonn, 53121-Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wargent JJ, Nelson BCW, McGhie TK, Barnes PW. Acclimation to UV-B radiation and visible light in Lactuca sativa involves up-regulation of photosynthetic performance and orchestration of metabolome-wide responses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:929-40. [PMID: 24945714 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
UV-B radiation is often viewed as a source of stress for higher plants. In particular, photosynthetic function has been described as a common target for UV-B impairment; yet as our understanding of UV-B photomorphogenesis increases, there are opportunities to expand the emerging paradigm of regulatory UV response. Lactuca sativa is an important dietary crop species and is often subjected to rapid sunlight exposure at field transfer. Acclimation to UV-B and visible light conditions in L. sativa was dissected using gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements, in addition to non-destructive assessments of UV epidermal shielding (SUV ). After UV-B treatment, seedlings were subjected to wide-range metabolomic analysis using liquid chromatography hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-HRMS). During the acclimation period, net photosynthetic rate increased in UV-treated plants, epidermal UV shielding increased in both subsets of plants transferred to the acclimatory conditions (UV+/UV- plants) and Fv /Fm declined slightly in UV+/UV- plants. Metabolomic analysis revealed that a key group of secondary compounds was up-regulated by higher light conditions, yet several of these compounds were elevated further by UV-B radiation. In conclusion, acclimation to UV-B radiation involves co-protection from the effects of visible light, and responses to UV-B radiation at a photosynthetic level may not be consistently viewed as damaging to plant development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Wargent
- Institute of Agriculture & Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Fang L, Zhang S, Zhang G, Liu X, Xia X, Zhang S, Xing W, Fang X. Application of Five Light-Response Models in the Photosynthesis of Populus × Euramericana cv. ‘Zhonglin46’ Leaves. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 176:86-100. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1543-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
40
|
Allen G, Halsall CJ, Ukpebor J, Paul ND, Ridall G, Wargent JJ. Increased occurrence of pesticide residues on crops grown in protected environments compared to crops grown in open field conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 119:1428-1435. [PMID: 25465948 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Crops grown under plastic-clad structures or in greenhouses may be prone to an increased frequency of pesticide residue detections and higher concentrations of pesticides relative to equivalent crops grown in the open field. To test this we examined pesticide data for crops selected from the quarterly reports (2004-2009) of the UK's Pesticide Residue Committee. Five comparison crop pairs were identified whereby one crop of each pair was assumed to have been grown primarily under some form of physical protection ('protected') and the other grown primarily in open field conditions ('open'). For each pair, the number of detectable pesticide residues and the proportion of crop samples containing pesticides were statistically compared (n=100 s samples for each crop). The mean concentrations of selected photolabile pesticides were also compared. For the crop pairings of cabbage ('open') vs. lettuce ('protected') and 'berries' ('open') vs. strawberries ('protected') there was a significantly higher number of pesticides and proportion of samples with multiple residues for the protected crops. Statistically higher concentrations of pesticides, including cypermethrin, cyprodinil, fenhexamid, boscalid and iprodione were also found in the protected crops compared to the open crops. The evidence here demonstrates that, in general, the protected crops possess a higher number of detectable pesticides compared to analogous crops grown in the open. This may be due to different pesticide-use regimes, but also due to slower rates of pesticide removal in protected systems. The findings of this study raise implications for pesticide management in protected-crop systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gina Allen
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Crispin J Halsall
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
| | - Justina Ukpebor
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Nigel D Paul
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Gareth Ridall
- Mathematics and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YF, UK
| | - Jason J Wargent
- Institute of Natural Resources, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bornman JF, Barnes PW, Robinson SA, Ballaré CL, Flint SD, Caldwell MM. Solar ultraviolet radiation and ozone depletion-driven climate change: effects on terrestrial ecosystems. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:88-107. [DOI: 10.1039/c4pp90034k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We summarise advances in our knowledge of how UV-B radiation (280–315 nm) together with other climate change factors interact in their influence on terrestrial organisms and ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. F. Bornman
- International Institute of Agri-Food Security (IIAFS)
- Curtin University
- Perth
- Australia
| | - P. W. Barnes
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environment Program
- Loyola University New Orleans
- New Orleans
- USA
| | - S. A. Robinson
- Institute for Conservation Biology
- School of Biological Sciences
- The University of Wollongong
- New South Wales 2522
- Australia
| | - C. L. Ballaré
- IFEVA Universidad de Buenos Aires and IIB Universidad Nacional de San Martín
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
- C1417DSE Buenos Aires
- Argentina
| | - S. D. Flint
- Department of Forest
- Rangeland
- and Fire Sciences
- University of Idaho
- Moscow
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sullivan JH, Muhammad D, Warpeha KM. Phenylalanine is required to promote specific developmental responses and prevents cellular damage in response to ultraviolet light in soybean (Glycine max) during the seed-to-seedling transition. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112301. [PMID: 25549094 PMCID: PMC4280123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
UV-radiation elicits a suite of developmental (photomorphogenic) and protective responses in plants, but responses early post-germination have received little attention, particularly in intensively bred plants of economic importance. We examined germination, hypocotyl elongation, leaf pubescence and subcellular responses of germinating and/or etiolated soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seedlings in response to treatment with discrete wavelengths of UV-A or UV-B radiation. We demonstrate differential responses of germinating/young soybean seedlings to a range of UV wavelengths that indicate unique signal transduction mechanisms regulate UV-initiated responses. We have investigated how phenylalanine, a key substrate in the phenylpropanoid pathway, may be involved in these responses. Pubescence may be a key location for phenylalanine-derived protective compounds, as UV-B irradiation increased pubescence and accumulation of UV-absorbing compounds within primary leaf pubescence, visualized by microscopy and absorbance spectra. Mass spectrometry analysis of pubescence indicated that sinapic esters accumulate in the UV-irradiated hairs compared to unirradiated primary leaf tissue. Deleterious effects of some UV-B wavelengths on germination and seedling responses were reduced or entirely prevented by inclusion of phenylalanine in the growth media. Key effects of phenylalanine were not duplicated by tyrosine or tryptophan or sucrose, nor is the specificity of response due to the absorbance of phenylalanine itself. These results suggest that in the seed-to-seedling transition, phenylalanine may be a limiting factor in the development of initial mechanisms of UV protection in the developing leaf.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joe H. Sullivan
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - DurreShahwar Muhammad
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Katherine M. Warpeha
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Migicovsky Z, Kovalchuk I. Transgenerational changes in plant physiology and in transposon expression in response to UV-C stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e976490. [PMID: 25482751 PMCID: PMC4622705 DOI: 10.4161/15592324.2014.976490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Stress has a negative impact on crop yield by altering a gain in biomass and affecting seed set. Recent reports suggest that exposure to stress also influences the response of the progeny. In this paper, we analyzed seed size, leaf size, bolting time and transposon expression in 2 consecutive generations of Arabidopsis thaliana plants exposed to moderate UV-C stress. Since previous reports suggested a potential role of Dicer-like (DCL) proteins in the establishment of transgenerational response, we used dcl2, dcl3 and dcl4 mutants in parallel with wild-type plants. These studies revealed that leaf number decreased in the progeny of UV-C stressed plants, and bolting occurred later. Transposons were also re-activated in the progeny of stressed plants. Changes in the dcl mutants were less prominent than in wild-type plants. DCL2 and DCL3 appeared to be more important in the transgenerational stress memory than DCL4 because transgenerational changes were less profound in the dcl2 and dcl3 mutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Migicovsky
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Lethbridge; Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- Department of Biology; Dalhousie University; Halifax, Nova Scotia
| | - Igor Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Lethbridge; Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Barnes PW, Kersting AR, Flint SD, Beyschlag W, Ryel RJ. Adjustments in epidermal UV-transmittance of leaves in sun-shade transitions. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 149:200-13. [PMID: 23330642 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal UV transmittance (TUV ) and UV-absorbing compounds were measured in sun and shade leaves of Populus tremuloides and Vicia faba exposed to contrasting light environments under field conditions to evaluate UV acclimation potentials and regulatory roles of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and UV in UV-shielding. Within a natural canopy of P. tremuloides, TUV ranged from 4 to 98% and showed a strong nonlinear relationship with mid-day horizontal fluxes of PAR [photon flux density (PFD) = 6-1830 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹]; similar patterns were found for V. faba leaves that developed under a comparable PFD range. A series of field transfer experiments using neutral-density shade cloth and UV blocking/transmitting films indicated that PAR influenced TUV during leaf development to a greater degree than UV, and shade leaves of both species increased their UV-shielding when exposed to full sun; however, this required the presence of UV, with both UV-A and UV-B required for full acclimation. TUV of sun leaves of both species was largely unresponsive to shade either with or without UV. In most, but not all cases, changes in TUV were associated with alterations in the concentration of whole-leaf UV-absorbing compounds. These results suggest that, (1) moderate-to-high levels of PAR alone during leaf development can induce substantial UV-protection in field-grown plants, (2) mature shade leaves have the potential to adjust their UV-shielding which may reduce the detrimental effects of UV that could occur following sudden exposures to high light and (3) under field conditions, PAR and UV play different roles in regulating UV-shielding during and after leaf development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Barnes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wargent JJ, Pickup DA, Paul ND, Roberts MR. Reduction of photosynthetic sensitivity in response to abiotic stress in tomato is mediated by a new generation plant activator. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:108. [PMID: 23898952 PMCID: PMC3733976 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yield losses as a result of abiotic stress factors present a significant challenge for the future of global food production. While breeding technologies provide potential to combat negative stress-mediated outcomes over time, interventions which act to prime plant tolerance to stress, via the use of phytohormone-based elicitors for example, could act as a valuable tool for crop protection. However, the translation of fundamental biology into functioning solution is often constrained by knowledge-gaps. RESULTS Photosynthetic and transcriptomic responses were characterised in young tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings in response to pre-treatment with a new plant health activator technology, 'Alethea', followed by a subsequent 100 mM salinity stress. Alethea is a novel proprietary technology composed of three key constituent compounds; the hitherto unexplored compound potassium dihydrojasmonate, an analogue of jasmonic acid; sodium benzoate, a carboxylic acid precursor to salicylic acid, and the α-amino acid L-arginine. Salinity treatment led to a maximal 47% reduction in net photosynthetic rate 8 d following NaCl treatment, yet in Alethea pre-treated seedlings, sensitivity to salinity stress was markedly reduced during the experimental period. Microarray analysis of leaf transcriptional responses showed that while salinity stress and Alethea individually impacted on largely non-overlapping, distinct groups of genes, Alethea pre-treatment substantially modified the response to salinity. Alethea affected the expression of genes related to biotic stress, ethylene signalling, cell wall synthesis, redox signalling and photosynthetic processes. Since Alethea had clear effects on photosynthesis/chloroplastic function at the physiological and molecular levels, we also investigated the ability of Alethea to protect various crop species against methyl viologen, a potent generator of oxidative stress in chloroplasts. Alethea pre-treatment produced dramatic reductions in visible foliar necrosis caused by methyl viologen compared with non-primed controls. CONCLUSIONS 'Alethea' technology mediates positive recovery of abiotic stress-induced photosynthetic and foliar loss of performance, which is accompanied by altered transcriptional responses to stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Wargent
- Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Douglas A Pickup
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Nigel D Paul
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Michael R Roberts
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Turnbull TL, Barlow AM, Adams MA. Photosynthetic benefits of ultraviolet-A to Pimelea ligustrina, a woody shrub of sub-alpine Australia. Oecologia 2013; 173:375-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-013-2640-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
47
|
Wargent JJ, Jordan BR. From ozone depletion to agriculture: understanding the role of UV radiation in sustainable crop production. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 197:1058-1076. [PMID: 23363481 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Largely because of concerns regarding global climate change, there is a burgeoning interest in the application of fundamental scientific knowledge in order to better exploit environmental cues in the achievement of desirable endpoints in crop production. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is an energetic driver of a diverse range of plant responses and, despite historical concerns regarding the damaging consequences of UV-B radiation for global plant productivity as related to stratospheric ozone depletion, current developments representative of a range of organizational scales suggest that key plant responses to UV-B radiation may be exploitable in the context of a sustainable contribution towards the strengthening of global crop production, including alterations in secondary metabolism, enhanced photoprotection, up-regulation of the antioxidative response and modified resistance to pest and disease attack. Here, we discuss the prospect of this paradigm shift in photobiology, and consider the linkages between fundamental plant biology and crop-level outcomes that can be applied to the plant UV-B response, in addition to the consequences for related biota and many other facets of agro-ecosystem processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Wargent
- Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Brian R Jordan
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, PO Box 84, 7647, Christchurch, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Davey MP, Susanti NI, Wargent JJ, Findlay JE, Paul Quick W, Paul ND, Jenkins GI. The UV-B photoreceptor UVR8 promotes photosynthetic efficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to elevated levels of UV-B. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2012; 114:121-31. [PMID: 23161229 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-012-9785-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The UV-B photoreceptor UVR8 regulates expression of genes in response to UV-B, some encoding chloroplast proteins, but the importance of UVR8 in maintaining photosynthetic competence is unknown. The maximum quantum yield of PSII (F (v)/F(m)) and the operating efficiency of PSII (Φ(PSII)) were measured in wild-type and uvr8 mutant Arabidopsis thaliana. The importance of specific UVR8-regulated genes in maintaining photosynthetic competence was examined using mutants. Both F (v)/F(m) and Φ(PSII) decreased when plants were exposed to elevated UV-B, in general more so in uvr8 mutant plants than wild-type. UV-B increased the level of psbD-BLRP (blue light responsive promoter) transcripts, encoding the PSII D2 protein. This increase was mediated by the UVR8-regulated chloroplast RNA polymerase sigma factor SIG5, but SIG5 was not required to maintain photosynthetic efficiency at elevated UV-B. Levels of the D1 protein of PSII decreased markedly when plants were exposed to elevated UV-B, but there was no significant difference between wild-type and uvr8 under conditions where the mutant showed increased photoinhibition. The results show that UVR8 promotes photosynthetic efficiency at elevated levels of UV-B. Loss of the DI polypeptide is probably important in causing photoinhibition, but does not entirely explain the reduced photosynthetic efficiency of the uvr8 mutant compared to wild-type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Davey
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Paul ND, Moore JP, McPherson M, Lambourne C, Croft P, Heaton JC, Wargent JJ. Ecological responses to UV radiation: interactions between the biological effects of UV on plants and on associated organisms. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2012; 145:565-81. [PMID: 22150399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation (280-315 nm) has a wide range of effects on terrestrial ecosystems, yet our understanding of how UV-B influences the complex interactions of plants with pest, pathogen and related microorganisms remains limited. Here, we report the results of a series of experiments in Lactuca sativa which aimed to characterize not only key plant responses to UV radiation in a field environment but also consequential effects for plant interactions with a sap-feeding insect, two model plant pathogens and phylloplane microorganism populations. Three spectrally modifying filters with contrasting UV transmissions were used to filter ambient sunlight, and when compared with our UV-inclusive filter, L. sativa plants grown in a zero UV-B environment showed significantly increased shoot fresh weight, reduced foliar pigment concentrations and suppressed population growth of green peach aphid (Myzus persicae). Plants grown under a filter which allowed partial transmission of UV-A radiation and negligible UV-B transmission showed increased density of leaf surface phylloplane microbes compared with the UV-inclusive treatment. Effects of UV treatment on the severity of two plant pathogens, Bremia lactucae and Botrytis cinerea, were complex as both the UV-inclusive and zero UV-B filters reduced the severity of pathogen persistence. These results are discussed with reference to known spectral responses of plants, insects and microorganisms, and contrasted with established fundamental responses of plants and other organisms to solar UV radiation, with particular emphasis on the need for future integration between different experimental approaches when investigating the effects of solar UV radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel D Paul
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|