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Rosic N, Delamare-Deboutteville J, Dove S. Heat stress in symbiotic dinoflagellates: Implications on oxidative stress and cellular changes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 944:173916. [PMID: 38866148 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Global warming has been shown to harmfully affect symbiosis between Symbiodiniaceae and other marine invertebrates. When symbiotic dinoflagellates (the genus Breviolum) were in vitro exposed to acute heat stress of +7 °C for a period of 5 days, the results revealed the negative impact on all physiological and other cellular parameters measured. Elevated temperatures resulted in a severe reduction in algal density of up to 9.5-fold, as well as pigment concentrations, indicating the status of the physiological stress and early signs of photo-bleaching. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were increased in all heated dinoflagellate cells, while the antioxidant-reduced glutathione levels initially dropped on day one but increased under prolonged temperature stress. The cell viability parameters were reduced by 97 % over the heating period, with an increased proportion of apoptotic and necrotic cells. Autofluorescence (AF) for Cy5-PE 660-20 was reduced from 1.7-fold at day 1 to up to 50-fold drop at the end of heating time, indicating that the AF changes were highly sensitive to heat stress and that it could be an extremely sensitive tool for assessing the functionality of algal photosynthetic machinery. The addition of the drug 5-AZA-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AZA), which inhibits DNA methylation processes, was assessed in parallel and contributed to some alterations in algal cellular stress response. The presence of drug 5-AZA combined with the temperature stress had an additional impact on Symbiodiniaceae density and cell complexity, including the AF levels. These variations in cellular stress response under heat stress and compromised DNA methylation conditions may indicate the importance of this epigenetic mechanism for symbiotic dinoflagellate thermal tolerance adaptability over a longer period, which needs further exploration. Consequently, the increased ROS levels and changes in AF signals reported during ongoing heat stress in dinoflagellate cells could be used as early stress biomarkers in these microalgae and potentially other photosynthetic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedeljka Rosic
- Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; Marine Ecology Research Centre, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia.
| | | | - Sophie Dove
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld, Australia
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2
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Wu X, Chen X, Zhang D, Hu X, Ding W, Wang Y, Li G, Dong N, Hu H, Hu T, Ru Z. Integrative multi-omics analysis reveals the underlying toxicological mechanisms of enrofloxacin on the growth of wheat seedling roots. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 477:135303. [PMID: 39067300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The continuous release of antibiotics into agroecosystems has raised concerns about the potential negative effects of antibiotic residues on crops. In this study, the toxicological effects of enrofloxacin (ENR) on wheat seedlings were analyzed using a combination of morpho-physiological, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic approaches. ENR inhibited the growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) roots and induced oxidative stress. In particular, ENR downregulated the oxidative phosphorylation pathway, while it enhanced glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, thereby regulating the balance of intracellular energy metabolism. In addition, sustained exposure to excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulted in an increase in reduced glutathione (GSH), a slight decrease in ascorbic acid (AsA), and a significant decrease in the ratio of GSH to oxidized glutathione (GSSG), which imbalanced the AsA-GSH cycle. In addition, the resulting increase in abnormal proteins triggered ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation pathways. Further, an increase in abscisic acid (ABA) and a decrease in jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives alleviated the inhibitory effect of ENR on the growth of wheat roots. In conclusion, direct damage and signaling by ROS, hormonal regulation, a decrease in the GSH to GSSG ratio, and insufficient energy supply were identified as key factors for the significant inhibition of wheat root growth under ENR stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Wu
- Center of Wheat Research, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 450003, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Hybrid Wheat, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 450003, China; Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 450003, China
| | - Xiangdong Chen
- Center of Wheat Research, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 450003, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Hybrid Wheat, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 450003, China; Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 450003, China
| | - Dazhong Zhang
- Center of Wheat Research, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 450003, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Hybrid Wheat, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 450003, China; Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 450003, China
| | - Xigui Hu
- Center of Wheat Research, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 450003, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Hybrid Wheat, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 450003, China; Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 450003, China
| | - Weihua Ding
- Center of Wheat Research, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 450003, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Hybrid Wheat, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 450003, China; Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 450003, China
| | - Yuquan Wang
- Center of Wheat Research, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 450003, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Hybrid Wheat, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 450003, China; Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 450003, China
| | - Gan Li
- Center of Wheat Research, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 450003, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Hybrid Wheat, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 450003, China; Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 450003, China
| | - Na Dong
- Center of Wheat Research, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 450003, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Hybrid Wheat, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 450003, China; Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 450003, China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 450003, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 450003, China
| | - Tiezhu Hu
- Center of Wheat Research, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 450003, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Hybrid Wheat, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 450003, China; Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 450003, China
| | - Zhengang Ru
- Center of Wheat Research, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 450003, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Hybrid Wheat, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 450003, China; Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 450003, China.
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Liu L, Sun Z, Tang R, Shi JH, Zhang LQ, Abdelnabby H, Zhang A, Wang MQ. Suprathreshold Water Spray Stimulus Enhances Plant Defenses against Biotic Stresses in Tomato. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 39248366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c05131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Mechanical stimuli can affect plant growth, development, and defenses. The role of water spray stimulation, as a prevalent mechanical stimulus in the environment, in crop growth and defense cannot be overlooked. In this study, the effects of water spray on tomato plant growth and defense against the chewing herbivore Helicoverpa armigera and necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea were investigated. Suprathreshold water spray stimulus (LS) was found to enhance tomato plant defenses against pests and pathogens while concurrently modifying plant architecture. The results of the phytohormone and chemical metabolite analysis revealed that LS improved the plant defense response via jasmonic acid (JA) signaling. LS significantly elevated the level of a pivotal defensive metabolite, chlorogenic acid, and reduced the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from tomato plants, thereby defending against pest and pathogen attacks. The most obvious finding to emerge from this study is that LS enhances tomato plant defenses against biotic stresses, which will pave the way for further work on the application of mechanical stimuli for pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Liu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Ze Sun
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Rui Tang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Hua Shi
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Li-Qiong Zhang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Hazem Abdelnabby
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Banha, Qalyubia 13736, Egypt
| | - Aijun Zhang
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, United States
| | - Man-Qun Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
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Touzout N, Bouchibane M, Tahraoui H, Mihoub A, Zhang J, Amrane A, Ahmad I, Danish S, Alahmadi TA, Ansari MJ. Silicon-mediated resilience: Unveiling the protective role against combined cypermethrin and hymexazol phytotoxicity in tomato seedlings. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 369:122370. [PMID: 39236605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Insecticides and fungicides present potential threats to non-target crops, yet our comprehension of their combined phytotoxicity to plants is limited. Silicon (Si) has been acknowledged for its ability to induce crop tolerance to xenobiotic stresses. However, the specific role of Si in alleviating the cypermethrin (CYP) and hymexazol (HML) combined stress has not been thoroughly explored. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of Si in alleviating phytotoxic effects and elucidating the associated mechanisms of CYP and/or HML in tomato seedlings. The findings demonstrated that, compared to exposure to CYP or HML alone, the simultaneous exposure of CYP and HML significantly impeded seedling growth, resulting in more pronounced phytotoxic effects in tomato seedlings. Additionally, CYP and/or HML exposures diminished the content of photosynthetic pigments and induced oxidative stress in tomato seedlings. Pesticide exposure heightened the activity of both antioxidant and detoxification enzymes, increased proline and phenolic accumulation, and reduced thiols and ascorbate content in tomato seedlings. Applying Si (1 mM) to CYP- and/or HML-stressed seedlings alleviated pigment inhibition and oxidative damage by enhancing the activity of the pesticide metabolism system and secondary metabolism enzymes. Furthermore, Si stimulated the phenylpropanoid pathway by boosting phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity, as confirmed by the increased total phenolic content. Interestingly, the application of Si enhanced the thiols profile, emphasizing its crucial role in pesticide detoxification in plants. In conclusion, these results suggest that externally applying Si significantly alleviates the physio-biochemical level in tomato seedlings exposed to a combination of pesticides, introducing innovative strategies for fostering a sustainable agroecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Touzout
- Department of Nature and Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Pole Urban Ouzera, University of Medea, Medea, 26000, Algeria.
| | - Malika Bouchibane
- Department of Nature and Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Pole Urban Ouzera, University of Medea, Medea, 26000, Algeria
| | - Hichem Tahraoui
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Transport Phenomena (LBMPT), University of MÉDÉA, ALGERIA, Nouveau Pôle Urbain, Médéa University, 26000, Médéa, Algeria
| | - Adil Mihoub
- Biophysical Environment Station, Center for Scientific and Technical Research on Arid Regions, Touggourt, Algeria
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Engineering, Merz Court, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Abdeltif Amrane
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR6226, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Iftikhar Ahmad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad Vehari-Campus, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan.
| | - Subhan Danish
- Pesticide Quality Control Laboratory, Agriculture Complex, Old Shujabad Road, Multan, 60000, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Tahani Awad Alahmadi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Medical City, PO Box-2925, Riyadh, 11461, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department of Botany, Hindu College Moradabad, Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University Bareilly, India, 244001.
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Ma T, Ma L, Wei R, Xu L, Ma Y, Chen Z, Dang J, Ma S, Li S. Physiology, Biochemistry, and Transcriptomics Jointly Reveal the Phytotoxicity Mechanism of Acetochlor on Pisum sativum L. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024; 43:2005-2019. [PMID: 38988284 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Acetochlor, as a commonly used pre-emergent herbicide, can be toxic to crops and affect production if used improperly. However, the toxic mechanism of acetochlor on plants is not fully understood. The present study used a combination of transcriptomic analysis and physiological measurements to investigate the effects of short-term (15-day) exposure to different concentrations of acetochlor (1, 10, 20 mg/kg) on the morphology, physiology, and transcriptional levels of pea seedlings, aiming to elucidate the toxic response and resistance mechanisms in pea seedlings under herbicide stress. The results showed that the toxicity of acetochlor to pea seedlings was dose-dependent, manifested as dwarfing and stem base browning with increasing concentrations, especially at 10 mg/kg and above. Analysis of the antioxidant system showed that from the 1 mg/kg treatment, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and glutathione peroxidase in peas increased with increasing concentrations of acetochlor, indicating oxidative damage. Analysis of the glutathione (GSH) metabolism system showed that under 10 mg/kg treatment, the GSH content of pea plants significantly increased, and GSH transferase activity and gene expression were significantly induced, indicating a detoxification response in plants. Transcriptomic analysis showed that after acetochlor treatment, differentially expressed genes in peas were significantly enriched in the phenylpropane metabolic pathway, and the levels of key metabolites (flavonoids and lignin) were increased. In addition, we found that acetochlor-induced dwarfing of pea seedlings may be related to gibberellin signal transduction. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:2005-2019. © 2024 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingfeng Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Ma
- Agronomy College, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruonan Wei
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Xu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yantong Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhong Dang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoying Ma
- Laboratory and Practice Base Management Center, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
- Agronomy College, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
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Zhou A, Tang J, Du Q, Deng J, Wu J, Ma H, Wang F. Comparative physiological and transcriptomic analyses provide induction resistance mechanisms of Bacillus tequilensis against Colletotrichum fructicola in Camellia oleifera. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 214:108912. [PMID: 38972241 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Bacillus tequilensis DZY 6715 was isolated from healthy leaves in Camellia oleifera, and the strain DZY 6715 significantly inhibited anthracnose disease resulting from Colletotrichum fructicola in C. oleifera, besides, its associated mechanism of disease resistance was explored. B. tequilensis DZY 6715 treatment controlled mycelial growth of C. fructicola in C. oleifera, and significantly decreased C. oleifera anthracnose incidence and disease index compared with the control group. B. tequilensis DZY 6715 has strong biofilm forming ability, and also secretes extracellular β-1, 3-glucanase and chitinase, which could cause cell membranes damage and increased cellular compound leakage. C.oleifera treated with DZY 6715 also effectively enhanced enzyme activities and stimulated the synthesis the substances related to phenylpropane metabolism and reactive oxygen metabolism. Moreover, transcript profiling analysis revealed more differentially expressed genes related to phenylpropanoid pathway metabolism and antioxidant system inducing by DZY 6715 compared with the control in C. oleifera. Thus, it can be concluded that B. tequilensis DZY 6715 is a suitable bio-control agent to control anthracnose disease in C. oleifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiting Zhou
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, PR China
| | - Junrong Tang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, PR China
| | - Qianjie Du
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, PR China
| | - Jia Deng
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Use in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, PR China
| | - Jianrong Wu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, PR China; Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control in Universities of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, PR China
| | - Huancheng Ma
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, PR China.
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, PR China; Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Use in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, PR China.
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Kopriva S, Rahimzadeh Karvansara P, Takahashi H. Adaptive modifications in plant sulfur metabolism over evolutionary time. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4697-4711. [PMID: 38841807 PMCID: PMC11350084 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Sulfur (S) is an essential element for life on Earth. Plants are able to take up and utilize sulfate (SO42-), the most oxidized inorganic form of S compounds on Earth, through the reductive S assimilatory pathway that couples with photosynthetic energy conversion. Organic S compounds are subsequently synthesized in plants and made accessible to animals, primarily as the amino acid methionine. Thus, plant S metabolism clearly has nutritional importance in the global food chain. S metabolites may be part of redox regulation and drivers of essential metabolic pathways as cofactors and prosthetic groups, such as Fe-S centers, CoA, thiamine, and lipoic acid. The evolution of the S metabolic pathways and enzymes reflects the critical importance of functional innovation and diversifications. Here we review the major evolutionary alterations that took place in S metabolism across different scales and outline research directions that may take advantage of understanding the evolutionary adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kopriva
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Parisa Rahimzadeh Karvansara
- Institute of Molecular Photosynthesis, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hideki Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Raihan MT, Tanaka Y, Ishikawa T. Characterization of chloroplastic thioredoxin dependent glutathione peroxidase like protein in Euglena gracilis: biochemical and functional perspectives. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2024; 88:1034-1046. [PMID: 38925644 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbae087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Euglena gracilis, a fascinating organism in the scientific realm, exhibits characteristics of both animals and plants. It maintains redox homeostasis through a variety of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant molecules. In contrast to mammals, Euglena possesses nonselenocysteine glutathione peroxidase homologues that regulate its intracellular pools of reactive oxygen species. In the present study, a full-length cDNA of chloroplastic EgGPXL-1 was isolated and subjected to biochemical and functional characterization. Recombinant EgGPXL-1 scavenged H2O2 and t-BOOH, utilizing thioredoxin as an electron donor rather than glutathione. Despite its monomeric nature, EgGPXL-1 exhibits allosteric behavior with H2O2 as the electron acceptor and follows typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics with t-BOOH. Suppression of EgGPXL-1 gene expression under normal and high-light conditions did not induce critical situations in E. gracilis, suggesting the involvement of compensatory mechanisms in restoring normal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Topu Raihan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Tanaka
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishikawa
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
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Dard A, Van Breusegem F, Mhamdi A. Redox regulation of gene expression: proteomics reveals multiple previously undescribed redox-sensitive cysteines in transcription complexes and chromatin modifiers. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4476-4493. [PMID: 38642390 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Redox signalling is crucial for regulating plant development and adaptation to environmental changes. Proteins with redox-sensitive cysteines can sense oxidative stress and modulate their functions. Recent proteomics efforts have comprehensively mapped the proteins targeted by oxidative modifications. The nucleus, the epicentre of transcriptional reprogramming, contains a large number of proteins that control gene expression. Specific redox-sensitive transcription factors have long been recognized as key players in decoding redox signals in the nucleus and thus in regulating transcriptional responses. Consequently, the redox regulation of the nuclear transcription machinery and its cofactors has received less attention. In this review, we screened proteomic datasets for redox-sensitive cysteines on proteins of the core transcription complexes and chromatin modifiers in Arabidopsis thaliana. Our analysis indicates that redox regulation affects every step of gene transcription, from initiation to elongation and termination. We report previously undescribed redox-sensitive subunits in transcription complexes and discuss the emerging challenges in unravelling the landscape of redox-regulated processes involved in nuclear gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avilien Dard
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Amna Mhamdi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
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10
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Chi-Ho Ip J, T Y Leung P, K Y Ho K, Qiu JW, M Y Leung K. Transcriptomic analysis reveals the endocrine toxicity of tributyltin and triphenyltin on the whelk Reishia clavigera and mechanisms of imposex formation. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 190:108867. [PMID: 38968833 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Organotin compounds (OTs) are endocrine disruptors that induce imposex in hundreds of gastropods, but little is known about their underlying molecular mechanisms. This study aimed to investigate the endocrine toxicity and molecular responses to tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) exposure in the whelk Reishia clavigera, which often serves as a biomonitor for OT contamination. Over a 120-day exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of TBT (1000 ng L-1) and TPT (500 ng L-1), we observed a significant increase in penis length in both male and female whelks. Notably, TPT exhibited a stronger potency in inducing pseudo-penis development and female sterility, even at a half dose of TBT. Bioaccumulation analysis also revealed higher persistence and accumulation of TPT in whelk tissues compared to TBT. Differential expression analysis identified a substantial number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with TPT exposure eliciting more DEGs than TBT. Our results demonstrated that OTs induced xenobiotic metabolism and metabolic dysregulation in the digestive gland, impaired multiple cellular functions and triggered neurotoxicity in the nervous system, and disrupted lipid homeostasis and oxidative stress in the gonads. Furthermore, imposex was possibly associated with disturbances in retinoic acid metabolism, nuclear receptor signaling, and neuropeptide activity. When compared to TBT, TPT exhibited a more pronounced endocrine-disrupting effect, attributable to its higher bioaccumulation and substantial interruption of transcriptional regulation, OT detoxification, and biosynthesis of retinoic acids in R. clavigera. Our results, therefore, highlight the importance of considering the differences in bioaccumulation and molecular toxicity between TBT and TPT in future risk assessments of these contaminants. Overall, our study provided molecular insights into the toxicity and transcriptome profiles in R. clavigera exposed to TBT and TPT, shedding light on the endocrine-disrupting effects and reproductive impairment in female gastropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Chi-Ho Ip
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Science Unit, Lingnan University, Hong Kong SAR, China; The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Priscilla T Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kevin K Y Ho
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jian-Wen Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Chemistry and School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Kalisz A, Kornaś A, Gil J, Rudolphi-Szydło E, Gawrońska K, Sieprawska A, Jafari H, Mahdavinia GR, Kulak M, Gohari G, Fotopoulos V. Foliar spraying with amino acids and their chitosan nanocomposites as promising way to alleviate abiotic stress in iceberg lettuce grown at different temperatures. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17208. [PMID: 39060430 PMCID: PMC11282281 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the effects of foliar spraying with amino acids, chitosan (CHS) and nanocomposites (NCs) of chitosan with the amino acids proline, L-cysteine and glycine betaine (CHS-Pro NCs; CHS-Cys NCs, CHS-GB NCs, respectively) on the changes in the physiological and biochemical parameters of iceberg lettuce grown at the control temperature (20 °C) and under chilling conditions (4 °C). The physicochemical parameters of the phospholipid monolayers (PLs) extracted from plants showed the effects of the treatments on the properties of the monolayers, namely, the packing density and flexibility. We observed increased accumulation of proline at 4 °C, and differences in the concentrations of sugars in most of the analyzed variants were a consequence of the lowered temperature and/or the use of organic compounds. A temperature of 4 °C caused a significant increase in the L-ascorbic acid level compared with that at 20 °C. Differences were also found in glutathione (GSH) content depending on the temperature and treatment with the tested organic compounds. CHS NCs loaded with Pro and GB were effective at increasing the amount of phenols under stress temperature conditions. We noted that a significant increase in the antioxidant activity of plants at 4 °C occurred after priming with Cys, CHS-Cys NCs, Pro and CHS-Pro NCs, and the CHS nanocomposites were more effective in this respect. Both low-temperature stress and foliar spraying of lettuce with various organic compounds caused changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Two forms of dismutase (SOD), iron superoxide dismutase (FeSOD) and copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/ZnSOD), were identified in extracts from the leaves of iceberg lettuce seedlings. The application of the tested organic compounds, alone or in combination with CHS, increased the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) in plants grown under controlled temperature conditions. Chilling caused an increase in the content of MDA, but some organic compounds mitigated the impact of low temperature. Compared with that of plants subjected to 20 °C, the fresh weight of plants exposed to chilling decreased. However, the tested compounds caused a decrease in fresh weight at 4 °C compared with the corresponding control samples. An interesting exception was the use of Cys, for which the difference in the fresh weight of plants grown at 20 °C and 4 °C was not statistically significant. After Cys application, the dry weight of the chilled plants was greater than that of the chilled control plants but was also greater than that of the other treated plants in this group. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that engineered chitosan-amino acid nanocomposites could be applied as innovative protective agents to mitigate the effects of chilling stress in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kalisz
- Department of Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 29 Listopada 54, 31-425, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Kornaś
- Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, University of the National Education Commission, Krakow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Joanna Gil
- Department of Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 29 Listopada 54, 31-425, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Rudolphi-Szydło
- Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, University of the National Education Commission, Krakow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gawrońska
- Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, University of the National Education Commission, Krakow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084, Kraków, Poland
| | - Apolonia Sieprawska
- Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, University of the National Education Commission, Krakow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084, Kraków, Poland
| | - Hessam Jafari
- Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Gholam Reza Mahdavinia
- Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Muhittin Kulak
- Department of Herbal and Animal Production, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Igdir University, Iğdır, Turkey
| | - Gholamreza Gohari
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Vasileios Fotopoulos
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
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12
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Jia Y, Chen L, Kang L, Fu X, Zheng S, Wu Y, Wu T, Cai R, Wan X, Wang P, Yin X, Pan C. Nano-Selenium and Glutathione Enhance Cucumber Resistance to Botrytis cinerea by Promoting Jasmonic Acid-Mediated Cucurbitacin Biosynthesis. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39047071 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c05827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Nano-selenium (Nano-Se), as a biological stimulant, promotes plant growth and development, as well as defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. Glutathione (GSH) is a crucial antioxidant and is also involved in the plant defense response to various stresses. In this study, the efficacy of combined treatment of Nano-Se and GSH (SeG) on the resistance of cucumber plants to Botrytis cinerea was investigated in terms of the plant phenotype, gene expression, and levels of accumulated metabolites using transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. The exogenous application of SeG significantly enhanced plant growth and increased photosynthetic pigment contents and capacity. Notably, B. cinerea infection was reduced markedly by 41.9% after SeG treatment. At the molecular level, the SeG treatment activated the alpha-linolenic acid metabolic pathway and upregulated the expression of genes responsible for jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis, including LOX (210%), LOX4 (430%), AOS1 (100%), and AOC2 (120%), therefore promoting JA accumulation in cucumber. Intriguingly, the level of cucurbitacin, an important phytoalexin in cucurbitaceous plants, was found to be increased in SeG-treated cucumber plants, as was the expression of cucurbitacin biosynthesis-related genes OSC (107.5%), P450 (440.8%,31.6%), and ACT (414.0%). These genes were also upregulated by JA treatment, suggesting that JA may be an upstream regulator of cucurbitacin biosynthesis. Taken together, this study demonstrated that pretreatment of cucumber plants with SeG could activate the JA signaling pathway and promote cucurbitacin biosynthesis to enhance the resistance of the plants to B. cinerea infection. The findings also indicate that SeG is a promising biostimulant for protecting cucumber plants from B. cinerea infection without growth loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Jia
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Pest Chemical Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lanqi Chen
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Pest Chemical Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lu Kang
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Xiaorui Fu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Pest Chemical Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuyang Zheng
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Pest Chemical Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yangliu Wu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Pest Chemical Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Runze Cai
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Pest Chemical Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoying Wan
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Pest Chemical Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuebin Yin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture and Functional Food, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 239000, China
| | - Canping Pan
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Pest Chemical Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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13
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Bi YL, Tan H, Zhang SS, Kang JP. Response Mechanism of Extracellular Polymeric Substances Synthesized by Alternaria sp. on Drought Stress in Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 39021158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c04009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates how extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) synthesized by dark septate endophytic (DSE) improve alfalfa's drought resistance. Drought stress was simulated in hydroponic culture, and roots were treated with different EPS concentrations to determine their effects on drought tolerance and applicable concentrations. Hydroponic solutions with 0.25 and 0.50% EPS concentrations alleviated leaf wilting and increased total plant fresh weight by 35.8 and 57.7%, respectively. SEM shows that EPS attached to the roots and may have served to protect the root system. EPS treatment significantly depressed the MDA contents of the roots, stems, and leaves. Roots responded to drought stress by increasing soluble sugar contents and antioxidant enzyme activities, while mitigating stem and leaf stress by synthesizing lipid compounds, amino acids, and organic acid metabolites. Five metabolites in the stem have been reported to be associated with plant stress tolerance and growth, namely 3-O-methyl 5-O-(2-methyl propyl) (4S)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-3,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate, malic acid, PA (20:1(11Z)/15:0), N-methyl-4,6,7-trihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, and 2-(S-glutathionyl) acetyl glutathione. In summary, EPS treatment induced oxidative stress and altered plant metabolism, and this in turn increased plant antioxidant capacity. The results provide a theoretical basis for the application of EPS in commercial products that increase plant resistance and ecological restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Li Bi
- Institute of Ecological and Environment Restoration in Mine Areas of West China, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hai Tan
- Institute of Ecological and Environment Restoration in Mine Areas of West China, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Shi-Shuang Zhang
- Institute of Ecological and Environment Restoration in Mine Areas of West China, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Jia-Peng Kang
- Institute of Ecological and Environment Restoration in Mine Areas of West China, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
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14
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Basu S, Kumar G. Regulation of nitro-oxidative homeostasis: an effective approach to enhance salinity tolerance in plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:193. [PMID: 39008125 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03275-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Soil salinity is a major constraint for sustainable agricultural productivity, which together with the incessant climate change may be transformed into a severe threat to the global food security. It is, therefore, a serious concern that needs to be addressed expeditiously. The overproduction and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are the key events occurring during salt stress, consequently employing nitro-oxidative stress and programmed cell death in plants. However, very sporadic studies have been performed concerning different aspects of nitro-oxidative stress in plants under salinity stress. The ability of plants to tolerate salinity is associated with their ability to maintain the cellular redox equilibrium mediated by both non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant defense mechanisms. The present review emphasizes the mechanisms of ROS and RNS generation in plants, providing a detailed evaluation of how redox homeostasis is conserved through their effective removal. The uniqueness of this article stems from its incorporation of expression analyses of candidate genes for different antioxidant enzymes involved in ROS and RNS detoxification across various developmental stages and tissues of rice, utilizing publicly available microarray data. It underscores the utilization of modern biotechnological methods to improve salinity tolerance in crops, employing different antioxidants as markers. The review also explores how various transcription factors contribute to plants' ability to tolerate salinity by either activating or repressing the expression of stress-responsive genes. In summary, the review offers a thorough insight into the nitro-oxidative homeostasis strategy for extenuating salinity stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahana Basu
- Department of Life Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, 824236, Bihar, India
| | - Gautam Kumar
- Department of Life Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, 824236, Bihar, India.
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15
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Marcin T, Katarzyna C, Urszula K. Reactive nitrogen species act as the enhancers of glutathione pool in embryonic axes of apple seeds subjected to accelerated ageing. PLANTA 2024; 260:51. [PMID: 38995415 PMCID: PMC11245430 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04472-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Reactive nitrogen species mitigate the deteriorative effect of accelerated seed ageing by affecting the glutathione concentration and activities of GR and GPX-like. The treatment of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) embryos isolated from accelerated aged seeds with nitric oxide-derived compounds increases their vigour and is linked to the alleviation of the negative effect of excessive oxidation processes. Reduced form of glutathione (GSH) is involved in the maintenance of redox potential. Glutathione peroxidase-like (GPX-like) uses GSH and converts it to oxidised form (GSSG), while glutathione reductase (GR) reduces GSSG into GSH. The aim of this work was to investigate the impact of the short-time NOx treatment of embryos isolated from apple seeds subjected to accelerated ageing on glutathione-related parameters. Apple seeds were subjected to accelerated ageing for 7, 14 or 21 days. Isolated embryos were shortly treated with NOx and cultured for 48 h. During ageing, in the axes of apple embryos, GSH and GSSG levels as well as half-cell reduction potential remained stable, while GR and GPX-like activities decreased. However, the positive effect of NOx in the vigour preservation of embryos isolated from prolonged aged seeds is linked to the increased total glutathione pool, and above all, higher GSH content. Moreover, NOx increased the level of transcripts encoding GPX-like and stimulated enzymatic activity. The obtained results indicate that high seed vigour related to the mode of action of NO and its derivatives is closely linked to the maintenance of higher GSH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyminski Marcin
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ciacka Katarzyna
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krasuska Urszula
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
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16
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Wei X, Wang H, Guo D, Wang B, Zhang X, Wang J, Liu Y, Wang X, Liu C, Dong W. Integrated Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis Reveals Molecular Mechanisms of the Cold Stress Response during the Overwintering Period in Blueberries ( Vaccinium spp.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1911. [PMID: 39065438 PMCID: PMC11280072 DOI: 10.3390/plants13141911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
In China, the Liaodong Peninsula is an important growing area for blueberries because of the high organic matter content in the soil, the abundance of light, and the large temperature difference between day and night. However, the low temperature and relative humidity of the air during the winter and early spring in the Liaodong Peninsula are the main reasons for the damage to blueberry plants. Here, we documented the transcriptome and proteome dynamics in response to cold stress in three blueberry cultivars ('Northland', 'Bluecrop', and 'Berkeley'). Functional enrichment analysis indicated that many differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were mainly involved in the pathways of protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, the glutathione metabolism pathway, and ribosomes. We identified 12,747 transcription factors (TFs) distributed in 20 families. Based on our findings, we speculated that cold tolerance development was caused by the expression of calcium-related genes (CDPKs and CMLs), glutathione proteins, and TFs (NAC, WRKY, and ERF). Our investigation found that three cultivars experienced cold damage when exposed to temperatures between -9 °C and -15 °C in the field. Therefore, the cold resistance of blueberries during overwintering should not only resist the influence of low temperatures but also complex environmental factors such as strong winds and low relative humidity in the air. The order of cold resistance strength in the three blueberry cultivars was 'Berkeley', 'Bluecrop', and 'Northland'. These results provide a comprehensive profile of the response to cold stress, which has the potential to be used as a selection marker for programs to improve cold tolerance in blueberries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wei
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.); (J.W.)
- Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Yingkou 115009, China; (H.W.); (D.G.); (B.W.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Hongguang Wang
- Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Yingkou 115009, China; (H.W.); (D.G.); (B.W.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Dan Guo
- Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Yingkou 115009, China; (H.W.); (D.G.); (B.W.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Baisong Wang
- Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Yingkou 115009, China; (H.W.); (D.G.); (B.W.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiao Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Youchun Liu
- Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Yingkou 115009, China; (H.W.); (D.G.); (B.W.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Xingdong Wang
- Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Yingkou 115009, China; (H.W.); (D.G.); (B.W.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Cheng Liu
- Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Yingkou 115009, China; (H.W.); (D.G.); (B.W.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Wenxuan Dong
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.); (J.W.)
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17
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Khassanova G, Jatayev S, Gabdola A, Kuzbakova M, Zailasheva A, Kylyshbayeva G, Schramm C, Schleyer K, Philp-Dutton L, Sweetman C, Anderson P, Jenkins CLD, Soole KL, Shavrukov Y. Haplotypes of ATP-Binding Cassette CaABCC6 in Chickpea from Kazakhstan Are Associated with Salinity Tolerance and Leaf Necrosis via Oxidative Stress. Biomolecules 2024; 14:823. [PMID: 39062537 PMCID: PMC11275178 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Salinity tolerance was studied in chickpea accessions from a germplasm collection and in cultivars from Kazakhstan. After NaCl treatment, significant differences were found between genotypes, which could be arranged into three groups. Those that performed poorest were found in group 1, comprising five ICC accessions with the lowest chlorophyll content, the highest leaf necrosis (LN), Na+ accumulation, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and a low glutathione ratio GSH/GSSG. Two cultivars, Privo-1 and Tassay, representing group 2, were moderate in these traits, while the best performance was for group 3, containing two other cultivars, Krasnokutsky-123 and Looch, which were found to have mostly green plants and an exact opposite pattern of traits. Marker-trait association (MTA) between 6K DArT markers and four traits (LN, Na+, MDA, and GSH/GSSG) revealed the presence of four possible candidate genes in the chickpea genome that may be associated with the three groups. One gene, ATP-binding cassette, CaABCC6, was selected, and three haplotypes, A, D1, and D2, were identified in plants from the three groups. Two of the most salt-tolerant cultivars from group 3 were found to have haplotype D2 with a novel identified SNP. RT-qPCR analysis confirmed that this gene was strongly expressed after NaCl treatment in the parental- and breeding-line plants of haplotype D2. Mass spectrometry of seed proteins showed a higher accumulation of glutathione reductase and S-transferase, but not peroxidase, in the D2 haplotype. In conclusion, the CaABCC6 gene was hypothesized to be associated with a better response to oxidative stress via glutathione metabolism, while other candidate genes are likely involved in the control of chlorophyll content and Na+ accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulmira Khassanova
- Faculty of Agronomy, S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (S.J.); (A.G.); (M.K.); (A.Z.)
- A.I. Barayev Research and Production Centre of Grain Farming, Shortandy 021601, Kazakhstan
| | - Satyvaldy Jatayev
- Faculty of Agronomy, S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (S.J.); (A.G.); (M.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Ademi Gabdola
- Faculty of Agronomy, S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (S.J.); (A.G.); (M.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Marzhan Kuzbakova
- Faculty of Agronomy, S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (S.J.); (A.G.); (M.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Aray Zailasheva
- Faculty of Agronomy, S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (S.J.); (A.G.); (M.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Gulnar Kylyshbayeva
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Central Asian Innovation University, Shymkent 160000, Kazakhstan;
| | - Carly Schramm
- College of Science and Engineering, Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (C.S.); (K.S.); (L.P.-D.); (C.S.); (P.A.); (C.L.D.J.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Kathryn Schleyer
- College of Science and Engineering, Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (C.S.); (K.S.); (L.P.-D.); (C.S.); (P.A.); (C.L.D.J.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Lauren Philp-Dutton
- College of Science and Engineering, Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (C.S.); (K.S.); (L.P.-D.); (C.S.); (P.A.); (C.L.D.J.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Crystal Sweetman
- College of Science and Engineering, Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (C.S.); (K.S.); (L.P.-D.); (C.S.); (P.A.); (C.L.D.J.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Peter Anderson
- College of Science and Engineering, Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (C.S.); (K.S.); (L.P.-D.); (C.S.); (P.A.); (C.L.D.J.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Colin L. D. Jenkins
- College of Science and Engineering, Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (C.S.); (K.S.); (L.P.-D.); (C.S.); (P.A.); (C.L.D.J.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Kathleen L. Soole
- College of Science and Engineering, Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (C.S.); (K.S.); (L.P.-D.); (C.S.); (P.A.); (C.L.D.J.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Yuri Shavrukov
- College of Science and Engineering, Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (C.S.); (K.S.); (L.P.-D.); (C.S.); (P.A.); (C.L.D.J.); (K.L.S.)
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18
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Yang Z, Wang Y, Cheng Q, Zou X, Yang Y, Li P, Wang S, Su Y, Yang D, Kim HS, Jia X, Li L, Kwak SS, Wang W. Overexpression of sweetpotato glutamylcysteine synthetase (IbGCS) in Arabidopsis confers tolerance to drought and salt stresses. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2024; 137:669-683. [PMID: 38758249 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-024-01548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Various environmental stresses induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which have deleterious effects on plant cells. Glutathione (GSH) is an antioxidant used to counteract reactive oxygen species. Glutathione is produced by glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS) and glutathione synthetase (GS). However, evidence for the GCS gene in sweetpotato remains scarce. In this study, the full-length cDNA sequence of IbGCS isolated from sweetpotato cultivar Xu18 was 1566 bp in length, which encodes 521 amino acids. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed a significantly higher expression of the IbGCS in sweetpotato flowers, and the gene was induced by salinity, abscisic acid (ABA), drought, extreme temperature and heavy metal stresses. The seed germination rate, root elongation and fresh weight were promoted in T3 Arabidopsis IbGCS-overexpressing lines (OEs) in contrast to wild type (WT) plants under mannitol and salt stresses. In addition, the soil drought and salt stress experiment results indicated that IbGCS overexpression in Arabidopsis reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, enhanced the levels of GCS activity, GSH and AsA content, and antioxidant enzyme activity. In summary, overexpressing IbGCS in Arabidopsis showed improved salt and drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Qirui Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Xuan Zou
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Yanxin Yang
- College of Basic Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Peng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Sijie Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Yue Su
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Dongjing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Sweetpotato, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221131, China
| | - Ho Soo Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 1 25 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Xiaoyun Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Lingzhi Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China.
| | - Sang-Soo Kwak
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 1 25 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
| | - Wenbin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China.
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19
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Araguirang GE, Venn B, Kelber NM, Feil R, Lunn J, Kleine T, Leister D, Mühlhaus T, Richter AS. Spliceosomal complex components are critical for adjusting the C:N balance during high-light acclimation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:153-175. [PMID: 38593295 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Plant acclimation to an ever-changing environment is decisive for growth, reproduction, and survival. Light availability limits biomass production on both ends of the intensity spectrum. Therefore, the adjustment of plant metabolism is central to high-light (HL) acclimation, and the accumulation of photoprotective anthocyanins is commonly observed. However, mechanisms and factors regulating the HL acclimation response are less clear. Two Arabidopsis mutants of spliceosome components exhibiting a pronounced anthocyanin overaccumulation in HL were isolated from a forward genetic screen for new factors crucial for plant acclimation. Time-resolved physiological, transcriptome, and metabolome analysis revealed a vital function of the spliceosome components for rapidly adjusting gene expression and metabolism. Deficiency of INCREASED LEVEL OF POLYPLOIDY1 (ILP1), NTC-RELATED PROTEIN1 (NTR1), and PLEIOTROPIC REGULATORY LOCUS1 (PRL1) resulted in a marked overaccumulation of carbohydrates and strongly diminished amino acid biosynthesis in HL. While not generally limited in N-assimilation, ilp1, ntr1, and prl1 showed higher glutamate levels and reduced amino acid biosynthesis in HL. The comprehensive analysis reveals a function of the spliceosome components in the conditional regulation of the carbon:nitrogen balance and the accumulation of anthocyanins during HL acclimation. The importance of gene expression, metabolic regulation, and re-direction of carbon towards anthocyanin biosynthesis for HL acclimation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benedikt Venn
- Computational Systems Biology, RPTU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | | | - Regina Feil
- Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - John Lunn
- Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Tatjana Kleine
- Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Timo Mühlhaus
- Computational Systems Biology, RPTU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Andreas S Richter
- Physiology of Plant Metabolism, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light and Matter, Interdisciplinary Faculty, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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20
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Chen S, Qiu G. Physiological and multi-omics analysis reveals the influence of copper on Halophila beccarii Asch. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 212:108785. [PMID: 38824692 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
High concentrations of copper can pollute coastal waters, primarily from agricultural runoff and mining activities, which can harm marine organisms, including seagrasses. The molecular mechanism of copper toxicity to seagrass currently remains unclear. To determine the response to copper, physiological and multi-omic analyses were conducted to explore the molecular mechanism by which copper affects the global threatened seagrass Halophila beccarii Asch. Excessive copper stress causes oxidative damage and stimulates the activity of the antioxidant enzyme system to remove excess reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby reducing the damage caused by copper stress. Cu increases the activities of superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7), ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11), glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9), ascorbate oxidase (EC 1.10.3.3), glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2), and dehydroascorbate reductase (EC 1.8.5.1) and the content of malondialdehyde and reduces the activity of monodehydroascorbate reductase (EC 1.6.5.4). Under copper stress, H. beccarii upregulates the metabolic pathways of steroid biosynthesis and cutin, suberin, and wax biosynthesis, downregulates the metabolic pathways of arginine and proline metabolism and fructose and mannose metabolism; the levels of expression of the ribosome-related genes; upregulates the levels of expression of circadian rhythm-related proteins and downregulates the levels of glutathione metabolism and the proteins related to carbon fixation. This study provides new insights into the response of seagrass to copper stress and reports potential candidate metabolites, genes, and proteins that can be considered as biomarkers to improve the protection and management of seagrass meadows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siting Chen
- Guangxi Key Lab of Mangrove Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi Academy of Marine Sciences (Guangxi Mangrove Research Center), Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Beihai, Guangxi, 536007, China.
| | - Guanglong Qiu
- Guangxi Key Lab of Mangrove Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi Academy of Marine Sciences (Guangxi Mangrove Research Center), Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Beihai, Guangxi, 536007, China.
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21
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Zhang Z, Lv Y, Sun Q, Yao X, Yan H. Comparative Phenotypic and Transcriptomic Analyses Provide Novel Insights into the Molecular Mechanism of Seed Germination in Response to Low Temperature Stress in Alfalfa. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7244. [PMID: 39000350 PMCID: PMC11241472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Low temperature is the most common abiotic factor that usually occurs during the seed germination of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). However, the potential regulatory mechanisms involved in alfalfa seed germination under low temperature stress are still ambiguous. Therefore, to determine the relevant key genes and pathways, the phenotypic and transcriptomic analyses of low-temperature sensitive (Instict) and low-temperature tolerant (Sardi10) alfalfa were conducted at 6 and 15 h of seed germination under normal (20 °C) and low (10 °C) temperature conditions. Germination phenotypic results showed that Sardi10 had the strongest germination ability under low temperatures, which was manifested by the higher germination-related indicators. Further transcriptome analysis indicated that differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in galactose metabolism and carbon metabolism pathways, which were the most commonly enriched in two alfalfa genotypes. Additionally, fatty acid metabolism and glutathione metabolism pathways were preferably enriched in Sardi10 alfalfa. The Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) suggested that genes were closely related to galactose metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and glutathione metabolism in Sardi10 alfalfa at the module with the highest correlation (6 h of germination under low temperature). Finally, qRT-PCR analysis further validated the related genes involved in the above pathways, which might play crucial roles in regulating seed germination of alfalfa under low temperature conditions. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of seed germination underlying the low temperature stress in alfalfa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhang
- College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.L.); (Q.S.); (X.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Grassland Resources and Ecology in the Yellow River Delta, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yanzhen Lv
- College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.L.); (Q.S.); (X.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Grassland Resources and Ecology in the Yellow River Delta, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Qingying Sun
- College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.L.); (Q.S.); (X.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Grassland Resources and Ecology in the Yellow River Delta, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xingjie Yao
- College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.L.); (Q.S.); (X.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Grassland Resources and Ecology in the Yellow River Delta, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Huifang Yan
- College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.L.); (Q.S.); (X.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Grassland Resources and Ecology in the Yellow River Delta, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, Qingdao 266109, China
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22
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Raihan MT, Ishikawa T. Biochemical and Functional Profiling of Thioredoxin-Dependent Cytosolic GPX-like Proteins in Euglena gracilis. Biomolecules 2024; 14:765. [PMID: 39062479 PMCID: PMC11275057 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Unlike plants and animals, the phytoflagellate Euglena gracilis lacks catalase and contains a non-selenocysteine glutathione peroxidase-like protein (EgGPXL), two peroxiredoxins (EgPrx1 and EgPrx4), and one ascorbate peroxidase in the cytosol to maintain reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. In the present study, the full-length cDNA of three cytosolic EgGPXLs was obtained and further characterized biochemically and functionally. These EgGPXLs used thioredoxin instead of glutathione as an electron donor to reduce the levels of H2O2 and t-BOOH. The specific peroxidase activities of these enzymes for H2O2 and t-BOOH were 1.3 to 4.9 and 0.79 to 3.5 µmol/min/mg protein, respectively. Cytosolic EgGPXLs and EgPrx1/EgPrx4 were silenced simultaneously to investigate the synergistic effects of these genes on the physiological function of E. gracilis. The suppression of cytosolic EgGPXL genes was unable to induce any critical phenomena in Euglena under normal (100 μmol photons m-2 s-1) and high-light conditions (350 μmol photons m-2 s-1) at both autotrophic and heterotrophic states. Unexpectedly, the suppression of EgGPXL genes was able to rescue the EgPrx1/EgPrx4-silenced cell line from a critical situation. This study explored the potential resilience of Euglena to ROS, even with restriction of the cytosolic antioxidant system, indicating the involvement of some compensatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Topu Raihan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8550, Japan;
| | - Takahiro Ishikawa
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8550, Japan;
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
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23
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Fu L, Deng J, Liu S, Zhang C, Xue W, Mailhot G, Vione D, Deng Y, Wang C, Wang L. Efficient regulation of cadmium accumulation by carboxymethylammonium chloride in rice: Correlation analysis and expression of transporter gene OsGLR3. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172861. [PMID: 38685417 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The mechanism of carboxymethylammonium chloride (CC) regulating cadmium (Cd) accumulation in rice was studied in field and hydroponic experiments. Field experiments showed that 0.2-1.2 mmol L-1 CC spraying effectively reduced Cd accumulation by 44 %-77 % in early rice grains and 39 %-78 % in late rice grains, significantly increased calcium (Ca) content and amino acids content in grains, as well as alleviated Cd-induced oxidative damage in leaves. Hydroponic experiments further verified the inhibition effect of CC on Cd accumulation. 1.2 mmol L-1 CC made the highest decrease of Cd content in shoots and roots of hydroponic seedlings by 45 % and 53 %, respectively. Exogenous CC significantly increased glutamate (Glu), glycine (Gly) and glutathione (GSH) content, and improved the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 41-131 % and 11-121 % in shoots of hydroponic seedlings, respectively. Exogenous CC also increased the relative expression of OsGLR3.1-3.5 in the shoots and roots of hydroponic seedlings. The quantum computational chemistry was used to clarify that the Gly radical provided by CC could form various complexes with Cd through carboxyl oxygen atoms. These results showed that exogenous application of CC improved the tolerance to Cd by enhancing the antioxidant capacity; inhibited the absorption, transport and accumulation of Cd in rice by (1) promoting chelation, (2) increasing the GLRs activity through upregulating the content of Glu, Gly, as well as the expression of OsGLR3.1-3.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Jiawei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Shuangyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Changbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China.
| | - Weijie Xue
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China.
| | - Gilles Mailhot
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Davide Vione
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Yun Deng
- School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Changrong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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24
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Schlößer M, Moseler A, Bodnar Y, Homagk M, Wagner S, Pedroletti L, Gellert M, Ugalde JM, Lillig CH, Meyer AJ. Localization of four class I glutaredoxins in the cytosol and the secretory pathway and characterization of their biochemical diversification. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1455-1474. [PMID: 38394181 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Class I glutaredoxins (GRXs) are catalytically active oxidoreductases and considered key proteins mediating reversible glutathionylation and deglutathionylation of protein thiols during development and stress responses. To narrow in on putative target proteins, it is mandatory to know the subcellular localization of the respective GRXs and to understand their catalytic activities and putative redundancy between isoforms in the same compartment. We show that in Arabidopsis thaliana, GRXC1 and GRXC2 are cytosolic proteins with GRXC1 being attached to membranes through myristoylation. GRXC3 and GRXC4 are identified as type II membrane proteins along the early secretory pathway with their enzymatic function on the luminal side. Unexpectedly, neither single nor double mutants lacking both GRXs isoforms in the cytosol or the ER show phenotypes that differ from wild-type controls. Analysis of electrostatic surface potentials and clustering of GRXs based on their electrostatic interaction with roGFP2 mirrors the phylogenetic classification of class I GRXs, which clearly separates the cytosolic GRXC1 and GRXC2 from the luminal GRXC3 and GRXC4. Comparison of all four studied GRXs for their oxidoreductase function highlights biochemical diversification with GRXC3 and GRXC4 being better catalysts than GRXC1 and GRXC2 for the reduction of bis(2-hydroxyethyl) disulfide. With oxidized roGFP2 as an alternative substrate, GRXC1 and GRXC2 catalyze the reduction faster than GRXC3 and GRXC4, which suggests that catalytic efficiency of GRXs in reductive reactions depends on the respective substrate. Vice versa, GRXC3 and GRXC4 are faster than GRXC1 and GRXC2 in catalyzing the oxidation of pre-reduced roGFP2 in the reverse reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Schlößer
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Moseler
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yana Bodnar
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, D-17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maria Homagk
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephan Wagner
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Luca Pedroletti
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuela Gellert
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, D-17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - José M Ugalde
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christopher H Lillig
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, D-17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
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25
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Miyaji S, Ito T, Kitaiwa T, Nishizono K, Agake SI, Harata H, Aoyama H, Umahashi M, Sato M, Inaba J, Fushinobu S, Yokoyama T, Maruyama-Nakashita A, Hirai MY, Ohkama-Ohtsu N. N 2-Acetylornithine deacetylase functions as a Cys-Gly dipeptidase in the cytosolic glutathione degradation pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1603-1618. [PMID: 38441834 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is required for various physiological processes in plants, including redox regulation and detoxification of harmful compounds. GSH also functions as a repository for assimilated sulfur and is actively catabolized in plants. In Arabidopsis, GSH is mainly degraded initially by cytosolic enzymes, γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase, and γ-glutamyl peptidase, which release cysteinylglycine (Cys-Gly). However, the subsequent enzyme responsible for catabolizing this dipeptide has not been identified to date. In the present study, we identified At4g17830 as a Cys-Gly dipeptidase, namely cysteinylglycine peptidase 1 (CGP1). CGP1 complemented the phenotype of the yeast mutant that cannot degrade Cys-Gly. The Arabidopsis cgp1 mutant had lower Cys-Gly degradation activity than the wild type and showed perturbed concentrations of thiol compounds. Recombinant CGP1 showed reasonable Cys-Gly degradation activity in vitro. Metabolomic analysis revealed that cgp1 exhibited signs of severe sulfur deficiency, such as elevated accumulation of O-acetylserine (OAS) and the decrease in sulfur-containing metabolites. Morphological changes observed in cgp1, including longer primary roots of germinating seeds, were also likely associated with sulfur starvation. Notably, At4g17830 has previously been reported to encode an N2-acetylornithine deacetylase (NAOD) that functions in the ornithine biosynthesis. The cgp1 mutant did not show a decrease in ornithine content, whereas the analysis of CGP1 structure did not rule out the possibility that CGP1 has Cys-Gly dipeptidase and NAOD activities. Therefore, we propose that CGP1 is a Cys-Gly dipeptidase that functions in the cytosolic GSH degradation pathway and may play dual roles in GSH and ornithine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Miyaji
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Takehiro Ito
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Taisuke Kitaiwa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kosuke Nishizono
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Agake
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroki Harata
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Haruna Aoyama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Minori Umahashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Muneo Sato
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Jun Inaba
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shinya Fushinobu
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yokoyama
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
| | - Akiko Maruyama-Nakashita
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masami Yokota Hirai
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Naoko Ohkama-Ohtsu
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
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26
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Soudthedlath K, Nakamura T, Ushiwatari T, Fukazawa J, Osakabe K, Osakabe Y, Maruyama-Nakashita A. SULTR2;1 Adjusts the Bolting Timing by Transporting Sulfate from Rosette Leaves to the Primary Stem. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:770-780. [PMID: 38424724 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcae020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Sulfur (S) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and metabolism. SULTR2;1 is a low-affinity sulfate transporter facilitating the long-distance transport of sulfate in Arabidopsis. The physiological function of SULTR2;1 in the plant life cycle still needs to be determined. Therefore, we analyzed the sulfate transport, S-containing metabolite accumulation and plant growth using Arabidopsis SULTR2;1 disruption lines, sultr2;1-1 and sultr2;1-2, from seedling to mature growth stages to clarify the metabolic and physiological roles of SULTR2;1. We observed that sulfate distribution to the stems was affected in sultr2;1 mutants, resulting in decreased levels of sulfate, cysteine, glutathione (GSH) and total S in the stems, flowers and siliques; however, the GSH levels increased in the rosette leaves. This suggested the essential role of SULTR2;1 in sulfate transport from rosette leaves to the primary stem. In addition, sultr2;1 mutants unexpectedly bolted earlier than the wild-type without affecting the plant biomass. Correlation between GSH levels in rosette leaves and the bolting timing suggested that the rosette leaf GSH levels or limited sulfate transport to the early stem can trigger bolting. Overall, this study demonstrated the critical roles of SULTR2;1 in maintaining the S metabolite levels in the aerial part and transitioning from the vegetative to the reproductive growth phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khamsalath Soudthedlath
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
- Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Biotechnology and Ecology Institute, Vientiane 01170, Laos
| | - Toshiki Nakamura
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Tsukasa Ushiwatari
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Jutarou Fukazawa
- Program of Basic Biology, Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528 Japan
| | - Keishi Osakabe
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Yuriko Osakabe
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Tokyo, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Akiko Maruyama-Nakashita
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
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Tarara M, Tzanavaras PD, Tsogas GZ. O-Phthalaldehyde Derivatization for the Paper-Based Fluorometric Determination of Glutathione in Nutritional Supplements. Molecules 2024; 29:2550. [PMID: 38893425 PMCID: PMC11173998 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, a new, direct paper-based fluorimetric method is described for the quantitative determination of glutathione (GSH) molecules in nutritional supplements. Briefly, the proposed analytical method is based on the fluorescence emission resulting from the direct and selective chemical reaction of GSH molecules with the derivatization reagent that is o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) in acidic conditions at room temperature. The intensity of the emitted fluorescence on the surface of the analytical paper devices after irradiation with a lamp at 365 nm is proportional to the concentration of GSH and is measured using a smartphone as the detector. This methodology, which is suitable for measurements in laboratories with limited resources, does not require specialized instrumentation or trained personnel. The protocol governing the proposed method is simple and easily applicable. Essentially, the chemical analyst should adjust the value of pH on the surface of the paper by adding a minimal amount of buffer solution; then, after adding a few microliters of the derivatization reagent, wait for the surface of the paper to dry and, finally, add the analyte. Subsequently, the irradiation of the sensor and the measurement of the emitted fluorescence can be recorded with a mobile phone. In the present study, several parameters affecting the chemical reaction and the emitted fluorescence were optimized, the effect of interfering compounds that may be present in dietary supplements was examined, and the stability of these paper sensors under different storage conditions was evaluated. Additionally, the chemical stability of these paper devices in various maintenance conditions was studied, with satisfactory results. The detection limit calculated as 3.3 S/N was 20.5 μmol L-1, while the precision of the method was satisfactory, ranging from 3.1% (intra-day) to 7.3% (inter-day). Finally, the method was successfully applied to three different samples of dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - George Z. Tsogas
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.T.); (P.D.T.)
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28
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Foyer CH, Kunert K. The ascorbate-glutathione cycle coming of age. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2682-2699. [PMID: 38243395 PMCID: PMC11066808 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Concepts regarding the operation of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and the associated water/water cycle in the processing of metabolically generated hydrogen peroxide and other forms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well established in the literature. However, our knowledge of the functions of these cycles and their component enzymes continues to grow and evolve. Recent insights include participation in the intrinsic environmental and developmental signalling pathways that regulate plant growth, development, and defence. In addition to ROS processing, the enzymes of the two cycles not only support the functions of ascorbate and glutathione, they also have 'moonlighting' functions. They are subject to post-translational modifications and have an extensive interactome, particularly with other signalling proteins. In this assessment of current knowledge, we highlight the central position of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in the network of cellular redox systems that underpin the energy-sensitive communication within the different cellular compartments and integrate plant signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine H Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK
| | - Karl Kunert
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, FABI, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 2001, South Africa
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29
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Sahu AK, Kumari P, Mittra B. Immunocompromisation of wheat host by L-BSO and 2,4-DPA induces susceptibility to the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. STRESS BIOLOGY 2024; 4:21. [PMID: 38592414 PMCID: PMC11004106 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-023-00137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Susceptibility is defined as the disruption of host defence systems that promotes infection or limits pathogenicity. Glutathione (GSH) is a major component of defence signalling pathways that maintain redox status and is synthesised by γ-glutamyl cysteine synthetase (γ-ECS). On the other hand, lignin acts as a barrier in the primary cell wall of vascular bundles (VBs) synthesised by phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in the intracellular system of plants. In this study, we used two inhibitors, such as L-Buthionine-sulfoximine (BSO), which irreversibly inhibits γ-ECS, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (DPA), which reduces PAL activity and leads to the induction of oxidative stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings after exposure to Fusarium oxysporum. Seedlings treated with 1 mM L-BSO and 2,4-DPA showed high levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), carbonyl (CO) content, and low activity of antioxidative enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR)] as compared to wild-type (WT) seedlings under F. oxysporum infection. Further, the content of reduced glutathione (RGSH), ascorbate (ASC), and lignin was decreased in BSO and DPA treated seedlings as compared to WT seedlings during Fusarium infection. Moreover, treatment with BSO and DPA significantly inhibited the relative activity of γ-ECS and PAL (P ≤ 0.001) in WT seedlings during Fusarium infection, which led to disintegrated VBs and, finally, cell death. Our results demonstrate that inhibition of γ-ECS and PAL by BSO and DPA, respectively, disrupts the defence mechanisms of wheat seedlings and induces susceptibility to F. oxysporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhaya Kumar Sahu
- P.G. Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, VyasaVihar, Balasore, Odisha, 756089, India
| | - Punam Kumari
- P.G. Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, VyasaVihar, Balasore, Odisha, 756089, India.
| | - Bhabatosh Mittra
- P.G. Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, VyasaVihar, Balasore, Odisha, 756089, India
- MITS School of Biotechnology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
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30
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Wawrzyńska A, Sirko A. Sulfate Availability and Hormonal Signaling in the Coordination of Plant Growth and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3978. [PMID: 38612787 PMCID: PMC11012643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Sulfur (S), one of the crucial macronutrients, plays a pivotal role in fundamental plant processes and the regulation of diverse metabolic pathways. Additionally, it has a major function in plant protection against adverse conditions by enhancing tolerance, often interacting with other molecules to counteract stresses. Despite its significance, a thorough comprehension of how plants regulate S nutrition and particularly the involvement of phytohormones in this process remains elusive. Phytohormone signaling pathways crosstalk to modulate growth and developmental programs in a multifactorial manner. Additionally, S availability regulates the growth and development of plants through molecular mechanisms intertwined with phytohormone signaling pathways. Conversely, many phytohormones influence or alter S metabolism within interconnected pathways. S metabolism is closely associated with phytohormones such as abscisic acid (ABA), auxin (AUX), brassinosteroids (BR), cytokinins (CK), ethylene (ET), gibberellic acid (GA), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and strigolactones (SL). This review provides a summary of the research concerning the impact of phytohormones on S metabolism and, conversely, how S availability affects hormonal signaling. Although numerous molecular details are yet to be fully understood, several core signaling components have been identified at the crossroads of S and major phytohormonal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wawrzyńska
- Laboratory of Plant Protein Homeostasis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
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31
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Tian X, Ji M, You J, Zhang Y, Lindsey K, Zhang X, Tu L, Wang M. Synergistic interplay of redox homeostasis and polysaccharide synthesis promotes cotton fiber elongation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:405-422. [PMID: 38163320 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Cell polarity is the foundation of cell development and tissue morphogenesis. The investigation of polarized growth provides opportunities to gain profound insights into morphogenesis and tissue functionality in organisms. Currently, there are still many mysteries surrounding the mechanisms that regulate polarized cell growth. Cotton fiber cells serve as an excellent model for studying polarized growth, and provide important clues for unraveling the molecular mechanisms, signaling pathways, and regulatory networks of polarized growth. In this study, we characterized two functional genes, GhMDHAR1AT/DT and GhDHAR2AT/DT with predominant expression during fiber elongation. Loss of function of both genes contributed to a significant increase in fiber length. Transcriptomic data revealed up-regulated expression of antioxidant genes in CRISPR mutant lines, along with delayed expression of secondary wall-related genes and temporally prolonged expression of primary wall-related genes. Experimental evidence demonstrated that the increase in GSH content and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) enzyme activity led to enhanced total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), resulting in reduced H2O2 levels, which contributed to the extension of fiber elongation stage in CRISPR mutant lines. Moreover, the increased polysaccharide synthesis in CRISPR mutant lines was found to provide an abundant supply of raw materials for fiber cell wall elongation, suggesting that synergistic interplay between redox homeostasis and polysaccharide synthesis in fiber cells may facilitate cell wall remodeling and fiber elongation. This study provides valuable insights for deciphering the mechanisms of cell polarized growth and improving cotton fiber quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehan Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengyuan Ji
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaqi You
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Keith Lindsey
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Maojun Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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32
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The SV, Santiago JP, Pappenberger C, Hammes UZ, Tegeder M. UMAMIT44 is a key player in glutamate export from Arabidopsis chloroplasts. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1119-1139. [PMID: 38092462 PMCID: PMC10980354 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Selective partitioning of amino acids among organelles, cells, tissues, and organs is essential for cellular metabolism and plant growth. Nitrogen assimilation into glutamine and glutamate and de novo biosynthesis of most protein amino acids occur in chloroplasts; therefore, various transport mechanisms must exist to accommodate their directional efflux from the stroma to the cytosol and feed the amino acids into the extraplastidial metabolic and long-distance transport pathways. Yet, Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) transporters functioning in plastidial export of amino acids remained undiscovered. Here, USUALLY MULTIPLE ACIDS MOVE IN AND OUT TRANSPORTER 44 (UMAMIT44) was identified and shown to function in glutamate export from Arabidopsis chloroplasts. UMAMIT44 controls glutamate homeostasis within and outside of chloroplasts and influences nitrogen partitioning from leaves to sinks. Glutamate imbalances in chloroplasts and leaves of umamit44 mutants impact cellular redox state, nitrogen and carbon metabolism, and amino acid (AA) and sucrose supply of growing sinks, leading to negative effects on plant growth. Nonetheless, the mutant lines adjust to some extent by upregulating alternative pathways for glutamate synthesis outside the plastids and by mitigating oxidative stress through the production of other amino acids and antioxidants. Overall, this study establishes that the role of UMAMIT44 in glutamate export from chloroplasts is vital for controlling nitrogen availability within source leaf cells and for sink nutrition, with an impact on growth and seed yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Vivia The
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - James P Santiago
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Clara Pappenberger
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Ulrich Z Hammes
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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33
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Liu Y, Song P, Yan M, Luo J, Wang Y, Fan F. Integrated Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis Reveals the Regulatory Mechanism of Root Growth by Protein Disulfide Isomerase in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3596. [PMID: 38612408 PMCID: PMC11011405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI, EC 5.3.4.1) is a thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase that plays a crucial role in catalyzing the oxidation and rearrangement of disulfides in substrate proteins. In plants, PDI is primarily involved in regulating seed germination and development, facilitating the oxidative folding of storage proteins in the endosperm, and also contributing to the formation of pollen. However, the role of PDI in root growth has not been previously studied. This research investigated the impact of PDI gene deficiency in plants by using 16F16 [2-(2-Chloroacetyl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1-methyl-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester], a small-molecule inhibitor of PDI, to remove functional redundancy. The results showed that the growth of Arabidopsis roots was significantly inhibited when treated with 16F16. To further investigate the effects of 16F16 treatment, we conducted expression profiling of treated roots using RNA sequencing and a Tandem Mass Tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomics approach at both the transcriptomic and proteomic levels. Our analysis revealed 994 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at the transcript level, which were predominantly enriched in pathways associated with "phenylpropane biosynthesis", "plant hormone signal transduction", "plant-pathogen interaction" and "starch and sucrose metabolism" pathways. Additionally, we identified 120 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) at the protein level. These proteins were mainly enriched in pathways such as "phenylpropanoid biosynthesis", "photosynthesis", "biosynthesis of various plant secondary metabolites", and "biosynthesis of secondary metabolites" pathways. The comprehensive transcriptome and proteome analyses revealed a regulatory network for root shortening in Arabidopsis seedlings under 16F16 treatment, mainly involving phenylpropane biosynthesis and plant hormone signal transduction pathways. This study enhances our understanding of the significant role of PDIs in Arabidopsis root growth and provides insights into the regulatory mechanisms of root shortening following 16F16 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yingjuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shannxi Province, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (Y.L.); (P.S.); (M.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Fenggui Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shannxi Province, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (Y.L.); (P.S.); (M.Y.); (J.L.)
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García-Locascio E, Valenzuela EI, Cervantes-Avilés P. Impact of seed priming with Selenium nanoparticles on germination and seedlings growth of tomato. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6726. [PMID: 38509209 PMCID: PMC10954673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Poor germination and seedlings growth can lead to significant economic losses for farmers, therefore, sustainable agricultural strategies to improve germination and early growth of crops are urgently needed. The objective of this work was to evaluate selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) as nanopriming agents for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seeds germinated without stress conditions in both trays and Petri dishes. Germination quality, seedlings growth, synergism-antagonism of Se with other elements, and fate of Se NPs, were determined as function of different Se NPs concentrations (1, 10 and 50 ppm). Results indicated that the germination rate in Petri dishes improved with 10 ppm, while germination trays presented the best results at 1 ppm, increasing by 10 and 32.5%, respectively. Therefore, seedlings growth was measured only in germination trays. Proline content decreased up to 22.19% with 10 ppm, while for same treatment, the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total chlorophyll content increased up to 38.97% and 21.28%, respectively. Antagonisms between Se with Mg, K, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mo in the seed were confirmed. In the case of seedlings, the N content decreased as the Se content increased. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) imaging confirmed that Se NPs surrounded the plastids of the seed cells. By this finding, it can be inferred that Se NPs can reach the embryo, which is supported by the antagonism of Se with important nutrients involved in embryogenesis, such as K, Mg and Fe, and resulted in a better germination quality. Moreover, the positive effect of Se NPs on total chlorophyll and TAC, and the negative correlation with proline content with Se content in the seed, can be explained by Se NPs interactions with proplastids and other organelles within the cells, resulting with the highest length and fresh weight when seeds were exposed to 1 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel García-Locascio
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Reserva Territorial Atlixcáyotl, CP 72453, Puebla, Pue, México
| | - Edgardo I Valenzuela
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Reserva Territorial Atlixcáyotl, CP 72453, Puebla, Pue, México
| | - Pabel Cervantes-Avilés
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Reserva Territorial Atlixcáyotl, CP 72453, Puebla, Pue, México.
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Rohman MM, Islam MR, Habib SH, Choudhury DA, Mohi-Ud-Din M. NADPH oxidase-mediated reactive oxygen species, antioxidant isozymes, and redox homeostasis regulate salt sensitivity in maize genotypes. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26920. [PMID: 38468963 PMCID: PMC10926083 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study is to examine the relationship between oxidative bursts, their regulation with ion homeostasis, and NADPH oxidase (NOX) in different salt-sensitive maize genotypes. For this, in the first study, four differently salt-sensitive maize genotypes (BIL214 × BIL218 as tolerant, BHM-5 as sensitive, and BHM-7 and BHM-9 as moderate-tolerant) were selected on the basis of phenotype, histochemical detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and specific and in-gel activity of NOX. In the next experiment, these genotypes were further examined in 200 mM NaCl solution in half-strength Hoagland media for nine days to study salt-induced changes in NOX activity, ROS accumulation, ion and redox homeostasis, the activity of antioxidants and their isozyme responses, and to find out potential relationships among the traits. Methylglyoxal (MG) and glyoxalse enzymes (Gly I and II) were also evaluated. Fully expanded leaf samplings were collected at 0 (control), 3, 6, 9-day, and after 7 days of recovery to assay different parameters. Na+/K+, NOX, ROS, and MDA contents increased significantly with the progression of stress duration in all maize genotypes, with a significantly higher value in BHM-5 as compared to tolerant and moderate-tolerant genotypes. A continual induction of Cu/Zn-SOD was observed in BIL214 × BIL218 due to salt stress. Substantial decreases in CAT2 and CAT3 isozymes in BHM-5 might be critical for the highest H2O2 burst in that sensitive genotype under salt stress. The highest intensified POD isozymes were visualized in BHM-5, BHM-7, and BHM-9, whereas BIL214 × BIL218 showed a continual induction of POD isozymes, although GPX activity decreased in all the genotypes at 9 days. Under salt stress, the tolerant genotype BIL214 × BIL218 showed superior ASA- and GSH-redox homeostasis by keeping GR and MDHAR activity high. This genotype also had a stronger MG detoxification system by having higher glyoxalase activity. Correlation, comparative heatmap, and PCA analyses revealed positive correlations among Na+/K+, NOX, O2•-, H2O2, MG, proline, GR, GST, and Gly I activities. Importantly, the relationship depends on the salt sensitivity of the genotypes. The reduced CAT activity as well as redox homeostasis were critical to the survival of the sensitive genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Motiar Rohman
- Plant Breeding Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur 1701, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Robyul Islam
- SAARC Agriculture Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh
| | - Sheikh Hasna Habib
- Oil Seed Research Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur 1701, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mohammed Mohi-Ud-Din
- Department of Crop Botany, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
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36
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Kozieł E, Otulak-Kozieł K, Rusin P. Glutathione-the "master" antioxidant in the regulation of resistant and susceptible host-plant virus-interaction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1373801. [PMID: 38533404 PMCID: PMC10963531 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1373801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The interaction between plant hosts and plant viruses is a very unique and complex process, relying on dynamically modulated intercellular redox states and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Plants strive to precisely control this state during biotic stress, as optimal redox levels enable proper induction of defense mechanisms against plant viruses. One of the crucial elements of ROS regulation and redox state is the production of metabolites, such as glutathione, or the activation of glutathione-associated enzymes. Both of these elements play a role in limiting the degree of potential oxidative damage in plant cells. While the role of glutathione and specific enzymes is well understood in other types of abiotic and biotic stresses, particularly those associated with bacteria or fungi, recent advances in research have highlighted the significance of glutathione modulation and mutations in genes encoding glutathione-associated enzymes in triggering immunity or susceptibility against plant viruses. Apparently, glutathione-associated genes are involved in precisely controlling and protecting host cells from damage caused by ROS during viral infections, playing a crucial role in the host's response. In this review, we aim to outline the significant improvements made in research on plant viruses and glutathione, specifically in the context of their involvement in susceptible and resistant responses, as well as changes in the localization of glutathione. Analyses of essential glutathione-associated enzymes in susceptible and resistant responses have demonstrated that the levels of enzymatic activity or the absence of specific enzymes can impact the spread of the virus and activate host-induced defense mechanisms. This contributes to the complex network of the plant immune system. Although investigations of glutathione during the plant-virus interplay remain a challenge, the use of novel tools and approaches to explore its role will significantly contribute to our knowledge in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Kozieł
- *Correspondence: Edmund Kozieł, ; Katarzyna Otulak-Kozieł,
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37
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Eceiza MV, Jimenez-Martinez C, Gil-Monreal M, Barco-Antoñanzas M, Font-Farre M, Huybrechts M, van der Hoorn RL, Cuypers A, Royuela M, Zabalza A. Role of glutathione S-transferases in the mode of action of herbicides that inhibit amino acid synthesis in Amaranthus palmeri. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108506. [PMID: 38461753 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Acetolactate synthase inhibitors (ALS inhibitors) and glyphosate are two classes of herbicides that act by inhibiting an enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of branched-chain or aromatic amino acids, respectively. Besides amino acid synthesis inhibition, both herbicides trigger similar physiological effects in plants. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the role of glutathione metabolism, with special emphasis on glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), in the mode of action of glyphosate and ALS inhibitors in Amaranthus palmeri. For that purpose, plants belonging to a glyphosate-sensitive (GLS) and a glyphosate-resistant (GLR) population were treated with different doses of glyphosate, and plants belonging to an ALS-inhibitor sensitive (AIS) and an ALS-inhibitor resistant (AIR) population were treated with different doses of the ALS inhibitor nicosulfuron. Glutathione-related contents, GST activity, and related gene expressions (glutamate-cysteine ligase, glutathione reductase, Phi GST and Tau GST) were analysed in leaves. According to the results of the analytical determinations, there were virtually no basal differences between GLS and GLR plants or between AIS and AIR plants. Glutathione synthesis and turnover did not follow a clear pattern in response to herbicides, but GST activity and gene expression (especially Phi GSTs) increased with both herbicides in treated sensitive plants, possibly related to the rocketing H2O2 accumulation. As GSTs offered the clearest results, these were further investigated with a multiple resistant (MR) population, compressing target-site resistance to both glyphosate and the ALS inhibitor pyrithiobac. As in single-resistant plants, measured parameters in the MR population were unaffected by herbicides, meaning that the increase in GST activity and expression occurs due to herbicide interactions with the target enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel V Eceiza
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Campus de Arrosadia, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Clara Jimenez-Martinez
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Campus de Arrosadia, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miriam Gil-Monreal
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Campus de Arrosadia, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Barco-Antoñanzas
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Campus de Arrosadia, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Font-Farre
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michiel Huybrechts
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, B-3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - RenierA L van der Hoorn
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ann Cuypers
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, B-3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Mercedes Royuela
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Campus de Arrosadia, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Zabalza
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Campus de Arrosadia, Pamplona, Spain.
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Kumar S, Wang S, Wang M, Zeb S, Khan MN, Chen Y, Zhu G, Zhu Z. Enhancement of sweetpotato tolerance to chromium stress through melatonin and glutathione: Insights into photosynthetic efficiency, oxidative defense, and growth parameters. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108509. [PMID: 38461751 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Melatonin (MT) and reduced glutathione (GSH) roles in mitigating chromium (Cr) toxicity in sweetpotato were explored. Plants, pre-treated with varying MT and GSH doses, were exposed to Cr (40 μM). Cr severely hampered growth by disrupting leaf photosynthesis, root system, and oxidative processes and increased Cr absorption. However, the exogenous application of 1 μM of MT and 2 mM of GSH substantially improved growth parameters by enhancing chlorophyll content, gas exchange (Pn, Tr, Gs, and Ci), and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm, ETR, qP, and Y(II)). Furthermore, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide ion (O2•-), electrolyte leakage (EL), and Cr uptake by roots (21.6 and 27.3%) and its translocation to shoots were markedly reduced by MT and GSH application, protecting the cell membrane from oxidative damage of Cr-toxicity. Microscopic analysis demonstrated that MT and GSH maintained chloroplast structure and integrity of mesophyll cells; they also enhanced stomatal length, width, and density, strengthening the photosynthetic system and plant growth and biomass. MT and GSH improved osmo-protectants (proline and soluble sugars), gene expression, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities, mitigating osmotic stress and strengthening plant defenses under Cr stress. Importantly, the efficiency of GSH pre-treatment in reducing Cr-toxicity surpassed that of MT. The findings indicate that MT and GSH alleviate Cr detrimental effects by enhancing photosynthetic organ stability, component accumulation, and resistance to oxidative stress. This study is a valuable resource for plants confronting Cr stress in contaminated soils, but further field validation and detailed molecular exploration are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunjeet Kumar
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya, 572025, China; Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Shihai Wang
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya, 572025, China; Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Mengzhao Wang
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya, 572025, China; Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Shah Zeb
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya, 572025, China; Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Mohammad Nauman Khan
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Yanli Chen
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya, 572025, China; Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Guopeng Zhu
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya, 572025, China; Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
| | - Zhixin Zhu
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya, 572025, China; Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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Bayramova E, Petrova D, Marchenkov A, Morozov A, Galachyants Y, Zakharova Y, Bedoshvili Y, Likhoshway Y. Differential Expression of Stress Adaptation Genes in a Diatom Ulnaria acus under Different Culture Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2314. [PMID: 38396992 PMCID: PMC10888605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Diatoms are a group of unicellular eukaryotes that are essential primary producers in aquatic ecosystems. The dynamic nature of their habitat necessitates a quick and specific response to various stresses. However, the molecular mechanisms of their physiological adaptations are still underexplored. In this work, we study the response of the cosmopolitan freshwater diatom Ulnaria acus (Bacillariophyceae, Fragilariophycidae, Licmophorales, Ulnariaceae, Ulnaria) in relation to a range of stress factors, namely silica deficiency, prolonged cultivation, and interaction with an algicidal bacterium. Fluorescent staining and light microscopy were used to determine the physiological state of cells under these stresses. To explore molecular reactions, we studied the genes involved in the stress response-type III metacaspase (MC), metacaspase-like proteases (MCP), death-specific protein (DSP), delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (ALDH12), and glutathione synthetase (GSHS). We have described the structure of these genes, analyzed the predicted amino acid sequences, and measured their expression dynamics in vitro using qRT-PCR. We demonstrated that the expression of UaMC1, UaMC3, and UaDSP increased during the first five days of silicon starvation. On the seventh day, it was replaced with the expression of UaMC2, UaGSHS, and UaALDH. After 45 days of culture, cells stopped growing, and the expression of UaMC1, UaMC2, UaGSHS, and UaDSP increased. Exposure to an algicidal bacterial filtrate induced a higher expression of UaMC1 and UaGSHS. Thus, we can conclude that these proteins are involved in diatoms' adaptions to environmental changes. Further, these data show that the molecular adaptation mechanisms in diatoms depend on the nature and exposure duration of a stress factor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yekaterina Bedoshvili
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia; (E.B.); (D.P.); (A.M.); (A.M.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
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de Jager N, Shukla V, Koprivova A, Lyčka M, Bilalli L, You Y, Zeier J, Kopriva S, Ristova D. Traits linked to natural variation of sulfur content in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1036-1050. [PMID: 37831920 PMCID: PMC10837017 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur (S) is an essential mineral nutrient for plant growth and development; it is important for primary and specialized plant metabolites that are crucial for biotic and abiotic interactions. Foliar S content varies up to 6-fold under a controlled environment, suggesting an adaptive value under certain natural environmental conditions. However, a major quantitative regulator of S content in Arabidopsis thaliana has not been identified yet, pointing to the existence of either additional genetic factors controlling sulfate/S content or of many minor quantitative regulators. Here, we use overlapping information of two separate ionomics studies to select groups of accessions with low, mid, and high foliar S content. We quantify series of metabolites, including anions (sulfate, phosphate, and nitrate), thiols (cysteine and glutathione), and seven glucosinolates, gene expression of 20 genes, sulfate uptake, and three biotic traits. Our results suggest that S content is tightly connected with sulfate uptake, the concentration of sulfate and phosphate anions, and glucosinolate and glutathione synthesis. Additionally, our results indicate that the growth of pathogenic bacteria is enhanced in the A. thaliana accessions containing higher S in their leaves, suggesting a complex regulation between S homeostasis, primary and secondary metabolism, and biotic pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas de Jager
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Varsa Shukla
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Koprivova
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Lyčka
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lorina Bilalli
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Yanrong You
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniela Ristova
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
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Tsai TY, Chien YL, Zheng YY, Li YC, Chen JC, Su RC, Ben-Sheleg A, Khozin-Goldberg I, Vonshak A, Lee TM. Modification in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle leads to a better acclimation to high light in the rose Bengal resistant mutant of Nannochloropsis oceanica. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 207:108326. [PMID: 38237421 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2024]
Abstract
Understanding how to adapt outdoor cultures of Nannochloropsis oceanica to high light (HL) is vital for boosting productivity. The N. oceanica RB2 mutant, obtained via ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis, was chosen for its tolerance to Rose Bengal (RB), a singlet oxygen (1O2) generator. Compared to the wild type (WT), the RB2 mutant showed higher resilience to excess light conditions. Analyzing the ascorbate-glutathione cycle (AGC), involving ascorbate peroxidases (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1), and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.8.1.7), in the RB2 mutant under HL stress provided valuable insights. At 250 μmol photon m-2 s-1 (HL), the WT strain displayed superoxide anion radicals (O2▪-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation, increased lipid peroxidation, and cell death compared to normal light (NL) conditions (50 μmol photon m-2 s-1). The RB2 mutant didn't accumulate O2▪- and H2O2 after HL exposure, and exhibited increased APX, DHAR, and GR activities and transcript levels compared to WT and remained consistent after HL treatment. Although the RB2 mutant had a smaller ascorbate (AsA) pool than the WT, its ability to regenerate dehydroascorbate (DHA) increased post HL exposure, indicated by a higher AsA/DHA ratio. Additionally, under HL conditions, the RB2 mutant displayed an improved glutathione (GSH) regeneration rate (GSH/GSSG ratio) without changing the GSH pool size. Remarkably, H2O2 or menadione (a O2▪- donor) treatment induced cell death in the WT strain but not in the RB2 mutant. These findings emphasize the essential role of AGC in the RB2 mutant of Nannochloropsis in handling photo-oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Yu Tsai
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Chien
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yun Zheng
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Li
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chih Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Chih Su
- Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - Avraham Ben-Sheleg
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Inna Khozin-Goldberg
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel.
| | - Avigad Vonshak
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel.
| | - Tse-Min Lee
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
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42
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Bohle F, Rossi J, Tamanna SS, Jansohn H, Schlosser M, Reinhardt F, Brox A, Bethmann S, Kopriva S, Trentmann O, Jahns P, Deponte M, Schwarzländer M, Trost P, Zaffagnini M, Meyer AJ, Müller-Schüssele SJ. Chloroplasts lacking class I glutaredoxins are functional but show a delayed recovery of protein cysteinyl redox state after oxidative challenge. Redox Biol 2024; 69:103015. [PMID: 38183796 PMCID: PMC10808970 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.103015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Redox status of protein cysteinyl residues is mediated via glutathione (GSH)/glutaredoxin (GRX) and thioredoxin (TRX)-dependent redox cascades. An oxidative challenge can induce post-translational protein modifications on thiols, such as protein S-glutathionylation. Class I GRX are small thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases that reversibly catalyse S-glutathionylation and protein disulfide formation. TRX and GSH/GRX redox systems can provide partial backup for each other in several subcellular compartments, but not in the plastid stroma where TRX/light-dependent redox regulation of primary metabolism takes place. While the stromal TRX system has been studied at detail, the role of class I GRX on plastid redox processes is still unknown. We generate knockout lines of GRXC5 as the only chloroplast class I GRX of the moss Physcomitrium patens. While we find that PpGRXC5 has high activities in GSH-dependent oxidoreductase assays using hydroxyethyl disulfide or redox-sensitive GFP2 as substrates in vitro, Δgrxc5 plants show no detectable growth defect or stress sensitivity, in contrast to mutants with a less negative stromal EGSH (Δgr1). Using stroma-targeted roGFP2, we show increased protein Cys steady state oxidation and decreased reduction rates after oxidative challenge in Δgrxc5 plants in vivo, indicating kinetic uncoupling of the protein Cys redox state from EGSH. Compared to wildtype, protein Cys disulfide formation rates and S-glutathionylation levels after H2O2 treatment remained unchanged. Lack of class I GRX function in the stroma did not result in impaired carbon fixation. Our observations suggest specific roles for GRXC5 in the efficient transfer of electrons from GSH to target protein Cys as well as negligible cross-talk with metabolic regulation via the TRX system. We propose a model for stromal class I GRX function in efficient catalysis of protein dithiol/disulfide equilibria upon redox steady state alterations affecting stromal EGSH and highlight the importance of identifying in vivo target proteins of GRXC5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finja Bohle
- Molecular Botany, Department of Biology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, D-67633, Kaiserslautern, Germany; Chemical Signalling, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jacopo Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sadia S Tamanna
- Molecular Botany, Department of Biology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, D-67633, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Hannah Jansohn
- Molecular Botany, Department of Biology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, D-67633, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Marlene Schlosser
- Molecular Botany, Department of Biology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, D-67633, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Frank Reinhardt
- Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, D-67633, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Alexa Brox
- Crop Functional Genomics, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephanie Bethmann
- Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Oliver Trentmann
- Molecular Botany, Department of Biology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, D-67633, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Peter Jahns
- Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcel Deponte
- Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, D-67633, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, D-48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Paolo Trost
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirko Zaffagnini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- Chemical Signalling, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
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Kumar D, Chaudhury RS, Mandal K, Pradhan P, Bhattacharya S, Das B, Mukhopadhyay R, Phani V, Prudveesh K, Nath S, Mandal R, Boro P. Identification of genes associated to β -N oxalyl- L-α, β-diaminopropionic acid and their role in mitigating salt stress in a low-neurotoxin cultivar of Lathyrus sativus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 207:108388. [PMID: 38295528 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Grass pea has the potential to become a miracle crop if the stigma attached to it as a toxic plant is ignored. In light of the following, we conducted transcriptome analyses on the high and low ODAP-containing cultivars i.e., Nirmal and Bidhan respectively in both normal and salt stress conditions. In this study, genes that work upstream and downstream to β-ODAP have been found. Among these genes, AAO3 and ACL5 were related to ABA and polyamine biosynthesis, showing the relevance of ABA and polyamines in boosting the β-ODAP content in Nirmal. Elevated β-ODAP levels in salt stress-treated Bidhan may have evolved tolerance by positively regulating the expression of genes involved in phenylpropanoid and jasmonic acid biosynthesis. Although the concentration of β-ODAP in Bidhan increased under salt stress, it was lower than in stress-treated Nirmal. Despite this, the expression of stress-related genes that work downstream to β-ODAP was found higher in stress-treated Bidhan. This could be because stress-treated Nirmal has lower GSH, proline, and higher H2O2, resulting in the development of severe oxidative stress. Overall, our research not only identified new genes linked with β-ODAP, but also revealed the molecular mechanism by which a low β-ODAP-containing cultivar developed tolerance against salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agriculture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Majhian, West Bengal, India.
| | - Riman Saha Chaudhury
- Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture and Allied Sciences, The Neotia University, Sarisha, Diamond Harbour, West Bengal, India
| | - Kajal Mandal
- Department of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Prajjwal Pradhan
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Coochbehar, West Bengal, India
| | - Sampurna Bhattacharya
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, N. M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India
| | - Bimal Das
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Coochbehar, West Bengal, India
| | - Ria Mukhopadhyay
- School of Agriculture, Swami Vivekananda University, Barrackpore, West Bengal, India
| | - Victor Phani
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Majhian, West Bengal, India
| | - Kantamraju Prudveesh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agriculture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Majhian, West Bengal, India
| | - Sahanob Nath
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Coochbehar, West Bengal, India
| | - Rupsanatan Mandal
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Coochbehar, West Bengal, India
| | - Priyanka Boro
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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Kumar S, Liu Y, Wang M, Khan MN, Wang S, Li Y, Chen Y, Zhu G. Alleviating sweetpotato salt tolerance through exogenous glutathione and melatonin: A profound mechanism for active oxygen detoxification and preservation of photosynthetic organs. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:141120. [PMID: 38199502 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Salt stress profoundly impacts sweetpotato production. Exogenous glutathione (GSH) and melatonin (MT) promoted plant growth under stress, but their specific roles and mechanisms in sweetpotato salt tolerance need exploration. This study investigated GSH and MT's regulatory mechanisms in sweetpotato under salt stress. Salt stress significantly reduces both growth and biomass by hindering photosynthesis, root traits, K+ content, and K+/Na+ balance, leading to oxidative stress and excessive hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide ion (O2•-), and malondialdehyde (MDA) production and Na+ accumulation. Nevertheless, GSH (2 mM) and MT (25 μM) pre-treatments effectively mitigated salt-induced oxidative damage and protected the plasma membrane. They reduced osmotic pressure by enhancing K+ uptake, K+/Na+ regulation, osmolyte accumulation, and reducing Na+ accumulation. Improved stomatal traits, chloroplast and grana lamella preservation, and maintenance of mesophyll cells, cell wall, and mitochondrial structure were observed with GSH and MT pre-treatments under salt stress, therefore boosting the photosynthetic system and enhancing plant growth and biomass. Moreover, the findings also indicate that the positive outcomes of GSH and MT pre-treatments result from elevated antioxidant levels, enhanced enzymatic activity, and upregulated expression of sodium hydrogen exchanger 2 (NHX2), K+transporter 1 (AKT1), and cation/H+exchanger (CHX), CBL-interacting protein kinase 1 (CIPK1), and antioxidant enzyme genes. These mechanisms enhance structural stability in photosynthesis and reduce salt stress. Evidently, MT pre-treatment exhibited superior effects compared to GSH. These findings provide a firm theoretical basis for employing GSH and MT to enhance salt tolerance in sweetpotato cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunjeet Kumar
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya, 572025, China; Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya, 572025, China; Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Mengzhao Wang
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya, 572025, China; Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Mohammad Nauman Khan
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Shihai Wang
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya, 572025, China; Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yongping Li
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya, 572025, China; Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yanli Chen
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya, 572025, China; Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
| | - Guopeng Zhu
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya, 572025, China; Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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Liu XS, Li H, Feng SJ, Yang ZM. A transposable element-derived siRNAs involve DNA hypermethylation at the promoter of OsGSTZ4 for cadmium tolerance in rice. Gene 2024; 892:147900. [PMID: 37839767 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contaminants such as cadmium (Cd) pose high risks to crop production and human health. The genetic basis for regulation of Cd stress-responsive genes for plant adaptation to adverse environments remains poorly understood. In this study, we characterized a rice Zeta family glutathione-S-transferase (OsGSTZ4) gene for Cd detoxification. Heterologous expression of OsGSTZ4 in a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) conferred cellular Cd tolerance. Transgenic rice overexpressing OsGSTZ4 improved plant growth, attenuated Cd-induced toxicity, and accumulated more Cd in roots. OsGSTZ4 transcription was rapidly induced 3 h after Cd exposure and then declined to the basal level. This was followed by (days after Cd treatment) by CHH hypermethylation (by 41.2 %) at a MITE (Miniature Inverted-repeat Transposable Element) transposable element (TE) inserted in the 5'-untranscribed region (UTR) (-1,722 ∼ -1,392 bp) of OsGSTZ4. Meanwhile, three 24-nt siRNAs derived from the TE (-1,722 ∼ -1,471 bp) were detected and was also rapidly enriched under Cd stress. To validate the possibility that Cd-induced change in OsGSTZ4 expression correlates with the siRNAs-involved CHH methylation through an RdDM (RNA-directed DNA methylation) pathway, genetic analyses were performed. We found that the CHH methylation at the promoter and transcript level of OsGSTZ4 were compromised in the osdrm2 (loss of function for CHH methylation) and osrdr2i (defective in RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 2) but did not change in other types of methyltransferases such as osmet1, ossdg714 or osros1. Promoter deletion analyses confirmed that the siRNA target sequences were essential for the proper expression of OsGSTZ4. Our studies reveal an unusual feedback mechanism by which the Cd-induced rapid OsGSTZ4 expression for Cd tolerance would interplay with the late CHH hypermethylation to silence the TE through the 24-nt siRNAs- and Osdrm2-mediated RdDM pathway, and help understand the diversity of gene regulation via an epigenetic mechanism for rice adaptation to the environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Song Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - He Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Sheng Jun Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; The State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Zhi Min Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Zhang XJ, Wu C, Liu BY, Liang HL, Wang ML, Li H. Transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling reveals the drought tolerance mechanism of Illicium difengpi (Schisandraceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1284135. [PMID: 38259923 PMCID: PMC10800416 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1284135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Illicium difengpi (Schisandraceae), an endangered medicinal plant endemic to karst areas, is highly tolerant to drought and thus can be used as an ideal material for investigating adaptive mechanism to drought stress. The understanding of the drought tolerance of I. difengpi, especially at the molecular level, is lacking. In the present study, we aimed to clarify the molecular mechanism underlying drought tolerance in endemic I. difengpi plant in karst regions. The response characteristics of transcripts and changes in metabolite abundance of I. difengpi subjected to drought and rehydration were analyzed, the genes and key metabolites responsive to drought and rehydration were screened, and some important biosynthetic and secondary metabolic pathways were identified. A total of 231,784 genes and 632 metabolites were obtained from transcriptome and metabolome analyses, and most of the physiological metabolism in drought-treated I. difengpi plants recovered after rehydration. There were more upregulated genes than downregulated genes under drought and rehydration treatments, and rehydration treatment induced stable expression of 65.25% of genes, indicating that rehydration alleviated drought stress to some extent. Drought and rehydration treatment generated flavonoids, phenolic acids, flavonols, amino acids and their derivatives, as well as metabolites such as saccharides and alcohols in the leaves of I. difengpi plants, which alleviated the injury caused by excessive reactive oxygen species. The integration of transcriptome and metabolome analyses showed that, under drought stress, I. difengpi increased glutathione, flavonoids, polyamines, soluble sugars and amino acids, contributing to cell osmotic potential and antioxidant activity. The results show that the high drought tolerance and recovery after rehydration are the reasons for the normal growth of I. difengpi in karst mountain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chao Wu
- *Correspondence: Chao Wu, ; Hui-Ling Liang,
| | | | - Hui-Ling Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Phytochemicals and Sustainable Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, China
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Wang X, Lu W, Zhao Z, Hao W, Du R, Li Z, Wang Z, Lv X, Wang J, Liang D, Xia H, Tang Y, Lin L. Abscisic acid promotes selenium absorption, metabolism and toxicity via stress-related phytohormones regulation in Cyphomandra betacea Sendt. (Solanum betaceum Cav.). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132642. [PMID: 37806260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
High levels of selenium (Se) uptakes negatively affect plant growth. In this study, the possible molecular mechanism for the effects of abscisic acid (ABA) on Se absorption, metabolism and toxicity in Cyphomandra betacea Sendt. (Solanum betaceum Cav.) young plants were investigated. Se+ABA treatment promoted significant Se absorption in C. betacea while impeding plant growth as compared to Se treatment. The expression levels of sulfate/phosphate transporter protein genes indicated that Se+ABA triggered more S/Se absorption and transportation into chloroplast. Furthermore, Se+ABA promoted higher metabolisms of inorganic sulfur (S)/Se and organic S/Se. The organic Se might be in several forms (SeCysth, SeCys and SeMet) in Se+ABA treatment, whereas SeCysth was the major organic form in Se treatment. More reactive oxygen species production was suggested in Se+ABA treatment from a series of genes involved in antioxidant enzymes and molecules, including superoxide dismutase, peroxiredoxin, glutathione sulfur-transferase and glutathione. Se+ABA further improved the expression levels of genes involved in biosynthesis and signaling transduction genes involved in stress-related phytohormones (jasmonic acid and salicylic acid). Combining with the data in ABA treatment, we hypothesized a model that ABA might first affect the biosynthesis and signaling transduction pathways of stress-related phytohormones, and subsequently altered the metabolic processes responding to Se stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wen Lu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ziming Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wenhui Hao
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ruimin Du
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiulan Lv
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Dong Liang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hui Xia
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yi Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lijin Lin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Zhang L, Sun W, Gao W, Zhang Y, Zhang P, Liu Y, Chen T, Yang D. Genome-wide identification and analysis of the GGCT gene family in wheat. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:32. [PMID: 38177998 PMCID: PMC10768367 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09934-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND γ-glutamylcyclotransferase (GGCT), an enzyme to maintain glutathione homeostasis, plays a vital role in the response to plant growth and development as well as the adaptation to various stresses. Although the GGCT gene family analysis has been conducted in Arabidopsis and rice, the family genes have not yet been well identified and analyzed at the genome-wide level in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). RESULTS In the present study, 20 TaGGCT genes were identified in the wheat genome and widely distributed on chromosomes 2A, 2B, 2D, 3A, 4A, 5A, 5B, 5D, 6A, 6B, 6D, 7A, 7B, and 7D. Phylogenetic and structural analyses showed that these TaGGCT genes could be classified into three subfamilies: ChaC, GGGACT, and GGCT-PS. They exhibited similar motif compositions and distribution patterns in the same subgroup. Gene duplication analysis suggested that the expansion of TaGGCT family genes was facilitated by segmental duplications and tandem repeats in the wheat evolutionary events. Identification of diverse cis-acting response elements in TaGGCT promoters indicated their potential fundamental roles in response to plant development and abiotic stresses. The analysis of transcriptome data combined with RT-qPCR results revealed that the TaGGCTs genes exhibited ubiquitous expression across plant organs, with highly expressed in roots, stems, and developing grains. Most TaGGCT genes were up-regulated after 6 h under 20% PEG6000 and ABA treatments. Association analysis revealed that two haplotypes of TaGGCT20 gene displayed significantly different Thousand-kernel weight (TKW), Kernel length (KL), and Kernel width (KW) in wheat. The geographical and annual distribution of the two haplotypes of TaGGCT20 gene further revealed that the frequency of the favorable haplotype TaGGCT20-Hap-I was positively selected in the historical breeding process of wheat. CONCLUSION This study investigated the genome-wide identification, structure, evolution, and expression analysis of TaGGCT genes in wheat. The motifs of TaGGCTs were highly conserved throughout the evolutionary history of wheat. Most TaGGCT genes were highly expressed in roots, stems, and developing grains, and involved in the response to drought stresses. Two haplotypes were developed in the TaGGCT20 gene, where TaGGCT20-Hap-I, as a favorable haplotype, was significantly associated with higher TKW, KL, and KW in wheat, suggesting that the haplotype is used as a function marker for the selection in grain yield in wheat breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Wanting Sun
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Weidong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China.
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China.
| | - Delong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China.
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China.
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Balasjin NM, Maki JS, Schläppi MR. Pseudomonas mosselii improves cold tolerance of Asian rice ( Oryza sativa L.) in a genotype-dependent manner by increasing proline in japonica and reduced glutathione in indica varieties. Can J Microbiol 2024; 70:15-31. [PMID: 37699259 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2023-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Cold stress is an important factor limiting rice production and distribution. Identifying factors that contribute to cold tolerance in rice is of primary importance. While some plant specific genetic factors involved in cold tolerance have been identified, the role of the rice microbiome remains unexplored. In this study, we evaluated the influence of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) with the ability of phosphate solubilization on rice cold tolerance and survival. To reach this goal, inoculated and uninoculated 2-week-old seedlings were cold stressed and evaluated for survival and other phenotypes such as electrolyte leakage (EL) and necessary elements for cold tolerance. The results of this study showed that of the five bacteria, Pseudomonas mosselii, improved both indica and japonica varietal plants' survival and decreased EL, indicating increased membrane integrity. We observed different possible cold tolerance mechanisms in japonica and indica plants such as increases in proline and reduced glutathione levels, respectively. This bacterium also improved the shoot growth of cold exposed indica plants during the recovery period. This study confirmed the host genotype dependent activity of P. mosselii and indicated that there is an interaction between specific plant genes and bacterial genes that causes different plant responses to cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James S Maki
- Marquette University, Biological Sciences Department, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Michael R Schläppi
- Marquette University, Biological Sciences Department, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Singh G, Le H, Ablordeppey K, Long S, Minocha R, Dhankher OP. Overexpression of gamma-glutamyl cyclotransferase 2;1 (CsGGCT2;1) reduces arsenic toxicity and accumulation in Camelina sativa (L.). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 43:14. [PMID: 38135793 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03091-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Overexpressing CsGGCT2;1 in Camelina enhances arsenic tolerance, reducing arsenic accumulation by 40-60%. Genetically modified Camelina can potentially thrive on contaminated lands and help safeguard food quality and sustainable food and biofuel production. Environmental arsenic contamination is a serious global issue that adversely affects human health and diminishes the quality of harvested produce. Glutathione (GSH) is known to bind and detoxify arsenic and other toxic metals. A steady level of GSH is maintained within cells via the γ-glutamyl cycle. The γ-glutamyl cyclotransferases (GGCTs) have previously been shown to be involved in GSH degradation and increased tolerance to toxic metals in plants. In this study, we characterized the GGCT2;1 homolog from Camelina sativa for its role in arsenic tolerance and accumulation. Overexpression of CsGGCT2;1 in Camelina under CaMV35S constitutive promoter resulted in strong tolerance to arsenite (AsIII). The overexpression (OE) lines had 2.6-3.5-fold higher shoots and sevenfold to tenfold enhanced root biomass on media supplemented with AsIII, relative to wild-type plants. The CsGGCT2;1 OE lines accumulated 40-60% less arsenic in root and shoot tissues compared to wild-type plants. Further, the OE lines had ~ twofold higher chlorophyll content and 35% lesser levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), an indicator of membrane damage via lipid peroxidation. There was a slight but non-significant increase in 5-oxoproline (5-OP), a product of GSH degradation, in OE lines. However, the transcript levels of Oxoprolinase 1 (OXP1) were upregulated, indicating the accelerated conversion of 5-OP to glutamate, which is further utilized for the resynthesis of GSH to maintain GSH homeostasis. Overall, this research suggests that genetically modified Camelina may have the potential for cultivation on contaminated marginal lands to reduce As accumulation; thereby could help in addressing food safety issues as well as future food and biofuel needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpal Singh
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Helen Le
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Kenny Ablordeppey
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie Long
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Rakesh Minocha
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Om Parkash Dhankher
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
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