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Montiel J, Dubrovsky JG. Amino acids biosynthesis in root hair development: a mini-review. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:1873-1883. [PMID: 38984866 DOI: 10.1042/bst20231558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic factors are essential for developmental biology of an organism. In plants, roots fulfill important functions, in part due to the development of specific epidermal cells, called hair cells that form root hairs (RHs) responsible for water and mineral uptake. RH development consists in (a) patterning processes involved in formation of hair and non-hair cells developed from trichoblasts and atrichoblasts; (b) RH initiation; and (c) apical (tip) growth of the RH. Here we review how these processes depend on pools of different amino acids and what is known about RH phenotypes of mutants disrupted in amino acid biosynthesis. This analysis shows that some amino acids, particularly aromatic ones, are required for RH apical (tip) growth, and that not much is known about the role of amino acids at earlier stages of RH formation. We also address the role of amino acids in rhizosphere, inhibitory and stimulating effects of amino acids on RH growth, amino acids as N source in plant nutrition, and amino acid transporters and their expression in the RHs. Amino acids form conjugates with auxin, a hormone essential for RH growth, and respective genes are overviewed. Finally, we outline missing links and envision some perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Montiel
- Departamento de Genómica Funcional de Eucariotas, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico
| | - Joseph G Dubrovsky
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico
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2
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Julian R, Patrick RM, Li Y. Organ-specific characteristics govern the relationship between histone code dynamics and transcriptional reprogramming during nitrogen response in tomato. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1225. [PMID: 38044380 PMCID: PMC10694154 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental stimuli trigger rapid transcriptional reprogramming of gene networks. These responses occur in the context of the local chromatin landscape, but the contribution of organ-specific dynamic chromatin modifications in responses to external signals remains largely unexplored. We treated tomato seedlings with a supply of nitrate and measured the genome-wide changes of four histone marks, the permissive marks H3K27ac, H3K4me3, and H3K36me3 and repressive mark H3K27me3, in shoots and roots separately, as well as H3K9me2 in shoots. Dynamic and organ-specific histone acetylation and methylation were observed at functionally relevant gene loci. Integration of transcriptomic and epigenomic datasets generated from the same organ revealed largely syngenetic relations between changes in transcript levels and histone modifications, with the exception of H3K27me3 in shoots, where an increased level of this repressive mark is observed at genes activated by nitrate. Application of a machine learning approach revealed organ-specific rules regarding the importance of individual histone marks, as H3K36me3 is the most successful mark in predicting gene regulation events in shoots, while H3K4me3 is the strongest individual predictor in roots. Our integrated study substantiates a view that during plant environmental responses, the relationships between histone code dynamics and gene regulation are highly dependent on organ-specific contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Julian
- Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ryan M Patrick
- Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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3
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Voronezhskaya V, Volkova P, Bitarishvili S, Shesterikova E, Podlutskii M, Clement G, Meyer C, Duarte GT, Kudin M, Garbaruk D, Turchin L, Kazakova E. Multi-Omics Analysis of Vicia cracca Responses to Chronic Radiation Exposure in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2318. [PMID: 37375943 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the long-term consequences of chronic ionising radiation for living organisms remains scarce. Modern molecular biology techniques are helpful tools for researching pollutant effects on biota. To reveal the molecular phenotype of plants growing under chronic radiation exposure, we sampled Vicia cracca L. plants in the Chernobyl exclusion zone and areas with normal radiation backgrounds. We performed a detailed analysis of soil and gene expression patterns and conducted coordinated multi-omics analyses of plant samples, including transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. Plants growing under chronic radiation exposure showed complex and multidirectional biological effects, including significant alterations in the metabolism and gene expression patterns of irradiated plants. We revealed profound changes in carbon metabolism, nitrogen reallocation, and photosynthesis. These plants showed signs of DNA damage, redox imbalance, and stress responses. The upregulation of histones, chaperones, peroxidases, and secondary metabolism was noted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gilles Clement
- Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Christian Meyer
- Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | | | - Maksim Kudin
- Polesye State Radiation-Ecological Reserve, 247618 Khoiniki, Belarus
| | - Dmitrii Garbaruk
- Polesye State Radiation-Ecological Reserve, 247618 Khoiniki, Belarus
| | - Larisa Turchin
- Polesye State Radiation-Ecological Reserve, 247618 Khoiniki, Belarus
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4
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Broussard L, Abadie C, Lalande J, Limami AM, Lothier J, Tcherkez G. Phloem Sap Composition: What Have We Learnt from Metabolomics? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086917. [PMID: 37108078 PMCID: PMC10139104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phloem sap transport is essential for plant nutrition and development since it mediates redistribution of nutrients, metabolites and signaling molecules. However, its biochemical composition is not so well-known because phloem sap sampling is difficult and does not always allow extensive chemical analysis. In the past years, efforts have been devoted to metabolomics analyses of phloem sap using either liquid chromatography or gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Phloem sap metabolomics is of importance to understand how metabolites can be exchanged between plant organs and how metabolite allocation may impact plant growth and development. Here, we provide an overview of our current knowledge of phloem sap metabolome and physiological information obtained therefrom. Although metabolomics analyses of phloem sap are still not numerous, they show that metabolites present in sap are not just sugars and amino acids but that many more metabolic pathways are represented. They further suggest that metabolite exchange between source and sink organs is a general phenomenon, offering opportunities for metabolic cycles at the whole-plant scale. Such cycles reflect metabolic interdependence of plant organs and shoot-root coordination of plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Broussard
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Université d'Angers, INRAe, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49070 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Cyril Abadie
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Université d'Angers, INRAe, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49070 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Julie Lalande
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Université d'Angers, INRAe, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49070 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Anis M Limami
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Université d'Angers, INRAe, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49070 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Jérémy Lothier
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Université d'Angers, INRAe, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49070 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Université d'Angers, INRAe, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49070 Beaucouzé, France
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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5
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Sunseri F, Aci MM, Mauceri A, Caldiero C, Puccio G, Mercati F, Abenavoli MR. Short-term transcriptomic analysis at organ scale reveals candidate genes involved in low N responses in NUE-contrasting tomato genotypes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1125378. [PMID: 36938018 PMCID: PMC10020590 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1125378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the complex regulatory network underlying plant nitrogen (N) responses associated with high Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) is one of the main challenges for sustainable cropping systems. Nitrate (NO3 -), acting as both an N source and a signal molecule, provokes very fast transcriptome reprogramming, allowing plants to adapt to its availability. These changes are genotype- and tissue-specific; thus, the comparison between contrasting genotypes is crucial to uncovering high NUE mechanisms. METHODS Here, we compared, for the first time, the spatio-temporal transcriptome changes in both root and shoot of two NUE contrasting tomato genotypes, Regina Ostuni (high-NUE) and UC82 (low-NUE), in response to short-term (within 24 h) low (LN) and high (HN) NO3 - resupply. RESULTS Using time-series transcriptome data (0, 8, and 24 h), we identified 395 and 482 N-responsive genes differentially expressed (DEGs) between RO and UC82 in shoot and root, respectively. Protein kinase signaling plant hormone signal transduction, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were the main enriched metabolic pathways in shoot and root, respectively, and were upregulated in RO compared to UC82. Interestingly, several N transporters belonging to NRT and NPF families, such as NRT2.3, NRT2.4, NPF1.2, and NPF8.3, were found differentially expressed between RO and UC82 genotypes, which might explain the contrasting NUE performances. Transcription factors (TFs) belonging to several families, such as ERF, LOB, GLK, NFYB, ARF, Zinc-finger, and MYB, were differentially expressed between genotypes in response to LN. A complementary Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) allowed the identification of LN-responsive co-expression modules in RO shoot and root. The regulatory network analysis revealed candidate genes that might have key functions in short-term LN regulation. In particular, an asparagine synthetase (ASNS), a CBL-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (CIPK1), a cytokinin riboside 5'-monophosphate phosphoribohydrolase (LOG8), a glycosyltransferase (UGT73C4), and an ERF2 were identified in the shoot, while an LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (FEI1) and two TFs NF-YB5 and LOB37 were identified in the root. DISCUSSION Our results revealed potential candidate genes that independently and/or concurrently may regulate short-term low-N response, suggesting a key role played by cytokinin and ROS balancing in early LN regulation mechanisms adopted by the N-use efficient genotype RO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Sunseri
- Dipartimento Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (CNR-IBBR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Meriem Miyassa Aci
- Dipartimento Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Antonio Mauceri
- Dipartimento Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Ciro Caldiero
- Dipartimento Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Puccio
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (CNR-IBBR), Palermo, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Mercati
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (CNR-IBBR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Abenavoli
- Dipartimento Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
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6
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Bashir SS, Siddiqi TO, Kumar D, Ahmad A. Physio-biochemical, agronomical, and gene expression analysis reveals different responsive approach to low nitrogen in contrasting rice cultivars for nitrogen use efficiency. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:1575-1593. [PMID: 36520360 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08160-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development as it is an essential constituent of biomolecules. Its availability directly impacts crop yield. Increased N application in crop fields has caused environmental and health problems, and decreasing nitrogen inputs are in demand to maintain crop production sustainability. Understanding the molecular mechanism of N utilization could play a crucial role in improving the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of crop plants. METHODS AND RESULTS In the present study, the effect of low N supply on plant growth, physio-biochemical, chlorophyll fluorescence attributes, yield components, and gene expression analysis were measured at six developmental stages in rice cultivars. Two rice cultivars were grown with a supply of optimium (120 kg ha-1) and low N (60 kg ha-1). Cultivar Vikramarya excelled Aditya at low N supply, and exhibits enhanced plant growth, physiological efficiency, agronomic efficiency, and improved NUE due to higher N uptake and utilization at low N treatment. Moreover, plant biomass, leaf area, and photosynthetic rate were significantly higher in cv. Vikramarya than cv. Aditya at different growth stages, under low N treatment. In addition, enzymatic activities in cultivar Vikramarya were higher than cultivar Aditya under low nitrogen, indicating its greater potential for N metabolism. Gene expression analysis was carried out for the most important nitrogen assimilatory enzymes, such as nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), glutamine synthetase (GS), and glutamate synthase (GOGAT). Expression levels of these genes at different growth stages were significantly higher in cv. Vikramarya compared to cv. Aditya at low N supply. Our findings suggest that improving NUE needs specific revision in N metabolism and physiological assimilation. CONCLUSION Overall differences in plant growth, physiological efficiency, biochemical activities, and expression levels of N metabolism genes in N-efficient and N-inefficient rice cultivars need a specific adaptation to N metabolism. Regulatory genes may separately or in conjunction, enhance the NUE. These results provide a platform for selecting crop cultivars for nitrogen utilization efficiency at low N treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Shanawaz Bashir
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Tariq Omar Siddiqi
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Division of Agronomy, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Altaf Ahmad
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
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7
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Wang K, Zhao C, Xiang S, Duan K, Chen X, Guo X, Sahu SK. An optimized FACS-free single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) method for plant science research. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 326:111535. [PMID: 36400127 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) provides unprecedented power for accurately understanding gene expression regulatory mechanisms. However, scRNA-seq studies have limitations in plants, due to difficulty in protoplast isolation that requires enzymatic digestion of the cell walls from various plant tissues. Therefore, to overcome this problem, we developed a nuclei isolation approach that does not rely on Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS). We validated the robustness of the FACS-free single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) methodology in mature Arabidopsis plant tissue by comparing it to scRNA-seq results based on protoplasts extracted from the same batch of leaf materials. Sequencing results demonstrated the high quality of snRNA-seq data, as well as its utility in cell type classification and marker gene identification. This approach also showed several advantages, including the ability to use frozen samples, taking less suspension preparation time, and reducing biased cellular coverage and dissociation-induced transcriptional artifacts. Surprisingly, snRNA-seq detected two epidermal pavement cell clusters, while scRNA-seq only had one. Furthermore, we hypothesized that these two epidermal cells represent the top and lower epidermis based on differences in expression patterns of cluster-specific expressed genes. In summary, this study has advanced the application of snRNA-seq in Arabidopsis leaves and confirmed the advantages of snRNA-seq in plant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaimeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China; BGI College & Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Caiyao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Sunhuan Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kunyu Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China; BGI College & Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China; BGI College & Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.
| | - Sunil Kumar Sahu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.
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8
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Pajak A, Zaman D, Ajewole E, Pandurangan S, Marsolais F. Diurnal accumulation of K +-dependent L-asparaginase in leaf of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 205:113489. [PMID: 36328196 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
L-Asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1) activity has been previously reported to fluctuate with the photoperiod in young pea leaves, with higher activity in the light. The present research sought to investigate this phenomenon in developing leaves of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). There are two genes coding for K+-dependent asparaginase in this species. Expression of PvASPG1 predominates over PvASPG2 in all tissues. The catalytic efficiency of recombinant PvASPG2 was approximately 2-fold lower than that of PvASPG1. Polyclonal antibodies were raised against a specific peptide present in PvASPG1 to use in immunoblotting. In developing seed, asparaginase protein levels in the seed coat stayed constant, whereas levels in cotyledon were lower and progressively declined. In young leaf, asparagine protein levels showed diurnal variation, increasing at the end of the dark period and slowly decreasing during the light period. This was paralleled by changes in activity levels in leaf extracts. These changes accompanied a transient increase in free asparagine concentration at the beginning of the light period. The present results demonstrated that K+-dependent asparaginase activity reaches a maximum level at the transition from dark to light, anticipating dawn, in young leaves of common bean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aga Pajak
- Genomics and Biotechnology, London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St., London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada.
| | - Dristy Zaman
- Genomics and Biotechnology, London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St., London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Ebenezer Ajewole
- Genomics and Biotechnology, London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St., London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Sudhakar Pandurangan
- Genomics and Biotechnology, London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St., London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada.
| | - Frédéric Marsolais
- Genomics and Biotechnology, London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St., London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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9
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Huang Y, Wang H, Zhu Y, Huang X, Li S, Wu X, Zhao Y, Bao Z, Qin L, Jin Y, Cui Y, Ma G, Xiao Q, Wang Q, Wang J, Yang X, Liu H, Lu X, Larkins BA, Wang W, Wu Y. THP9 enhances seed protein content and nitrogen-use efficiency in maize. Nature 2022; 612:292-300. [PMID: 36385527 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05441-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Teosinte, the wild ancestor of maize (Zea mays subsp. mays), has three times the seed protein content of most modern inbreds and hybrids, but the mechanisms that are responsible for this trait are unknown1,2. Here we use trio binning to create a contiguous haplotype DNA sequence of a teosinte (Zea mays subsp. parviglumis) and, through map-based cloning, identify a major high-protein quantitative trait locus, TEOSINTE HIGH PROTEIN 9 (THP9), on chromosome 9. THP9 encodes an asparagine synthetase 4 enzyme that is highly expressed in teosinte, but not in the B73 inbred, in which a deletion in the tenth intron of THP9-B73 causes incorrect splicing of THP9-B73 transcripts. Transgenic expression of THP9-teosinte in B73 significantly increased the seed protein content. Introgression of THP9-teosinte into modern maize inbreds and hybrids greatly enhanced the accumulation of free amino acids, especially asparagine, throughout the plant, and increased seed protein content without affecting yield. THP9-teosinte seems to increase nitrogen-use efficiency, which is important for promoting a high yield under low-nitrogen conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongcai Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haihai Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yidong Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingguo Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Zhigui Bao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Qin
- Institute of Molecular Breeding for Maize, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yongbo Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yahui Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangjin Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiao Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiechen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuerong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Hongjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiaoduo Lu
- Institute of Molecular Breeding for Maize, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Brian A Larkins
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Wenqin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yongrui Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Zhang Y, Li B, Luo P, Xian Y, Xiao R, Wu J. Glutamine synthetase plays an important role in ammonium tolerance of Myriophyllum aquaticum. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157596. [PMID: 35905951 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High-strength ammonium (NH4+), the main characteristic of swine wastewater, poses a significant threat to the rural ecological environment. As a novel phytoremediation technology, Myriophyllum aquaticum wetlands have high tolerance and removal rate of NH4+. Glutamine synthetase (GS), a pivotal enzyme in nitrogen (N) metabolism, is hypothesized to play an important role in the tolerance of M. aquaticum to high NH4+. Herein, the responses of M. aquaticum to GS inhibition by 0.1 mM methionine sulfoximine (MSX) under 15 mM NH4+ were investigated. After 5 days, visible NH4+ toxicity symptoms were observed in MSX-treated plants. Compared with the control, the NH4+ accumulation in the leaves increased by 20.99 times, while that of stems and roots increased by 3.27 times and 47.76 %, suggesting that GS inhibition had a greater impact on the leaves. GS inhibition decreased pigments in the leaves by 8.64 %-41.06 %, triggered oxidative stress, and affected ions concentrations in M. aquaticum. The concentrations of glutamine (Gln) and asparagine decreased by 63.46 %-97.43 % and 12.37 %-76.41 %, respectively, while the concentrations of most other amino acids increased after 5 days of MSX treatment, showing that GS inhibition reprogrammed the amino acids synthesis. A decrease in Gln explains the regulations of N-related genes, including increased expression of AMT in roots and decreased expression of GS, GOGAT, GDH, and AS, which would cause further NH4+ accumulation via promoting NH4+ uptake and decreasing NH4+ assimilation in M. aquaticum. This study revealed for the first time that GS inhibition under high NH4+ condition can lead to phytotoxicity in M. aquaticum due to NH4+ accumulation. The physiological and molecular responses of the leaves, stems, and roots confirmed the importance of GS in the high NH4+ tolerance of M. aquaticum. These findings provide new insights into NH4+ tolerance mechanisms in M. aquaticum and a theoretical foundation for the phytoremediation of high NH4+-loaded swine wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region/Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Baozhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region/Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, PR China.
| | - Pei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region/Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, PR China
| | - Yingnan Xian
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region/Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, PR China
| | - Runlin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region/Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, PR China
| | - Jinshui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region/Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, PR China
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11
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Marmagne A, Masclaux-Daubresse C, Chardon F. Modulation of plant nitrogen remobilization and postflowering nitrogen uptake under environmental stresses. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 277:153781. [PMID: 36029571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms that take up nitrogen (N) from the soil for growth and development. At the postflowering stage, N that plants require for seed growth and filling derives from either root uptake or shoot remobilization. The balance between N uptake and N remobilization determines the final carbon (C) and N composition of the seed. The N uptake and N remobilization mechanisms are regulated by endogenous signals, including hormones, developmental stage, and carbon/nitrogen ratio, and by environmental factors. The cellular responses to the environment are relatively well known. However, the effects of environmental stresses on the balance between N uptake and N remobilization are still poorly understood. Thus, this study aims to analyze the impact of environmental stresses (drought, heat, darkness, triggered defense, and low nitrate) on N fluxes within plants during seed filling. Using publicly available Arabidopsis transcriptome data, expression of several marker genes involved in N assimilation, transport, and recycling was analyzed in relation to stress. Results showed that the responses of genes encoding inorganic N transporters, N assimilation, and N recycling are mainly regulated by N limitation, the genes encoding housekeeping proteases are principally sensitive to C limitation, and the response of genes involved in the transport of organic N is controlled by both C and N limitations. In addition, 15N data were used to examine the effects of severe environmental stresses on N remobilization and N uptake, and a schematic representation of the major factors that regulate the balance between N remobilization and N uptake under the stress and control conditions was provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marmagne
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Céline Masclaux-Daubresse
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Fabien Chardon
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000, Versailles, France.
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12
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Sakuraba Y. Molecular basis of nitrogen starvation-induced leaf senescence. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1013304. [PMID: 36212285 PMCID: PMC9538721 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1013304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N), a macronutrient, is often a limiting factor in plant growth, development, and productivity. To adapt to N-deficient environments, plants have developed elaborate N starvation responses. Under N-deficient conditions, older leaves exhibit yellowing, owing to the degradation of proteins and chlorophyll pigments in chloroplasts and subsequent N remobilization from older leaves to younger leaves and developing organs to sustain plant growth and productivity. In recent years, numerous studies have been conducted on N starvation-induced leaf senescence as one of the representative plant responses to N deficiency, revealing that leaf senescence induced by N deficiency is highly complex and intricately regulated at different levels, including transcriptional, post-transcriptional, post-translational and metabolic levels, by multiple genes and proteins. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms associated with N starvation-induced leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhito Sakuraba
- Plant Functional Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Li C, Lai X, Luo K, Zheng Y, Liu K, Wan X. Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of two peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars differing in amino acid metabolism of the seeds. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 185:132-143. [PMID: 35688083 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Peanut is an important economic crop worldwide. The content of amino acids, especially essential amino acids, is an important nutritional quality trait of peanut seeds. However, the regulation of amino acid metabolism in peanut seeds is poorly understood. Here, two peanut cultivars, Zhonghuahei 1 and Zhongkaihua 151, with high and low free amino acids in mature seeds, respectively, were selected to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of amino acids during seed development. Zhonghuahei 1 is composed of significantly higher arginine (Arg), asparagine (Asn), and glutamate (Glu) contents than Zhongkaihua 151. However, the metabolomic analyses indicated that the contents of most amino acids were significantly lower in Zhonghuahei 1 at the early developmental stage, while they were reverse at the middle and late stages. Transcriptomic analyses also revealed that the differentially expressed genes between the two cultivars during different stages were enriched in multiple pathways associated with amino acid metabolism. Among them, the Arg biosynthesis pathway showed different regulatory profiles between the two cultivars according to the temporal analysis of gene expression patterns. Subsequent gene co-expression network analysis showed that the gene module darkorange was significantly correlated with Arg content, with an enriched Arg biosynthesis pathway. Accordingly, a gene regulatory network for Arg biosynthesis and metabolism, including key genes (ALDH, ASS1, OTC, and GAD) and transcription factors (GATA, HEX, and ATF), was constructed. These findings provide insights into the regulatory network of amino acid metabolism in peanuts and provide candidate genes that can be applied to facilitate peanut breeding with desirable seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Lai
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China.
| | - Kaiqing Luo
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China.
| | - Yixiong Zheng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China.
| | - Kai Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China.
| | - Xiaorong Wan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China.
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14
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Han M, Xu X, Li X, Xu M, Hu M, Xiong Y, Feng J, Wu H, Zhu H, Su T. New Insight into Aspartate Metabolic Pathways in Populus: Linking the Root Responsive Isoenzymes with Amino Acid Biosynthesis during Incompatible Interactions of Fusarium solani. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126368. [PMID: 35742809 PMCID: PMC9224274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrating amino acid metabolic pathways into plant defense and immune systems provides the building block for stress acclimation and host-pathogen interactions. Recent progress in L-aspartate (Asp) and its deployed metabolic pathways highlighted profound roles in plant growth and defense modulation. Nevertheless, much remains unknown concerning the multiple isoenzyme families involved in Asp metabolic pathways in Populus trichocarpa, a model tree species. Here, we present comprehensive features of 11 critical isoenzyme families, representing biological significance in plant development and stress adaptation. The in silico prediction of the molecular and genetic patterns, including phylogenies, genomic structures, and chromosomal distribution, identify 44 putative isoenzymes in the Populus genome. Inspection of the tissue-specific expression demonstrated that approximately 26 isogenes were expressed, predominantly in roots. Based on the transcriptomic atlas in time-course experiments, the dynamic changes of the genes transcript were explored in Populus roots challenged with soil-borne pathogenic Fusarium solani (Fs). Quantitative expression evaluation prompted 12 isoenzyme genes (PtGS2/6, PtGOGAT2/3, PtAspAT2/5/10, PtAS2, PtAspg2, PtAlaAT1, PtAK1, and PtAlaAT4) to show significant induction responding to the Fs infection. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and non-target metabolomics assay, the concurrent perturbation on levels of Asp-related metabolites led to findings of free amino acids and derivatives (e.g., Glutamate, Asp, Asparagine, Alanine, Proline, and α-/γ-aminobutyric acid), showing marked differences. The multi-omics integration of the responsive isoenzymes and differential amino acids examined facilitates Asp as a cross-talk mediator involved in metabolite biosynthesis and defense regulation. Our research provides theoretical clues for the in-depth unveiling of the defense mechanisms underlying the synergistic effect of fine-tuned Asp pathway enzymes and the linked metabolite flux in Populus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Han
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.H.); (X.X.); (X.L.); (M.X.); (M.H.); (Y.X.); (J.F.); (H.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Xianglei Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.H.); (X.X.); (X.L.); (M.X.); (M.H.); (Y.X.); (J.F.); (H.W.); (H.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xue Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.H.); (X.X.); (X.L.); (M.X.); (M.H.); (Y.X.); (J.F.); (H.W.); (H.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Mingyue Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.H.); (X.X.); (X.L.); (M.X.); (M.H.); (Y.X.); (J.F.); (H.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Mei Hu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.H.); (X.X.); (X.L.); (M.X.); (M.H.); (Y.X.); (J.F.); (H.W.); (H.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Yuan Xiong
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.H.); (X.X.); (X.L.); (M.X.); (M.H.); (Y.X.); (J.F.); (H.W.); (H.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Junhu Feng
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.H.); (X.X.); (X.L.); (M.X.); (M.H.); (Y.X.); (J.F.); (H.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hao Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.H.); (X.X.); (X.L.); (M.X.); (M.H.); (Y.X.); (J.F.); (H.W.); (H.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.H.); (X.X.); (X.L.); (M.X.); (M.H.); (Y.X.); (J.F.); (H.W.); (H.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Tao Su
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.H.); (X.X.); (X.L.); (M.X.); (M.H.); (Y.X.); (J.F.); (H.W.); (H.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-1589-598-3381
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15
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Liu Q, Wu K, Song W, Zhong N, Wu Y, Fu X. Improving Crop Nitrogen Use Efficiency Toward Sustainable Green Revolution. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 73:523-551. [PMID: 35595292 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070121-015752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The Green Revolution of the 1960s improved crop yields in part through the widespread cultivation of semidwarf plant varieties, which resist lodging but require a high-nitrogen (N) fertilizer input. Because environmentally degrading synthetic fertilizer use underlies current worldwide cereal yields, future agricultural sustainability demands enhanced N use efficiency (NUE). Here, we summarize the current understanding of how plants sense, uptake, and respond to N availability in the model plants that can be used to improve sustainable productivity in agriculture. Recent progress in unlocking the genetic basis of NUE within the broader context of plant systems biology has provided insights into the coordination of plant growth and nutrient assimilation and inspired the implementation of a new breeding strategy to cut fertilizer use in high-yield cereal crops. We conclude that identifying fresh targets for N sensing and response in crops would simultaneously enable improved grain productivity and NUE to launch a new Green Revolution and promote future food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;
| | - Kun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;
| | - Wenzhen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;
| | - Nan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;
| | - Yunzhe Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;
| | - Xiangdong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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16
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Ilangumaran G, Subramanian S, Smith DL. Soybean Leaf Proteomic Profile Influenced by Rhizobacteria Under Optimal and Salt Stress Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:809906. [PMID: 35401626 PMCID: PMC8987779 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.809906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is a major abiotic stressor inhibiting plant growth and development by affecting a range of physiological processes. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are considered a sustainable option for alleviation of stress and enhancement of plant growth, yet their mode of action is complex and largely unexplored. In this study, an untargeted proteomic approach provided insights into growth and stress response mechanisms elicited in soybean plants by Rhizobium sp. SL42 and Hydrogenophaga sp. SL48 and co-inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum 532C. The plants were grown under optimal and salt-stressed conditions up to their mid-vegetative stage; shoot growth variables were increased in the bacteria-treated plants. Shotgun proteomics of soybean leaf tissue revealed that a number of proteins related to plant growth and stress tolerance were modulated in the bacterial inoculation treatments. Several key proteins involved in major metabolic pathways of photosynthesis, respiration, and photorespiration were upregulated. These include photosystem I psaK, Rubisco subunits, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, and glycine decarboxylase. Similarly, stress response proteins such as catalase and glutathione S-transferase (antioxidants), proline-rich precursor protein (osmolyte), and NADP-dependent malic enzyme (linked to ABA signaling) were increased under salt stress. The functions of proteins related to plant growth and stress adaptation led to an expanded understanding of plant-microbe interactions. These findings suggest that the PGPR strains regulated proteome expression in soybean leaves through multiple signaling pathways, thereby inducing salinity tolerance, and improving plant growth in the presence of this abiotic stress challenge. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD025596.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donald L Smith
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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17
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Iqbal A, Huiping G, Xiangru W, Hengheng Z, Xiling Z, Meizhen S. Genome-wide expression analysis reveals involvement of asparagine synthetase family in cotton development and nitrogen metabolism. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:122. [PMID: 35296248 PMCID: PMC8925137 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03454-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Asparagine synthetase (ASN) is one of the key enzymes of nitrogen (N) metabolism in plants. The product of ASN is asparagine, which is one of the key compounds involved in N transport and storage in plants. Complete genome-wide analysis and classifications of the ASN gene family have recently been reported in different plants. However, little is known about the systematic analysis and expression profiling of ASN proteins in cotton development and N metabolism. Here, various bioinformatics analysis was performed to identify ASN gene family in cotton. In the cotton genome, forty-three proteins were found that determined ASN genes, comprising of 20 genes in Gossypium hirsutum (Gh), 13 genes in Gossypium arboreum, and 10 genes in Gossypium raimondii. The ASN encoded genes unequally distributed on various chromosomes with conserved glutamine amidotransferases and ASN domains. Expression analysis indicated that the majority of GhASNs were upregulated in vegetative and reproductive organs, fiber development, and N metabolism. Overall, the results provide proof of the possible role of the ASN genes in improving cotton growth, fiber development, and especially N metabolism in cotton. The identified hub genes will help to functionally elucidate the ASN genes in cotton development and N metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Iqbal
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou Research Base, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan, 455000, People's Republic of China
| | - Gui Huiping
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou Research Base, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan, 455000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Xiangru
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou Research Base, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan, 455000, People's Republic of China
- Western Agricultural Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhang Hengheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou Research Base, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan, 455000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang Xiling
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou Research Base, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan, 455000, People's Republic of China.
- Western Agricultural Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Song Meizhen
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou Research Base, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan, 455000, People's Republic of China.
- Western Agricultural Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, Xinjiang, China.
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18
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Adams Iii WW, Stewart JJ, Polutchko SK, Demmig-Adams B. Foliar sieve elements: Nexus of the leaf. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 269:153601. [PMID: 34953412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this review, a central position of foliar sieve elements in linking leaf structure and function is explored. Results from studies involving plants grown under, and acclimated to, different growth regimes are used to identify significant, linear relationships between features of minor vein sieve elements and those of 1) leaf photosynthetic capacity that drives sugar synthesis, 2) overall leaf structure that serves as the platform for sugar production, 3) phloem components that facilitate the loading of sugars (companion & phloem parenchyma cells), and 4) the tracheary elements that import water to support photosynthesis (and stomatal opening) as well as mass flow of sugars out of the leaf. Despite comprising only a small fraction of physical space within the leaf, sieve elements represent a hub through which multiple functions of the leaf intersect. As the conduits for export of energy-rich carbohydrates, essential mineral nutrients, and information carriers, sieve elements play a central role in fueling and orchestrating development and function of the plant as well as, by extension, of natural and human communities that depend on plants as producers and partners in the global carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Adams Iii
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Jared J Stewart
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Stephanie K Polutchko
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Barbara Demmig-Adams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
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19
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Zhou K, Hu L, Yue H, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Gong X, Ma F. MdUGT88F1-mediated phloridzin biosynthesis coordinates carbon and nitrogen accumulation in apple. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:886-902. [PMID: 34486649 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The high accumulation of phloridzin makes apple (Malus domestica) unique in the plant kingdom, which suggests a vital role of its biosynthesis in physiological processes. In our previous study, silencing MdUGT88F1 (a key UDP-GLUCOSE: PHLORETIN 2'-O-GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE gene) revealed the importance of phloridzin biosynthesis in apple development and Valsa canker resistance. Here, results from MdUGT88F1-silenced lines showed that phloridzin biosynthesis was indispensable for normal chloroplast development and photosynthetic carbon fixation by maintaining MdGLK1/2 (GOLDEN2-like1/2) expression. Interestingly, increased phloridzin biosynthesis did not affect plant (or chloroplast) development, but reduced nitrogen accumulation, leading to chlorophyll deficiency, light sensitivity, and sugar accumulation in MdUGT88F1-overexpressing apple lines. Further analysis revealed that MdUGT88F1-mediated phloridzin biosynthesis negatively regulated the cytosolic glutamine synthetase1-asparagine synthetase-asparaginase (GS1-AS-ASPG) pathway of ammonium assimilation and limited chlorophyll synthesis in apple shoots. The interference of phloridzin biosynthesis in the GS1-AS-ASPG pathway was also assumed to be associated with its limitation of the carbon skeleton of ammonium assimilation through metabolic competition with the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Taken together, our findings shed light on the role of MdUGT88F1-mediated phloridzin biosynthesis in the coordination between carbon and nitrogen accumulation in apple trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lingyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoqing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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20
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Nitrogen assimilation in plants: current status and future prospects. J Genet Genomics 2021; 49:394-404. [PMID: 34973427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is the driving force for crop yields, however, excessive N application in agriculture not only increases production cost, but also causes severe environmental problems. Therefore, comprehensively understanding the molecular mechanisms of N use efficiency (NUE) and breeding crops with higher NUE is essential to tackle these problems. NUE of crops is determined by N uptake, transport, assimilation, and remobilization. In the process of N assimilation, nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), glutamine synthetase (GS), and glutamine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (GOGAT, also known as glutamate synthase) are the major enzymes. NR and NiR mediate the initiation of inorganic N utilization, and GS/GOGAT cycle converts inorganic N to organic N, playing a vital role in N assimilation and the final NUE of crops. Besides, asparagine synthetase (ASN), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and carbamoylphosphate synthetase (CPSase) are also involved. In this review, we summarize the function and regulation of these enzymes reported in three major crops, rice, maize, wheat, also in the model plant Arabidopsis, and we highlight their application in improving NUE of crops via manipulating N assimilation. Anticipated challenges and prospects toward fully understanding the function of N assimilation and further exploring the potential for NUE improvement are discussed.
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21
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Nitrogen Assimilation Related Genes in Brassicanapus: Systematic Characterization and Expression Analysis Identified Hub Genes in Multiple Nutrient Stress Responses. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102160. [PMID: 34685969 PMCID: PMC8539475 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient for plants. However, little is known about the molecular regulation of N assimilation in Brassica napus, one of the most important oil crops worldwide. Here, we carried out a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the N assimilation related genes (NAGs) in B. napus. A total of 67 NAGs were identified encoding major enzymes involved in N assimilation, including asparagine synthetase (AS), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase (GOGAT), glutamine synthetase (GS), nitrite reductase (NiR), nitrate reductase (NR). The syntenic analysis revealed that segmental duplication and whole-genome duplication were the main expansion pattern during gene evolution. Each NAG family showed different degrees of differentiation in characterization, gene structure, conserved motifs and cis-elements. Furthermore, diverse responses of NAG to multiple nutrient stresses were observed. Among them, more NAGs were regulated by N deficiency and ammonium toxicity than by phosphorus and potassium deprivations. Moreover, 12 hub genes responding to N starvation were identified, which may play vital roles in N utilization. Taken together, our results provide a basis for further functional research of NAGs in rapeseed N assimilation and also put forward new points in their responses to contrasting nutrient stresses.
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22
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Dellero Y, Mauve C, Jossier M, Hodges M. The Impact of Photorespiratory Glycolate Oxidase Activity on Arabidopsis thaliana Leaf Soluble Amino Acid Pool Sizes during Acclimation to Low Atmospheric CO 2 Concentrations. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080501. [PMID: 34436442 PMCID: PMC8399254 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Photorespiration is a metabolic process that removes toxic 2-phosphoglycolate produced by the oxygenase activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. It is essential for plant growth under ambient air, and it can play an important role under stress conditions that reduce CO2 entry into the leaf thus enhancing photorespiration. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of photorespiration on Arabidopsis thaliana leaf amino acid metabolism under low atmospheric CO2 concentrations. To achieve this, wild-type plants and photorespiratory glycolate oxidase (gox) mutants were given either short-term (4 h) or long-term (1 to 8 d) low atmospheric CO2 concentration treatments and leaf amino acid levels were measured and analyzed. Low CO2 treatments rapidly decreased net CO2 assimilation rate and triggered a broad reconfiguration of soluble amino acids. The most significant changes involved photorespiratory Gly and Ser, aromatic and branched-chain amino acids as well as Ala, Asp, Asn, Arg, GABA and homoSer. While the Gly/Ser ratio increased in all Arabidopsis lines between air and low CO2 conditions, low CO2 conditions led to a higher increase in both Gly and Ser contents in gox1 and gox2.2 mutants when compared to wild-type and gox2.1 plants. Results are discussed with respect to potential limiting enzymatic steps with a special emphasis on photorespiratory aminotransferase activities and the complexity of photorespiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younès Dellero
- Institute for Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection (IGEPP), National Institute for Research for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, 35653 Le Rheu, France
- Correspondence: (Y.D.); (M.H.)
| | - Caroline Mauve
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Saclay, National Committee of Scientific Research (CNRS), National Institute for Research for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Université d’Evry, Université de Paris, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.M.); (M.J.)
| | - Mathieu Jossier
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Saclay, National Committee of Scientific Research (CNRS), National Institute for Research for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Université d’Evry, Université de Paris, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.M.); (M.J.)
| | - Michael Hodges
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Saclay, National Committee of Scientific Research (CNRS), National Institute for Research for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Université d’Evry, Université de Paris, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.M.); (M.J.)
- Correspondence: (Y.D.); (M.H.)
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23
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The SV, Snyder R, Tegeder M. Targeting Nitrogen Metabolism and Transport Processes to Improve Plant Nitrogen Use Efficiency. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:628366. [PMID: 33732269 PMCID: PMC7957077 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.628366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In agricultural cropping systems, relatively large amounts of nitrogen (N) are applied for plant growth and development, and to achieve high yields. However, with increasing N application, plant N use efficiency generally decreases, which results in losses of N into the environment and subsequently detrimental consequences for both ecosystems and human health. A strategy for reducing N input and environmental losses while maintaining or increasing plant performance is the development of crops that effectively obtain, distribute, and utilize the available N. Generally, N is acquired from the soil in the inorganic forms of nitrate or ammonium and assimilated in roots or leaves as amino acids. The amino acids may be used within the source organs, but they are also the principal N compounds transported from source to sink in support of metabolism and growth. N uptake, synthesis of amino acids, and their partitioning within sources and toward sinks, as well as N utilization within sinks represent potential bottlenecks in the effective use of N for vegetative and reproductive growth. This review addresses recent discoveries in N metabolism and transport and their relevance for improving N use efficiency under high and low N conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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24
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Prinzenberg AE, Campos‐Dominguez L, Kruijer W, Harbinson J, Aarts MGM. Natural variation of photosynthetic efficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana accessions under low temperature conditions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2000-2013. [PMID: 32495939 PMCID: PMC7497054 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Low, but non-freezing, temperatures have negative effects on plant growth and development. Despite some molecular signalling pathways being known, the mechanisms causing different responses among genotypes are still poorly understood. Photosynthesis is one of the processes that are affected by low temperatures. Using an automated phenotyping platform for chlorophyll fluorescence imaging the steady state quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) electron transport (ΦPSII ) was measured and used to quantify the effect of moderately low temperature on a population of Arabidopsis thaliana natural accessions. Observations were made over the course of several weeks in standard and low temperature conditions and a strong decrease in ΦPSII upon the cold treatment was found. A genome wide association study identified several quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that are associated with changes in ΦPSII in low temperature. One candidate for a cold specific QTL was validated with a mutant analysis to be one of the genes that is likely involved in the PSII response to the cold treatment. The gene encodes the PSII associated protein PSB27 which has already been implicated in the adaptation to fluctuating light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina E. Prinzenberg
- Horticulture and Product PhysiologyWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBThe Netherlands
- Plant BreedingWageningen University and ResearchPO Box 386Wageningen6700 AJThe Netherlands
| | - Lucia Campos‐Dominguez
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBThe Netherlands
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh20A Inverleith RowEdinburghEH3 5LRUnited Kingdom
| | - Willem Kruijer
- BiometrisWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBThe Netherlands
| | - Jeremy Harbinson
- Horticulture and Product PhysiologyWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of BiophysicsWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Mark G. M. Aarts
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBThe Netherlands
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Lee S, Park J, Lee J, Shin D, Marmagne A, Lim PO, Masclaux-Daubresse C, An G, Nam HG. OsASN1 Overexpression in Rice Increases Grain Protein Content and Yield under Nitrogen-Limiting Conditions. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1309-1320. [PMID: 32384162 PMCID: PMC7377344 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is a major limiting factor affecting crop yield in unfertilized soil. Thus, cultivars with a high N use efficiency (NUE) and good grain protein content (GPC) are needed to fulfill the growing food demand and to reduce environmental burden. This is especially true for rice (Oryza sativa L.) that is cultivated with a high input of N fertilizer and is a primary staple food crop for more than half of the global population. Here, we report that rice asparagine synthetase 1 (OsASN1) is required for grain yield and grain protein contents under both N-sufficient (conventional paddy fields) and N-limiting conditions from analyses of knockout mutant plants. In addition, we show that overexpression (OX) of OsASN1 results in better nitrogen uptake and assimilation, and increased tolerance to N limitation at the seedling stage. Under field conditions, the OsASN1 OX rice plants produced grains with increased N and protein contents without yield reduction compared to wild-type (WT) rice. Under N-limited conditions, the OX plants displayed increased grain yield and protein content with enhanced photosynthetic activity compared to WT rice. Thus, OsASN1 can be an effective target gene for the development of rice cultivars with higher grain protein content, NUE, and grain yield under N-limiting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sichul Lee
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Joonheum Park
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Jinwon Lee
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Dongjin Shin
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Miryang 50424, Korea
| | - Anne Marmagne
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Pyung Ok Lim
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Céline Masclaux-Daubresse
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Gynheung An
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
- Corresponding authors: Gynheung An, E-mail, ; Fax, +82312034969; Hong Gil Nam, E-mail, ; Fax, +82537851859
| | - Hong Gil Nam
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu 42988, Korea
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
- Corresponding authors: Gynheung An, E-mail, ; Fax, +82312034969; Hong Gil Nam, E-mail, ; Fax, +82537851859
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26
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Dellero Y. Manipulating Amino Acid Metabolism to Improve Crop Nitrogen Use Efficiency for a Sustainable Agriculture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:602548. [PMID: 33329673 PMCID: PMC7733991 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.602548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In a context of a growing worldwide food demand coupled to the need to develop a sustainable agriculture, it is crucial to improve crop nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) while reducing field N inputs. Classical genetic approaches based on natural allelic variations existing within crops have led to the discovery of quantitative trait loci controlling NUE under low nitrogen conditions; however, the identification of candidate genes from mapping studies is still challenging. Amino acid metabolism is the cornerstone of plant N management, which involves N uptake, assimilation, and remobilization efficiencies, and it is finely regulated during acclimation to low N conditions and other abiotic stresses. Over the last two decades, biotechnological engineering of amino acid metabolism has led to promising results for the improvement of crop NUE, and more recently under low N conditions. This review summarizes current work carried out in crops and provides perspectives on the identification of new candidate genes and future strategies for crop improvement.
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27
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Bovet L, Cheval C, Hilfiker A, Battey J, Langlet D, Broye H, Schwaar J, Ozelley P, Lang G, Bakaher N, Laparra H, Goepfert S. Asparagine Synthesis During Tobacco Leaf Curing. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8110492. [PMID: 31718005 PMCID: PMC6918383 DOI: 10.3390/plants8110492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Senescence is a genetically controlled mechanism that modifies leaf chemistry. This involves significant changes in the accumulation of carbon- and nitrogen-containing compounds, including asparagine through the activity of asparagine synthetases. These enzymes are required for nitrogen re-assimilation and remobilization in plants; however, their mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we report how leaf curing—a senescence-induced process that allows tobacco leaves to dry out—modifies the asparagine metabolism. We show that leaf curing strongly alters the concentration of the four main amino acids, asparagine, glutamine, aspartate, and glutamate. We demonstrate that detached tobacco leaf or stalk curing has a different impact on the expression of asparagine synthetase genes and accumulation of asparagine. Additionally, we characterize the main asparagine synthetases involved in the production of asparagine during curing. The expression of ASN1 and ASN5 genes is upregulated during curing. The ASN1-RNAi and ASN5-RNAi tobacco plant lines display significant alterations in the accumulation of asparagine, glutamine, and aspartate relative to wild-type plants. These results support the idea that ASN1 and ASN5 are key regulators of asparagine metabolism during leaf curing.
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28
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Qu C, Hao B, Xu X, Wang Y, Yang C, Xu Z, Liu G. Functional Research on Three Presumed Asparagine Synthetase Family Members in Poplar. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E326. [PMID: 31035411 PMCID: PMC6562506 DOI: 10.3390/genes10050326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Asparagine synthetase (AS), a key enzyme in plant nitrogen metabolism, plays an important role in plant nitrogen assimilation and distribution. Asparagine (Asn), the product of asparagine synthetase, is one of the main compounds responsible for organic nitrogen transport and storage in plants. In this study, we performed complementation experiments using an Asn-deficient Escherichia coli strain to demonstrate that three putative asparagine synthetase family members in poplar (Populussimonii× P.nigra) function in Asn synthesis. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that the three members had high expression levels in different tissues of poplar and were regulated by exogenous nitrogen. PnAS1 and PnAS2 were also affected by diurnal rhythm. Long-term dark treatment resulted in a significant increase in PnAS1 and PnAS3 expression levels. Under long-term light conditions, however, PnAS2 expression decreased significantly in the intermediate region of leaves. Exogenous application of ammonium nitrogen, glutamine, and a glutamine synthetase inhibitor revealed that PnAS3 was more sensitive to exogenous glutamine, while PnAS1 and PnAS2 were more susceptible to exogenous ammonium nitrogen. Our results suggest that the various members of the PnAS gene family have distinct roles in different tissues and are regulated in different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunpu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Bingqing Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
- Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, Nanning 530000, China.
| | - Xiuyue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Yuchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Chengjun Yang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Zhiru Xu
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Guanjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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29
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Fan K, Zhang Q, Liu M, Ma L, Shi Y, Ruan J. Metabolomic and transcriptional analyses reveal the mechanism of C, N allocation from source leaf to flower in tea plant (Camellia sinensis. L). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 232:200-208. [PMID: 30537607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Tea flowering in late autumn competes for a large amount of nitrogen and carbohydrates, potentially undermines the storage of these resources in vegetative organs, and negatively influences the subsequent spring tea yield and quality. The mechanism underlying the re-allocation N and carbohydrate from source leaf to flower in tea plant has not been clearly understood. In this study, 15N allocation, changes in metabolomics, and gene expression in flower buds, flowers, and adjacent leaves were characterized. Total N content of the adjacent leaves significantly decreased during flowering while such a decrease could be reversed by flower bud removal. Foliar-applied 15N in the adjacent leaves markedly decreased and was readily allocated to flowers. Metabolomic analysis revealed that most sugars and benzoic acid increased by more than two-fold whereas theanine, Gln, Arg, Asp, and Asn decreased when flower buds fully opened to become flowers. In this process, Gly, Pro, and cellobiose in the adjacent leaves increased considerably whereas sucrose, galactose, benzoic acid, and many fatty acids decreased. Removal of flower buds reversed or alleviated the above decreases and led to an increase of Asn in the leaves. The expression of genes associated with autophagy (ATG5, ATG9, ATG12, ATG18), sucrose transporters (SUT1, SUT2, SUT4), amino acids permease (AAP6, AAP7, AAP8), glutamine synthetase (GS1;1, GS1;2, GS1;3), and asparagine synthetase (ASN1, ASN2) was significantly up-regulated in leaves during the flowering process and was strongly modulated by the removal of flower buds. The overall results demonstrated that leaves are the ready source providing N and carbohydrates in flowering and a series of genes related to autophagy, protein degradation, turn-over of amino acids, and phloem loading for transport are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Fan
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 31008, China
| | - Qunfeng Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 31008, China
| | - Meiya Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 31008, China
| | - Lifeng Ma
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 31008, China
| | - Yuanzhi Shi
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 31008, China
| | - Jianyun Ruan
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 31008, China.
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30
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Luo L, Qin R, Liu T, Yu M, Yang T, Xu G. OsASN1 Plays a Critical Role in Asparagine-Dependent Rice Development. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010130. [PMID: 30602689 PMCID: PMC6337572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Asparagine is one of the important amino acids for long-distance transport of nitrogen (N) in plants. However, little is known about the effect of asparagine on plant development, especially in crops. Here, a new T-DNA insertion mutant, asparagine synthetase 1 (asn1), was isolated and showed a different plant height, root length, and tiller number compared with wild type (WT). In asn1, the amount of asparagine decreased sharply while the total nitrogen (N) absorption was not influenced. In later stages, asn1 showed reduced tiller number, which resulted in suppressed tiller bud outgrowth. The relative expression of many genes involved in the asparagine metabolic pathways declined in accordance with the decreased amino acid concentration. The CRISPR/Cas9 mutant lines of OsASN1 showed similar phenotype with asn1. These results suggest that OsASN1 is involved in the regulation of rice development and is specific for tiller outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ruyi Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ming Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Tingwen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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31
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Meher HC, Singh G, Chawla G. Metabolic Alternations of Amino Acids, γ-Aminobutyric Acid, and Salicylic Acid in Solanum lycopersicum (L.) Following Preplanting Seedling Spray with Salicylic Acid. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12236-12248. [PMID: 30418772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Preplanting foliar spray of salicylic acid (SA) (0.0, 5.0, and 10.0 μg/mL) to Solanum lycopersicum (L.) altered the metabolite profile of amino acids, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and SA in leaf, root, and fruits. Free amino acid pools increased; bound amino acid pools reduced. In vegetative tissues, amino acid biosyntheses linked to osmo-compatibility (Pro, Leu, Val and GABA); N (Arg, Asn, Asp, Gln, and Glu); C (Pro, Ser, and Tyr); S (Cys) assimilation; stress tolerance (Ala, Gly, Hyp, His, Lys, Met, and Thr); and central metabolism (Phe, Trp, and Tyr) enhanced for 60-120 days. Concentrations of Ala, Arg, Gln, Gly, Leu, and Ser in leaf and of Asp, Cys, Glu, His, Hyp, Lys, Met, Pro, and Val in root predominated. In planta SA and GABA biosynthesis increased concurrently. SA affected GABA biosynthesis via Glu, Pro, and Arg metabolism. SA, GABA, Glu, and Pro were key canonical variables. This study first reported SA-induced metabolites promoting health (SA/GABA; Cys/Met) and palatability (Glu/Asp; Gln) in table tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari C Meher
- Indian Agricultural Research Institute , New Delhi 110012 , India
| | - Ghanendra Singh
- Indian Agricultural Research Institute , New Delhi 110012 , India
| | - Gautam Chawla
- Indian Agricultural Research Institute , New Delhi 110012 , India
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32
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Fellner M, Hausinger RP, Hu J. A structural perspective on the PP-loop ATP pyrophosphatase family. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 53:607-622. [DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2018.1516728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Fellner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Robert P. Hausinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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33
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Moison M, Marmagne A, Dinant S, Soulay F, Azzopardi M, Lothier J, Citerne S, Morin H, Legay N, Chardon F, Avice JC, Reisdorf-Cren M, Masclaux-Daubresse C. Three cytosolic glutamine synthetase isoforms localized in different-order veins act together for N remobilization and seed filling in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4379-4393. [PMID: 29873769 PMCID: PMC6093384 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS) is central for ammonium assimilation and consists of cytosolic (GS1) and chloroplastic (GS2) isoenzymes. During plant ageing, GS2 protein decreases due to chloroplast degradation, and GS1 activity increases to support glutamine biosynthesis and N remobilization from senescing leaves. The role of the different Arabidopsis GS1 isoforms in nitrogen remobilization was examined using 15N tracing experiments. Only the gln1;1-gln1;2-gln1;3 triple-mutation affecting the three GLN1;1, GLN1;2, and GLN1;3 genes significantly reduced N remobilization, total seed yield, individual seed weight, harvest index, and vegetative biomass. The triple-mutant accumulated a large amount of ammonium that could not be assimilated by GS1. Alternative ammonium assimilation through asparagine biosynthesis was increased and was related to higher ASN2 asparagine synthetase transcript levels. The GS2 transcript, protein, and activity levels were also increased to compensate for the lack of GS1-related glutamine biosynthesis. Localization of the different GLN1 genes showed that they were all expressed in the phloem companion cells but in veins of different order. Our results demonstrate that glutamine biosynthesis for N-remobilization occurs in veins of all orders (major and minor) in leaves, it is mainly catalysed by the three major GS1 isoforms (GLN1;1, GLN1;2, and GLN1;3), and it is alternatively supported by AS2 in the veins and GS2 in the mesophyll cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Moison
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Anne Marmagne
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Sylvie Dinant
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Fabienne Soulay
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Marianne Azzopardi
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Jérémy Lothier
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
- Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Université Paris Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Halima Morin
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Nicolas Legay
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
- Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Université Paris Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Fabien Chardon
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Avice
- UCBN, INRA, UMR INRA-UBCN Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie and Nutrition N.C.S., Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Michèle Reisdorf-Cren
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
- Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Université Paris Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Céline Masclaux-Daubresse
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
- Correspondence:
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Tegeder M, Masclaux-Daubresse C. Source and sink mechanisms of nitrogen transport and use. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:35-53. [PMID: 29120059 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 35 I. Introduction 35 II. Nitrogen acquisition and assimilation 36 III. Root-to-shoot transport of nitrogen 38 IV. Nitrogen storage pools in vegetative tissues 39 V. Nitrogen transport from source leaf to sink 40 VI. Nitrogen import into sinks 42 VII. Relationship between source and sink nitrogen transport processes and metabolism 43 VIII. Regulation of nitrogen transport 43 IX. Strategies for crop improvement 44 X. Conclusions 46 Acknowledgements 47 References 47 SUMMARY: Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plant growth. World-wide, large quantities of nitrogenous fertilizer are applied to ensure maximum crop productivity. However, nitrogen fertilizer application is expensive and negatively affects the environment, and subsequently human health. A strategy to address this problem is the development of crops that are efficient in acquiring and using nitrogen and that can achieve high seed yields with reduced nitrogen input. This review integrates the current knowledge regarding inorganic and organic nitrogen management at the whole-plant level, spanning from nitrogen uptake to remobilization and utilization in source and sink organs. Plant partitioning and transient storage of inorganic and organic nitrogen forms are evaluated, as is how they affect nitrogen availability, metabolism and mobilization. Essential functions of nitrogen transporters in source and sink organs and their importance in regulating nitrogen movement in support of metabolism, and vegetative and reproductive growth are assessed. Finally, we discuss recent advances in plant engineering, demonstrating that nitrogen transporters are effective targets to improve crop productivity and nitrogen use efficiency. While inorganic and organic nitrogen transporters were examined separately in these studies, they provide valuable clues about how to successfully combine approaches for future crop engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
| | - Céline Masclaux-Daubresse
- INRA-AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
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35
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Mackelprang R, Okrent RA, Wildermuth MC. Preference of Arabidopsis thaliana GH3.5 acyl amido synthetase for growth versus defense hormone acyl substrates is dictated by concentration of amino acid substrate aspartate. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 143:19-28. [PMID: 28743075 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The GH3 family of adenylating enzymes conjugate acyl substrates such as the growth hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to amino acids via a two-step reaction of acyl substrate adenylation followed by amino acid conjugation. Arabidopsis thaliana GH3.5 was previously shown to be unusual in that it could adenylate both IAA and the defense hormone salicylic acid (SA, 2-hydroxybenzoate). Our detailed studies of the kinetics of GH3.5 on a variety of auxin and benzoate substrates provides insight into the acyl preference and reaction mechanism of GH3.5. For example, we found GH3.5 activity on substituted benzoates is not defined by the substitution position as it is for GH3.12/PBS3. Most importantly, we show that GH3.5 strongly prefers Asp as the amino acid conjugate and that the concentration of Asp dictates the functional activity of GH3.5 on IAA vs. SA. Not only is Asp used in amino acid biosynthesis, but it also plays an important role in nitrogen mobilization and in the production of downstream metabolites, including pipecolic acid which propagates defense systemically. During active growth, [IAA] and [Asp] are high and the catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of GH3.5 for IAA is 360-fold higher than with SA. GH3.5 is expressed under these conditions and conversion of IAA to inactive IAA-Asp would provide fine spatial and temporal control over local auxin developmental responses. By contrast, [SA] is dramatically elevated in response to (hemi)-biotrophic pathogens which also induce GH3.5 expression. Under these conditions, [Asp] is low and GH3.5 has equal affinity (Km) for SA and IAA with similar catalytic efficiencies. However, the concentration of IAA tends to be very low, well below the Km for IAA. Therefore, GH3.5 catalyzed formation of SA-Asp would occur, fine-tuning localized defensive responses through conversion of active free SA to SA-Asp. Taken together, we show how GH3.5, with dual activity on IAA and SA, can integrate cellular metabolic status via Asp to provide fine control of growth vs. defense outcomes and hormone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Mackelprang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA
| | - Rachel A Okrent
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA
| | - Mary C Wildermuth
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA.
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36
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García-Calderón M, Pérez-Delgado CM, Credali A, Vega JM, Betti M, Márquez AJ. Genes for asparagine metabolism in Lotus japonicus: differential expression and interconnection with photorespiration. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:781. [PMID: 29025409 PMCID: PMC5639745 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4200-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asparagine is a very important nitrogen transport and storage compound in plants due to its high nitrogen/carbon ratio and stability. Asparagine intracellular concentration depends on a balance between asparagine biosynthesis and degradation. The main enzymes involved in asparagine metabolism are asparagine synthetase (ASN), asparaginase (NSE) and serine-glyoxylate aminotransferase (SGAT). The study of the genes encoding for these enzymes in the model legume Lotus japonicus is of particular interest since it has been proposed that asparagine is the principal molecule used to transport reduced nitrogen within the plant in most temperate legumes. RESULTS A differential expression of genes encoding for several enzymes involved in asparagine metabolism was detected in L. japonicus. ASN is encoded by three genes, LjASN1 was the most highly expressed in mature leaves while LjASN2 expression was negligible and LjASN3 showed a low expression in this organ, suggesting that LjASN1 is the main gene responsible for asparagine synthesis in mature leaves. In young leaves, LjASN3 was the only ASN gene expressed although at low levels, while all the three genes encoding for NSE were highly expressed, especially LjNSE1. In nodules, LjASN2 and LjNSE2 were the most highly expressed genes, suggesting an important role for these genes in this organ. Several lines of evidence support the connection between asparagine metabolic genes and photorespiration in L. japonicus: a) a mutant plant deficient in LjNSE1 showed a dramatic decrease in the expression of the two genes encoding for SGAT; b) expression of the genes involved in asparagine metabolism is altered in a photorespiratory mutant lacking plastidic glutamine synthetase; c) a clustering analysis indicated a similar pattern of expression among several genes involved in photorespiratory and asparagine metabolism, indicating a clear link between LjASN1 and LjSGAT genes and photorespiration. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in this paper indicate the existence of a differential expression of asparagine metabolic genes in L. japonicus and point out the crucial relevance of particular genes in different organs. Moreover, the data presented establish clear links between asparagine and photorespiratory metabolic genes in this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita García-Calderón
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carmen M Pérez-Delgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alfredo Credali
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José M Vega
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marco Betti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Antonio J Márquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
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37
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Otori K, Tanabe N, Maruyama T, Sato S, Yanagisawa S, Tamoi M, Shigeoka S. Enhanced photosynthetic capacity increases nitrogen metabolism through the coordinated regulation of carbon and nitrogen assimilation in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2017; 130:909-927. [PMID: 28470336 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0950-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and productivity depend on interactions between the metabolism of carbon and nitrogen. The sensing ability of internal carbon and nitrogen metabolites (the C/N balance) enables plants to regulate metabolism and development. In order to investigate the effects of an enhanced photosynthetic capacity on the metabolism of carbon and nitrogen in photosynthetically active tissus (source leaves), we herein generated transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants (ApFS) that expressed cyanobacterial fructose-1,6-/sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase in their chloroplasts. The phenotype of ApFS plants was indistinguishable from that of wild-type plants at the immature stage. However, as plants matured, the growth of ApFS plants was superior to that of wild-type plants. Starch levels were higher in ApFS plants than in wild-type plants at 2 and 5 weeks. Sucrose levels were also higher in ApFS plants than in wild-type plants, but only at 5 weeks. On the other hand, the contents of various free amino acids were lower in ApFS plants than in wild-type plants at 2 weeks, but were similar at 5 weeks. The total C/N ratio was the same in ApFS plants and wild-type plants, whereas nitrite levels increased in parallel with elevations in nitrate reductase activity at 5 weeks in ApFS plants. These results suggest that increases in the contents of photosynthetic intermediates at the early growth stage caused a temporary imbalance in the free-C/free-N ratio and, thus, the feedback inhibition of the expression of genes involved in the Calvin cycle and induction of the expression of those involved in nitrogen metabolism due to supply deficient free amino acids for maintenance of the C/N balance in source leaves of ApFS plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Otori
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Noriaki Tanabe
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Toshiki Maruyama
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shuichi Yanagisawa
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tamoi
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan.
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Shigeru Shigeoka
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan
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38
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Gaufichon L, Marmagne A, Belcram K, Yoneyama T, Sakakibara Y, Hase T, Grandjean O, Clément G, Citerne S, Boutet-Mercey S, Masclaux-Daubresse C, Chardon F, Soulay F, Xu X, Trassaert M, Shakiebaei M, Najihi A, Suzuki A. ASN1-encoded asparagine synthetase in floral organs contributes to nitrogen filling in Arabidopsis seeds. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 91:371-393. [PMID: 28390103 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite a general view that asparagine synthetase generates asparagine as an amino acid for long-distance transport of nitrogen to sink organs, its role in nitrogen metabolic pathways in floral organs during seed nitrogen filling has remained undefined. We demonstrate that the onset of pollination in Arabidopsis induces selected genes for asparagine metabolism, namely ASN1 (At3g47340), GLN2 (At5g35630), GLU1 (At5g04140), AapAT2 (At5g19950), ASPGA1 (At5g08100) and ASPGB1 (At3g16150), particularly at the ovule stage (stage 0), accompanied by enhanced asparagine synthetase protein, asparagine and total amino acids. Immunolocalization confined asparagine synthetase to the vascular cells of the silique cell wall and septum, but also to the outer and inner seed integuments, demonstrating the post-phloem transport of asparagine in these cells to developing embryos. In the asn1 mutant, aberrant embryo cell divisions in upper suspensor cell layers from globular to heart stages assign a role for nitrogen in differentiating embryos within the ovary. Induction of asparagine metabolic genes by light/dark and nitrate supports fine shifts of nitrogen metabolic pathways. In transgenic Arabidopsis expressing promoterCaMV35S ::ASN1 fusion, marked metabolomics changes at stage 0, including a several-fold increase in free asparagine, are correlated to enhanced seed nitrogen. However, specific promoterNapin2S ::ASN1 expression during seed formation and a six-fold increase in asparagine toward the desiccation stage result in wild-type seed nitrogen, underlining that delayed accumulation of asparagine impairs the timing of its use by releasing amide and amino nitrogen. Transcript and metabolite profiles in floral organs match the carbon and nitrogen partitioning to generate energy via the tricarboxylic acid cycle, GABA shunt and phosphorylated serine synthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Gaufichon
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Anne Marmagne
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Katia Belcram
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Observatoire du Végétal - Cytologie Imagerie, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Tadakatsu Yoneyama
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi l-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yukiko Sakakibara
- Institute for Protein Research, Division of Protein Chemistry, Laboratory of Regulation of Biological Reactions, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Hase
- Institute for Protein Research, Division of Protein Chemistry, Laboratory of Regulation of Biological Reactions, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Olivier Grandjean
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Observatoire du Végétal - Cytologie Imagerie, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Gilles Clément
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Observatoire du Végétal - Chimie Métabolisme, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Observatoire du Végétal - Chimie Métabolisme, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Stéphanie Boutet-Mercey
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Observatoire du Végétal - Chimie Métabolisme, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | | | - Fabien Chardon
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Fabienne Soulay
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Xiaole Xu
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Marion Trassaert
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Maryam Shakiebaei
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Amina Najihi
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Akira Suzuki
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
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Yin H, Dong JJ, Yu JH, Zhong C, Liu LP, Liu M, Yang PF, Hao JG, Jia SR. Intracellular metabolite profiling of industrial yeast and the synthesis of flavour compounds in beer. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Fermentation Engineering of Beer, Tsingtao Brewery Co Ltd, R&D Ctr; Qingdao 266101 Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Jun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Fermentation Engineering of Beer, Tsingtao Brewery Co Ltd, R&D Ctr; Qingdao 266101 Shandong People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Ministry of Education); Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin 300457 People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Hong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Fermentation Engineering of Beer, Tsingtao Brewery Co Ltd, R&D Ctr; Qingdao 266101 Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Ministry of Education); Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin 300457 People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Pu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Ministry of Education); Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin 300457 People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Ministry of Education); Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin 300457 People's Republic of China
| | - Pan-Fei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Ministry of Education); Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin 300457 People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Guang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Fermentation Engineering of Beer, Tsingtao Brewery Co Ltd, R&D Ctr; Qingdao 266101 Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Ru Jia
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Ministry of Education); Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin 300457 People's Republic of China
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Modde K, Timm S, Florian A, Michl K, Fernie AR, Bauwe H. High serine:glyoxylate aminotransferase activity lowers leaf daytime serine levels, inducing the phosphoserine pathway in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:643-656. [PMID: 28011718 PMCID: PMC5441925 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Serine:glyoxylate aminotransferase (SGAT) converts glyoxylate and serine to glycine and hydroxypyruvate during photorespiration. Besides this, SGAT operates with several other substrates including asparagine. The impact of this enzymatic promiscuity on plant metabolism, particularly photorespiration and serine biosynthesis, is poorly understood. We found that elevated SGAT activity causes surprisingly clear changes in metabolism and interferes with photosynthetic CO2 uptake and biomass accumulation of Arabidopsis. The faster serine turnover during photorespiration progressively lowers day-time leaf serine contents and in turn induces the phosphoserine pathway. Transcriptional upregulation of this additional route of serine biosynthesis occurs already during the day but particularly at night, efficiently counteracting night-time serine depletion. Additionally, higher SGAT activity results in an increased use of asparagine as the external donor of amino groups to the photorespiratory pathway but does not alter leaf asparagine content at night. These results suggest leaf SGAT activity needs to be dynamically adjusted to ensure (i) variable flux through the photorespiratory pathway at a minimal consumption of asparagine and (ii) adequate serine levels for other cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Modde
- University of Rostock, Plant Physiology Department, Albert-Einstein-Straße, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefan Timm
- University of Rostock, Plant Physiology Department, Albert-Einstein-Straße, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexandra Florian
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, Golm, Germany
| | - Klaudia Michl
- University of Rostock, Plant Physiology Department, Albert-Einstein-Straße, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, Golm, Germany
| | - Hermann Bauwe
- University of Rostock, Plant Physiology Department, Albert-Einstein-Straße, Rostock, Germany
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Yang X, Xia X, Zhang Z, Nong B, Zeng Y, Xiong F, Wu Y, Gao J, Deng G, Li D. QTL Mapping by Whole Genome Re-sequencing and Analysis of Candidate Genes for Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1634. [PMID: 28983307 PMCID: PMC5613164 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is a major nutritional element in rice production. However, excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer has caused severe environmental pollution. Therefore, development of rice varieties with improved nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is urgent for sustainable agriculture. In this study, bulked segregant analysis (BSA) combined with whole genome re-sequencing (WGS) technology was applied to finely map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for NUE. A key QTL, designated as qNUE6 was identified on chromosome 6 and further validated by Insertion/Deletion (InDel) marker-based substitutional mapping in recombinants from F2 population (NIL-13B4 × GH998). Forty-four genes were identified in this 266.5-kb region. According to detection and annotation analysis of variation sites, 39 genes with large-effect single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and large-effect InDels were selected as candidates and their expression levels were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Significant differences in the expression levels of LOC_Os06g15370 (peptide transporter PTR2) and LOC_Os06g15420 (asparagine synthetase) were observed between two parents (Y11 and GH998). Phylogenetic analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana identified two closely related homologs, AT1G68570 (AtNPF3.1) and AT5G65010 (ASN2), which share 72.3 and 87.5% amino acid similarity with LOC_Os06g15370 and LOC_Os06g15420, respectively. Taken together, our results suggested that qNUE6 is a possible candidate gene for NUE in rice. The fine mapping and candidate gene analysis of qNUE6 provide the basis of molecular breeding for genetic improvement of rice varieties with high NUE, and lay the foundation for further cloning and functional analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghai Yang
- Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanning, China
| | - Xiuzhong Xia
- Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanning, China
| | - Zongqiong Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanning, China
| | - Baoxuan Nong
- Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanning, China
| | - Yu Zeng
- Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanning, China
| | - Faqian Xiong
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanning, China
| | - Yanyan Wu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanning, China
| | - Ju Gao
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Laboratory, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanning, China
| | - Guofu Deng
- Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanning, China
| | - Danting Li
- Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanning, China
- *Correspondence: Danting Li
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42
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Van Kerckhoven SH, de la Torre FN, Cañas RA, Avila C, Cantón FR, Cánovas FM. Characterization of Three L-Asparaginases from Maritime Pine ( Pinus pinaster Ait.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1075. [PMID: 28690619 PMCID: PMC5481357 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Asparaginases (ASPG, EC 3.5.1.1) catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide group of L-asparagine producing L-aspartate and ammonium. Three ASPG, PpASPG1, PpASPG2, and PpASPG3, have been identified in the transcriptome of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) that were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana by agroinfection. The three recombinant proteins were processed in planta to active enzymes and it was found that all mature forms exhibited double activity asparaginase/isoaspartyl dipeptidase but only PpASPG1 was able to catalyze efficiently L-asparagine hydrolysis. PpASPG1 contains a variable region of 77 amino acids that is critical for proteolytic processing of the precursor and is retained in the mature enzyme. Furthermore, the functional analysis of deletion mutants demonstrated that this protein fragment is required for specific recognition of the substrate and favors enzyme stability. Potassium has a limited effect on the activation of maritime pine ASPG what is consistent with the lack of a critical residue essential for interaction of cation. Taken together, the results presented here highlight the specific features of ASPG from conifers when compared to the enzymes from angiosperms.
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Plett D, Holtham L, Baumann U, Kalashyan E, Francis K, Enju A, Toubia J, Roessner U, Bacic A, Rafalski A, Dhugga KS, Tester M, Garnett T, Kaiser BN. Nitrogen assimilation system in maize is regulated by developmental and tissue-specific mechanisms. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 92:293-312. [PMID: 27511191 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0512-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We found metabolites, enzyme activities and enzyme transcript abundances vary significantly across the maize lifecycle, but weak correlation exists between the three groups. We identified putative genes regulating nitrate assimilation. Progress in improving nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) of crop plants has been hampered by the complexity of the N uptake and utilisation systems. To understand this complexity we measured the activities of seven enzymes and ten metabolites related to N metabolism in the leaf and root tissues of Gaspe Flint maize plants grown in 0.5 or 2.5 mM NO3 (-) throughout the lifecycle. The amino acids had remarkably similar profiles across the lifecycle except for transient responses, which only appeared in the leaves for aspartate or in the roots for asparagine, serine and glycine. The activities of the enzymes for N assimilation were also coordinated to a certain degree, most noticeably with a peak in root activity late in the lifecycle, but with wide variation in the activity levels over the course of development. We analysed the transcriptional data for gene sets encoding the measured enzymes and found that, unlike the enzyme activities, transcript levels of the corresponding genes did not exhibit the same coordination across the lifecycle and were only weakly correlated with the levels of various amino acids or individual enzyme activities. We identified gene sets which were correlated with the enzyme activity profiles, including seven genes located within previously known quantitative trait loci for enzyme activities and hypothesise that these genes are important for the regulation of enzyme activities. This work provides insights into the complexity of the N assimilation system throughout development and identifies candidate regulatory genes, which warrant further investigation in efforts to improve NUE in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Plett
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Luke Holtham
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Ute Baumann
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Elena Kalashyan
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Karen Francis
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Akiko Enju
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - John Toubia
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
- ACRF South Australian Cancer Genomics Facility, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Ute Roessner
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | | | - Kanwarpal S Dhugga
- DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Carretera México Veracruz, Km. 45, El Batán, Texcoco, Estado De México, 56237, USA
| | - Mark Tester
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Trevor Garnett
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia.
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia.
- The Plant Accelerator, Australian Plant Phenomics Facility, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, 5064, Australia.
| | - Brent N Kaiser
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
- Centre For Carbon Water and Food, The Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
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Li Y, Wang M, Zhang F, Xu Y, Chen X, Qin X, Wen X. Effect of post-silking drought on nitrogen partitioning and gene expression patterns of glutamine synthetase and asparagine synthetase in two maize (Zea mays L.) varieties. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 102:62-9. [PMID: 26913793 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS) and asparagine synthetase (AS) are proposed to have important function in plant nitrogen (N) remobilization, but their roles under drought stress are not well defined. In this study, the expression dynamics of GS and AS genes were analyzed in two maize varieties (ZD958 and NH101) in relation to post-silking drought stress induced nitrogen partitioning. ZD958 was a 'stay-green' variety with 5% nitrogen harvest index (NHI) lower than NH101. From silking to maturity, the amount of nitrogen remobilized from ear-leaves in ZD958 was evidently lower than NH101, and post-silking drought stress increased the nitrogen remobilization for both varieties. In ear-leaves, the expression of ZmGln1-3 was enhanced under drought stress. Three AS genes (ZmAS1, ZmAS2 and ZmAS3) were differentially regulated by post-silking drought treatment, of which the expression of ZmAS3 was stimulated at late stage of leaf senescence. In NH101, the expression level of ZmAS3 was markedly higher than that in ZD958. In developing grains, there were no significant differences in expression patterns of GS and AS genes between well water and drought treated plants. Drought stress altered maize N partitioning at the whole-plant level, and the up-regulation of GS and AS genes may contribute to the higher leaf nitrogen remobilization when exposed to drought treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Li
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Meiling Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Fengxia Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yadong Xu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaoliang Qin
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wen
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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45
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Liu X, Tang S, Jia G, Schnable JC, Su H, Tang C, Zhi H, Diao X. The C-terminal motif of SiAGO1b is required for the regulation of growth, development and stress responses in foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3237-49. [PMID: 27045099 PMCID: PMC4892719 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv), which belongs to the Panicoideae tribe of the Poaceae, is an important grain crop widely grown in Northern China and India. It is currently developing into a novel model species for functional genomics of the Panicoideae as a result of its fully available reference genome sequence, small diploid genome (2n=18, ~510Mb), short life cycle, small stature and prolific seed production. Argonaute 1 (AGO1), belonging to the argonaute (AGO) protein family, recruits small RNAs and regulates plant growth and development. Here, we characterized an AGO1 mutant (siago1b) in foxtail millet, which was induced by ethyl methanesulfonate treatment. The mutant exhibited pleiotropic developmental defects, including dwarfing stem, narrow and rolled leaves, smaller panicles and lower rates of seed setting. Map-based cloning analysis demonstrated that these phenotypic variations were attributed to a C-A transversion, and a 7-bp deletion in the C-terminus of the SiAGO1b gene in siago1b Yeast two-hybrid assays and BiFC experiments revealed that the mutated region was an essential functional motif for the interaction between SiAGO1b and SiHYL1. Furthermore, 1598 differentially expressed genes were detected via RNA-seq-based comparison of SiAGO1b and wild-type plants, which revealed that SiAGO1b mutation influenced multiple biological processes, including energy metabolism, cell growth, programmed death and abiotic stress responses in foxtail millet. This study may provide a better understanding of the mechanisms by which SiAGO1b regulates the growth and development of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Sha Tang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guanqing Jia
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - James C Schnable
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China. Agronomy & Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Beadle Center E207, Lincoln, NE 68583-0660, USA
| | - Haixia Su
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chanjuan Tang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hui Zhi
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xianmin Diao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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46
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Gaufichon L, Rothstein SJ, Suzuki A. Asparagine Metabolic Pathways in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:675-89. [PMID: 26628609 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic nitrogen in the form of ammonium is assimilated into asparagine via multiple steps involving glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT) and asparagine synthetase (AS) in Arabidopsis. The asparagine amide group is liberated by the reaction catalyzed by asparaginase (ASPG) and also the amino group of asparagine is released by asparagine aminotransferase (AsnAT) for use in the biosynthesis of amino acids. Asparagine plays a primary role in nitrogen recycling, storage and transport in developing and germinating seeds, as well as in vegetative and senescence organs. A small multigene family encodes isoenzymes of each step of asparagine metabolism in Arabidopsis, except for asparagine aminotransferase encoded by a single gene. The aim of this study is to highlight the structure of the genes and encoded enzyme proteins involved in asparagine metabolic pathways; the regulation and role of different isogenes; and kinetic and physiological properties of encoded enzymes in different tissues and developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Gaufichon
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Steven J Rothstein
- University of Guelph, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Akira Suzuki
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
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Abadie C, Lamothe-Sibold M, Gilard F, Tcherkez G. Isotopic evidence for nitrogen exchange between autotrophic and heterotrophic tissues in variegated leaves. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2016; 43:298-306. [PMID: 32480462 DOI: 10.1071/fp15187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Many plant species or cultivars form variegated leaves in which blades are made of green and white sectors. On the one hand, there is little photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in white tissue simply because of the lack of functional chloroplasts and thus, leaf white tissue is heterotrophic and fed by photosynthates exported by leaf green tissue. On the other hand, it has been previously shown that the white tissue is enriched in nitrogenous compounds such as amino acids and polyamines, which can, in turn, be remobilised upon nitrogen deficiency. However, the origin of organic nitrogen in leaf white tissue, including the possible requirement for N-reduction in leaf green tissue before export to white tissue, has not been examined. Here, we took advantage of isotopic methods to investigate the source of nitrogen in the white tissue. A survey of natural isotope abundance (δ15N) and elemental composition (%N) in various variegated species shows no visible difference between white and green tissues, suggesting a common N source. However, there is a tendency for N-rich white tissue to be naturally 15N-enriched whereas in the model species Pelargonium×hortorum, white sectors are naturally 15N-depleted, indicating that changes in metabolic composition and/or N-partitioning may occur. Isotopic labelling with 15N-nitrate on illuminated leaf discs clearly shows that the white tissue assimilates little nitrogen and thus relies on nitrate reduction and metabolism in the green tissue. The N-sink represented by the white tissue is considerable, accounting for nearly 50% of total assimilated nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Abadie
- Research School of Biology, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Marlène Lamothe-Sibold
- Université Paris-Sud, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2 (Bâtiment 630), UMR CNRS-INRA 9213, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Françoise Gilard
- Université Paris-Sud, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2 (Bâtiment 630), UMR CNRS-INRA 9213, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Research School of Biology, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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48
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Impact of the Disruption of ASN3-Encoding Asparagine Synthetase on Arabidopsis Development. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy6010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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49
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Krapp A. Plant nitrogen assimilation and its regulation: a complex puzzle with missing pieces. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 25:115-22. [PMID: 26037390 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an essential element for plants that is available in agricultural soils mainly as macronutrients in the form of nitrate and ammonium. Interplay between high-affinity and low-affinity transporters ensures efficient uptake from the soil even under highly fluctuating N availability. After uptake, N assimilation comprises the reduction of nitrate to ammonium and its subsequent incorporation into amino acids. Amino acids, but also nitrate, are transported from root to shoot and vice versa. Most steps of N transport and assimilation are tightly controlled by a regulatory network acting both cell-autonomously and systemically. N sensors, transcription factors and further regulatory players have been identified during recent years, elucidating parts of the huge puzzle that represents the efficient use of N by plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Krapp
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France; AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France.
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50
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Abadie C, Lamothe M, Mauve C, Gilard F, Tcherkez G. Leaf green-white variegation is advantageous under N deprivation in Pelargonium×hortorum. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2015; 42:543-551. [PMID: 32480699 DOI: 10.1071/fp14250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Variegation (patchy surface area with different colours) is a common trait of plant leaves. In green-white variegated leaves, two tissues with contrasted primary carbon metabolisms (autotrophic in green and heterotrophic in white tissues) are juxtaposed. It is generally believed that variegation is detrimental to growth due to the lower photosynthetic surface area. However, the common occurrence of leaf variegation in nature raises the question of a possible advantage under certain circumstances. Here, we examined growth and metabolism of variegated Pelargonium×hortorum L.H.Bailey using metabolomics techniques under N deprivation. Our results showed that variegated plants tolerate N deficiency much better, i.e. do not stop leaf biomass production after 9 weeks of N deprivation, even though the growth of green plants is eventually arrested and leaf senescence is triggered. Metabolic analysis indicates that white areas are naturally enriched in arginine, which decreases a lot upon N deprivation, probably to feed green areas. This process may compensate for the lower proteolysis enhancement in green areas and thus contribute to maintaining photosynthetic activity. We conclude that under our experimental conditions, leaf variegation was advantageous under prolonged N deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Abadie
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, CNRS UMR 8618, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Marlène Lamothe
- Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Caroline Mauve
- Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Françoise Gilard
- Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, CNRS UMR 8618, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
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