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Petakh P, Oksenych V, Kamyshna I, Boisak I, Lyubomirskaya K, Kamyshnyi O. Exploring the complex interplay: gut microbiome, stress, and leptospirosis. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1345684. [PMID: 38476949 PMCID: PMC10927737 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1345684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis, a re-emerging zoonotic disease, remains a significant global health concern, especially amid floods and disasters such as the Kakhovka Dam destruction. As is known, the stress that occurs in the conditions of military conflicts among civilian and military personnel significantly affects susceptibility to infectious diseases and possibly even influences their course. This review aims to explore how the gut microbiome and stress mediators (such as catecholamines and corticosteroids) might impact the leptospirosis disease course. The review opens new horizons for research by elucidating the connections between the gut microbiome, stress, and leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Petakh
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine
- Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Valentyn Oksenych
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Iryna Kamyshna
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Iryna Boisak
- Department of Childhood Diseases, Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine
| | - Katerina Lyubomirskaya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceuticals University, Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr Kamyshnyi
- Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
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Varma VP, Kadivella M, Kavela S, Faisal SM. Leptospira Lipid A Is a Potent Adjuvant That Induces Sterilizing Immunity against Leptospirosis. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1824. [PMID: 38140228 PMCID: PMC10748165 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a globally significant zoonotic disease. The current inactivated vaccine offers protection against specific serovars but does not provide complete immunity. Various surface antigens, such as Leptospira immunoglobulin-like proteins (LigA and LigB), have been identified as potential subunit vaccine candidates. However, these antigens require potent adjuvants for effectiveness. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), including lipid A, are a well-known immunostimulant, and clinical adjuvants often contain monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA). Being less endotoxic, we investigated the adjuvant properties of lipid A isolated from L. interrogans serovar Pomona (PLA) in activating innate immunity and enhancing antigen-specific adaptive immune responses. PLA activated macrophages to a similar degree as MPLA, albeit at a higher dose, suggesting that it is less potent in stimulation than MPLA. Mice immunized with a variable portion of LigA (LAV) combined with alum and PLA (LAV-alum-PLA) exhibited significantly higher levels of LAV-specific humoral and cellular immune responses compared to alum alone but similar to those induced by alum-MPLA. The adjuvant activity of PLA resembles that of MPLA and is primarily achieved through the increased recruitment, activation, and uptake of antigens by innate immune cells. Furthermore, like MPLA, PLA formulation establishes a long-lasting memory response. Notably, PLA demonstrated superior potency than MPLA formulation and provided sterilizing immunity against the leptospirosis in a hamster model. Overall, our study sheds light on the adjuvant properties of Leptospira lipid A and offers promising avenues for developing LPS-based vaccines against this devastating zoonotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P. Varma
- Laboratory of Vaccine Immunology, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad 500032, India; (V.P.V.); (M.K.); (S.K.)
- Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Mohammad Kadivella
- Laboratory of Vaccine Immunology, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad 500032, India; (V.P.V.); (M.K.); (S.K.)
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Sridhar Kavela
- Laboratory of Vaccine Immunology, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad 500032, India; (V.P.V.); (M.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Syed M. Faisal
- Laboratory of Vaccine Immunology, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad 500032, India; (V.P.V.); (M.K.); (S.K.)
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad 121001, India
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Vaghasia V, Lata KS, Patel S, Das J. Epitopes mapping for identification of potential cross-reactive peptide against leptospirosis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37948196 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2279285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Leptospira, the pathogenic helical spirochetes that cause leptospirosis, is an emerging zoonotic disease with effective dissemination tactics in the host and can infect humans and animals with moderate or severe illnesses. Thus, peptide-based vaccines may be the most effective strategy to manage the immune response against Leptospira to close these gaps. In the current investigation, highly immunogenic proteins from the proteome of Leptospira interorgan serogroup Icterohaemorrhagie serovar Lai strain 56601 were identified using immunoinformatic methods. It was discovered that the conserved and most immunogenic outer membrane Lepin protein was both antigenic and non-allergenic by testing 15 linear B-cells and the ten best T-cell (Helper-lymphocyte (HTL) with the most significant number of HLA-DR binding alleles and the eight cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)) epitopes. Furthermore, a 3D structural model of CTL epitopes was created using the Pep-Fold3 platform. Using the Autodock 4.2 docking server, research was conducted to determine how well the top-ranked CTL peptide models attach to HLA-A*0201 (PDB ID: 4U6Y). With HLA-A*0201, the epitope SSGTGNLHV binds with a binding energy of -1.29 kcal/mol. Utilizing molecular dynamics modeling, the projected epitope-allele docked complex structure was optimized, and the stability of the complex system was assessed. Therefore, this epitope can trigger an immunological response and produce effective Leptospira vaccine candidates. Overall, this study offers a unique vaccination candidate and may encourage additional research into leptospirosis vaccines.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhisha Vaghasia
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change Impacts management, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Kumari Snehkant Lata
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change Impacts management, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Saumya Patel
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change Impacts management, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
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Malalana F, Ireland JL, Pinchbeck GL, McGowan CM. Risk factors for a first episode of primary uveitis in the UK and proportion of cases that experience recurrence following this first episode. Equine Vet J 2023; 55:42-47. [PMID: 35305037 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk factors for a first episode of primary uveitis in horses have not been determined. In addition, disease progression and the proportion of horses that develop recurrence following the original episode are not known. OBJECTIVES To determine the risk factors for the development of a first episode of primary uveitis in horses in the UK and to document the proportion of cases that experience recurrence following this first episode. STUDY DESIGN Prospective case-control longitudinal study. METHODS Horses with a first episode of primary uveitis between July 2014 and August 2018 were recruited to the study. For each case, two controls were selected. A questionnaire was completed for each horse and multivariable logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify associations between horse and management-level variables and the risk of uveitis. Each case was then followed longitudinally to determine the rate of recurrence of uveitis. RESULTS Twenty-three cases and 46 controls were recruited. Being close to a pig farm (OR 27.8, CI 1.31-592.06) and a recent history of flooding of the pasture (OR 15.43, CI 2.80-84.98) was associated with increased risk of uveitis. Being in the same owner's possession for a longer amount of time had a protective effect (OR 0.79, CI 0.68-0.93). Horses recovered uneventfully following treatment and showed no evidence of recurrence in 59.1% of the cases (n = 13). In five horses (22.7%), the initial episode of uveitis could not be controlled and required surgical therapy. Recurrence was observed in four horses (18.2%). MAIN LIMITATIONS Small sample size. Recall bias from owners for some of the data. Possibility of selection bias. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians can use this information to identify horses with increased risk of uveitis and provide advice to the owners of these horses. The proportion of cases that experience recurrence appears low in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Malalana
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Joanne L Ireland
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Gina L Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Catherine M McGowan
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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Ibrahim JM, A S, Nair AS, Oommen OV, Sudhakaran PR. In silico screening and epitope mapping of leptospiral outer membrane protein-Lsa46. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:26-44. [PMID: 34821205 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.2003247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is one of the neglected diseases caused by the spirochete, Leptospira interrogans. Leptospiral surface adhesion (Lsa) proteins are surface exposed outer membrane proteins present in the pathogen. It acts as laminin and plasminogen binding proteins which enable them to infect host cells. The major target for the development of vaccine in the current era focuses on surface exposed outer membrane proteins, as they can induce strong and fast immune response in hosts. Therefore, the present study mapped the potential epitopes of the Leptospiral outer membrane proteins, mainly the surface adhesion proteins. Protein sequence analysis of Lsa proteins was done by in silico methods. The primary protein sequence analysis revealed Lsa46 as a suitable target which can be a potent Leptospiral vaccine candidate. Its structure was modelled by threading based method in I-TASSER server and validated by Ramachandran plot. The predicted epitope's interactions with human IgG, IgM(Fab) and T-cell receptor TCR(αβ) were performed by molecular docking studies using Biovia Discovery studio 2018. One of the predicted B-cell epitopes and the IgG showed desirable binding interactions, while four of the predicted B-cell epitopes and T-cell epitopes showed desirable binding interactions with IgM and TCR respectively. The molecular dynamic simulation studies carried out with the molecular docked complexes gave minimized energies indicating stable interactions. The structural analysis of the entire simulated complex showed a stable nature except for one of the Epitope-IgM complex. Further the binding free energy calculation of eight receptor-ligand complex predicted them energetically stable. The results of the study help in elucidating the structural and functional characterization of Lsa46 for epitope-based vaccine design.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaida M Ibrahim
- Department of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Shanitha A
- Department of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Achuthsankar S Nair
- Department of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Oommen V Oommen
- Department of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Perumana R Sudhakaran
- Department of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Weil's Disease-Immunopathogenesis, Multiple Organ Failure, and Potential Role of Gut Microbiota. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121830. [PMID: 36551258 PMCID: PMC9775223 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease, causing about 60,000 deaths annually. In this review, we have described in detail the immunopathogenesis of leptospirosis, the influence of cytokines, genetic susceptibility on the course of the disease, and the evasion of the immune response. These data are combined with information about immunological and pathomorphological changes in the kidneys, liver, and lungs, which are most affected by Weil's disease. The review also suggests a possible role of the gut microbiota in the clinical course of leptospirosis, the main mechanisms of the influence of gut dysbiosis on damage in the liver, kidneys, and lungs through several axes, i.e., gut-liver, gut-kidney, and gut-lungs. Modulation of gut microbiota by probiotics and/or fecal microbiota transplantation in leptospirosis may become an important area of scientific research.
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Medeiros EJDS, Ferreira LCA, Ortega JM, Cosate MRV, Sakamoto T. Genetic basis underlying the serological affinity of leptospiral serovars from serogroups Sejroe, Mini and Hebdomadis. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 103:105345. [PMID: 35917899 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a widely distributed zoonosis caused by pathogenic strains of bacteria of the genus Leptospira (Phylum Spirochaetes). Its agents are commonly classified based on their antigenic characteristics into serogroups and serovars, which are relevant for epidemiologic studies and vaccine development. Serological tests are considered laborious and require a specialized infrastructure. Some molecular methods have been proposed to accelerate these procedures, but they still can not replace the immunological tests, thus requiring a further understanding of the genetic basis underlying the serological classification. In this work, we focused on elucidating the genetic factors determinant for the serogroup Sejroe, which is one of the most prevalent serogroups in livestock. For this, we conducted a comparative analysis using >700 leptospiral genomic samples available in the public database. The analysis showed that the genes comprising the rfb locus are the main genetic factors associated with the serological classification. Samples from the serogroup Sejroe have an rfb locus with a conserved gene composition that differs from most other serogroups. Hebdomadis and Mini were the only serogroups whose samples have an rfb locus with similar gene composition to those from serogroup Sejroe, corroborating with the serological affinity shared by them. Finally, we could determine a small region in the rfb locus in which each of those three serogroups can be distinguished by its gene composition. This is the first work that uses an extensive repertoire of genomic data of leptospiral samples to elucidate the molecular basis of the serological classification and open the road to more reliable strategies based on molecular methods for serodiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliseu Jayro de Souza Medeiros
- Bioinformatics Multidisciplinary Environment (BioME), Instituto Metrópole Digital (IMD), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Cabral Afonso Ferreira
- Bioinformatics Multidisciplinary Environment (BioME), Instituto Metrópole Digital (IMD), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - J Miguel Ortega
- Laboratório de Biodados, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Tetsu Sakamoto
- Bioinformatics Multidisciplinary Environment (BioME), Instituto Metrópole Digital (IMD), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Laboratório de Biodados, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Surdel MC, Anderson PN, Hahn BL, Coburn J. Hematogenous dissemination of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Leptospira in a short-term murine model of infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:917962. [PMID: 35923802 PMCID: PMC9339599 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.917962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an emerging zoonosis caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp. Because rodents are natural hosts of Leptospira, rodent models of pathogenesis have been limited, but are valuable to understand infection in reservoir animals even in the absence of disease. Mouse models of infection provide advantages due to genetic tractability, so developing murine models of Leptospira infection is crucial for further understanding the biology of this organism. Previously our laboratory developed a short-term murine model of Borrelia burgdorferi hematogenous dissemination to investigate the role of adhesion proteins on bacterial survival and dissemination within a host. Here we adapt this model to Leptospira. C3H/HeJ mice are anesthetized, inoculated intravenously, and then bacteria are allowed to circulate for up to twenty-four hours. Mice are euthanized, perfused with saline, and tissues are harvested for culture and DNA purification. Bacterial burdens are determined by quantitative PCR. Reproducible burdens of bacteria were found in tissues upon inoculation with pathogens and non-pathogens, demonstrating the utility of this model to probe different Leptospira species and strains. Pathogenic L. interrogans has a significantly higher burden in blood, liver, kidney, and bladder at one-hour post-inoculation when compared to non-pathogenic L. biflexa. Colonization of the kidney is essential to the life cycle of pathogenic Leptospira in nature. Measurable burdens of non-pathogenic L. biflexa were found in numerous organs and live leptospires were recovered from blood samples for at least three hours post-inoculation, contrary to the previous belief that non-pathogenic leptospires are rapidly cleared. This short-term murine model of Leptospira hematogenous dissemination will allow for the interrogation of virulence factors potentially important for tissue colonization and evasion of host defenses, and represents a novel animal model for investigating determinants of Leptospira infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Surdel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Phillip N. Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Beth L. Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Jenifer Coburn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States,*Correspondence: Jenifer Coburn,
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Going Micro in Leptospirosis Kidney Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040698. [PMID: 35203344 PMCID: PMC8869946 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic and waterborne disease worldwide. It is a neglected infectious disease caused by Leptospira spp., as well as a reemerging disease and global public health problem with respect to morbidity and mortality both in humans and animals. Leptospirosis emerges as a leading cause of acute febrile illness along with hepatorenal injury in many countries, including Thailand. While most affected persons are symptomatic in acute disease, which is always difficult to differentiate from other tropical diseases, there is growing evidence of subtle manifestations that cause unrecognized chronic symptoms. The kidney is one of the common organs affected by Leptospires. Although acute kidney injury in the spectrum of interstitial nephritis is a well-described characteristic in severe leptospirosis, chronic kidney disease from leptospirosis is widely discussed. Early recognition of severe leptospirosis leads to reduce morbidity and mortality. Thus, in this review, we highlight the spectrum of characteristics involved in leptospirosis kidney disease and the use of serologic and molecular methods, as well as the treatments of severe leptospirosis.
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Samakchan N, Thinwang P, Boonyom R. Oral immunization of rat with chromosomal expression LipL32 in attenuated Salmonella vaccine induces immune respond against pathogenic Leptospira. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2021; 10:217-228. [PMID: 34703804 PMCID: PMC8511595 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2021.10.3.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Leptospirosis caused by Leptospira spp. remains a global health problem. Available commercial leptospiral vaccines have shown an ineffective prevention for leptospiral infection. The aim of this study was to develop leptospirosis vaccine using recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccine (RASV) as a platform. We expected that this vaccine has ability to continuous and strongly stimulate immune systems including protective mucosal, humoral, and cell mediated immunity in rat model. Materials and Methods In this study, we engineered RASV, NRSL32 strain containing chromosomal fusion between nucleotides encoding secretion signal of SPI-2 effector protein, SspH2 and gene encoding major pathogenic leptospiral outer membrane lipoprotein, LipL32. Subsequently, our modified RASV was oral vaccination to rat and blood samples were taken for assessment of immune responses. Results Our Salmonella NRSL32 strain showed expression and secretion of SspH21-215-LipL32 recombinant protein via SPI-2 T3SS. After oral administration of NRSL32 strain to rats, significant titers of total immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A against rLipL32 were observed in long period up to 77 days after vaccination. The stimulated antibody showed ability to specific bind with LipL32 protein on surface of pathogenic Leptospira spp. Additionally, the balance level of IgG2a/IgG1 ratio and level of interferon-γ and interleukin-4 secretion were detected. Conclusion The results showed that our RASV platform with chromosomal expression elicited effective immune responses to leptospiral antigen. Moreover, this platform was capable for simultaneous stimulation of Th1 and Th2-biased responses. Further investigation is necessary study of protective efficacy against leptospiral infection in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthapon Samakchan
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Patipat Thinwang
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Rerngwit Boonyom
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
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Mendoza MV, Rivera WL. Application of simplified MLST scheme for direct typing of clinical samples from human leptospirosis cases in a tertiary hospital in the Philippines. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258891. [PMID: 34669742 PMCID: PMC8528318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the major threat of leptospirosis to public health in the Philippines, its epidemiologic data remain scarce. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is a method often used for identification of circulating Leptospira species and disease surveillance. Unfortunately, molecular typing of Leptospira isolates is not routinely done in most hospital settings. A simplified MLST scheme targeting three loci (adk, lipL41, mreA) was performed for rapid direct typing of Leptospira in clinical specimens. Blood samples from suspected or clinically diagnosed cases (n = 50) were initially screened via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting 23S rRNA, 16S rRNA (rrs2), and lipL32 genes. From the nine positives, seven had interpretable data from MLST. Allelic profiles identified L. interrogans in all positive samples. Six were assigned to ST12 of serovar Manilae (serogroup Pyrogenes) while one sample cannot be clearly differentiated between two serovars/serogroups, Bataviae/Losbanos (serogroup Bataviae) or Australis (serogroup Australis), indicating possibility of a new ST. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the application of simplified MLST scheme produces consistent results with the seven-loci genetic profile of published Leptospira MLST schemes. Reduced scheme addressed the challenges often encountered in the amplification of full MLST genetic profile of Leptospira. The approach is a potential alternative to serological tests for rapid typing of clinical specimens and can also aid in investigations on disease epidemiology specifically to monitor occurrence, pathogen transmission, host specificity and susceptibility, and other factors that could lead to potential outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjo V. Mendoza
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Windell L. Rivera
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
- Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
- * E-mail:
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12
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Wilson TM, Ritter JM, Martines RB, Gonçalves AAB, Fair P, Galloway R, Weiner Z, Romano APM, Costa GRT, Melo CB, Zaki SR, Castro MB. Pathology and One Health implications of fatal Leptospira interrogans infection in an urbanized, free-ranging, black-tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) in Brazil. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:3207-3216. [PMID: 34387927 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic neglected disease of worldwide public health concern. Leptospira species can infect a wide range of wild and domestic mammals and lead to a spectrum of disease, including severe and fatal forms. Herein, we report for the first time a fatal Leptospira interrogans infection in a free-ranging nonhuman primate (NHP), a black-tufted marmoset. Icterus, pulmonary haemorrhage, interstitial nephritis, and hepatocellular dissociation were the main findings raising the suspicion of leptospirosis. Diagnostic confirmation was based on specific immunohistochemical and PCR assays for Leptospira species. Immunolocalization of leptospiral antigens and identification of pathogenic species (L. interrogans species) were important for better understanding the pathogenesis of the disease. One Health-related implications of free-ranging NHPs in anthropized areas and transmission dynamics of human and animal leptospirosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tais M Wilson
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Graduate Program in Animal Science, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Jana M Ritter
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Roosecelis B Martines
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alexandra A B Gonçalves
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Animal Science, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Pamela Fair
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Renee Galloway
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zachary Weiner
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alessandro P M Romano
- Technical Group on Arbovirus Surveillance, General Coordination of Communicable Diseases, Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance, Secretariat of Health Surveillance, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Gabriela R T Costa
- Environmental Health Surveillance Directorate of the Federal District, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Cristiano B Melo
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Sherif R Zaki
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Marcio B Castro
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Animal Science, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
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13
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The role of leptospiremia and specific immune response in severe leptospirosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14630. [PMID: 34272435 PMCID: PMC8285422 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94073-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis can cause a high mortality rate, especially in severe cases. This multicenter cross-sectional study aimed to examine both host and pathogen factors that might contribute to the disease severity. A total of 217 leptospirosis patients were recruited and divided into two groups of non-severe and severe. Severe leptospirosis was defined by a modified sequential organ failure assessment (mSOFA) score of more than two or needed for mechanical ventilation support or had pulmonary hemorrhage or death. We found that leptospiremia, plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (pNGAL), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) at the first day of enrollment (day 1) and microscopic agglutination test (MAT) titer at 7 days after enrollment (days 7) were significantly higher in the severe group than in the non-severe group. After adjustment for age, gender, and the days of fever, there were statistically significant associations of baseline leptospiremia level (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.23–2.34, p = 0.001), pNGAL (OR 9.46, 95% CI 4.20–21.33, p < 0.001), and IL-6 (OR 2.82, 95% CI 1.96–4.07, p < 0.001) with the severity. In conclusion, a high leptospiremia, pNGAL, and IL-6 level at baseline were associated with severe leptospirosis.
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14
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Grassmann AA, Caimano MJ. Cultivation of Leptospira interrogans Within Rat Peritoneal Dialysis Membrane Chambers. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2134:229-242. [PMID: 32632874 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0459-5_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to sustain its zoonotic lifecycle, leptospires must adapt to growth within the host milieu. Signals encountered within the mammal also trigger regulatory programs required by Leptospira for the expression of virulence-related gene products. The complex transcriptional, antigenic, and physiological changes leptospires undergo within the mammal are collectively referred to as "host adaptation." In this chapter, we describe the procedures for the generation of host-adapted Leptospira spp. by cultivation within dialysis membrane chambers (DMCs) implanted in rat peritoneal cavities. In this model, Leptospira spp. diluted in EMJH medium are sequestered within sterile dialysis membrane tubing closed at both ends. The chamber then is surgically implanted within the peritoneal cavity of a rat and incubated for 7-10 days. During this period, leptospires are exposed to many, if not all, of the physiological and nutritional cues required for host adaptation while at the same time protected from clearance by host innate and adaptive immune defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa J Caimano
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA.
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15
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Lippi I, Puccinelli C, Perondi F, Ceccherini G, Pierini A, Marchetti V, Citi S. Predictors of Fatal Pulmonary Haemorrhage in Dogs Affected by Leptospirosis Approaching Haemodialysis. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8020025. [PMID: 33567544 PMCID: PMC7914731 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A retrospective case control study, which aimed to evaluate potential clinical, laboratory and imaging predictors of fatal pulmonary haemorrhage in dogs with Leptospirosis submitted to haemodialysis. The study population was divided in two groups according to the presence (PH) or absence (nPH) of pulmonary haemorrhage. A statistical comparison was performed at hospital admission for clinical (spontaneous bleeding, icterus, and respiratory distress), laboratory (serum creatinine, urea, phosphate, calcium, bicarbonate, bilirubin, AST, ALT, ALKP, GGT, total protein, albumin, glycaemia, sodium, potassium, CRP, RBC, HCT, HGB, WBC, PLT, PT, aPTT, fibrinogen), and pulmonary radiographic findings between the two groups of dogs. At hospital admission, dogs developing pulmonary haemorrhage were more likely to have respiratory distress (p = 0.002), severely elevated serum bilirubin (p = 0.002), AST (p = 0.04), ALT (p = 0.012), ALKP (p = 0.002), reduced serum glycaemia (p = 0.014), and thrombocytopenia (p = 0.04). Respiratory distress and elevated serum bilirubin (≥11.5 mg/dL) were independently associated with increased risk of pulmonary haemorrhage. In conclusion, the presence of respiratory distress at hospital admission is strongly associated (OR 40.9) with increased risk of pulmonary haemorrhage, even though no abnormalities are found at chest radiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Lippi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (I.L.); (C.P.); (F.P.); (V.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Caterina Puccinelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (I.L.); (C.P.); (F.P.); (V.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Francesca Perondi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (I.L.); (C.P.); (F.P.); (V.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Gianila Ceccherini
- Ospedale Veterinario San Concordio, Via Savonarola 106/f, 55100 Lucca, Italy;
| | - Alessio Pierini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (I.L.); (C.P.); (F.P.); (V.M.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-2210-100
| | - Veronica Marchetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (I.L.); (C.P.); (F.P.); (V.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (I.L.); (C.P.); (F.P.); (V.M.); (S.C.)
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16
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Samrot AV, Sean TC, Bhavya KS, Sahithya CS, Chan-drasekaran S, Palanisamy R, Robinson ER, Subbiah SK, Mok PL. Leptospiral Infection, Pathogenesis and Its Diagnosis-A Review. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020145. [PMID: 33535649 PMCID: PMC7912936 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a perplexing conundrum for many. In the existing literature, the pathophysiological mechanisms pertaining to leptospirosis is still not understood in full. Considered as a neglected tropical zoonotic disease, leptospirosis is culminating as a serious problem worldwide, seemingly existing as co-infections with various other unrelated diseases, including dengue and malaria. Misdiagnosis is also common as non-specific symptoms are documented extensively in the literature. This can easily lead to death, as the severe form of leptospirosis (Weil's disease) manifests as a complex of systemic complications, especially renal failure. The virulence of Leptospira sp. is usually attributed to the outer membrane proteins, including LipL32. With an armament of virulence factors at their disposal, their ability to easily adhere, invade and replicate within cells calls for a swift refinement in research progress to establish their exact pathophysiological framework. As an effort to reconstitute the current knowledge on leptospirosis, the basis of leptospiral infection, including its risk factors, classification, morphology, transmission, pathogenesis, co-infections and clinical manifestations are highlighted in this review. The various diagnostic techniques are also outlined with emphasis on their respective pros and cons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony V. Samrot
- School of Bioscience, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor 42610, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (A.V.S.); (P.L.M.)
| | - Tan Chuan Sean
- School of Bioscience, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor 42610, Malaysia;
| | - Karanam Sai Bhavya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 627 011, India; (K.S.B.); (C.S.S.); (S.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Chamarthy Sai Sahithya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 627 011, India; (K.S.B.); (C.S.S.); (S.C.); (R.P.)
| | - SaiPriya Chan-drasekaran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 627 011, India; (K.S.B.); (C.S.S.); (S.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Raji Palanisamy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 627 011, India; (K.S.B.); (C.S.S.); (S.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Emilin Renitta Robinson
- Department of Food Processing Technology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 114, India;
| | - Suresh Kumar Subbiah
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), Selaiyur, Tamil Nadu 600 073, India
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Pooi Ling Mok
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), Selaiyur, Tamil Nadu 600 073, India
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka P.O. Box 2014, Aljouf Province, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (A.V.S.); (P.L.M.)
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17
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Santecchia I, Ferrer MF, Vieira ML, Gómez RM, Werts C. Phagocyte Escape of Leptospira: The Role of TLRs and NLRs. Front Immunol 2020; 11:571816. [PMID: 33123147 PMCID: PMC7573490 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.571816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The spirochetal bacteria Leptospira spp. are causative agents of leptospirosis, a globally neglected and reemerging zoonotic disease. Infection with these pathogens may lead to an acute and potentially fatal disease but also to chronic asymptomatic renal colonization. Both forms of disease demonstrate the ability of leptospires to evade the immune response of their hosts. In this review, we aim first to recapitulate the knowledge and explore the controversial data about the opsonization, recognition, intracellular survival, and killing of leptospires by scavenger cells, including platelets, neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Second, we will summarize the known specificities of the recognition or escape of leptospire components (the so-called microbial-associated molecular patterns; MAMPs) by the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the Toll-like and NOD-like families. These PRRs are expressed by phagocytes, and their stimulation by MAMPs triggers pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production and bactericidal responses, such as antimicrobial peptide secretion and reactive oxygen species production. Finally, we will highlight recent studies suggesting that boosting or restoring phagocytic functions by treatments using agonists of the Toll-like or NOD receptors represents a novel prophylactic strategy and describe other potential therapeutic or vaccine strategies to combat leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Santecchia
- Institut Pasteur, Microbiology Department, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 2001 Microbiologie intégrative et Moléculaire, Paris, France.,INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - María Florencia Ferrer
- Laboratorio de Virus Animales, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Monica Larucci Vieira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Martín Gómez
- Laboratorio de Virus Animales, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Catherine Werts
- Institut Pasteur, Microbiology Department, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 2001 Microbiologie intégrative et Moléculaire, Paris, France
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18
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Yasouri SR, Doudi M, Ghane M, Naghavi NS, Rezaei A. The Effect of Environmental Stresses on lipL32 Gene Expression in Pathogenic Leptospira spp. through Real-Time PCR. Pol J Microbiol 2020; 69:301-310. [PMID: 33574859 PMCID: PMC7810116 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2020-033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a worldwide infectious and zoonotic disease. The incidence of this disease is high in temperate regions, especially in northern Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of temperature, pH, and Phyllanthus amarus plant extract on the lipL32 gene expression in pathogenic Leptospira spp. Fifty water samples were collected. Culture and PCR technique were used to isolate and identify the bacterium and the presence of the lipL32 gene. The samples were exposed to different temperatures and pH levels for one day and the Ph. amarus plant extract at different concentrations for one and seven days. RNA was extracted, and cDNA synthesis was performed for all the samples. All cDNAs were evaluated by the real-time PCR (SYBR green) technique. Out of the 50 samples, ten samples (20%), using PCR were determined to contain the pathogenic Leptospira. Fold change of the expression of the lipL32 gene associated with stresses was as follows: temperature stress of 40°C, 35°C, and 25°C reduced the lipL32 gene expression in all three isolates, especially in the isolates type 1. The pH stress, i.e., pH values equal to 8 or 9 reduced the gene expression in three types of isolates, and pH = 6 stress increases the lipL32 gene expression in the isolates of type 1. Ph. amarus plant extract stress reduced the mentioned gene expression only in isolates of type 2. Temperature and pH stresses could lead to differences in the expression level and cause the lipL32 gene expression decrease in three pathogenic isolates. The MIC results showed anti-leptospiral effect of Ph. amarus plant extract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monir Doudi
- Department of Microbiology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masood Ghane
- Department of Microbiology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Sadat Naghavi
- Department of Microbiology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abolhasan Rezaei
- Department of Genetic, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
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19
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Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate risk factors associated with shedding of pathogenic Leptospira species in urine at animal and herd levels. In total, 200 dairy farms were randomly selected from the DairyNZ database. Urine samples were taken from 20 lactating, clinically normal cows in each herd between January and April 2016 and tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using gyrB as the target gene. Overall, 26.5% of 200 farms had at least one PCR positive cow and 2.4% of 4000 cows were shedding Leptospira in the urine. Using a questionnaire, information about risk factors at cow and farm level was collected via face-to-face interviews with farm owners and managers. Animals on all but one farm had been vaccinated against Hardjo and Pomona and cows on 54 of 200 (27%) farms had also been vaccinated against Copenhageni in at least one age group (calves, heifers and cows). Associations found to be statistically significant in univariate analysis (at P < 0.2) were assessed by multivariable logistic regression. Factors associated with shedding included cattle age (Odds ratio (OR) 0.82, 95% CI 0.71–0.95), keeping sheep (OR 5.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.46–21.25) or dogs (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.07–1.97) and managing milking cows in a single as opposed to multiple groups (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.20–0.99). We conclude that younger cattle were more likely to be shedding Leptospira than older cattle and that the presence of sheep and dogs was associated with an increased risk of shedding in cows. Larger herds were at higher risk of having Leptospira shedders. However, none of the environmental risk factors that were assessed (e.g. access to standing water, drinking-water source), or wildlife abundance on-farm, or pasture were associated with shedding, possibly due to low statistical power, given the low overall shedding rate.
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20
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Chen TL, Wang LS. Leptospiral presentation in Behçet's disease: A case report. J Formos Med Assoc 2020; 119:743-746. [PMID: 31353120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Li Chen
- Department of Clinical Education, Buddhist Tzu Chi University, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Shinn Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Buddhist Tzu-Chi General Hospital, Taiwan.
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21
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Lata KS, Vaghasia V, Bhairappanvar S, Patel S, Das J. Vaccine Design Against Leptospirosis Using an Immunoinformatic Approach. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2131:173-184. [PMID: 32162253 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0389-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is the best way to prevent the spread of emerging or reemerging infectious disease. Current research for vaccine development is mainly focused on recombinant-, subunit-, and peptide-based vaccine. At this point, immunoinformatics has been proven as a powerful method for identification of potential vaccine candidates, by analyzing immunodominat B- and T-cell epitopes. This method can reduce the time and cost of experiment to a great extent, by reducing the number of vaccine candidates for experimental testing for their efficacy. This chapter describes the use of immunoinformatics and molecular docking methods to screen potential vaccine candidates by taking Leptospira as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Snehkant Lata
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Vibhisha Vaghasia
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Shivarudrappa Bhairappanvar
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Saumya Patel
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Jayashankar Das
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India.
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22
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Felix CR, Siedler BS, Barbosa LN, Timm GR, McFadden J, McBride AJA. An overview of human leptospirosis vaccine design and future perspectives. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 15:179-188. [PMID: 31777290 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1694508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: It's been 20 years since the first report of a recombinant vaccine that protected against leptospirosis. Since then, numerous recombinant vaccines have been evaluated; however, no recombinant vaccine candidate has advanced to clinical trials. With the ever-increasing burden of leptospirosis, there is an urgent need for a universal vaccine against leptospirosis.Areas covered: This review covers the most promising vaccine candidates that induced significant, reproducible, protection and how advances in the field of bioinformatics has led to the discovery of hundreds of novel protein targets. The authors also discuss the most recent findings regarding the innate immune response and host-pathogen interactions and their impact on the discovery of novel vaccine candidates. In addition, the authors have identified what they believe are the most challenging problems for the discovery and development of a universal vaccine and their potential solutions.Expert opinion: A universal vaccine for leptospirosis will likely only be achieved using a recombinant vaccine as the bacterins are of limited use due to the lack of a cross-protective immune response. Although there are hundreds of novel targets, due to the lack of immune correlates and the need for more research into the basic microbiology of Leptospira spp., a universal vaccine is 10-15 years away.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina R Felix
- Biotechnology Department, Centre for Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Bianca S Siedler
- Biotechnology Department, Centre for Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.,School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Liana N Barbosa
- Biotechnology Department, Centre for Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Gabriana R Timm
- Biotechnology Department, Centre for Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Johnjoe McFadden
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Alan J A McBride
- Biotechnology Department, Centre for Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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23
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Cytokine Profile in Early Infection by Leptospira interrogans in A/J Mice. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:1892508. [PMID: 31687410 PMCID: PMC6800925 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1892508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is considered a neglected disease with an estimated more than one million cases every year. Since rodents are at the same time the main reservoir and generally asymptomatic to Leptospira infection, understanding why some animal species are resistant and others are susceptible to this infection would shed some light in how to control this important zoonosis. The innate immune response against Leptospira is mainly dependent on phagocytosis and activation of the Complement System. In this context, cytokines may drive the early control of infection and the adaptive response. Since the Complement System is important to eliminate leptospires in vivo, we investigated if Complement C5 in A/J mice would modulate the cytokine production during infection by Leptospira interrogans serovar Kennewicki type Pomona Fromm (LPF). Thus, our aim was to investigate the systemic levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines during Leptospira infection in the blood, liver, lung, and kidney on the third and sixth days of infection in A/J C5+/+ and A/J C5-/- mice. Blood levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, and MCP-1 reached a peak on the third day. Although both mouse strains developed splenomegaly, similar histopathological alterations in the liver and the lung, levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were different. A/J C5+/+ mice had higher levels of liver IL-10, IL-1β, IL-12p40, and IL-12p70 and kidney IL-1β, IL-12p40, and IL-12p70 on the sixth day of infection when compared to A/J C5-/- mice. Our results showed that in A/J genetic background, the Complement component C5 modulates a cytokine profile in the liver and kidney of infected mice, which may play a role in the control of disease progression.
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24
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Hong CH, Tang MR, Hsu SH, Yang CH, Tseng CS, Ko YC, Guo CS, Yang CW, Lee SC. Enhanced early immune response of leptospiral outer membrane protein LipL32 stimulated by narrow band mid-infrared exposure. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 198:111560. [PMID: 31336216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies revealed significant impact on cancer cell by mid-infrared (MIR) radiation. However, the effects of narrow band MIR on immune reaction and infectious disease are still unknown. In this study, an enhanced innate immune response was observed through the interaction between Leptospiral outer membrane protein (LipL32) and toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Thereafter, human kidney proximal tubular cells (HK-2 cells) initiated a serial reaction of enhanced MCP-1 production. The 6 μm narrow bandwidth light source emitted by waveguide thermal emitter (WTE) was applied to induce carbonyl group (CO bond) stretching vibration during the stage of antigen-receptor complex formation. The amount of MCP-1 gene expression had 2.5 folds increase after narrow band MIR illumination comparing to non-MIR illumination at low dose LipL32 condition. Besides, both ELISA and confocal microscopy results also revealed that the chemokine concentration increased significantly after narrow band MIR illumination either at low or high concentration of LipL32. Furthermore, a specific phenomenon that narrow band MIR can amplify the signal of weak immune response by enhancing sensitivity of the interaction between antigen and receptor was observed. This study exhibits clear evidence that the narrow band MIR exposure can modulate the early immune response of infectious disease and play a potential role to develop host-directed therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hung Hong
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Ru Tang
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Shen-Hsing Hsu
- Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Hsu Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Shin Tseng
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ching Ko
- Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Che-Shao Guo
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Wei Yang
- Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Si-Chen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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25
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Mendoza MV, Rivera WL. Identification of Leptospira spp. from environmental sources in areas with high human leptospirosis incidence in the Philippines. Pathog Glob Health 2019; 113:109-116. [PMID: 31008691 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2019.1607460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospira is the causative agent of leptospirosis, which is considered an emerging major threat to public health due to its increasing frequency reported worldwide. In the Philippines, the prevalence of the disease continuously rises, particularly in urban areas. Because leptospirosis is commonly transmitted through contact with contaminated environment, water and soil samples were collected in regions in the Philippines where high incidence of human leptospirosis cases was reported recently. Of the 54 samples screened for the presence of Leptospira, 35% were found positive through 23S rRNA gene PCR-based detection. None were found positive when primers targeting lipL32, lipL41, and ompL1 genes were used. Most of these isolates were collected from rural areas. However, 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified all isolates to be L. yanagawae and L. meyeri, which are nonpathogenic. Despite the lack of evidence of the presence of pathogenic species in the environmental sources, the results still suggest that leptospires persist in these areas. These data are crucial for environmental monitoring and identification of contaminated areas where humans may be at risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjo V Mendoza
- a Institute of Biology, College of Science , University of the Philippines , Quezon City , Philippines
| | - Windell L Rivera
- a Institute of Biology, College of Science , University of the Philippines , Quezon City , Philippines.,b Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory , Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines , Quezon City , Philippines
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26
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Kurilung A, Keeratipusana C, Suriyaphol P, Hampson DJ, Prapasarakul N. Genomic analysis of Leptospira interrogans serovar Paidjan and Dadas isolates from carrier dogs and comparative genomic analysis to detect genes under positive selection. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:168. [PMID: 30832578 PMCID: PMC6399948 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5562-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is an emerging infectious disease worldwide that can cause high morbidity and mortality rates in humans and animals. The causative spirochetes have reservoirs in mammalian hosts, but there has been limited analysis of the genomes of isolates recovered from animals. The aims of this study were to characterize genomic features of two Leptospira interrogans strains recently isolated from asymptomatic dogs in Thailand (strains CUDO5 and CDUO8), and to perform comparative genome analyses with other strains. Molecular adaptive evolution in L. interrogans as signaled by positive selection also was analyzed. RESULTS Whole genome sequence analysis revealed that strains CUDO5 and CUDO8 had genome sizes of approximately 4.9 Mbp with 35.1% GC contents. Using monoclonal antibodies, strains CUDO5 and CUDO8 were identified as serovars Paidjan and Dadas, respectively. These strains harbored genes known to be associated with acute and chronic infections. Using Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms phylogeny (SNPs) with 97 L. interrogans strains, CUDO5 and CUDO8 had closest genetic relatedness with each other. Nevertheless, the serovar determinant region (rfb locus) showed variations in the genes encoding sugar biosynthesis. Amongst 13 representative L. interrogans strains examined for molecular adaptive evolution through positive selection under the site-model of Phylogenetic Analysis of Maximum Likelihood, genes responsible for iron acquisition (tlyA and hbpA), motility (fliN2, flgK, and flhB) and thermal adaptation (lpxD1) were under increased selective pressure. CONCLUSIONS L. interrogans serovar Paidjan strain CUDO5 and serovar Dadas strain CUDO8 had close genetic relatedness as analyzed by SNPs phylogeny. They contained genes with established roles in acute and chronic leptospirosis. The rfb locus in both serovars showed gene variation associated with sugar biosynthesis. Positive selection analysis indicated that genes encoding factors involved in motility, temperature adaptation, and iron acquisition were under strong positive selection in L. interrogans. These may be associated with adaptation in the early stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alongkorn Kurilung
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chantisa Keeratipusana
- Bioinformatics and Data Management for Research Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prapat Suriyaphol
- Bioinformatics and Data Management for Research Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - David J Hampson
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Nuvee Prapasarakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Diagnosis and Monitoring of Animal Pathogens Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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27
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Rezaei E, Khaki P, Moradi Bidhendi S, Noofeli M. Identification of Pathogenic Leptospiral Serovars by Detection of the ompl37 Gene Using PCR. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.13.1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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28
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Validi M, Karkhah A, Prajapati VK, Nouri HR. Immuno-informatics based approaches to design a novel multi epitope-based vaccine for immune response reinforcement against Leptospirosis. Mol Immunol 2018; 104:128-138. [PMID: 30448609 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is known as a zoonotic disease of global importance originated from infection with the spirochete bacterium Leptospira. Although several leptospirosis vaccines have been tested, the vaccination is relatively unsuccessful in clinical application despite decades of research. Therefore, this study was conducted to construct a novel multi-epitope based vaccine against leptospirosis by using Hap1, LigA, LAg42, SphH and HSP58 antigens. T cell and IFN gamma epitopes were predicted from these antigens. In addition, to induce strong CD4+ helper T lymphocytes (HTLs) responses, Pan HLA DR-binding epitope (PADRE) and helper epitopes selected from Tetanus toxin fragment C (TTFrC) were applied. Moreover, for boosting immune response, Heparin-Binding Hemagglutinin (HBHA), a novel TLR4 agonist was added to the construct as an adjuvant. Finally, selected epitopes were linked together using EAAAK, GPGPG, AAY and HEYGAEALERAG linkers. Based on the predicted epitopes, a multi-epitope vaccine was construct with 490 amino acids. Physico-chemical properties, secondary and tertiary structures, stability, intrinsic protein disorder, solubility, and allergenicity of this vaccine construct were assessed by applying immunoinformatics analyses. A soluble, and non-allergic protein with a molecular weight of 53.476 kDa was obtained. Further analyses validated the stability of the chimeric protein and the predicted epitopes in the chimeric vaccine indicated strong potential to induce B-cell and T-cell mediated immune response. Therefore, immunoinformatics analysis showed that the modeled multi-epitope vaccine can properly stimulate the both T and B cells immune responses and could potentially be used for prophylactic or therapeutic usages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Validi
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ahmad Karkhah
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Hamid Reza Nouri
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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29
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Lata KS, Kumar S, Vaghasia V, Sharma P, Bhairappanvar SB, Soni S, Das J. Exploring Leptospiral proteomes to identify potential candidates for vaccine design against Leptospirosis using an immunoinformatics approach. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6935. [PMID: 29720698 PMCID: PMC5932004 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is the most widespread zoonotic disease, estimated to cause severe infection in more than one million people each year, particularly in developing countries of tropical areas. Several factors such as variable and nonspecific clinical manifestation, existence of large number of serovars and asymptomatic hosts spreading infection, poor sanitation and lack of an effective vaccine make prophylaxis difficult. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop an effective vaccine to halt its spread all over the world. In this study, an immunoinformatics approach was employed to identify the most vital and effective immunogenic protein from the proteome of Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni strain L1-130 that may be suitable to stimulate a significant immune response aiding in the development of peptide vaccine against leptospirosis. Both B-cell and T-cell (Helper T-lymphocyte (HTL) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)) epitopes were predicted for the conserved and most immunogenic outer membrane lipoprotein. Further, the binding interaction of CTL epitopes with Major Histocompatibility Complex class I (MHC-I) was evaluated using docking techniques. A Molecular Dynamics Simulation study was also performed to evaluate the stability of the resulting epitope-MHC-I complexes. Overall, this study provides novel vaccine candidates and may prompt further development of vaccines against leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Snehkant Lata
- Gujarat Institute of Bioinformatics, Gujarat State Biotechnology Mission, Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382011, India.,Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382011, India
| | - Swapnil Kumar
- Gujarat Institute of Bioinformatics, Gujarat State Biotechnology Mission, Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382011, India.,Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382011, India
| | - Vibhisha Vaghasia
- Gujarat Institute of Bioinformatics, Gujarat State Biotechnology Mission, Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382011, India.,Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382011, India
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Gujarat Institute of Bioinformatics, Gujarat State Biotechnology Mission, Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382011, India.,Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382011, India
| | - Shivarudrappa B Bhairappanvar
- Gujarat Institute of Bioinformatics, Gujarat State Biotechnology Mission, Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382011, India.,Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382011, India
| | - Subhash Soni
- Gujarat State Biotechnology Mission, Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382011, India.,Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382011, India
| | - Jayashankar Das
- Gujarat State Biotechnology Mission, Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382011, India. .,Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382011, India.
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30
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Anu PV, Madanan MG, Nair AJ, Nair GA, Nair GPM, Sudhakaran PR, Satheeshkumar PK. Heterologous Expression, Purification and Characterization of an Oligopeptidase A from the Pathogen Leptospira interrogans. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 60:302-309. [PMID: 29502205 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-018-0073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oligopeptidases are enzymes involved in the degradation of short peptides (generally less than 30 amino acids in size) which help pathogens evade the host defence mechanisms. Leptospira is a zoonotic pathogen and causes leptospirosis in mammals. Proteome analysis of Leptospira revealed the presence of oligopeptidase A (OpdA) among other membrane proteins. To study the role of oligopeptidase in leptospirosis, the OpdA of L. interrogans was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli with a histidine tag (His-tag). The protein showed maximum expression at 37 °C with 0.5 mM of IPTG after 2 h of induction. Recombinant OpdA protein was purified to homogeneity using Ni-affinity chromatography. The purified OpdA showed more than 80% inhibition with a serine protease inhibitor but the activity was reduced to 30% with the cysteine protease inhibitor. The peptidase activity was increased significantly in the presence of Zn2+ at a neutral pH. Inhibitor assay indicate the presence of more than one active sites for peptidase activity as reported with the OpdA of E. coli and Salmonella. Over-expression of OpdA in E. coli BL21 (DE3) did not cause any negative effects on normal cell growth and viability. The role of OpdA as virulence factor in Leptospira and its potential as a therapeutic and diagnostic target in leptospirosis is yet to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasannan V Anu
- Department of Biotechnology, Interuniversity Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | | | - Ananthakrishnan J Nair
- Department of Biotechnology, Interuniversity Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Gangaprasad A Nair
- Department of Biotechnology, Interuniversity Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Govinda Pillai M Nair
- Department of Biotechnology, Interuniversity Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Perumana R Sudhakaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Interuniversity Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Padikara K Satheeshkumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Interuniversity Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India. .,Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India.
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31
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Ratet G, Santecchia I, Fanton d’Andon M, Vernel-Pauillac F, Wheeler R, Lenormand P, Fischer F, Lechat P, Haake DA, Picardeau M, Boneca IG, Werts C. LipL21 lipoprotein binding to peptidoglycan enables Leptospira interrogans to escape NOD1 and NOD2 recognition. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006725. [PMID: 29211798 PMCID: PMC5764436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonosis, potentially severe in humans, caused by spirochetal bacteria, Leptospira interrogans (L. interrogans). Host defense mechanisms involved in leptospirosis are poorly understood. Recognition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoproteins by Toll-Like Receptors (TLR)4 and TLR2 is crucial for clearance of leptospires in mice, yet the role of Nucleotide Oligomerization Domain (NOD)-like receptors (NOD)1 and NOD2, recognizing peptidoglycan (PG) fragments has not previously been examined. Here, we show that pathogenic leptospires escape from NOD1 and NOD2 recognition both in vitro and in vivo, in mice. We found that leptospiral PG is resistant to digestion by certain hydrolases and that a conserved outer membrane lipoprotein of unknown function, LipL21, specific for pathogenic leptospires, is tightly bound to the PG. Leptospiral PG prepared from a mutant not expressing LipL21 (lipl21-) was more readily digested than the parental or complemented strains. Muropeptides released from the PG of the lipl21- mutant, or prepared using a procedure to eliminate the LipL21 protein from the PG of the parental strain, were recognized in vitro by the human NOD1 (hNOD1) and NOD2 (hNOD2) receptors, suggesting that LipL21 protects PG from degradation into muropeptides. LipL21 expressed in E. coli also resulted in impaired PG digestion and NOD signaling. We found that murine NOD1 (mNOD1) did not recognize PG of L. interrogans. This result was confirmed by mass spectrometry showing that leptospiral PG was primarily composed of MurTriDAP, the natural agonist of hNOD1, and contained only trace amounts of the tetra muropeptide, the mNOD1 agonist. Finally, in transgenic mice expressing human NOD1 and deficient for the murine NOD1, we showed enhanced clearance of a lipl21- mutant compared to the complemented strain, or to what was observed in NOD1KO mice, suggesting that LipL21 facilitates escape from immune surveillance in humans. These novel mechanisms allowing L. interrogans to escape recognition by the NOD receptors may be important in circumventing innate host responses. Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonosis caused by spirochetal bacteria, Leptospira interrogans (L. interrogans). L. interrogans are primarily extracellular pathogens although some reports suggest they may replicate within macrophages. In humans, leptospirosis can cause mild or severe disease, potentially leading to death, although rats or mice, which constitute the reservoir, are asymptomatic carriers. Host defense mechanisms involved in leptospirosis remain poorly understood. Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 are crucial for the clearance of L. interrogans, but the role of the cytosolic NOD receptors in leptospirosis is unknown. Here, we report that pathogenic leptospires escape the sensing of bacterial peptidoglycan through the NOD response. We found that an outer membrane lipoprotein of L. interrogans binds to and protects the peptidoglycan from degradation into muropeptides, thereby blocking signaling through NOD proteins. Moreover, in absence of this lipoprotein, the peptidoglycan of L. interrogans is properly sensed by human NOD1 but not by murine NOD1. This is due to the near absence of muramyl tetrapeptide, the murine NOD1 agonist, in the peptidoglycan of pathogenic leptospires. These novel mechanisms of NOD avoidance may facilitate the escape of leptospires from the innate immune system of their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenn Ratet
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Ignacio Santecchia
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Martine Fanton d’Andon
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Vernel-Pauillac
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Richard Wheeler
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | | | - Frédéric Fischer
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de pathogenèse de Helicobacter, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Lechat
- Institut Pasteur, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS, Paris, France
| | - David A. Haake
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | | | - Ivo G. Boneca
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Werts
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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32
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Priya SP, Sakinah S, Sharmilah K, Hamat RA, Sekawi Z, Higuchi A, Ling MP, Nordin SA, Benelli G, Kumar SS. Leptospirosis: Molecular trial path and immunopathogenesis correlated with dengue, malaria and mimetic hemorrhagic infections. Acta Trop 2017; 176:206-223. [PMID: 28823908 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immuno-pathogenesis of leptospirosis can be recounted well by following its trail path from entry to exit, while inducing disastrous damages in various tissues of the host. Dysregulated, inappropriate and excessive immune responses are unanimously blamed in fatal leptospirosis. The inherent abilities of the pathogen and inabilities of the host were debated targeting the severity of the disease. Hemorrhagic manifestation through various mechanisms leading to a fatal end is observed when this disease is unattended. The similar vascular destructions and hemorrhage manifestations are noted in infections with different microbes in endemic areas. The simultaneous infection in a host with more than one pathogen or parasite is referred as the coinfection. Notably, common endemic infections such as leptospirosis, dengue, chikungunya, and malaria, harbor favorable environments to flourish in similar climates, which is aggregated with stagnated water and aggravated with the poor personal and environmental hygiene of the inhabitants. These factors aid the spread of pathogens and parasites to humans and potential vectors, eventually leading to outbreaks of public health relevance. Malaria, dengue and chikungunya need mosquitoes as vectors, in contrast with leptospirosis, which directly invades human, although the environmental bacterial load is maintained through other mammals, such as rodents. The more complicating issue is that infections by different pathogens exhibiting similar symptoms but require different treatment management. The current review explores different pathogens expressing specific surface proteins and their ability to bind with array of host proteins with or without immune response to enter into the host tissues and their ability to evade the host immune responses to invade and their affinity to certain tissues leading to the common squeal of hemorrhage. Furthermore, at the host level, the increased susceptibility and inability of the host to arrest the pathogens' and parasites' spread in different tissues, various cytokines accumulated to eradicate the microorganisms and their cellular interactions, the antibody dependent defense and the susceptibility of individual organs bringing the manifestation of the diseases were explored. Lastly, we provided a discussion on the immune trail path of pathogenesis from entry to exit to narrate the similarities and dissimilarities among various hemorrhagic fevers mentioned above, in order to outline future possibilities of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of coinfections, with special reference to endemic areas.
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Acevedo-Whitehouse K, Gulland FMD, Bowen L. MHC class II DRB diversity predicts antigen recognition and is associated with disease severity in California sea lions naturally infected with Leptospira interrogans. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 57:158-165. [PMID: 29183820 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined the associations between California sea lion MHC class II DRB (Zaca-DRB) configuration and diversity, and leptospirosis. As Zaca-DRB gene sequences are involved with antigen presentation of bacteria and other extracellular pathogens, we predicted that they would play a role in determining responses to these pathogenic spirochaetes. Specifically, we investigated whether Zaca-DRB diversity (number of genes) and configuration (presence of specific genes) explained differences in disease severity, and whether higher levels of Zaca-DRB diversity predicted the number of specific Leptospira interrogans serovars that a sea lion's serum would react against. We found that serum from diseased sea lions with more Zaca-DRB loci reacted against a wider array of serovars. Specific Zaca-DRB loci were linked to reactions with particular serovars. Interestingly, sea lions with clinical manifestation of leptospirosis that had higher numbers of Zaca-DRB loci were less likely to recover from disease than those with lower diversity, and those that harboured Zaca-DRB.C or -G were 4.5 to 5.3 times more likely to die from leptospirosis, regardless of the infective serovars. We propose that for leptospirosis, a disadvantage of having a wider range of antigen presentation might be increased disease severity due to immunopathology. Ours is the first study to examine the importance of Zaca-DRB diversity for antigen detection and disease severity following natural exposure to infective leptospires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse
- Unit for Basic and Applied Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, Queretaro 76230, Mexico; The Marine Mammal Center, 2000 Bunker Road, Sausalito, CA 94965, USA.
| | | | - Lizabeth Bowen
- USGS Western Ecological Research Center, 1 Shields Ave., University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5224, USA
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34
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DNA vaccines against leptospirosis: A literature review. Vaccine 2017; 35:5559-5567. [PMID: 28882437 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira species. The vaccines that are currently available for leptospirosis are composed of whole-cell preparations and suffer from limitations such as low efficacy, multiple side-effects, poor immunological memory and lack of cross-protection against different serovars of Leptospira spp. In light of the global prevalence of this disease, the development of a more effective vaccine against leptospirosis is of paramount importance. Genetic immunization is a promising alternative to conventional vaccine development. In the last 25years, several novel strategies have been developed for increasing the efficacy of DNA vaccines. Examples of such strategies include the introduction of novel plasmid vectors, adjuvants, alternate delivery routes, and prime-boost regimens. Herein we discuss the latest and most promising advances that have been made in developing DNA vaccines against leptospirosis. We also deliberate over the future directions that must be undertaken in order to improve results in this field.
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35
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Raffray L, Giry C, Thirapathi Y, Reboux AH, Jaffar-Bandjee MC, Gasque P. Increased levels of soluble forms of E-selectin and ICAM-1 adhesion molecules during human leptospirosis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180474. [PMID: 28686648 PMCID: PMC5501535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a multisystemic zoonotic disease with infiltration of visceral organs by Leptospira. The capacity of the vascular endothelium to grant immune cell recruitment and activation in target organs during the disease course remains poorly characterized. We ascertained the levels of expression of several soluble cell adhesion molecules (CAM) notably expressed by endothelial cells in human leptospirosis. We prospectively enrolled 20 hospitalized patients and compared them to 10 healthy controls. Disease severity was defined by one or more organ failures, or death. Plasmatic concentrations of soluble CAM were assessed by multiplex bead assay at the time of patient presentation (M0) and 1 month after hospital discharge. The levels of soluble E-selectin (sCD62E) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1, sCD53) were significantly increased in patients compared to controls (p<0.0001) and at 1 month (p<0.0001) with median values at 978 ng/ml (interquartile ranges 787–1164; sCD62E) and 1021 ng/ml (690–1428; sCD53). At M0, Soluble P-selectin level (sCD62P) was found to be decreased with levels at 60 ng/ml (0–631) versus 711 ng/ml (343–1113) for healthy controls (p<0.05). Levels of sICAM-3 (sCD50), sVCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule, sCD106) and sPECAM-1 (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule, sCD31) were not different from healthy subjects at M0. This study shows that two adhesion molecules, shed as soluble forms, are elevated during the acute phase of leptospirosis: E-selectin and s-ICAM1. These molecules may interfere with the process of immune cell recruitment to clear Leptospira at tissue levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loic Raffray
- Université de La Réunion, CNRS 9192, INSERM U1187, IRD 249, CHU de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie, CHU La Réunion site Félix Guyon, St Denis, La Réunion, France
- Internal Medicine Unit, CHU La Réunion site Félix Guyon, St Denis, La Réunion, France
- * E-mail: (LR); (PG)
| | - Claude Giry
- Microbiology/Virology Laboratory, CHU La Réunion site Félix Guyon, St Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Yoga Thirapathi
- Internal Medicine Unit, GHER Hospital, St Benoit, La Réunion, France
| | - Anne-Hélène Reboux
- Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, CHU La Réunion site Félix Guyon, St Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Marie-Christine Jaffar-Bandjee
- Université de La Réunion, CNRS 9192, INSERM U1187, IRD 249, CHU de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Microbiology/Virology Laboratory, CHU La Réunion site Félix Guyon, St Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Philippe Gasque
- Université de La Réunion, CNRS 9192, INSERM U1187, IRD 249, CHU de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie, CHU La Réunion site Félix Guyon, St Denis, La Réunion, France
- * E-mail: (LR); (PG)
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Seronegativity of bovines face to their own recovered leptospiral isolates. Microb Pathog 2017; 108:101-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Amamura TA, Fraga TR, Vasconcellos SA, Barbosa AS, Isaac L. Pathogenic Leptospira Secreted Proteases Target the Membrane Attack Complex: A Potential Role for Thermolysin in Complement Inhibition. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:958. [PMID: 28611756 PMCID: PMC5447677 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by spirochetes from the genus Leptospira. This disease is common in tropical and subtropical areas, constituting a serious public health problem. Pathogenic Leptospira have the ability to escape the human Complement System, being able to survive when in contact with normal human serum. In a previous study, our group demonstrated that supernatants of pathogenic Leptospira (SPL) inhibit the three activation pathways of the Complement System. This inhibition can be directly correlated with the activity of secreted proteases, which cleave the Complement molecules C3, Factor B (Alternative Pathway), C4 and C2 (Classical and Lectin Pathways). In this work, we analyze the activity of the leptospiral proteases on the components of Terminal Pathway of Complement, called the membrane attack complex (MAC). We observed that proteases present in SPL from different Leptospira strains were able to cleave the purified proteins C5, C6, C7, C8, and C9, while culture supernatant from non-pathogenic Leptospira strains (SNPL) had no significant proteolytic activity on these substrates. The cleavages occurred in a time-dependent and specificity manner. No cleavage was observed when we used whole serum as a source of C5-C9 proteins, probably because of the abundant presence of plasma protease inhibitors such as α2-macroglobulin. Complement protein cleavage by SPL was inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, indicating the involvement of metalloproteases. Furthermore, 1,10-phenanthroline- treated normal human serum diminished pathogenic leptospira survival. We also analyzed the proteolytic activity of thermolysin (LIC13322) a metalloprotease expressed exclusively by pathogenic Leptospira strains. Recombinant thermolysin was capable of cleaving the component C6, either purified or as part of the SC5b-9 complex. Furthermore, we found that the MAC proteins C6-C9 interact with thermolysin, indicating that this metalloprotease may have an additional inhibitory effect on these molecules by direct interactions. Finally, a functional assay demonstrated that thermolysin was able to inhibit MAC-dependent erythrocytes lysis. We conclude that proteases secreted exclusively by pathogenic Leptospira strains are capable of degrading several Complement effector molecules, representing potential targets for the development of new therapies and prophylactic approaches in leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais A Amamura
- Laboratory of Complement, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana R Fraga
- Laboratory of Complement, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lourdes Isaac
- Laboratory of Complement, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
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Cosate MR, Siqueira GH, de Souza GO, Vasconcellos SA, Nascimento ALTO. Mammalian cell entry (Mce) protein of Leptospira interrogans binds extracellular matrix components, plasminogen and β2 integrin. Microbiol Immunol 2017; 60:586-98. [PMID: 27468683 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A severe re-emergingzoonosis, leptospirosis, is caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. Several studies have identified leptospiral surface proteins with the ability to bind ECM and plasma components, which could mediate adhesion and invasion through the hosts. It has been shown that Mce of pathogenic Leptospira spp. is an RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp)-motif-dependent virulence factor, responsible for infection of cells and animals. In the present article, we decided to further study the repertoire of the Mce activities in leptospiral biological properties. We report that the recombinant Mce is a broad-spectrum ECM-binding protein, capable of interacting with laminin, cellular and plasma fibronectin and collagen IV. Dose--r-esponse interaction was observed for all the components, fulfilling ligand--receptor requirements. Mce is a PLG binding protein capable to recruit this component from NHS, generating PLA in the presence of PLG activator. Binding of Mce was also observed with the leukocyte cell receptors αLβ2 [(CD11a/CD18)-LFA-1] and αMβ2 [(CD11b/CD18)-Mac-1], suggesting the involvement of this protein in the host immune response. Indeed, virulent Leptospira L1-130 was capable of binding both integrins, whereas culture-attenuated M-20 strain only bind to αMβ2 [(CD11b/CD18)-Mac-1]. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to describe that Mce surface protein could mediate the attachment of Leptospira interrogans to human cell receptors αLβ2(CD11a/CD18) and αMβ2(CD11b/CD18).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gisele Oliveira de Souza
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-270 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Lucia T O Nascimento
- Biotechnology Center, Butantan Institute, 05503-900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. .,Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-900, Brazil.
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Lessa-Aquino C, Lindow JC, Randall A, Wunder E, Pablo J, Nakajima R, Jasinskas A, Cruz JS, Damião AO, Nery N, Ribeiro GS, Costa F, Hagan JE, Reis MG, Ko AI, Medeiros MA, Felgner PL. Distinct antibody responses of patients with mild and severe leptospirosis determined by whole proteome microarray analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005349. [PMID: 28141801 PMCID: PMC5302828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease worldwide. Humans usually present a mild non-specific febrile illness, but a proportion of them develop more severe outcomes, such as multi-organ failure, lung hemorrhage and death. Such complications are thought to depend on several factors, including the host immunity. Protective immunity is associated with humoral immune response, but little is known about the immune response mounted during naturally-acquired Leptospira infection. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here, we used protein microarray chip to profile the antibody responses of patients with severe and mild leptospirosis against the complete Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni predicted ORFeome. We discovered a limited number of immunodominant antigens, with 36 antigens specific to patients, of which 11 were potential serodiagnostic antigens, identified at acute phase, and 33 were potential subunit vaccine targets, detected after recovery. Moreover, we found distinct antibody profiles in patients with different clinical outcomes: in the severe group, overall IgM responses do not change and IgG responses increase over time, while both IgM and IgG responses remain stable in the mild patient group. Analyses of individual patients' responses showed that >74% of patients in the severe group had significant IgG increases over time compared to 29% of patients in the mild group. Additionally, 90% of IgM responses did not change over time in the mild group, compared to ~51% in the severe group. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, we detected antibody profiles associated with disease severity and speculate that patients with mild disease were protected from severe outcomes due to pre-existing antibodies, while patients with severe leptospirosis demonstrated an antibody profile typical of first exposure. Our findings represent a significant advance in the understanding of the humoral immune response to Leptospira infection, and we have identified new targets for the development of subunit vaccines and diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet C. Lindow
- Fiocruz, Gonçalo Moniz Research Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Arlo Randall
- Antigen Discovery Inc, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Elsio Wunder
- Fiocruz, Gonçalo Moniz Research Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Jozelyn Pablo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Rie Nakajima
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Algis Jasinskas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Jaqueline S. Cruz
- Fiocruz, Gonçalo Moniz Research Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Alcineia O. Damião
- Fiocruz, Gonçalo Moniz Research Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Nívison Nery
- Fiocruz, Gonçalo Moniz Research Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Guilherme S. Ribeiro
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Federico Costa
- Fiocruz, Gonçalo Moniz Research Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - José E. Hagan
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Mitermayer Galvão Reis
- Fiocruz, Gonçalo Moniz Research Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Fiocruz, Gonçalo Moniz Research Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | | | - Philip L. Felgner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dellagostin OA, Grassmann AA, Rizzi C, Schuch RA, Jorge S, Oliveira TL, McBride AJA, Hartwig DD. Reverse Vaccinology: An Approach for Identifying Leptospiral Vaccine Candidates. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010158. [PMID: 28098813 PMCID: PMC5297791 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a major public health problem with an incidence of over one million human cases each year. It is a globally distributed, zoonotic disease and is associated with significant economic losses in farm animals. Leptospirosis is caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp. that can infect a wide range of domestic and wild animals. Given the inability to control the cycle of transmission among animals and humans, there is an urgent demand for a new vaccine. Inactivated whole-cell vaccines (bacterins) are routinely used in livestock and domestic animals, however, protection is serovar-restricted and short-term only. To overcome these limitations, efforts have focused on the development of recombinant vaccines, with partial success. Reverse vaccinology (RV) has been successfully applied to many infectious diseases. A growing number of leptospiral genome sequences are now available in public databases, providing an opportunity to search for prospective vaccine antigens using RV. Several promising leptospiral antigens were identified using this approach, although only a few have been characterized and evaluated in animal models. In this review, we summarize the use of RV for leptospirosis and discuss the need for potential improvements for the successful development of a new vaccine towards reducing the burden of human and animal leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odir A Dellagostin
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas RS 96100-000, Brazil.
| | - André A Grassmann
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas RS 96100-000, Brazil.
| | - Caroline Rizzi
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas RS 96100-000, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo A Schuch
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas RS 96100-000, Brazil.
| | - Sérgio Jorge
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas RS 96100-000, Brazil.
| | - Thais L Oliveira
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas RS 96100-000, Brazil.
| | - Alan J A McBride
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas RS 96100-000, Brazil.
| | - Daiane D Hartwig
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas RS 96100-000, Brazil.
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Fraga TR, Isaac L, Barbosa AS. Complement Evasion by Pathogenic Leptospira. Front Immunol 2016; 7:623. [PMID: 28066433 PMCID: PMC5174078 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a neglected infectious disease caused by spirochetes from the genus Leptospira. Pathogenic microorganisms, notably those which reach the blood circulation such as Leptospira, have evolved multiple strategies to escape the host complement system, which is important for innate and acquired immunity. Leptospira avoid complement-mediated killing through: (i) recruitment of host complement regulators; (ii) acquisition of host proteases that cleave complement proteins on the bacterial surface; and, (iii) secretion of proteases that inactivate complement proteins in the Leptospira surroundings. The recruitment of host soluble complement regulatory proteins includes the acquisition of Factor H (FH) and FH-like-1 (alternative pathway), C4b-binding protein (C4BP) (classical and lectin pathways), and vitronectin (Vn) (terminal pathway). Once bound to the leptospiral surface, FH and C4BP retain cofactor activity of Factor I in the cleavage of C3b and C4b, respectively. Vn acquisition by leptospires may result in terminal pathway inhibition by blocking C9 polymerization. The second evasion mechanism lies in plasminogen (PLG) binding to the leptospiral surface. In the presence of host activators, PLG is converted to enzymatically active plasmin, which is able to degrade C3b, C4b, and C5 at the surface of the pathogen. A third strategy used by leptospires to escape from complement system is the active secretion of proteases. Pathogenic, but not saprophytic leptospires, are able to secrete metalloproteases that cleave C3 (central complement molecule), Factor B (alternative pathway), and C4 and C2 (classical and lectin pathways). The purpose of this review is to fully explore these complement evasion mechanisms, which act together to favor Leptospira survival and multiplication in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Rodrigues Fraga
- Laboratory of Complement, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lourdes Isaac
- Laboratory of Complement, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Salazar N, Souza MCLD, Biasioli AG, Silva LBD, Barbosa AS. The multifaceted roles of Leptospira enolase. Res Microbiol 2016; 168:157-164. [PMID: 27989763 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A previous study had demonstrated that Leptospira enolase is secreted extracellularly by a yet unknown mechanism and reassociates with the bacterial membrane. Surface-anchored leptospiral enolase displays plasminogen binding activity. In this work, we explored the consequences of this interaction and also assessed whether Leptospira enolase might display additional moonlighting functions by interacting with other host effector proteins. We first demonstrated that enolase-bound plasminogen is converted to its active form, plasmin. The protease plasmin targets human fibrinogen and vitronectin, but not the complement proteins C3b and C5. Leptospira enolase also acts as an immune evasion protein by interacting with the negative complement regulators C4b binding protein and factor H. Once bound to enolase, both regulators remain functional as cofactors of factor I, mediating cleavage of C4b and C3b. In conclusion, enolase may facilitate leptospiral survival and dissemination, thus contributing to bacterial virulence. The identification and characterization of moonlighting proteins is a growing field of bacterial pathogenesis, as these multifaceted proteins may represent potential future therapeutic targets to fight bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Salazar
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Amanda Gameiro Biasioli
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ludmila Bezerra da Silva
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Angela Silva Barbosa
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Anita K, Premlatha MM, Kanagavel M, Akino Mercy CS, Raja V, Shanmughapriya S, Natarajaseenivasan K. Evaluation of combined B cell specific N-terminal immunogenic domains of LipL21 for diagnosis of leptospirosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 91:465-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.05.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wilson-Welder JH, Frank AT, Hornsby RL, Olsen SC, Alt DP. Interaction of Bovine Peripheral Blood Polymorphonuclear Cells and Leptospira Species; Innate Responses in the Natural Bovine Reservoir Host. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1110. [PMID: 27486445 PMCID: PMC4949235 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cattle are the reservoir hosts of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo, and can also be reservoir hosts of other Leptospira species such as L. kirschneri, and Leptospira interrogans. As a reservoir host, cattle shed Leptospira, infecting other animals, including humans. Previous studies with human and murine neutrophils have shown activation of neutrophil extracellular trap or NET formation, and upregulation of inflammatory mediators by neutrophils in the presence of Leptospira. Humans, companion animals and most widely studied models of Leptospirosis are of acute infection, hallmarked by systemic inflammatory response, neutrophilia, and septicemia. In contrast, cattle exhibit chronic infection with few outward clinical signs aside from reproductive failure. Taking into consideration that there is host species variation in innate immunity, especially in pathogen recognition and response, the interaction of bovine peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) and several Leptospira strains was evaluated. Studies including bovine-adapted strains, human pathogen strains, a saprophyte and inactivated organisms. Incubation of PMNs with Leptospira did induce slight activation of neutrophil NETs, greater than unstimulated cells but less than the quantity from E. coli P4 stimulated PMNs. Very low but significant from non-stimulated, levels of reactive oxygen peroxides were produced in the presence of all Leptospira strains and E. coli P4. Similarly, significant levels of reactive nitrogen intermediaries (NO2) was produced from PMNs when incubated with the Leptospira strains and greater quantities in the presence of E. coli P4. PMNs incubated with Leptospira induced RNA transcripts of IL-1β, MIP-1α, and TNF-α, with greater amounts induced by live organisms when compared to heat-inactivated leptospires. Transcript for inflammatory cytokine IL-8 was also induced, at similar levels regardless of Leptospira strain or viability. However, incubation of Leptospira strains with bovine PMNs did not affect Leptospira viability as measured by limiting dilution culture. This is in contrast to previously reported results of innate inflammatory activation by Leptospira in human and other animal models, or the activation and interaction of bovine PMNs with Escherichia coli and other bacterial pathogens. While it could be hypothesized that variations in innate receptor recognition, specifically variance in toll-like receptor 2, could underlie the observed reduction of activation in bovine PMNs, additional studies would be needed to explore this possibility. Reduction in neutrophil responses may help to establish nearly asymptomatic chronic Leptospira infection of cattle. This study emphasizes the importance of studying host-pathogen relationships in the appropriate species as extrapolation from other animal models may be incorrect and confounded by differences in the host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ami T Frank
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center Ames, IA, USA
| | - Richard L Hornsby
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center Ames, IA, USA
| | - Steven C Olsen
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center Ames, IA, USA
| | - David P Alt
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center Ames, IA, USA
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Jayaraman PA, Devlin AA, Miller JC, Scholle F. The adaptor molecule Trif contributes to murine host defense during Leptospiral infection. Immunobiology 2016; 221:964-74. [PMID: 27259371 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease and is caused by pathogenic species of the Leptospira genus, including Leptospira interrogans (L. interrogans). Humans, domestic and wild animals are susceptible to acute or chronic infection. The innate immune response is a critical defense mechanism against Leptospira interrogans, and has been investigated in mouse models. Murine Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been shown to be key factors in sensing and responding to L. interrogans infection. Specifically, TLR2, TLR4 and the TLR adaptor molecule MyD88 are essential for host defense against L. interrogans; however, the role of the TLR adaptor molecule TIR-domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon β (TRIF) in the response to L. interrogans has not been previously determined. In the present study, TRIF was found to play an important role during leptospiral infection. Following challenge with L. interrogans, Trif(-/-) mice exhibited delayed weight gain compared to wild-type mice. Moreover, Trif(-/-) mice exhibited an increase in L. interrogans burden in the kidneys, lungs, and blood at early time points (less than 7days post infection). Multiple components of the innate immune responses were dampened in response to leptospiral infection including transcription and production of cytokines, and the humoral response, which suggested that TRIF contributes to expression and production of cytokines important for the host defense against L. interrogans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya A Jayaraman
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Amy A Devlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Jennifer C Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Frank Scholle
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.
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Castiblanco-Valencia MM, Fraga TR, Breda LCD, Vasconcellos SA, Figueira CP, Picardeau M, Wunder E, Ko AI, Barbosa AS, Isaac L. Acquisition of negative complement regulators by the saprophyte Leptospira biflexa expressing LigA or LigB confers enhanced survival in human serum. Immunol Lett 2016; 173:61-8. [PMID: 26976804 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Leptospiral immunoglobulin-like (Lig) proteins are surface exposed molecules present in pathogenic but not in saprophytic Leptospira species. We have previously shown that Lig proteins interact with the soluble complement regulators Factor H (FH), FH like-1 (FHL-1), FH related-1 (FHR-1) and C4b Binding Protein (C4BP). In this study, we used the saprophyte L. biflexa serovar Patoc as a surrogate host to address the specific role of LigA and LigB proteins in leptospiral complement evasion. L. biflexa expressing LigA or LigB was able to acquire FH and C4BP. Bound complement regulators retained their cofactor activities of FI in the proteolytic cleavage of C3b and C4b. Moreover, heterologous expression of ligA and ligB genes in the saprophyte L. biflexa enhanced bacterial survival in human serum. Complement deposition on lig-transformed L. biflexa was assessed by flow cytometry analysis. With regard to MAC deposition, L. biflexa expressing LigA or LigB presented an intermediate profile: MAC deposition levels were greater than those found in the pathogenic L. interrogans, but lower than those observed for L. biflexa wildtype. In conclusion, Lig proteins contribute to in vitro control of complement activation on the leptospiral surface, promoting an increased bacterial survival in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatiana R Fraga
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro C D Breda
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Elsio Wunder
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University, EUA, CT, USA
| | - Albert I Ko
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University, EUA, CT, USA
| | - Angela S Barbosa
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lourdes Isaac
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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48
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Castiblanco-Valencia MM, Fraga TR, Pagotto AH, Serrano SMDT, Abreu PAE, Barbosa AS, Isaac L. Plasmin cleaves fibrinogen and the human complement proteins C3b and C5 in the presence of Leptospira interrogans proteins: A new role of LigA and LigB in invasion and complement immune evasion. Immunobiology 2016; 221:679-89. [PMID: 26822552 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen is a single-chain glycoprotein found in human plasma as the inactive precursor of plasmin. When converted to proteolytically active plasmin, plasmin(ogen) regulates both complement and coagulation cascades, thus representing an important target for pathogenic microorganisms. Leptospira interrogans binds plasminogen, which is converted to active plasmin. Leptospiral immunoglobulin-like (Lig) proteins are surface exposed molecules that interact with extracellular matrix components and complement regulators, including proteins of the FH family and C4BP. In this work, we demonstrate that these multifunctional molecules also bind plasminogen through both N- and C-terminal domains. These interactions are dependent on lysine residues and are affected by ionic strength. Competition assays suggest that plasminogen does not share binding sites with C4BP or FH on Lig proteins at physiological molar ratios. Plasminogen bound to Lig proteins is converted to proteolytic active plasmin in the presence of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). Lig-bound plasmin is able to cleave the physiological substrates fibrinogen and the complement proteins C3b and C5. Taken together, our data point to a new role of LigA and LigB in leptospiral invasion and complement immune evasion. Plasmin(ogen) acquisition by these versatile proteins may contribute to Leptospira infection, favoring bacterial survival and dissemination inside the host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatiana Rodrigues Fraga
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Helena Pagotto
- Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Solange Maria de Toledo Serrano
- Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lourdes Isaac
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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49
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Oliveira TL, Grassmann AA, Schuch RA, Seixas Neto ACP, Mendonça M, Hartwig DD, McBride AJA, Dellagostin OA. Evaluation of the Leptospira interrogans Outer Membrane Protein OmpL37 as a Vaccine Candidate. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142821. [PMID: 26588685 PMCID: PMC4654524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of potential vaccine candidates against leptospirosis remains a challenge. However, one such candidate is OmpL37, a potentially surface-exposed antigen that has the highest elastin-binding ability described to date, suggesting that it plays an important role in host colonization. In order to evaluate OmpL37's ability to induce a protective immune response, prime-boost, DNA and subunit vaccine strategies were tested in the hamster model of lethal leptospirosis. The humoral immune response was evaluated using an indirect ELISA test, and the cytokine profile in whole blood was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Unlike the DNA vaccine, the administration of recombinant OmpL37 induced a strong IgG antibody response. When individually administrated, both formulations stimulated a TNF-α mediated inflammatory response. However, none of the OmpL37 formulations or vaccination strategies induced protective immunity. Further studies are required towards the identification of new vaccine targets against leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Larré Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - André Alex Grassmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Andrade Schuch
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Amilton Clair Pinto Seixas Neto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Mendonça
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Daiane Drawanz Hartwig
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Alan John Alexander McBride
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Odir Antônio Dellagostin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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50
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Liu B, Wang Y, Guo X, Zhu W, Zhang Y, He P. Carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester labeling method to study the interaction between Leptospira and macrophages. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 107:205-13. [PMID: 25455022 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis, which is caused by pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira, has emerged as one of the most widespread zoonotic diseases in the world. The exact mechanism of pathogenesis remains unknown, and the interaction between Leptospira and macrophages is not well understood. In this study, we report that carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFDA-SE) can efficiently label different Leptospira interrogans strains without affecting bacterial motility, viability, or virulence. Following co-incubation, CFDA-SE-labeled leptospires associated with macrophages were quantified by flow cytometry or confocal microscopy. In addition, we showed that trypan blue efficiently quenched the extracellular fluorescence from the adherent leptospires, which enabled intracellular and extracellular bacteria to be distinguished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Liu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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