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Du B, Cao Y, Zhou J, Chen Y, Ye Z, Huang Y, Zhao X, Zou X, Zhang L. Sugar import mediated by sugar transporters and cell wall invertases for seed development in Camellia oleifera. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae133. [PMID: 38974190 PMCID: PMC11226869 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Seed development and yield depend on the transport and supply of sugar. However, an insufficient supply of nutrients from maternal tissues to embryos results in seed abortion and yield reduction in Camellia oleifera. In this study, we systematically examined the route and regulatory mechanisms of sugar import into developing C. oleifera seeds using a combination of histological observations, transcriptome profiling, and functional analysis. Labelling with the tracer carboxyfluorescein revealed a symplasmic route in the integument and an apoplasmic route for postphloem transport at the maternal-filial interface. Enzymatic activity and histological observation showed that at early stages [180-220 days after pollination (DAP)] of embryo differentiation, the high hexose/sucrose ratio was primarily mediated by acid invertases, and the micropylar endosperm/suspensor provides a channel for sugar import. Through Camellia genomic profiling, we identified three plasma membrane-localized proteins including CoSWEET1b, CoSWEET15, and CoSUT2 and one tonoplast-localized protein CoSWEET2a in seeds and verified their ability to transport various sugars via transformation in yeast mutants and calli. In situ hybridization and profiling of glycometabolism-related enzymes further demonstrated that CoSWEET15 functions as a micropylar endosperm-specific gene, together with the cell wall acid invertase CoCWIN9, to support early embryo development, while CoSWEET1b, CoSWEET2a, and CoSUT2 function at transfer cells and chalazal nucellus coupled with CoCWIN9 and CoCWIN11 responsible for sugar entry in bulk into the filial tissue. Collectively, our findings provide the first comprehensive evidence of the molecular regulation of sugar import into and within C. oleifera seeds and provide a new target for manipulating seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingshuai Du
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, No.35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yibo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, No.35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, No.35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, No.35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhihua Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, No.35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yiming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, No.35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xinyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, No.35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xinhui Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, No.35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, No.35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
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2
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Lu L, Delrot S, Liang Z. From acidity to sweetness: a comprehensive review of carbon accumulation in grape berries. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2024; 4:22. [PMID: 38835095 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-024-00100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Most of the carbon found in fruits at harvest is imported by the phloem. Imported carbon provide the material needed for the accumulation of sugars, organic acids, secondary compounds, in addition to the material needed for the synthesis of cell walls. The accumulation of sugars during fruit development influences not only sweetness but also various parameters controlling fruit composition (fruit "quality"). The accumulation of organic acids and sugar in grape berry flesh cells is a key process for berry development and ripening. The present review presents an update of the research on grape berry development, anatomical structure, sugar and acid metabolism, sugar transporters, and regulatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Prominent Crop, Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Oenology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Serge Delrot
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, UMR EGFV, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, 33882, France
| | - Zhenchang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Prominent Crop, Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Oenology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China.
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Jiang S, An P, Xia C, Ma W, Zhao L, Liang T, Liu Q, Xu R, Huang D, Xia Z, Zou M. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the SUT Family from Three Species of Sapindaceae Revealed Their Role in the Accumulation of Sugars in Fruits. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:95. [PMID: 38202403 PMCID: PMC10780545 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Sapindaceae is an economically important family of Sapindales and includes many fruit crops. The dominant transport and storage form of photoassimilates in higher plants is sucrose. Sucrose transporter proteins play an irreplaceable role in the loading, transportation, unloading, and distribution of sucrose. A few SUT (sugar transporter) family genes have been identified and characterized in various plant species. In this study, 15, 15, and 10 genes were identified in litchi, longan, and rambutan, respectively, via genome-wide screening. These genes were divided into four subgroups based on phylogenetics. Gene duplication analysis suggested these genes underwent potent purifying selection and tandem duplications during evolution. The expression levels of SlSut01 and SlSut08 were significantly increased in the fruits of Sapindaceae members. The homologs of these two genes in longan and rambutan were also highly expressed in the fruits. The expression pattern of SUTs in three organs of the two varieties was also explored. Subcellular colocalization experiments revealed that the proteins encoded by both genes were present in the plasma membrane. This report provides data for the functional study of SUTs in litchi and provides a basis for screening sugar accumulation-related genes in fruits of Sapindaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirong Jiang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (S.J.); (P.A.); (C.X.); (W.M.); (L.Z.); (T.L.); (Q.L.); (R.X.)
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Pengliang An
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (S.J.); (P.A.); (C.X.); (W.M.); (L.Z.); (T.L.); (Q.L.); (R.X.)
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Chengcai Xia
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (S.J.); (P.A.); (C.X.); (W.M.); (L.Z.); (T.L.); (Q.L.); (R.X.)
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Wanfeng Ma
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (S.J.); (P.A.); (C.X.); (W.M.); (L.Z.); (T.L.); (Q.L.); (R.X.)
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Long Zhao
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (S.J.); (P.A.); (C.X.); (W.M.); (L.Z.); (T.L.); (Q.L.); (R.X.)
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Tiyun Liang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (S.J.); (P.A.); (C.X.); (W.M.); (L.Z.); (T.L.); (Q.L.); (R.X.)
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (S.J.); (P.A.); (C.X.); (W.M.); (L.Z.); (T.L.); (Q.L.); (R.X.)
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Rui Xu
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (S.J.); (P.A.); (C.X.); (W.M.); (L.Z.); (T.L.); (Q.L.); (R.X.)
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Dongyi Huang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (S.J.); (P.A.); (C.X.); (W.M.); (L.Z.); (T.L.); (Q.L.); (R.X.)
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xia
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (S.J.); (P.A.); (C.X.); (W.M.); (L.Z.); (T.L.); (Q.L.); (R.X.)
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Meiling Zou
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (S.J.); (P.A.); (C.X.); (W.M.); (L.Z.); (T.L.); (Q.L.); (R.X.)
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
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Hu Y, Liu Y, Wei JJ, Zhang WK, Chen SY, Zhang JS. Regulation of seed traits in soybean. ABIOTECH 2023; 4:372-385. [PMID: 38106437 PMCID: PMC10721594 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-023-00122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) is an essential economic crop that provides vegetative oil and protein for humans, worldwide. Increasing soybean yield as well as improving seed quality is of great importance. Seed weight/size, oil and protein content are the three major traits determining seed quality, and seed weight also influences soybean yield. In recent years, the availability of soybean omics data and the development of related techniques have paved the way for better research on soybean functional genomics, providing a comprehensive understanding of gene functions. This review summarizes the regulatory genes that influence seed size/weight, oil content and protein content in soybean. We also provided a general overview of the pleiotropic effect for the genes in controlling seed traits and environmental stresses. Ultimately, it is expected that this review will be beneficial in breeding improved traits in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yue Liu
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Jun-Jie Wei
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Wan-Ke Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Shou-Yi Chen
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Jin-Song Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
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Lu L, Yang H, Xu Y, Zhang L, Wu J, Yi H. Laser capture microdissection-based spatiotemporal transcriptomes uncover regulatory networks during seed abortion in seedless Ponkan (Citrus reticulata). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 115:642-661. [PMID: 37077034 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Seed abortion is an important process in the formation of seedless characteristics in citrus fruits. However, the molecular regulatory mechanism underlying citrus seed abortion is poorly understood. Laser capture microdissection-based RNA-seq combined with Pacbio-seq was used to profile seed development in the Ponkan cultivars 'Huagan No. 4' (seedless Ponkan) (Citrus reticulata) and 'E'gan No. 1' (seeded Ponkan) (C. reticulata) in two types of seed tissue across three developmental stages. Through comparative transcriptome and dynamic phytohormone analyses, plant hormone signal, cell division and nutrient metabolism-related processes were revealed to play critical roles in the seed abortion of 'Huagan No. 4'. Moreover, several genes may play indispensable roles in seed abortion of 'Huagan No. 4', such as CrWRKY74, CrWRKY48 and CrMYB3R4. Overexpression of CrWRKY74 in Arabidopsis resulted in severe seed abortion. By analyzing the downstream regulatory network, we further determined that CrWRKY74 participated in seed abortion regulation by inducing abnormal programmed cell death. Of particular importance is that a preliminary model was proposed to depict the regulatory networks underlying seed abortion in citrus. The results of this study provide novel insights into the molecular mechanism across citrus seed development, and reveal the master role of CrWRKY74 in seed abortion of 'Huagan No. 4'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Lu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Haijian Yang
- Fruit Tree Research Institute of Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 401329, P.R. China
| | - Yanhui Xu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Juxun Wu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Hualin Yi
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
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Seitz J, Reimann TM, Fritz C, Schröder C, Knab J, Weber W, Stadler R. How pollen tubes fight for food: the impact of sucrose carriers and invertases of Arabidopsis thaliana on pollen development and pollen tube growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1063765. [PMID: 37469768 PMCID: PMC10352115 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1063765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Pollen tubes of higher plants grow very rapidly until they reach the ovules to fertilize the female gametes. This growth process is energy demanding, however, the nutrition strategies of pollen are largely unexplored. Here, we studied the function of sucrose transporters and invertases during pollen germination and pollen tube growth. RT-PCR analyses, reporter lines and knockout mutants were used to study gene expression and protein function in pollen. The genome of Arabidopsis thaliana contains eight genes that encode functional sucrose/H+ symporters. Apart from AtSUC2, which is companion cell specific, all other AtSUC genes are expressed in pollen tubes. AtSUC1 is present in developing pollen and seems to be the most important sucrose transporter during the fertilization process. Pollen of an Atsuc1 knockout plant contain less sucrose and have defects in pollen germination and pollen tube growth. The loss of other sucrose carriers affects neither pollen germination nor pollen tube growth. A multiple knockout line Atsuc1Atsuc3Atsuc8Atsuc9 shows a phenotype that is comparable to the Atsuc1 mutant line. Loss of AtSUC1 can`t be complemented by AtSUC9, suggesting a special function of AtSUC1. Besides sucrose carriers, pollen tubes also synthesize monosaccharide carriers of the AtSTP family as well as invertases. We could show that AtcwINV2 and AtcwINV4 are expressed in pollen, AtcwINV1 in the transmitting tissue and AtcwINV5 in the funiculi of the ovary. The vacuolar invertase AtVI2 is also expressed in pollen, and a knockout of AtVI2 leads to a severe reduction in pollen germination. Our data indicate that AtSUC1 mediated sucrose accumulation during late stages of pollen development and cleavage of vacuolar sucrose into monosaccharides is important for the process of pollen germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Seitz
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Theresa Maria Reimann
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carolin Fritz
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carola Schröder
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johanna Knab
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Walter Weber
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ruth Stadler
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Baud S, Corso M, Debeaujon I, Dubreucq B, Job D, Marion-Poll A, Miquel M, North H, Rajjou L, Lepiniec L. Recent progress in molecular genetics and omics-driven research in seed biology. C R Biol 2023; 345:61-110. [PMID: 36847120 DOI: 10.5802/crbiol.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the mechanisms that control seed development, metabolism, and physiology is a fundamental issue in biology. Michel Caboche had long been a catalyst for seed biology research in France up until his untimely passing away last year. To honour his memory, we have updated a review written under his coordination in 2010 entitled "Arabidopsis seed secrets unravelled after a decade of genetic and omics-driven research". This review encompassed different molecular aspects of seed development, reserve accumulation, dormancy and germination, that are studied in the lab created by M. Caboche. We have extended the scope of this review to highlight original experimental approaches implemented in the field over the past decade such as omics approaches aimed at investigating the control of gene expression, protein modifications, primary and specialized metabolites at the tissue or even cellular level, as well as seed biodiversity and the impact of the environment on seed quality.
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8
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Sandstedt GD, Sweigart AL. Developmental evidence for parental conflict in driving Mimulus species barriers. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1545-1557. [PMID: 35999713 PMCID: PMC9826125 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The endosperm, a tissue that nourishes the embryo in the seeds of flowering plants, is often disrupted in inviable hybrid seeds of closely related species. A key question is whether parental conflict is a major driver of this common form of reproductive isolation. Here, we performed reciprocal crosses between pairs of three monkeyflower species (Mimulus caespitosa, Mimulus tilingii, and Mimulus guttatus). The severity of hybrid seed inviability varies among these crosses, which we inferred to be due to species divergence in effective ploidy. By performing a time series experiment of seed development, we discovered parent-of-origin phenotypes that provide strong evidence for parental conflict in shaping endosperm evolution. We found that the chalazal haustorium, a tissue within the endosperm that is found at the maternal-filial boundary, shows pronounced differences between reciprocal hybrid seeds formed from Mimulus species that differ in effective ploidy. These parent-of-origin effects suggest that the chalazal haustorium might act as a mediator of parental conflict, potentially by controlling sucrose movement from the maternal parent into the endosperm. Our study suggests that parental conflict in the endosperm may function as a driver of speciation by targeting regions and developmental stages critical for resource allocation and thus proper seed development.
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Abstract
In angiosperms, double fertilization triggers the concomitant development of two closely juxtaposed tissues, the embryo and the endosperm. Successful seed development and germination require constant interactions between these tissues, which occur across their common interface. The embryo-endosperm interface is a complex and poorly understood compound apoplast comprising components derived from both tissues, across which nutrients transit to fuel embryo development. Interface properties, which affect molecular diffusion and thus communication, are themselves dynamically regulated by molecular and physical dialogues between the embryo and endosperm. We review the current understanding of embryo-endosperm interactions, with a focus on the structure, properties, and function of their shared interface. Concentrating on Arabidopsis, but with reference to other species, we aim to situate recent findings within the broader context of seed physiology, developmental biology, and genetic factors such as parental conflicts over resource allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas M Doll
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium;
- VIB Center of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gwyneth C Ingram
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Lyon 1, Lyon, France;
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Wen S, Neuhaus HE, Cheng J, Bie Z. Contributions of sugar transporters to crop yield and fruit quality. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2275-2289. [PMID: 35139196 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The flux, distribution, and storage of soluble sugars regulate crop yield in terms of starch, oil, protein, and total carbohydrates, and affect the quality of many horticultural products. Sugar transporters contribute to phloem loading and unloading. The mechanisms of phloem loading have been studied in detail, but the complex and diverse mechanisms of phloem unloading and sugar storage in sink organs are less explored. Unloading and subsequent transport mechanisms for carbohydrates vary in different sink organs. Analyzing the transport and storage mechanisms of carbohydrates in important storage organs, such as cereal seeds, fruits, or stems of sugarcane, will provide information for genetic improvements to increase crop yield and fruit quality. This review discusses current research progress on sugar transporters involved in carbohydrate unloading and storage in sink organs. The roles of sugar transporters in crop yield and the accumulation of sugars are also discussed to highlight their contribution to efficient breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suying Wen
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University and Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - H Ekkehard Neuhaus
- Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jintao Cheng
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University and Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Zhilong Bie
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University and Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
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Dominguez PG, Niittylä T. Mobile forms of carbon in trees: metabolism and transport. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:458-487. [PMID: 34542151 PMCID: PMC8919412 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants constitute 80% of the biomass on earth, and almost two-thirds of this biomass is found in wood. Wood formation is a carbon (C)-demanding process and relies on C transport from photosynthetic tissues. Thus, understanding the transport process is of major interest for understanding terrestrial biomass formation. Here, we review the molecules and mechanisms used to transport and allocate C in trees. Sucrose is the major form in which C is transported in plants, and it is found in the phloem sap of all tree species investigated so far. However, in several tree species, sucrose is accompanied by other molecules, notably polyols and the raffinose family of oligosaccharides. We describe the molecules that constitute each of these transport groups, and their distribution across different tree species. Furthermore, we detail the metabolic reactions for their synthesis, the mechanisms by which trees load and unload these compounds in and out of the vascular system, and how they are radially transported in the trunk and finally catabolized during wood formation. We also address a particular C recirculation process between phloem and xylem that occurs in trees during the annual cycle of growth and dormancy. A search of possible evolutionary drivers behind the diversity of C-carrying molecules in trees reveals no consistent differences in C transport mechanisms between angiosperm and gymnosperm trees. Furthermore, the distribution of C forms across species suggests that climate-related environmental factors will not explain the diversity of C transport forms. However, the consideration of C-transport mechanisms in relation to tree-rhizosphere coevolution deserves further attention. To conclude the review, we identify possible future lines of research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Guadalupe Dominguez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires B1686IGC, Argentina
| | - Totte Niittylä
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 90183, Sweden
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12
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Wang W, Xiong H, Sun K, Zhang B, Sun MX. New insights into cell-cell communications during seed development in flowering plants. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:215-229. [PMID: 34473416 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of seeds is a major reason why flowering plants are a dominant life form on Earth. The developing seed is composed of two fertilization products, the embryo and endosperm, which are surrounded by a maternally derived seed coat. Accumulating evidence indicates that efficient communication among all three seed components is required to ensure coordinated seed development. Cell communication within plant seeds has drawn much attention in recent years. In this study, we review current knowledge of cross-talk among the endosperm, embryo, and seed coat during seed development, and highlight recent advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hanxian Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Kaiting Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Meng-Xiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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13
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da Fonseca-Pereira P, Pham PA, Cavalcanti JHF, Omena-Garcia RP, Barros JAS, Rosado-Souza L, Vallarino JG, Mutwil M, Avin-Wittenberg T, Nunes-Nesi A, Fernie AR, Araújo WL. The Arabidopsis electron-transfer flavoprotein:ubiquinone oxidoreductase is required during normal seed development and germination. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:196-214. [PMID: 34741366 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the alternative donation of electrons to the ubiquinol pool via the electron-transfer flavoprotein/electron-transfer flavoprotein:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF/ETFQO) complex has been demonstrated. However, the functional significance of this pathway during seed development and germination remains to be elucidated. To assess the function of this pathway, we performed a detailed metabolic and transcriptomic analysis of Arabidopsis mutants to test the molecular consequences of a dysfunctional ETF/ETFQO pathway. We demonstrate that the disruption of this pathway compromises seed germination in the absence of an external carbon source and also impacts seed size and yield. Total protein and storage protein content is reduced in dry seeds, whilst sucrose levels remain invariant. Seeds of ETFQO and related mutants were also characterized by an altered fatty acid composition. During seed development, lower levels of fatty acids and proteins accumulated in the etfqo-1 mutant as well as in mutants in the alternative electron donors isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (ivdh-1) and d-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (d2hgdh1-2). Furthermore, the content of several amino acids was increased in etfqo-1 mutants during seed development, indicating that these mutants are not using such amino acids as alternative energy source for respiration. Transcriptome analysis revealed alterations in the expression levels of several genes involved in energy and hormonal metabolism. Our findings demonstrated that the alternative pathway of respiration mediated by the ETF/ETFQO complex affects seed germination and development by directly adjusting carbon storage during seed filling. These results indicate a role for the pathway in the normal plant life cycle to complement its previously defined roles in the response to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula da Fonseca-Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Phuong Anh Pham
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - João Henrique F Cavalcanti
- Instituto de Educação, Agricultura e Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Humaitá, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Rebeca P Omena-Garcia
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jessica A S Barros
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Laise Rosado-Souza
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - José G Vallarino
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Marek Mutwil
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Tamar Avin-Wittenberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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14
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Kim JY, Loo EPI, Pang TY, Lercher M, Frommer WB, Wudick MM. Cellular export of sugars and amino acids: role in feeding other cells and organisms. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1893-1914. [PMID: 34015139 PMCID: PMC8644676 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose, hexoses, and raffinose play key roles in the plant metabolism. Sucrose and raffinose, produced by photosynthesis, are translocated from leaves to flowers, developing seeds and roots. Translocation occurs in the sieve elements or sieve tubes of angiosperms. But how is sucrose loaded into and unloaded from the sieve elements? There seem to be two principal routes: one through plasmodesmata and one via the apoplasm. The best-studied transporters are the H+/SUCROSE TRANSPORTERs (SUTs) in the sieve element-companion cell complex. Sucrose is delivered to SUTs by SWEET sugar uniporters that release these key metabolites into the apoplasmic space. The H+/amino acid permeases and the UmamiT amino acid transporters are hypothesized to play analogous roles as the SUT-SWEET pair to transport amino acids. SWEETs and UmamiTs also act in many other important processes-for example, seed filling, nectar secretion, and pollen nutrition. We present information on cell type-specific enrichment of SWEET and UmamiT family members and propose several members to play redundant roles in the efflux of sucrose and amino acids across different cell types in the leaf. Pathogens hijack SWEETs and thus represent a major susceptibility of the plant. Here, we provide an update on the status of research on intercellular and long-distance translocation of key metabolites such as sucrose and amino acids, communication of the plants with the root microbiota via root exudates, discuss the existence of transporters for other important metabolites and provide potential perspectives that may direct future research activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yun Kim
- Institute for Molecular Physiology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Eliza P -I Loo
- Institute for Molecular Physiology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Tin Yau Pang
- Institute for Computer Science and Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Martin Lercher
- Institute for Computer Science and Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Wolf B Frommer
- Institute for Molecular Physiology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Michael M Wudick
- Institute for Molecular Physiology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
- Author for communication:
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15
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Sun L, Wei YQ, Wu KH, Yan JY, Xu JN, Wu YR, Li GX, Xu JM, Harberd NP, Ding ZJ, Zheng SJ. Restriction of iron loading into developing seeds by a YABBY transcription factor safeguards successful reproduction in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1624-1639. [PMID: 34116221 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) storage in plant seeds is not only necessary for seedling establishment following germination but is also a major source of dietary Fe for humans and other animals. Accumulation of Fe in seeds is known to be low during early seed development. However, the underlying mechanism and biological significance remain elusive. Here, we show that reduced expression of Arabidopsis YABBY transcription factor INNER NO OUTER (INO) increases embryonic Fe accumulation, while transgenic overexpression of INO results in the opposite effect. INO is highly expressed during early seed development, and decreased INO expression increases the expression of NATURAL RESISTANCE-ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGE PROTEIN 1 (NRAMP1), which encodes a transporter that contributes to seed Fe loading. The relatively high embryonic Fe accumulation conferred by decreased INO expression is rescued by the nramp1 loss-of-function mutation. We further demonstrated that INO represses NRAMP1 expression by binding to NRAMP1-specific promoter region. Interestingly, we found that excessive Fe loading into developing seeds of ino mutants results in greater oxidative damage, leading to increased cell death and seed abortion, a phenotype that can be rescued by the nramp1 mutation. Taken together, these results indicate that INO plays an important role in safeguarding reproduction by reducing Fe loading into developing seeds by repressing NRAMP1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yun Qi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kang Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jing Ying Yan
- Agricultural Experimental Station, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jie Na Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yun Rong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Gui Xin Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ji Ming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Nicholas P Harberd
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Plant Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Zhong Jie Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Shao Jian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642.
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16
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Rolletschek H, Mayer S, Boughton B, Wagner S, Ortleb S, Kiel C, Roessner U, Borisjuk L. The metabolic environment of the developing embryo: A multidisciplinary approach on oilseed rapeseed. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 265:153505. [PMID: 34481359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Brassicaceae seeds consist of three genetically distinct structures: the embryo, endosperm and seed coat, all of which are involved in assimilate allocation during seed development. The complexity of their metabolic interrelations remains unresolved to date. In the present study, we apply state-of-the-art imaging and analytical approaches to assess the metabolic environment of the Brassica napus embryo. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provided volumetric data on the living embryo and endosperm, revealing how the endosperm envelops the embryo, determining endosperm's priority in assimilate uptake from the seed coat during early development. MRI analysis showed higher levels of sugars in the peripheral endosperm facing the seed coat, but a lower sugar content within the central vacuole and the region surrounding the embryo. Feeding intact siliques with 13C-labeled sucrose allowed tracing of the post-phloem route of sucrose transfer within the seed at the heart stage of embryogenesis, by means of mass spectrometry imaging. Quantification of over 70 organic and inorganic compounds in the endosperm revealed shifts in their abundance over different stages of development, while sugars and potassium were the main determinants of osmolality throughout these stages. Our multidisciplinary approach allows access to the hidden aspects of endosperm metabolism, a task which remains unattainable for the small-seeded model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardy Rolletschek
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Seeland-Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - Simon Mayer
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Seeland-Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - Berin Boughton
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Murdoch University, Western Australia, 6150, Australia.
| | - Steffen Wagner
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Seeland-Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - Stefan Ortleb
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Seeland-Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - Christina Kiel
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Seeland-Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - Ute Roessner
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Seeland-Gatersleben, Germany.
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17
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Malovichko YV, Shikov AE, Nizhnikov AA, Antonets KS. Temporal Control of Seed Development in Dicots: Molecular Bases, Ecological Impact and Possible Evolutionary Ramifications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179252. [PMID: 34502157 PMCID: PMC8430901 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In flowering plants, seeds serve as organs of both propagation and dispersal. The developing seed passes through several consecutive stages, following a conserved general outline. The overall time needed for a seed to develop, however, may vary both within and between plant species, and these temporal developmental properties remain poorly understood. In the present paper, we summarize the existing data for seed development alterations in dicot plants. For genetic mutations, the reported cases were grouped in respect of the key processes distorted in the mutant specimens. Similar phenotypes arising from the environmental influence, either biotic or abiotic, were also considered. Based on these data, we suggest several general trends of timing alterations and how respective mechanisms might add to the ecological plasticity of the families considered. We also propose that the developmental timing alterations may be perceived as an evolutionary substrate for heterochronic events. Given the current lack of plausible models describing timing control in plant seeds, the presented suggestions might provide certain insights for future studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury V. Malovichko
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (Y.V.M.); (A.E.S.); (A.A.N.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anton E. Shikov
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (Y.V.M.); (A.E.S.); (A.A.N.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anton A. Nizhnikov
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (Y.V.M.); (A.E.S.); (A.A.N.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kirill S. Antonets
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (Y.V.M.); (A.E.S.); (A.A.N.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
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18
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Lu J, Le Hir R, Gómez-Páez DM, Coen O, Péchoux C, Jasinski S, Magnani E. The nucellus: between cell elimination and sugar transport. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:478-490. [PMID: 33721907 PMCID: PMC8133628 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The architecture of the seed is shaped by the processes of tissue partitioning, which determines the volume ratio of maternal and zygotic tissues, and nutrient partitioning, which regulates nutrient distribution among tissues. In angiosperms, early seed development is characterized by antagonistic development of the nucellus maternal tissue and the endosperm fertilization product to become the main sugar sink. This process marked the evolution of angiosperms and outlines the most ancient seed architectures. In Arabidopsis, the endosperm partially eliminates the nucellus and imports sugars from the seed coat. Here, we show that the nucellus is symplasmically connected to the chalaza, the seed nutrient unloading zone, and works as both a sugar sink and source alongside the seed coat. After fertilization, the transient nucellus accumulates starch early on and releases it in the apoplasmic space during its elimination. By contrast, the persistent nucellus exports sugars toward the endosperm through the SWEET4 hexose facilitator. Finally, we analyzed sugar metabolism and transport in the transparent testa 16 mutant, which fails to undergo nucellus cell elimination, which shed light on the coordination between tissue and nutrient partitioning. Overall, this study identifies a path of sugar transport in the Arabidopsis seed and describes a link between sugar redistribution and the nucellus cell-elimination program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, Route de St-Cyr (RD10), 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
- École Doctorale 567 Sciences du Végétal, University Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, bat 360, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Rozenn Le Hir
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, Route de St-Cyr (RD10), 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Dennys-Marcela Gómez-Páez
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, Route de St-Cyr (RD10), 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Coen
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, Route de St-Cyr (RD10), 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
- École Doctorale 567 Sciences du Végétal, University Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, bat 360, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Christine Péchoux
- INRAE, Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
| | - Sophie Jasinski
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, Route de St-Cyr (RD10), 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Enrico Magnani
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, Route de St-Cyr (RD10), 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
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19
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Moreno Curtidor C, Annunziata MG, Gupta S, Apelt F, Richard SI, Kragler F, Mueller-Roeber B, Olas JJ. Physiological Profiling of Embryos and Dormant Seeds in Two Arabidopsis Accessions Reveals a Metabolic Switch in Carbon Reserve Accumulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:588433. [PMID: 33343596 PMCID: PMC7738343 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.588433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, sugars act as carbon sources providing energy for developing embryos and seeds. Although most studies focus on carbon metabolism in whole seeds, knowledge about how particular sugars contribute to the developmental transitions during embryogenesis is scarce. To develop a quantitative understanding of how carbon composition changes during embryo development, and to determine how sugar status contributes to final seed or embryo size, we performed metabolic profiling of hand-dissected embryos at late torpedo and mature stages, and dormant seeds, in two Arabidopsis thaliana accessions with medium [Columbia-0 (Col-0)] and large [Burren-0 (Bur-0)] seed sizes, respectively. Our results show that, in both accessions, metabolite profiles of embryos largely differ from those of dormant seeds. We found that developmental transitions from torpedo to mature embryos, and further to dormant seeds, are associated with major metabolic switches in carbon reserve accumulation. While glucose, sucrose, and starch predominantly accumulated during seed dormancy, fructose levels were strongly elevated in mature embryos. Interestingly, Bur-0 seeds contain larger mature embryos than Col-0 seeds. Fructose and starch were accumulated to significantly higher levels in mature Bur-0 than Col-0 embryos, suggesting that they contribute to the enlarged mature Bur-0 embryos. Furthermore, we found that Bur-0 embryos accumulated a higher level of sucrose compared to hexose sugars and that changes in sucrose metabolism are mediated by sucrose synthase (SUS), with SUS genes acting non-redundantly, and in a tissue-specific manner to utilize sucrose during late embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Moreno Curtidor
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Saurabh Gupta
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Federico Apelt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sarah Isabel Richard
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Friedrich Kragler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Justyna Jadwiga Olas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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20
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Santiago JP, Ward JM, Sharkey TD. Phaseolus vulgaris SUT1.1 is a high affinity sucrose-proton co-transporter. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00260. [PMID: 32885136 PMCID: PMC7453976 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant sucrose transporters are required for phloem loading, and therefore are essential for plant growth and development. In common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) there are only two sucrose transporters functionally characterized. Through a previous RNA-seq study, we identified a putative sucrose transporter in common bean, which we hypothesize to function in import of sucrose into plant cells. In silico analysis revealed that PvSUT1.1 is a putative sucrose-proton co-transporter distinct from other characterized sucrose transporters in common bean indicating that this is a previously undescribed transporter protein in beans. Further analysis revealed that PvSUT1.1 shares high protein sequence homology to the phloem loader Arabidopsis SUC2; both have 12 transmembrane domains, a typical characteristic of plant sucrose transporters. Heterologous expression in yeast further showed PvSUT1.1 to be functional and it imported sucrose into yeast cells with a Km of 0.7 mM sucrose. Import of sucrose through PvSUT1.1 is also pH-dependent with highest uptake at pH 4.0, and activity is lost in the presence of the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone. Consistent with identification of PvSUT1.1 as a Type I transporter, PvSUT1.1 also transports esculin. Finally, PvSUT1.1 showed expression in multiple tissues and the protein was localized to the plasma membrane. The results show that PvSUT1.1 is a sucrose transporter that is probably involved in the uptake of sucrose into source and sink cells. The potential role of PvSUT1.1 in leaf phloem loading of sucrose in common beans and its importance in heat tolerance of reproductive tissues are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Santiago
- Plant Resilience InstituteMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
- Michigan State University‐Department of Energy Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - John M. Ward
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMNUSA
| | - Thomas D. Sharkey
- Plant Resilience InstituteMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
- Michigan State University‐Department of Energy Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
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21
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Kong W, Sun T, Zhang C, Qiang Y, Li Y. Micro-Evolution Analysis Reveals Diverged Patterns of Polyol Transporters in Seven Gramineae Crops. Front Genet 2020; 11:565. [PMID: 32636871 PMCID: PMC7317338 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyol transporters (PLTs), also called polyol/monosaccharide transporters, is of significance in determining plant development and sugar transportation. However, the diverged evolutionary patterns of the PLT gene family in Gramineae crops are still unclear. Here a micro-evolution analysis was performed among the seven Gramineae representative crops using whole-genome sequences, i.e., Brachypodium distachyon (Bd), Hordeum vulgare (Hv), Oryza rufipogon (Or), Oryza sativa (Os), Sorghum bicolor (Sb), Setaria italica (Si), and Zea mays (Zm), leading to the identification of 12, 11, 12, 15, 20, 24, and 20 PLT genes, respectively. In this study, all PLT genes were divided into nine orthogroups (OGs). However, the number of PLT genes and the distribution of PLT OGs were not the same in these seven Gramineae species, and different OGs were also subject to different purification selection pressures. These results indicated that the PLT OGs of the PLT gene family have been expanded or lost unevenly in all tested species. Then, our results of gene duplication events confirmed that gene duplication events promoted the expansion of the PLT gene family in some Gramineous plants, namely, Bd, Or, Os, Si, Sb, and Zm, but the degree of gene family expansion, the type of PLT gene duplication, and the differentiation time of duplicate gene pairs varied greatly among these species. In addition, the sequence alignment and the internal repeat analysis of all PLTs protein sequences implied that the PLT protein sequences may originate from an internal repeat duplication of an ancestral six transmembrane helical units. Besides that, the protein motifs result highlighted that the PLT protein sequences were highly conserved, whereas the functional differentiation of the PLT genes was characterized by different gene structures, upstream elements, as well as co-expression analysis. The gene expression analysis of rice and maize showed that the PLT genes have a wide range of expression patterns, suggesting diverse biological functions. Taken together, our finding provided a perspective on the evolution differences and the functional characterizations of PLT genes in Gramineae representative crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yangsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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22
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Du Y, Zhao Q, Chen L, Yao X, Zhang H, Wu J, Xie F. Effect of Drought Stress during Soybean R2-R6 Growth Stages on Sucrose Metabolism in Leaf and Seed. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E618. [PMID: 31963537 PMCID: PMC7013680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sucrose is the main photosynthesis product of plants and the fundamental carbon skeleton monomer and energy supply for seed formation and development. Drought stress induces decreased photosynthetic carbon assimilation capacity, and seriously affects seed weight in soybean. However, little is known about the relationship between decreases in soybean seed yield and disruption of sucrose metabolism and transport balance in leaves and seeds during the reproductive stages of crop growth. Three soybean cultivars with similar growth periods, "Shennong17", "Shennong8", and "Shennong12", were subjected to drought stress during reproductive growth for 45 days. Drought stress significantly reduced leaf photosynthetic rate, shoot biomass, and seed weight by 63.93, 33.53, and 41.65%, respectively. Drought stress increased soluble sugar contents, the activities of sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase, and acid invertase enzymes, and up-regulated the expression levels of GmSPS1, GmSuSy2, and GmA-INV, but decreased starch content by 15.13% in leaves. Drought stress decreased the contents of starch, fructose, and glucose in seeds during the late seed filling stages, while it induced sucrose accumulation, which resulted in a decreased hexose-to-sucrose ratio. In developing seeds, the activities of sucrose synthesis and degradation enzymes, the expression levels of genes related to metabolism, and the expression levels of sucrose transporter genes were enhanced during early seed development under drought stress; however, under prolonged drought stress, all of them decreased. These results demonstrated that drought stress enhances the capacity for unloading sucrose into seeds and activated sucrose metabolism during early seed development. At the middle and late seed filling stages, sucrose flow from leaves to seeds was diminished, and the balance of sucrose metabolism was impaired in seeds, resulting in seed mass reduction. The different regulation strategies in sucrose allocation, metabolism, and transport during different seed development stages may be one of the physiological mechanisms for soybean plants to resist drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Du
- Soybean Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.D.); (Q.Z.); (L.C.); (X.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Soybean Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.D.); (Q.Z.); (L.C.); (X.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Liru Chen
- Soybean Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.D.); (Q.Z.); (L.C.); (X.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Xingdong Yao
- Soybean Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.D.); (Q.Z.); (L.C.); (X.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Huijun Zhang
- Soybean Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.D.); (Q.Z.); (L.C.); (X.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Junjiang Wu
- Soybean Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Soybean Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture P. R. China, Harbin 150086, China;
| | - Futi Xie
- Soybean Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.D.); (Q.Z.); (L.C.); (X.Y.); (H.Z.)
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23
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Ingram GC. Family plot: the impact of the endosperm and other extra-embryonic seed tissues on angiosperm zygotic embryogenesis. F1000Res 2020; 9. [PMID: 32055398 PMCID: PMC6961419 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.21527.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The zygotic embryos of angiosperms develop buried deep within seeds and surrounded by two main extra-embryonic tissues: the maternally derived seed coat tissues and the zygotic endosperm. Generally, these tissues are considered to play an important role in nurturing the developing embryo by acting as conduits for maternally derived nutrients. They are also critical for key seed traits (dormancy establishment and control, longevity, and physical resistance) and thus for seed and seedling survival. However, recent studies have highlighted the fact that extra-embryonic tissues in the seed also physically and metabolically limit embryonic development and that unique mechanisms may have evolved to overcome specific developmental and genetic constraints associated with the seed habit in angiosperms. The aim of this review is to illustrate how these studies have begun to reveal the highly complex physical and physiological relationship between extra-embryonic tissues and the developing embryo. Where possible I focus on Arabidopsis because of space constraints, but other systems will be cited where relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwyneth C Ingram
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, University of Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
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24
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Chen K, Li GJ, Bressan RA, Song CP, Zhu JK, Zhao Y. Abscisic acid dynamics, signaling, and functions in plants. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:25-54. [PMID: 31850654 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 634] [Impact Index Per Article: 158.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is an important phytohormone regulating plant growth, development, and stress responses. It has an essential role in multiple physiological processes of plants, such as stomatal closure, cuticular wax accumulation, leaf senescence, bud dormancy, seed germination, osmotic regulation, and growth inhibition among many others. Abscisic acid controls downstream responses to abiotic and biotic environmental changes through both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. During the past 20 years, ABA biosynthesis and many of its signaling pathways have been well characterized. Here we review the dynamics of ABA metabolic pools and signaling that affects many of its physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kong Chen
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guo-Jun Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ray A Bressan
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chun-Peng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yang Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
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25
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An L, Tao Y, Chen H, He M, Xiao F, Li G, Ding Y, Liu Z. Embryo-Endosperm Interaction and Its Agronomic Relevance to Rice Quality. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:587641. [PMID: 33424883 PMCID: PMC7793959 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.587641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Embryo-endosperm interaction is the dominant process controlling grain filling, thus being crucial for yield and quality formation of the three most important cereals worldwide, rice, wheat, and maize. Fundamental science of functional genomics has uncovered several key genetic programs for embryo and endosperm development, but the interaction or communication between the two tissues is largely elusive. Further, the significance of this interaction for grain filling remains open. This review starts with the morphological and developmental aspects of rice grain, providing a spatial and temporal context. Then, it offers a comprehensive and integrative view of this intercompartmental interaction, focusing on (i) apoplastic nutrient flow from endosperm to the developing embryo, (ii) dependence of embryo development on endosperm, (iii) regulation of endosperm development by embryo, and (iv) bidirectional dialogues between embryo and endosperm. From perspective of embryo-endosperm interaction, the mechanisms underlying the complex quality traits are explored, with grain chalkiness as an example. The review ends with three open questions with scientific and agronomic importance that should be addressed in the future. Notably, current knowledge and future prospects of this hot research topic are reviewed from a viewpoint of crop physiology, which should be helpful for bridging the knowledge gap between the fundamental plant sciences and the practical technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu An
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Tao
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingjie He
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Xiao
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ganghua Li
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanfeng Ding
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenghui Liu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenghui Liu,
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26
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Niño-González M, Novo-Uzal E, Richardson DN, Barros PM, Duque P. More Transporters, More Substrates: The Arabidopsis Major Facilitator Superfamily Revisited. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:1182-1202. [PMID: 31330327 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) is ubiquitous in living organisms and represents the largest group of secondary active membrane transporters. In plants, significant research efforts have focused on the role of specific families within the MFS, particularly those transporting macronutrients (C, N, and P) that constitute the vast majority of the members of this superfamily. Other MFS families remain less explored, although a plethora of additional substrates and physiological functions have been uncovered. Nevertheless, the lack of a systematic approach to analyzing the MFS as a whole has obscured the high diversity and versatility of these transporters. Here, we present a phylogenetic analysis of all annotated MFS domain-containing proteins encoded in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome and propose that this superfamily of transporters consists of 218 members, clustered in 22 families. In reviewing the available information regarding the diversity in biological functions and substrates of Arabidopsis MFS members, we provide arguments for intensified research on these membrane transporters to unveil the breadth of their physiological relevance, disclose the molecular mechanisms underlying their mode of action, and explore their biotechnological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pedro M Barros
- Genomics of Plant Stress Unit, ITQB NOVA - Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paula Duque
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
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27
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King K, Li H, Kang J, Lu C. Mapping quantitative trait loci for seed traits in Camelina sativa. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2019; 132:2567-2577. [PMID: 31177293 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03371-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Genetic dissection of oil content and seed size in Camelina sativa was conducted by QTL mapping using a SNP-based linkage map and a recombinant inbred population. Camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz) is an oilseed crop that has great potential to provide sustainable feedstock for biofuel production and to improve dryland agriculture. A major breeding objective for camelina is to increase seed size and oil content. Understanding the genetics behind variations of seed size and associated traits such as oil content would help breeders develop varieties of increased oil yield that are more robust, easier to plant and harvest, and better for oil processing. In this study, we developed a recombinant inbred population derived from the two camelina accessions, Suneson and Pryzeth, with contrasting traits, especially seed size and oil content. Using 189 lines, a genetic map was constructed containing 2376 single nucleotide polymorphism markers spanning 2034.6 cM of 20 linkage groups with an average density of 1.5 cM per locus. Field trials were conducted for 2 years (2017 and 2018) in two environments (dryland and irrigated) in Bozeman, Montana. The results revealed important correlations of seed size with other associated traits such as oil content, pod size and seed number per pod. Significant QTLs were also discovered for these traits. The results of this study are the first step to isolate genes controlling seed development and oil accumulation and to develop advanced varieties of camelina better adapted to modern agriculture by marker-assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin King
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717-3150, USA
| | - Huang Li
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717-3150, USA
| | - Jinling Kang
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717-3150, USA
| | - Chaofu Lu
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717-3150, USA.
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28
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O'Neill JP, Colon KT, Jenik PD. The onset of embryo maturation in Arabidopsis is determined by its developmental stage and does not depend on endosperm cellularization. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:286-301. [PMID: 30900325 PMCID: PMC6635039 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Seeds are dormant and desiccated structures, filled with storage products to be used after germination. These properties are determined by the maturation program, which starts, in Arabidopsis thaliana, mid-embryogenesis, at about the same time and developmental stage in all the seeds in a fruit. The two factors, chronological and developmental time, are closely entangled during seed development, so their relative contribution to the transition to maturation is not well understood. It is also unclear whether that transition is determined autonomously by each seed or whether it depends on signals from the fruit. The onset of maturation follows the cellularization of the endosperm, and it has been proposed that there exists a causal relationship between both processes. We explored all these issues by analyzing markers for maturation in Arabidopsis mutant seeds that develop at a slower pace, or where endosperm cellularization happens too early, too late, or not at all. Our data show that the developmental stage of the embryo is the key determinant of the initiation of maturation, and that each seed makes that transition autonomously. We also found that, in contrast with previous models, endosperm cellularization is not required for the onset of maturation, suggesting that this transition is independent of the hexose/sucrose ratio in the seed. Our observations indicate that the mechanisms that control endosperm cellularization, embryo growth, and embryo maturation act independently of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P O'Neill
- Department of Biology, Franklin & Marshall College, P.O. Box 3003, Lancaster, PA, 17604-3003, USA
| | - Kristen T Colon
- Department of Biology, Franklin & Marshall College, P.O. Box 3003, Lancaster, PA, 17604-3003, USA
| | - Pablo D Jenik
- Department of Biology, Franklin & Marshall College, P.O. Box 3003, Lancaster, PA, 17604-3003, USA
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29
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Robert HS. Molecular Communication for Coordinated Seed and Fruit Development: What Can We Learn from Auxin and Sugars? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E936. [PMID: 30795528 PMCID: PMC6412287 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Seed development in flowering plants is a critical part of plant life for successful reproduction. The formation of viable seeds requires the synchronous growth and development of the fruit and the three seed structures: the embryo, the endosperm, the seed coat. Molecular communication between these tissues is crucial to coordinate these developmental processes. The phytohormone auxin is a significant player in embryo, seed and fruit development. Its regulated local biosynthesis and its cell-to-cell transport capacity make of auxin the perfect candidate as a signaling molecule to coordinate the growth and development of the embryo, endosperm, seed and fruit. Moreover, newly formed seeds need nutrients and form new carbon sink, generating high sugar flow from vegetative tissues to the seeds. This review will discuss how auxin and sugars may be considered as signaling molecules to coordinate seed and fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène S Robert
- Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, CEITEC MU-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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30
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Baroux C, Grossniklaus U. Seeds-An evolutionary innovation underlying reproductive success in flowering plants. Curr Top Dev Biol 2018; 131:605-642. [PMID: 30612632 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
"Seeds nourish, seeds unite, seeds endure, seeds defend, seeds travel," explains the science writer Thor Hanson in his book The Triumph of Seeds (2015). The seed is an ultimate product of land plant evolution. The nursing and protective organization of the seed enable a unique parental care of the progeny that has fueled seed plant radiation. Seeds promote dispersal and optimize offspring production and thus reproductive fitness through biological adaptations that integrate environmental and developmental cues. The composite structure of seeds, uniting tissues that originate from three distinct organisms, enables the partitioning of tasks during development, maturation, and storage, while a sophisticated interplay between the compartments allows the fine-tuning of embryonic growth, as well as seed maturation, dormancy, and germination. In this review, we will highlight peculiarities in the development and evolution of the different seed compartments and focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying the interactions between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Baroux
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Ueli Grossniklaus
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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31
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Li W, Sun K, Ren Z, Song C, Pei X, Liu Y, Wang Z, He K, Zhang F, Zhou X, Ma X, Yang D. Molecular Evolution and Stress and Phytohormone Responsiveness of SUT Genes in Gossypium hirsutum. Front Genet 2018; 9:494. [PMID: 30405700 PMCID: PMC6205988 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sucrose transporters (SUTs) play key roles in allocating the translocation of assimilates from source to sink tissues. Although the characteristics and biological roles of SUTs have been intensively investigated in higher plants, this gene family has not been functionally characterized in cotton. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of SUT genes in the tetraploid cotton Gossypium hirsutum. A total of 18 G. hirsutum SUT genes were identified and classified into three groups based on their evolutionary relationships. Up to eight SUT genes in G. hirsutum were placed in the dicot-specific SUT1 group, while four and six SUT genes were, respectively, clustered into SUT4 and SUT2 groups together with members from both dicot and monocot species. The G. hirsutum SUT genes within the same group displayed similar exon/intron characteristics, and homologous genes in G. hirsutum At and Dt subgenomes, G. arboreum, and G. raimondii exhibited one-to-one relationships. Additionally, the duplicated genes in the diploid and polyploid cotton species have evolved through purifying selection, suggesting the strong conservation of SUT loci in these species. Expression analysis in different tissues indicated that SUT genes might play significant roles in cotton fiber elongation. Moreover, analyses of cis-acting regulatory elements in promoter regions and expression profiling under different abiotic stress and exogenous phytohormone treatments implied that SUT genes, especially GhSUT6A/D, might participate in plant responses to diverse abiotic stresses and phytohormones. Our findings provide valuable information for future studies on the evolution and function of SUT genes in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Kuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Zhongying Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | | | - Xiaoyu Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Yangai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Kunlun He
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Xiongfeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Daigang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
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32
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Aguirre M, Kiegle E, Leo G, Ezquer I. Carbohydrate reserves and seed development: an overview. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2018; 31:263-290. [PMID: 29728792 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-018-0336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Seeds are one of the most important food sources, providing humans and animals with essential nutrients. These nutrients include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins and minerals. Carbohydrates are one of the main energy sources for both plant and animal cells and play a fundamental role in seed development, human nutrition and the food industry. Many studies have focused on the molecular pathways that control carbohydrate flow during seed development in monocot and dicot species. For this reason, an overview of seed biodiversity focused on the multiple metabolic and physiological mechanisms that govern seed carbohydrate storage function in the plant kingdom is required. A large number of mutants affecting carbohydrate metabolism, which display defective seed development, are currently available for many plant species. The physiological, biochemical and biomolecular study of such mutants has led researchers to understand better how metabolism of carbohydrates works in plants and the critical role that these carbohydrates, and especially starch, play during seed development. In this review, we summarize and analyze the newest findings related to carbohydrate metabolism's effects on seed development, pointing out key regulatory genes and enzymes that influence seed sugar import and metabolism. Our review also aims to provide guidelines for future research in the field and in this way to assist seed quality optimization by targeted genetic engineering and classical breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Aguirre
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
- FNWI, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edward Kiegle
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Leo
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Ignacio Ezquer
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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33
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Durand M, Mainson D, Porcheron B, Maurousset L, Lemoine R, Pourtau N. Carbon source-sink relationship in Arabidopsis thaliana: the role of sucrose transporters. PLANTA 2018; 247:587-611. [PMID: 29138971 PMCID: PMC5809531 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2807-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The regulation of source-to-sink sucrose transport is associated with AtSUC and AtSWEET sucrose transporters' gene expression changes in plants grown hydroponically under different physiological conditions. Source-to-sink transport of sucrose is one of the major determinants of plant growth. Whole-plant carbohydrates' partitioning requires the specific activity of membrane sugar transporters. In Arabidopsis thaliana plants, two families of transporters are involved in sucrose transport: AtSUCs and AtSWEETs. This study is focused on the comparison of sucrose transporter gene expression, soluble sugar and starch levels and long distance sucrose transport, in leaves and sink organs (mainly roots) in different physiological conditions (along the plant life cycle, during a diel cycle, and during an osmotic stress) in plants grown hydroponically. In leaves, the AtSUC2, AtSWEET11, and 12 genes known to be involved in phloem loading were highly expressed when sucrose export was high and reduced during osmotic stress. In roots, AtSUC1 was highly expressed and its expression profile in the different conditions tested suggests that it may play a role in sucrose unloading in roots and in root growth. The SWEET transporter genes AtSWEET12, 13, and 15 were found expressed in all organs at all stages studied, while differential expression was noticed for AtSWEET14 in roots, stems, and siliques and AtSWEET9, 10 expressions were only detected in stems and siliques. A role for these transporters in carbohydrate partitioning in different source-sink status is proposed, with a specific attention on carbon demand in roots. During development, despite trophic competition with others sinks, roots remained a significant sink, but during osmotic stress, the amount of translocated [U-14C]-sucrose decreased for rosettes and roots. Altogether, these results suggest that source-sink relationship may be linked with the regulation of sucrose transporter gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Durand
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Bâtiment B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Dany Mainson
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Bâtiment B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Benoît Porcheron
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Bâtiment B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Laurence Maurousset
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Bâtiment B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Rémi Lemoine
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Bâtiment B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Nathalie Pourtau
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Bâtiment B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France.
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Zhen Q, Fang T, Peng Q, Liao L, Zhao L, Owiti A, Han Y. Developing gene-tagged molecular markers for evaluation of genetic association of apple SWEET genes with fruit sugar accumulation. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2018; 5:14. [PMID: 29581882 PMCID: PMC5859117 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-018-0024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Sugar content is an important component of fruit quality. Although sugar transporters are known to be crucial for sugar accumulation, the role of genes encoding SWEET sugar transporters in fruit sugar accumulation remains elusive. Here we report the effect of the SWEET genes on fruit sugar accumulation in apple. A total of 25 MdSWEET genes were identified in the apple genome, and 9 were highly expressed throughout fruit development. Molecular markers of these 9 MdSWEET genes were developed and used for genotyping of 188 apple cultivars. The association of polymorphic MdSWEET genes with soluble sugar content in mature fruit was analyzed. Three genes, MdSWEET2e, MdSWEET9b, and MdSWEET15a, were significantly associated with fruit sugar content, with MdSWEET15a and MdSWEET9b accounting for a relatively large proportion of phenotypic variation in sugar content. Moreover, both MdSWEET9b and MdSWEET15a are located on chromosomal regions harboring QTLs for sugar content. Hence, MdSWEET9b and MdSWEET15a are likely candidates regulating fruit sugar accumulation in apple. Our study not only presents an efficient way of implementing gene functional study but also provides molecular tools for genetic improvement of fruit quality in apple-breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Ting Fang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Qian Peng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Liao Liao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Albert Owiti
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yuepeng Han
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018 China
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Rottmann TM, Fritz C, Lauter A, Schneider S, Fischer C, Danzberger N, Dietrich P, Sauer N, Stadler R. Protoplast-Esculin Assay as a New Method to Assay Plant Sucrose Transporters: Characterization of AtSUC6 and AtSUC7 Sucrose Uptake Activity in Arabidopsis Col-0 Ecotype. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:430. [PMID: 29740457 PMCID: PMC5925572 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The best characterized function of sucrose transporters of the SUC family in plants is the uptake of sucrose into the phloem for long-distance transport of photoassimilates. This important step is usually performed by one specific SUC in every species. However, plants possess small families of several different SUCs which are less well understood. Here, we report on the characterization of AtSUC6 and AtSUC7, two members of the SUC family in Arabidopsis thaliana. Heterologous expression in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) revealed that AtSUC6Col-0 is a high-affinity H+-symporter that mediates the uptake of sucrose and maltose across the plasma membrane at exceptionally low pH values. Reporter gene analyses revealed a strong expression of AtSUC6Col-0 in reproductive tissues, where the protein product might contribute to sugar uptake into pollen tubes and synergid cells. A knockout of AtSUC6 did not interfere with vegetative development or reproduction, which points toward physiological redundancy of AtSUC6Col-0 with other sugar transporters. Reporter gene analyses showed that AtSUC7Col-0 is expressed in roots and pollen tubes and that this sink specific expression of AtSUC7Col-0 is regulated by intragenic regions. Transport activity of AtSUC7Col-0 could not be analyzed in baker's yeast or Xenopus oocytes because the protein was not correctly targeted to the plasma membrane in both heterologous expression systems. Therefore, a novel approach to analyze sucrose transporters in planta was developed. Plasma membrane localized SUCs including AtSUC6Col-0 and also sucrose specific SWEETs were able to mediate transport of the fluorescent sucrose analog esculin in transformed mesophyll protoplasts. In contrast, AtSUC7Col-0 is not able to mediate esculin transport across the plasma membrane which implicates that AtSUC7Col-0 might be a non-functional pseudogene. The novel protoplast assay provides a useful tool for the quick and quantitative analysis of sucrose transporters in an in planta expression system.
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Zuma B, Dana MB, Wang D. Prolonged Expression of a Putative Invertase Inhibitor in Micropylar Endosperm Suppressed Embryo Growth in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:61. [PMID: 29441087 PMCID: PMC5797552 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Proper seed development requires coordinated growth among the three genetically distinct components, the embryo, the endosperm, and the seed coat. In Arabidopsis, embryo growth rate accelerates after endosperm cellularization, which requires a chromatin-remodeling complex, the FIS2-Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2). After cellularization, the endosperm ceases to grow and is eventually absorbed by the embryo. This sequential growth pattern displayed by the endosperm and the embryo suggests a possibility that the supply of sugar might be shifted from the endosperm to the embryo upon endosperm cellularization. Since invertases and invertase inhibitors play an important role in sugar partition, we investigated their expression pattern during early stages of seed development in Arabidopsis. Two putative invertase inhibitors (InvINH1 and InvINH2) were identified as being preferentially expressed in the micropylar endosperm that surrounds the embryo. After endosperm cellularization, InvINH1 and InvINH2 were down-regulated in a FIS2-dependent manner. We hypothesized that FIS2-PRC2 complex either directly or indirectly represses InvINH1 and InvINH2 to increase invertase activity around the embryo, making more hexose available to support the accelerated embryo growth after endosperm cellularization. In support of our hypothesis, embryo growth was delayed in transgenic lines that ectopically expressed InvINH1 in the cellularized endosperm. Our data suggested a novel mechanism for the FIS2-PRC2 complex to control embryo growth rate via the regulation of invertase activity in the endosperm.
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Santiago JP, Tegeder M. Implications of nitrogen phloem loading for carbon metabolism and transport during Arabidopsis development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 59:409-421. [PMID: 28296149 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolite transport processes and primary metabolism are highly interconnected. This study examined the importance of source-to-sink nitrogen partitioning, and associated nitrogen metabolism for carbon capture, transport and usage. Specifically, Arabidopsis aap8 (AMINO ACID PERMEASE 8) mutant lines were analyzed to resolve the consequences of reduced amino acid phloem loading for source leaf carbon metabolism, sucrose phloem transport and sink development during vegetative and reproductive growth phase. Results showed that decreased amino acid transport had a negative effect on sink development of aap8 lines throughout the life cycle, leading to an overall decrease in plant biomass. During vegetative stage, photosynthesis and carbohydrate levels were decreased in aap8 leaves, while expression of carbon metabolism and transport genes, as well as sucrose phloem transport were not affected despite reduced sink strength. However, when aap8 plants transitioned to reproductive phase, carbon fixation and assimilation as well as sucrose partitioning to siliques were strongly decreased. Overall, this work demonstrates that phloem loading of nitrogen has varying implications for carbon fixation, assimilation and source-to-sink allocation depending on plant growth stage. It further suggests alterations in source-sink relationships, and regulation of carbon metabolism and transport by sink strength in a development-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Santiago
- School of Biological Sciences and Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences and Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
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Li Y, Wang Y, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Zhai H, Liu Q, He S. The Plasma Membrane-Localized Sucrose Transporter IbSWEET10 Contributes to the Resistance of Sweet Potato to Fusarium oxysporum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:197. [PMID: 28261250 PMCID: PMC5306249 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
SWEET (Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporter) proteins, a novel family of sugar transporters, mediate the diffusion of sugars across cell membranes and acts as key players in sucrose phloem loading. Manipulation of SWEET genes in plants leads to various effects on resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses due to disruption of sugar efflux and changes in sugar distribution. In this study, a member of the SWEET gene family, IbSWEET10, was cloned from the sweet potato line ND98. mRNA expression analysis in sweet potato and promoter β-Glucuronidase analysis in Arabidopsis showed that IbSWEET10 is highly expressed in leaves, especially in vascular tissue. Transient expression in tobacco epidermal cells revealed plasma membrane localization of IbSWEET10, and heterologous expression assays in yeast indicated that IbSWEET10 encodes a sucrose transporter. The expression level of IbSWEET10 was significantly up-regulated in sweet potato infected with Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. sp. batatas. Further characterization revealed IbSWEET10-overexpressing sweet potato lines to be more resistant to F. oxysporum, exhibiting better growth after infection compared with the control; conversely, RNA interference (RNAi) lines showed the opposite results. Additionally, the sugar content of IbSWEET10-overexpression sweet potato was significantly reduced, whereas that in RNAi plants was significantly increased compared with the control. Therefore, we suggest that the reduction in sugar content caused by IbSWEET10 overexpression is the major reason for the enhanced F. oxysporum resistance of the transgenic plants. This is the first report that the IbSWEET10 transporter contributes to the resistance of sweet potato to F. oxysporum. The IbSWEET10 gene has the great potential to be used for improving the resistance to F. oxysporum in sweet potato and other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Qingchang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Shaozhen He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
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Chahtane H, Kim W, Lopez-Molina L. Primary seed dormancy: a temporally multilayered riddle waiting to be unlocked. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:857-869. [PMID: 27729475 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Primary seed dormancy is an important adaptive plant trait whereby seed germination is blocked under conditions that would otherwise be favorable for germination. This trait is found in newly produced mature seeds of many species, but not all. Once produced, dry seeds undergo an aging time period, called dry after-ripening, during which they lose primary dormancy and gradually acquire the capacity to germinate when exposed to favorable germination conditions. Primary seed dormancy has been extensively studied not only for its scientific interest but also for its ecological, phenological, and agricultural importance. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying primary seed dormancy and its regulation during after-ripening remain poorly understood. Here we review the principal developmental stages where primary dormancy is established and regulated prior to and during seed after-ripening, where it is progressively lost. We attempt to identify and summarize what is known about the molecular and genetic mechanisms intervening over time in each of these stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Chahtane
- Department of Plant Biology and Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Woohyun Kim
- Department of Plant Biology and Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Luis Lopez-Molina
- Department of Plant Biology and Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Yang H, Zhang X, Chen B, Meng Y, Wang Y, Zhao W, Zhou Z. Integrated Management Strategies Increase Cottonseed, Oil and Protein Production: The Key Role of Carbohydrate Metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:48. [PMID: 28194156 PMCID: PMC5277014 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cottonseed, oil, and protein, as the by-products of cotton production, have the potential to provide commodities to meet the increasing demand of renewable bio-fuels and ruminant feed. An increase in crop yield per unit area requires high-yielding cultivar management with an economic nitrogen (N) rate, an optimal N application schedule, high-yielding plant populations and strong seedlings. Whether the integration of these agronomic practices into a coherent management system can increase the productivity of cotton fiber, embryo oil and protein requires experimental elucidation. In this 2-year study, conventional management practices (CM) were used as a control, and two integrated management strategies (IMS1 and IMS2) were considered at two soil fertility levels (high soil fertility and low soil fertility) to analyze the metabolic and biochemical traits of cotton embryos. The results illustrate that the cottonseed, oil, and protein yields for IMS1 and IMS2 were significantly higher than those under CM at both soil fertility levels and the fiber yield increased as well. The IMS regulated the maternal photo thermal environment by delaying the flowering date, resulting in increases in the seed weight. In developing cotton embryos, the IMS increased the embryo weight accumulation rate and biomass partitioning into oil and protein, which were associated with high activities of H+-ATPase, H+-PPase, sucrose synthase (SuSy), and cell wall invertase (C-INV) and low activities of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and vacuole invertase (V-INV). Increased hexoses (D-fructose, D-glucose) content contributed to the oil and protein contents. These results suggest that increased sucrose/H+ symport, sucrose hydrolysis, hexoses synthesis, and cumulative photo-thermal product (PTP), especially in the early stage of embryo growth, play a dominant role in the high productivity of cotton oil and protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Binglin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yali Meng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
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Zhang Y, Li X, Yang S, Feng X. Identification of ZOUPI Orthologs in Soybean Potentially Involved in Endosperm Breakdown and Embryogenic Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:139. [PMID: 28228767 PMCID: PMC5296293 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max Merr.) is the world's most widely grown legume and provides an important source of protein and oil. Improvement of seed quality requires deep insights into the genetic regulation of seed development. The endosperm serves as a temporary source of nutrients that are transported from maternal to filial tissues, and it also generates signals for proper embryo formation. Endosperm cell death is associated with the processes of nutrient transfer and embryo expansion. The bHLH domain transcription factor AtZHOUPI (AtZOU) plays a key role in both the lysis of the transient endosperm and the formation of embryo cuticle in Arabidopsis thaliana. There are two copies of soybean GmZOU (GmZOU-1 and GmZOU-2), which fall into the same phylogenetic clade as AtZOU. These two copies share the same transcription orientation and are the result of tandem duplication. The expression of GmZOUs is limited to the endosperm, where it peaks during the heart embryo stage. When the exogenous GmZOU-1 and GmZOU-2 were expressed in the zou-4 mutant of Arabidopsis, only GmZOU-1 partially complemented the zou mutant phenotype, as indicated by endosperm breakdown and embryo cuticle formation in the transgenic lines. This research confirmed that the GmZOU-1 is a ZOU ortholog that may be responsible for endosperm breakdown and embryo cuticle formation in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Suxin Yang
- *Correspondence: Suxin Yang, Xianzhong Feng,
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Griffiths CA, Paul MJ, Foyer CH. Metabolite transport and associated sugar signalling systems underpinning source/sink interactions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1857:1715-25. [PMID: 27487250 PMCID: PMC5001786 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Metabolite transport between organelles, cells and source and sink tissues not only enables pathway co-ordination but it also facilitates whole plant communication, particularly in the transmission of information concerning resource availability. Carbon assimilation is co-ordinated with nitrogen assimilation to ensure that the building blocks of biomass production, amino acids and carbon skeletons, are available at the required amounts and stoichiometry, with associated transport processes making certain that these essential resources are transported from their sites of synthesis to those of utilisation. Of the many possible posttranslational mechanisms that might participate in efficient co-ordination of metabolism and transport only reversible thiol-disulphide exchange mechanisms have been described in detail. Sucrose and trehalose metabolism are intertwined in the signalling hub that ensures appropriate resource allocation to drive growth and development under optimal and stress conditions, with trehalose-6-phosphate acting as an important signal for sucrose availability. The formidable suite of plant metabolite transporters provides enormous flexibility and adaptability in inter-pathway coordination and source-sink interactions. Focussing on the carbon metabolism network, we highlight the functions of different transporter families, and the important of thioredoxins in the metabolic dialogue between source and sink tissues. In addition, we address how these systems can be tailored for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara A Griffiths
- Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Matthew J Paul
- Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Christine H Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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Zhang Y, Mulpuri S, Liu A. High light exposure on seed coat increases lipid accumulation in seeds of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), a nongreen oilseed crop. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2016; 128:125-140. [PMID: 26589321 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-015-0206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Little was known on how sunlight affects the seed metabolism in nongreen seeds. Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is a typical nongreen oilseed crop and its seed oil is an important feedstock in industry. In this study, photosynthetic activity of seed coat tissues of castor bean in natural conditions was evaluated in comparison to shaded conditions. Our results indicate that exposure to high light enhances photosynthetic activity in seed coats and consequently increases oil accumulation. Consistent results were also reached using cultured seeds. High-throughput RNA-Seq analyses further revealed that genes involved in photosynthesis and carbon conversion in both the Calvin-Benson cycle and malate transport were differentially expressed between seeds cultured under light and dark conditions, implying several venues potentially contributing to light-enhanced lipid accumulation such as increased reducing power and CO2 refixation which underlie the overall lipid biosynthesis. This study demonstrated the effects of light exposure on oil accumulation in nongreen oilseeds and greatly expands our understanding of the physiological roles that light may play during seed development in nongreen oilseeds. Essentially, our studies suggest that potential exists to enhance castor oil yield through increasing exposure of the inflorescences to sunlight either by genetically changing the plant architecture (smart canopy) or its growing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Sujatha Mulpuri
- Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500 030, India
| | - Aizhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, 650204, China.
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Kim HU, Lee KR, Jung SJ, Shin HA, Go YS, Suh MC, Kim JB. Senescence-inducible LEC2 enhances triacylglycerol accumulation in leaves without negatively affecting plant growth. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1346-59. [PMID: 25790072 PMCID: PMC5448714 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of fatty acids and glycerolipids in wild-type Arabidopsis leaves does not typically lead to strong triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation. LEAFY COTYLEDON2 (LEC2) is a master regulator of seed maturation and oil accumulation in seeds. Constitutive ectopic LEC2 expression causes somatic embryogenesis and defects in seedling growth. Here, we report that senescence-inducible LEC2 expression caused a threefold increase in TAG levels in transgenic leaves compared with that in the leaves of wild-type plants. Plant growth was not severely affected by the accumulation the TAG in response to LEC2 expression. The levels of plastid-synthesized lipids, mono- and di-galactosyldiacylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol were reduced more in senescence-induced LEC2 than in endoplasmic reticulum-synthesized lipids, including phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol. Senescence-induced LEC2 up-regulated the expression of many genes involved in fatty acid and TAG biosynthesis at precise times in senescent leaves, including WRINKLED1 (WRI1), which encodes a fatty acid transcription factor. The expressions of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 and phospholipid:diacylglycerol 2 were increased in the transgenic leaves. Five seed-type oleosin-encoding genes, expressed during oil-body formation, and the seed-specific FAE1 gene, which encodes the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of C20:1 and C22:1 fatty acids, were also expressed at higher levels in senescing transgenic leaves than in wild-type leaves. Senescence-inducible LEC2 triggers the key metabolic steps that increase TAG accumulation in vegetative tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Uk Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 560-500, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author: Hyun Uk Kim, Tel: 82-031-299-1703, Fax: 82-031-299-1672,
| | - Kyeong-Ryeol Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Jung
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun A Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sam Go
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Chung Suh
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Bum Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 560-500, Republic of Korea
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Jia W, Zhang L, Wu D, Liu S, Gong X, Cui Z, Cui N, Cao H, Rao L, Wang C. Sucrose Transporter AtSUC9 Mediated by a Low Sucrose Level is Involved in Arabidopsis Abiotic Stress Resistance by Regulating Sucrose Distribution and ABA Accumulation. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:1574-87. [PMID: 26063392 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose (Suc) transporters (SUCs or SUTs) are important regulators in plant growth and stress tolerance. However, the mechanism of SUCs in plant abiotic stress resistance remains to be dietermined. Here, we found that AtSUC9 expression was induced by abiotic stress, including salt, osmotic and cold stress conditions. Disruption of AtSUC9 led to sensitive responses to abiotic stress during seed germination and seedling growth. Further analyses indicated that the sensitivity phenotype of Atsuc9 mutants resulted from higher Suc content in shoots and lower Suc content in roots, as compared with that in wild-type (WT) plants. In addition, we found that the expression of AtSUC9 is induced in particular by low levels of exogenous and endogenous Suc, and deletion of AtSUC9 affected the expression of the low Suc level-responsive genes. AtSUC9 also showed an obvious response to treatments with low concentrations of exogenous Suc during seed germination, seedling growth and Suc distribution, and Atsuc9 mutants hardly grew in abiotic stress treatments without exogenous Suc. Moreover, our results illustrated not only that deletion of AtSUC9 blocks abiotic stress-inducible ABA accumulation but also that Atsuc9 mutants had a lower content of endogenous ABA in stress conditions than in normal conditions. Deletion of AtSUC9 also inhibited the expression of many ABA-inducible genes (SnRk2.2/3/6, ABF2/3/4, ABI1/3/4, RD29A, KIN1 and KIN2). These results indicate that AtSUC9 is induced in particular by low Suc levels then mediates the balance of Suc distribution and promotes ABA accumulation to enhance Arabidopsis abiotic stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqiu Jia
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China These authors contributed equally to this work. Present address: College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China These authors contributed equally to this work. Present address: College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Di Wu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Shan Liu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue Gong
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhenhai Cui
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Cui
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huiying Cao
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Longbing Rao
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Che Wang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China Key Laboratory of Northeast Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, and Key Laboratory of Northern Japonica Rice Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Locascio A, Roig-Villanova I, Bernardi J, Varotto S. Current perspectives on the hormonal control of seed development in Arabidopsis and maize: a focus on auxin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:412. [PMID: 25202316 PMCID: PMC4142864 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The seed represents the unit of reproduction of flowering plants, capable of developing into another plant, and to ensure the survival of the species under unfavorable environmental conditions. It is composed of three compartments: seed coat, endosperm and embryo. Proper seed development depends on the coordination of the processes that lead to seed compartments differentiation, development and maturation. The coordination of these processes is based on the constant transmission/perception of signals by the three compartments. Phytohormones constitute one of these signals; gradients of hormones are generated in the different seed compartments, and their ratios comprise the signals that induce/inhibit particular processes in seed development. Among the hormones, auxin seems to exert a central role, as it is the only one in maintaining high levels of accumulation from fertilization to seed maturation. The gradient of auxin generated by its PIN carriers affects several processes of seed development, including pattern formation, cell division and expansion. Despite the high degree of conservation in the regulatory mechanisms that lead to seed development within the Spermatophytes, remarkable differences exist during seed maturation between Monocots and Eudicots species. For instance, in Monocots the endosperm persists until maturation, and constitutes an important compartment for nutrients storage, while in Eudicots it is reduced to a single cell layer, as the expanding embryo gradually replaces it during the maturation. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on hormonal control of seed development, by considering the data available in two model plants: Arabidopsis thaliana, for Eudicots and Zea mays L., for Monocots. We will emphasize the control exerted by auxin on the correct progress of seed development comparing, when possible, the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Locascio
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals Environment - University of PadovaPadova, Italy
- IBMCP-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Antonella Locascio, IBMCP-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avda de los Naranjos s/n, ed.8E, 46020 Valencia, Spain e-mail:
| | | | - Jamila Bernardi
- Istituto di Agronomia Genetica e Coltivazioni Erbacee, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuorePiacenza, Italy
| | - Serena Varotto
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals Environment - University of PadovaPadova, Italy
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Song QX, Li QT, Liu YF, Zhang FX, Ma B, Zhang WK, Man WQ, Du WG, Wang GD, Chen SY, Zhang JS. Soybean GmbZIP123 gene enhances lipid content in the seeds of transgenic Arabidopsis plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:4329-41. [PMID: 23963672 PMCID: PMC3808315 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Soybean is one of most important oil crops and a significant increase in lipid content in soybean seeds would facilitate vegetable oil production in the world. Although the pathways for lipid biosynthesis in higher plants have been uncovered, our understanding of regulatory mechanism controlling lipid accumulation is still limited. In this study, we identified 87 transcription factor genes with a higher abundance at the stage of lipid accumulation in soybean seeds. One of these genes, GmbZIP123, was selected to further study its function in regulation of lipid accumulation. Overexpression of GmbZIP123 enhanced lipid content in the seeds of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants. The GmbZIP123 transgene promoted expression of two sucrose transporter genes (SUC1 and SUC5) and three cell-wall invertase genes (cwINV1, cwINV3, and cwINV6) by binding directly to the promoters of these genes. Consistently, the cell-wall invertase activity and sugar translocation were all enhanced in siliques of GmbZIP123 transgenic plants. Higher levels of glucose, fructose, and sucrose were also found in seeds of GmbZIP123 transgenic plants. These results suggest that GmbZIP123 may participate in regulation of lipid accumulation in soybean seeds by controlling sugar transport into seeds from photoautotrophic tissues. This study provides novel insights into the regulatory mechanism for lipid accumulation in seeds and may facilitate improvements in oil production in soybean and other oil crops through genetic manipulation of the GmbZIP123 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Xin Song
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Qing-Tian Li
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yun-Feng Liu
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Feng-Xia Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Biao Ma
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Wan-Ke Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Wei-Qun Man
- Institute of Soybean Research, Heilongjiang Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, PR China
| | - Wei-Guang Du
- Institute of Soybean Research, Heilongjiang Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, PR China
| | - Guo-Dong Wang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Shou-Yi Chen
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
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Yang W, Gao M, Yin X, Liu J, Xu Y, Zeng L, Li Q, Zhang S, Wang J, Zhang X, He Z. Control of rice embryo development, shoot apical meristem maintenance, and grain yield by a novel cytochrome p450. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:1945-60. [PMID: 23775595 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperm seeds usually consist of two major parts: the embryo and the endosperm. However, the molecular mechanism(s) underlying embryo and endosperm development remains largely unknown, particularly in rice, the model cereal. Here, we report the identification and functional characterization of the rice GIANT EMBRYO (GE) gene. Mutation of GE resulted in a large embryo in the seed, which was caused by excessive expansion of scutellum cells. Post-embryonic growth of ge seedling was severely inhibited due to defective shoot apical meristem (SAM) maintenance. Map-based cloning revealed that GE encodes a CYP78A subfamily P450 monooxygenase that is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. GE is expressed predominantly in the scutellar epithelium, the interface region between embryo and endosperm. Overexpression of GE promoted cell proliferation and enhanced rice plant growth and grain yield, but reduced embryo size, suggesting that GE is critical for coordinating rice embryo and endosperm development. Moreover, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing AtCYP78A10, a GE homolog, also produced bigger seeds, implying a conserved role for the CYP78A subfamily of P450s in regulating seed development. Taken together, our results indicate that GE plays critical roles in regulating embryo development and SAM maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibing Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Shanghai), Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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Fatihi A, Zbierzak AM, Dörmann P. Alterations in seed development gene expression affect size and oil content of Arabidopsis seeds. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:973-85. [PMID: 24014578 PMCID: PMC3793072 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.226761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Seed endosperm development in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is under control of the polycomb group complex, which includes Fertilization Independent Endosperm (FIE). The polycomb group complex regulates downstream factors, e.g. Pheres1 (PHE1), by genomic imprinting. In heterozygous fie mutants, an endosperm develops in ovules carrying a maternal fie allele without fertilization, finally leading to abortion. Another endosperm development pathway depends on MINISEED3 (a WRKY10 transcription factor) and HAIKU2 (a leucine-rich repeat kinase). While the role of seed development genes in the embryo and endosperm establishment has been studied in detail, their impact on metabolism and oil accumulation remained unclear. Analysis of oil, protein, and sucrose accumulation in mutants and overexpression plants of the four seed development genes revealed that (1) seeds carrying a maternal fie allele accumulate low oil with an altered composition of triacylglycerol molecular species; (2) homozygous mutant seeds of phe1, mini3, and iku2, which are smaller, accumulate less oil and slightly less protein, and starch, which accumulates early during seed development, remains elevated in mutant seeds; (3) embryo-specific overexpression of FIE, PHE1, and MINI3 has no influence on seed size and weight, nor on oil, protein, or sucrose content; and (4) overexpression of IKU2 results in seeds with increased size and weight, and oil content of overexpressed IKU2 seeds is increased by 35%. Thus, IKU2 overexpression represents a novel strategy for the genetic manipulation of the oil content in seeds.
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Atif RM, Boulisset F, Conreux C, Thompson R, Ochatt SJ. In vitro auxin treatment promotes cell division and delays endoreduplication in developing seeds of the model legume species Medicago truncatula. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 148:549-559. [PMID: 23163902 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The role of auxins in the morphogenesis of immature seeds of Medicago truncatula was studied, focusing on the transition from the embryo cell division phase to seed maturation. We analyzed seed development in vitro, by flow cytometry, and through the determination of the kinetics of seed fresh weight and size. Thus, seeds were harvested at 8, 10 and 12 days after pollination and cultured in vitro on a medium either without auxin or supplemented with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) or naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 1 mg l(-1). All parameters studied were determined every 2 days from the start of in vitro culture. The results showed that both auxins increased the weight and size of seeds with NAA having a stronger effect than IBA. We further demonstrated that the auxin treatments modulate the transition between mitotic cycles and endocycles in M. truncatula developing seed by favoring sustained cell divisions while simultaneously prolonging endoreduplication, which is known to be the cytogenetical imprint of the transition from the cell division phase to the storage protein accumulation phase during seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana M Atif
- INRA CR de Dijon, UMR1347 Agroécologie, BP 86510, F-21065, Dijon Cedex, France
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