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Becker A, Bachelier JB, Carrive L, Conde E Silva N, Damerval C, Del Rio C, Deveaux Y, Di Stilio VS, Gong Y, Jabbour F, Kramer EM, Nadot S, Pabón-Mora N, Wang W. A cornucopia of diversity-Ranunculales as a model lineage. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1800-1822. [PMID: 38109712 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The Ranunculales are a hyperdiverse lineage in many aspects of their phenotype, including growth habit, floral and leaf morphology, reproductive mode, and specialized metabolism. Many Ranunculales species, such as opium poppy and goldenseal, have a high medicinal value. In addition, the order includes a large number of commercially important ornamental plants, such as columbines and larkspurs. The phylogenetic position of the order with respect to monocots and core eudicots and the diversity within this lineage make the Ranunculales an excellent group for studying evolutionary processes by comparative studies. Lately, the phylogeny of Ranunculales was revised, and genetic and genomic resources were developed for many species, allowing comparative analyses at the molecular scale. Here, we review the literature on the resources for genetic manipulation and genome sequencing, the recent phylogeny reconstruction of this order, and its fossil record. Further, we explain their habitat range and delve into the diversity in their floral morphology, focusing on perianth organ identity, floral symmetry, occurrences of spurs and nectaries, sexual and pollination systems, and fruit and dehiscence types. The Ranunculales order offers a wealth of opportunities for scientific exploration across various disciplines and scales, to gain novel insights into plant biology for researchers and plant enthusiasts alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Becker
- Plant Development Group, Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Julien B Bachelier
- Institute of Biology/Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Laetitia Carrive
- Université de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6553, Ecosystèmes-Biodiversité-Evolution, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes cedex, France
| | - Natalia Conde E Silva
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Génétique Quantitative et Evolution-Le Moulon, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Catherine Damerval
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Génétique Quantitative et Evolution-Le Moulon, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Cédric Del Rio
- CR2P - Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie - Paris, MNHN - Sorbonne Université - CNRS, 43 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Yves Deveaux
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Génétique Quantitative et Evolution-Le Moulon, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Yan Gong
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Florian Jabbour
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, 57 rue Cuvier, CP39, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Elena M Kramer
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Sophie Nadot
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Natalia Pabón-Mora
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, 050010, Colombia
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049China
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Joshi A, Jeena GS, Shikha, Kumar RS, Pandey A, Shukla RK. Ocimum sanctum, OscWRKY1, regulates phenylpropanoid pathway genes and promotes resistance to pathogen infection in Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:235-251. [PMID: 35780285 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE OscWRKY1 from Ocimum sanctum positively regulates phenylpropanoid pathway genes and rosmarinic acid content. OscWRKY1 overexpression promotes resistance against bacterial pathogen in Arabidopsis. WRKY transcription factor (TF) family regulates various developmental and physiological functions in plants. PAL genes encode enzymes which are involved in plant defense responses, but the direct regulation of PAL genes and phenylpropanoid pathway through WRKY TF's is not well characterized. In the present study, we have characterized an OscWRKY1 gene from Ocimum sanctum which shows induced expression by methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA), and wounding. The recombinant OscWRKY1 protein binds to the DIG-labeled (Digoxigenin) W-box cis-element TTGAC[C/T] and activates the LacZ reporter gene in yeast. Overexpression of OscWRKY1 enhances Arabidopsis resistance towards Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato Pst DC3000. Upstream activator sequences of PAL and C4H have been identified to contain the conserved W-box cis-element (TTGACC) in both O. sanctum and Arabidopsis. OscWRKY1 was found to interact with W-box cis-element present in the PAL and C4H promoters. Silencing of OscWRKY1 using VIGS resulted in reduced expression of PAL, C4H, COMT, F5H and 4CL transcripts. OscWRKY1 silenced plants exhibit reduced PAL activity, whereas, the overexpression lines of OscWRKY1 in Arabidopsis exhibit increased PAL activity. Furthermore, the metabolite analysis of OscWRKY1 silenced plants showed reduced rosmarinic acid content. These results revealed that OscWRKY1 positively regulates the phenylpropanoid pathway genes leading to the alteration of rosmarinic acid content and enhances the resistance against bacterial pathogen in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Joshi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Gajendra Singh Jeena
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Shikha
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ravi Shankar Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Alok Pandey
- Microbial Technology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Shukla
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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Calvo‐Baltanás V, De Jaeger‐Braet J, Cher WY, Schönbeck N, Chae E, Schnittger A, Wijnker E. Knock-down of gene expression throughout meiosis and pollen formation by virus-induced gene silencing in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:19-37. [PMID: 35340073 PMCID: PMC9543169 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Through the inactivation of genes that act during meiosis it is possible to direct the genetic make-up of plants in subsequent generations and optimize breeding schemes. Offspring may show higher recombination of parental alleles resulting from elevated crossover (CO) incidence, or by omission of meiotic divisions, offspring may become polyploid. However, stable mutations in genes essential for recombination, or for either one of the two meiotic divisions, can have pleiotropic effects on plant morphology and line stability, for instance by causing lower fertility. Therefore, it is often favorable to temporarily change gene expression during meiosis rather than relying on stable null mutants. It was previously shown that virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) can be used to transiently reduce CO frequencies. We asked if VIGS could also be used to modify other processes throughout meiosis and during pollen formation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we show that VIGS-mediated knock-down of FIGL1, RECQ4A/B, OSD1 and QRT2 can induce (i) an increase in chiasma numbers, (ii) unreduced gametes and (iii) pollen tetrads. We further show that VIGS can target both sexes and different genetic backgrounds and can simultaneously silence different gene copies. The successful knock-down of these genes in A. thaliana suggests that VIGS can be exploited to manipulate any process during or shortly after meiosis. Hence, the transient induction of changes in inheritance patterns can be used as a powerful tool for applied research and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Calvo‐Baltanás
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6700 AAthe Netherlands
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversity of HamburgOhnhorststrasse 18Hamburg22609Germany
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of Singapore14 Science Drive 4Singapore117543Singapore
| | - Joke De Jaeger‐Braet
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversity of HamburgOhnhorststrasse 18Hamburg22609Germany
| | - Wei Yuan Cher
- A*STAR, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB)61 Biopolis DriveProteos138673Singapore
| | - Nils Schönbeck
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversity of HamburgOhnhorststrasse 18Hamburg22609Germany
- UKEMartinistrasse 5220251HamburgGermany
| | - Eunyoung Chae
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of Singapore14 Science Drive 4Singapore117543Singapore
| | - Arp Schnittger
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversity of HamburgOhnhorststrasse 18Hamburg22609Germany
| | - Erik Wijnker
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6700 AAthe Netherlands
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Silencing of multiple target genes via ingestion of dsRNA and PMRi affects development and survival in Helicoverpa armigera. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10405. [PMID: 35729318 PMCID: PMC9213516 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14667-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) triggered by exogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a powerful tool to knockdown genetic targets crucial for the growth and development of agriculturally important insect pests. Helicoverpa armigera is a pest feeding on more than 30 economically important crops worldwide and a major threat. Resistance to insecticides and Bt toxins has been gradually increasing in the field. RNAi-mediated knockdown of H. armigera genes by producing dsRNAs homologous to genetic targets in bacteria and plants has a high potential for insect management to decrease agricultural loss. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE), ecdysone receptor (EcR) and v-ATPase-A (vAA) genes were selected as genetic targets. Fragments comprising a coding sequence of < 500 bp were cloned into the L4440 vector for dsRNA production in bacteria and in a TRV-VIGS vector in antisense orientation for transient expression of dsRNA in Solanum tuberosum leaves. After ingesting bacterial-expressed dsRNA, the mRNA levels of the target genes were significantly reduced, leading to mortality and abnormal development in larva of H. armigera. Furthermore, the S. tuberosum plants transformed with TRV-VIGS expressing AChE exhibited higher mortality > 68% than the control plants 17%, recorded ten days post-feeding and significant resistance in transgenic (transient) plants was observed. Moreover, larval lethality and molting defects were observed in larva fed on potato plants expressing dsRNA specific to EcR. Analysis of transcript levels by quantitative RT–PCR revealed that larval mortality was attributable to the knockdown of genetic targets by RNAi. The results demonstrated that down-regulation of H. armigera genes involved in ATP hydrolysis, transcriptional stimulation of development genes and neural conduction has aptitude as a bioinsecticide to control H. armigera population sizes and therefore decreases crop loss.
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Tiedge K, Destremps J, Solano-Sanchez J, Arce-Rodriguez ML, Zerbe P. Foxtail mosaic virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:71. [PMID: 35644680 PMCID: PMC9150325 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00903-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the genome for the allotetraploid bioenergy crop switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) has been established, limitations in mutant resources have hampered in planta gene function studies toward crop optimization. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a versatile technique for transient genetic studies. Here we report the implementation of foxtail mosaic virus (FoMV)-mediated gene silencing in switchgrass in above- and below-ground tissues and at different developmental stages. RESULTS The study demonstrated that leaf rub-inoculation is a suitable method for systemic gene silencing in switchgrass. For all three visual marker genes, Magnesium chelatase subunit D (ChlD) and I (ChlI) as well as phytoene desaturase (PDS), phenotypic changes were observed in leaves, albeit at different intensities. Gene silencing efficiency was verified by RT-PCR for all tested genes. Notably, systemic gene silencing was also observed in roots, although silencing efficiency was stronger in leaves (~ 63-94%) as compared to roots (~ 48-78%). Plants at a later developmental stage were moderately less amenable to VIGS than younger plants, but also less perturbed by the viral infection. CONCLUSIONS Using FoMV-mediated VIGS could be achieved in switchgrass leaves and roots, providing an alternative approach for studying gene functions and physiological traits in this important bioenergy crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Tiedge
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, USA.
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, USA
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Ma YY, Meng Q, Tan XM, Yang L, Zhang KL, Xu ZQ. Functional identification of the different regions in B-class floral homeotic MADS-box proteins IiAP3 and IiPI from Isatis indigotica. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13713. [PMID: 35561122 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
APETALA3 (AP3) and PISTILLATA (PI) are B-class MADS-box floral homeotic genes of Arabidopsis and are involved in specifying the identity of petals and stamens. In the present work, IiAP3 and IiPI, the respective orthologous genes of AP3 and PI, were cloned from Isatis indigotica. By expressing in ap3-6 and pi-1 homozygous mutant and in wild-type Arabidopsis under the control of AP3 promoter or CaMV 35S promoter, we demonstrated that IiAP3 and IiPI were functionally equivalent to AP3 and PI of Arabidopsis. Referring to previous reports and the research results in the present work, expression patterns of AP3 and PI homologs are not the same in different angiosperms possessing diverse floral structures. It suggests that the alterations in expression may contribute to the changing morphology of flowers. To further determine the relationship between IiAP3 and IiPI, the coding sequences of the different structural regions in these two proteins were swapped with each other, and the data collected from transgenic Arabidopsis plants of the chimeric constructs suggested that MADS domain was irreplaceable for the function of IiAP3, K domain of IiAP3 was involved in specifying the identity of stamens, K domain of IiPI was mainly related to the formation of petals, and C-terminal region of IiPI was involved in characterization of stamens. In addition, a complete KC region of these two proteins was more effective in phenotypic complementation of the mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ye Ma
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Meng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Min Tan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Qin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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Bomzan DP, Kumar K, Kumar SR, Meena S, Nagegowda DA. Virus-Induced Gene Silencing for Functional Genomics of Specialized Metabolism in Medicinal Plants. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2408:147-163. [PMID: 35325422 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1875-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a functional genomics tool to transiently downregulate the expression of target gene(s) by exploiting the plant's innate defense mechanism against invading RNA viruses. VIGS is a rapid and efficient approach to analyze the gene function, particularly, in the plants that are not amenable to stable genetic transformation. This strategy has been successfully used to decipher the function of several genes and transcription factors involved in the biosynthesis of specialized metabolites and regulation of specialized metabolism, respectively, in different medicinal and aromatic plants. Here, we describe a detailed Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-mediated VIGS protocol for silencing of the gene encoding Phytoene desaturase (PDS) in important medicinal plants Catharanthus roseus, Calotropis gigantean, Rauwolfia serpentina, and Ocimum basilicum. Our methods allow the study of gene function within 3-4 weeks after agro-inoculation, and can be an easy and efficient approach for future studies on understanding of the biosynthesis of specialized metabolites in these important medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikki Pedenla Bomzan
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Krishna Kumar
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sarma Rajeev Kumar
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Seema Meena
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Dinesh A Nagegowda
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Liu Q, Xu K, Yi L, Hou Y, Li D, Hu H, Zhou F, Song P, Yu Y, Wei Q, Guan Y, Hu P, Bu R, Chen E, Su X, Li H, Li C. A rapid, simple, and highly efficient method for VIGS and in vitro-inoculation of plant virus by INABS applied to crops that develop axillary buds and can survive from cuttings. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:545. [PMID: 34800968 PMCID: PMC8605592 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is one of the most convenient and powerful methods of reverse genetics. In vitro-inoculation of plant virus is an important method for studying the interactions between viruses and plants. Agrobacterium-based infiltration has been widely adopted as a tool for VIGS and in vitro-inoculation of plant virus. Most agrobacterium-based infiltration methods applied to VIGS and virus inoculation have the characteristics of low transformation efficiencies, long plant growth time, large amounts of plant tissue, large test spaces, and complex preparation procedures. Therefore, a rapid, simple, economical, and highly efficient VIGS and virus inoculation method is in need. Previous studies have shown that the selection of suitable plant tissues and inoculation sites is the key to successful infection. RESULTS In this study, Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) mediated VIGS and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) for virus inoculation were developed in tomato plants based on the agrobacterium tumefaciens-based infiltration by injection of the no-apical-bud stem section (INABS). The no-apical-bud stem section had a "Y- type" asymmetric structure and contained an axillary bud that was about 1-3 cm in length. This protocol provides high transformation (56.7%) and inoculation efficiency (68.3%), which generates VIGS transformants or diseased plants in a very short period (8 dpi). Moreover, it greatly reduces the required experimental space. This method will facilitate functional genomic studies and large-scale disease resistance screening. CONCLUSIONS Overall, a rapid, simple, and highly efficient method for VIGS and virus inoculation by INABS was developed in tomato. It was reasonable to believe that it can be used as a reference for the other virus inoculation methods and for the application of VIGS to other crops (such as sweet potato, potato, cassava and tobacco) that develop axillary buds and can survive from cuttings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qili Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Kedong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466000, China
| | - Lun Yi
- Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Yalin Hou
- Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Dongxiao Li
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Puwen Song
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Yongang Yu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Qichao Wei
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Yuanyuan Guan
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Ping Hu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Ruifang Bu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Eryong Chen
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Xiaojia Su
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China
| | - Honglian Li
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Chengwei Li
- Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China.
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453001, China.
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Garg A, Sharma S, Srivastava P, Ghosh S. Application of virus-induced gene silencing in Andrographis paniculata, an economically important medicinal plant. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:1155-1162. [PMID: 33704567 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Kalmegh [Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees] is one of the most studied medicinal plants for pharmaceutical properties and phytochemistry. However, functional genomics studies in kalmegh are so far limited due to the unavailability of a robust tool for gene silencing. Here, we tested the application of virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in kalmegh using the well-known Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based vectors and achieved targeted silencing of phytoene desaturase (ApPDS) which is essential in plants for carotenoid biosynthesis that protects chlorophyll from photooxidation. ApPDS silencing in kalmegh leaves developed a typical photobleaching phenotype. The silencing of ApPDS was confirmed by analysing ApPDS transcript level and determining chlorophyll content in the leaves of VIGS seedlings. The analysis revealed ~30% reduction in chlorophyll content, and 40 to 60% reduction in ApPDS transcript level in the leaves of VIGS seedlings. These findings clearly demonstrated the applicability of VIGS in kalmegh using TRV-based vectors. The VIGS protocol presented in this study might be useful for studying gene function related to medicinal and agricultural traits in kalmegh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchal Garg
- Plant Biotechnology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Shubha Sharma
- Plant Biotechnology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Payal Srivastava
- Plant Biotechnology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sumit Ghosh
- Plant Biotechnology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Calvo‐Baltanás V, Wijnen CL, Yang C, Lukhovitskaya N, de Snoo CB, Hohenwarter L, Keurentjes JJB, de Jong H, Schnittger A, Wijnker E. Meiotic crossover reduction by virus-induced gene silencing enables the efficient generation of chromosome substitution lines and reverse breeding in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:1437-1452. [PMID: 32955759 PMCID: PMC7756339 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant breeding applications exploiting meiotic mutant phenotypes (like the increase or decrease of crossover (CO) recombination) have been proposed over the last years. As recessive meiotic mutations in breeding lines may affect fertility or have other pleiotropic effects, transient silencing techniques may be preferred. Reverse breeding is a breeding technique that would benefit from the transient downregulation of CO formation. The technique is essentially the opposite of plant hybridization: a method to extract parental lines from a hybrid. The method can also be used to efficiently generate chromosome substitution lines (CSLs). For successful reverse breeding, the two homologous chromosome sets of a heterozygous plant must be divided over two haploid complements, which can be achieved by the suppression of meiotic CO recombination and the subsequent production of doubled haploid plants. Here we show the feasibility of transiently reducing CO formation using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) by targeting the meiotic gene MSH5 in a wild-type heterozygote of Arabidopsis thaliana. The application of VIGS (rather than using lengthy stable transformation) generates transgene-free offspring with the desired genetic composition: we obtained parental lines from a wild-type heterozygous F1 in two generations. In addition, we obtained 20 (of the 32 possible) CSLs in one experiment. Our results demonstrate that meiosis can be modulated at will in A. thaliana to generate CSLs and parental lines rapidly for hybrid breeding. Furthermore, we illustrate how the modification of meiosis using VIGS can open routes to develop efficient plant breeding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Calvo‐Baltanás
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
- Present address:
Department of Biological SciencesNational University of Singapore14 Science Drive 4Singapore117543Singapore
| | - Cris L. Wijnen
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Chao Yang
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
- Department of Developmental BiologyInstitut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversity of HamburgOhnhorststrasse 18Hamburg22609Germany
| | - Nina Lukhovitskaya
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
- Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueInstitut de Biologie Moléculaire des PlantesUniversité de Strasbourg12, rue du général ZimmerStrasbourg67084France
- Present address:
Division of VirologyDepartment of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeTennis Court RdCambridgeCB2 1QPUK
| | - C. Bastiaan de Snoo
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
- Rijk Zwaan R&D FijnaartEerste Kruisweg 9Fijnaart4793 RSthe Netherlands
| | - Linus Hohenwarter
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
- Department of Developmental BiologyInstitut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversity of HamburgOhnhorststrasse 18Hamburg22609Germany
| | - Joost J. B. Keurentjes
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Hans de Jong
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Arp Schnittger
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
- Department of Developmental BiologyInstitut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversity of HamburgOhnhorststrasse 18Hamburg22609Germany
| | - Erik Wijnker
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
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11
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Eljounaidi K, Lichman BR. Nature's Chemists: The Discovery and Engineering of Phytochemical Biosynthesis. Front Chem 2020; 8:596479. [PMID: 33240856 PMCID: PMC7680914 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.596479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants produce a diverse array of natural products, many of which have high pharmaceutical value or therapeutic potential. However, these compounds often occur at low concentrations in uncultivated species. Producing phytochemicals in heterologous systems has the potential to address the bioavailability issues related to obtaining these molecules from their natural source. Plants are suitable heterologous systems for the production of valuable phytochemicals as they are autotrophic, derive energy and carbon from photosynthesis, and have similar cellular context to native producer plants. In this review we highlight the methods that are used to elucidate natural product biosynthetic pathways, including the approaches leading to proposing the sequence of enzymatic steps, selecting enzyme candidates and characterizing gene function. We will also discuss the advantages of using plant chasses as production platforms for high value phytochemicals. In addition, through this report we will assess the emerging metabolic engineering strategies that have been developed to enhance and optimize the production of natural and novel bioactive phytochemicals in heterologous plant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaouthar Eljounaidi
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin R Lichman
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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12
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Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Han X, An Y, Lin S, Shen C, Wen J, Liu C, Yin W, Xia X. Root-specific NF-Y family transcription factor, PdNF-YB21, positively regulates root growth and drought resistance by abscisic acid-mediated indoylacetic acid transport in Populus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:407-426. [PMID: 32145071 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Root growth control plays an important role in plant adaptation to drought stress, but the underlying molecular mechanisms of this control remain largely elusive. Here, a root-specific nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) transcription factor PdNF-YB21 was isolated from Populus. The functional mechanism of PdNF-YB21 was characterised by various morphological, physiological, molecular, biochemical and spectroscopy techniques. Overexpression of PdNF-YB21 in poplar promoted root growth with highly lignified and enlarged xylem vessels, resulting in increased drought resistance. By contrast, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated poplar mutant nf-yb21 exhibited reduced root growth and drought resistance. PdNF-YB21 interacted with PdFUSCA3 (PdFUS3), a B3 domain transcription factor. PdFUS3 directly activated the promoter of the abscisic acid (ABA) synthesis key gene PdNCED3, resulting in a significant increase in root ABA content in poplars subjected to water deficit. Coexpression of poplar NF-YB21 and FUS3 significantly enhanced the expression of PdNCED3. Furthermore, ABA promoted indoylacetic acid transport in root tips, which ultimately increased root growth and drought resistance. Taken together, our data indicate that NF-YB21-FUS3-NCED3 functions as an important avenue in auxin-regulated poplar root growth in response to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyan Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Xiao Han
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yi An
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Shiwei Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chao Shen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - JiaLong Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Weilun Yin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xinli Xia
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) enables the targeted silencing of genes in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) and has been used extensively to determine or support the physiological functions of benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthetic enzymes. Here we describe detailed protocols involved in the application of VIGS to investigate BIA metabolism in opium poppy.
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14
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Misra RC, Sharma S, Garg A, Ghosh S. Virus-Induced Gene Silencing in Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum). Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2172:123-138. [PMID: 32557366 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0751-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a powerful reverse genetic tool for rapid functional analysis of plant genes. Over the last decade, VIGS has been widely used for conducting rapid gene knockdown experiment in plants and played a crucial role in advancing applied and basic research in plant science. VIGS was studied extensively in model plants Arabidopsis and tobacco. Moreover, several non-model plants such as Papaver (Hileman et al., Plant J 44:334-341, 2005), Aquilegia (Gould and Kramer, Plant Methods 3:6, 2007), Catharanthus (Liscombe and O'Connor, Phytochemistry 72:1969-1977, 2011), Withania (Singh et al., Plant Biol J 13:1287-1299, 2015), and Ocimum (Misra et al., New Phytol 214:706-720, 2017) were also successfully explored. We have recently developed a robust protocol for VIGS in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum). Sweet basil, a popular medicinal/aromatic herb, is being studied for the diversity of specialized metabolites produced in it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Chandra Misra
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
- Metabolic Biology Department,, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Shubha Sharma
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
| | - Anchal Garg
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
| | - Sumit Ghosh
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India.
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15
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Levsh O, Pluskal T, Carballo V, Mitchell AJ, Weng JK. Independent evolution of rosmarinic acid biosynthesis in two sister families under the Lamiids clade of flowering plants. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15193-15205. [PMID: 31481469 PMCID: PMC6802498 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
As a means to maintain their sessile lifestyle amid challenging environments, plants produce an enormous diversity of compounds as chemical defenses against biotic and abiotic insults. The underpinning metabolic pathways that support the biosynthesis of these specialized chemicals in divergent plant species provide a rich arena for understanding the molecular evolution of complex metabolic traits. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a phenolic natural product first discovered in plants of the mint family (Lamiaceae) and is recognized for its wide range of medicinal properties and potential applications in human dietary and medical interventions. Interestingly, the RA chemotype is present sporadically in multiple taxa of flowering plants as well as some hornworts and ferns, prompting the question whether its biosynthesis arose independently across different lineages. Here we report the elucidation of the RA biosynthetic pathway in Phacelia campanularia (desert bells). This species represents the borage family (Boraginaceae), an RA-producing family closely related to the Lamiaceae within the Lamiids clade. Using a multi-omics approach in combination with functional characterization of candidate genes both in vitro and in vivo, we found that RA biosynthesis in P. campanularia involves specific activities of a BAHD acyltransferase and two cytochrome P450 hydroxylases. Further phylogenetic and comparative structure-function analyses of the P. campanularia RA biosynthetic enzymes clearly indicate that RA biosynthesis has evolved independently at least twice in the Lamiids, an exemplary case of chemotypic convergence through disparate evolutionary trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesya Levsh
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Tomáš Pluskal
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Valentina Carballo
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Andrew J Mitchell
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Jing-Ke Weng
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
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16
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Zhao Y, Pfannebecker K, Dommes AB, Hidalgo O, Becker A, Elomaa P. Evolutionary diversification of CYC/TB1-like TCP homologs and their recruitment for the control of branching and floral morphology in Papaveraceae (basal eudicots). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:317-331. [PMID: 29949661 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperms possess enormous morphological variation in plant architectures and floral forms. Previous studies in Pentapetalae and monocots have demonstrated the involvement of TCP domain CYCLOIDEA/TEOSINTE BRANCHED1-like (CYC/TB1) genes in the control of floral symmetry and shoot branching. However, how TCP/CYC-like (CYL) genes originated, evolved and functionally diversified remain unclear. We conducted a comparative functional study in Ranunculales, the sister lineage to all other eudicots, between Eschscholzia californica and Cysticapnos vesicaria, two species of Papaveraceae with actinomorphic and zygomorphic flowers, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that CYL genes in Papaveraceae form two paralogous lineages, PapaCYL1 and PapaCYL2. Papaveraceae CYL genes show highly diversified expression patterns as well as functions. Enhanced branching by silencing of EscaCYL1 suggests that the role of CYC/TB1-like genes in branching control is conserved in Papaveraceae. In contrast to the arrest of stamen development in Pentapetalae, PapaCYL genes promote stamen initiation and growth. In addition, we demonstrate that CyveCYLs are involved in perianth development, specifying sepal and petal identity in Cysticapnos by regulating the B-class floral organ identity genes. Our data also suggest the involvement of CyveCYL genes in the regulation of flower symmetry in Cysticapnos. Our work provides evidence of the importance of TCP/CYC-like genes in the promotion of morphological diversity across angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Zhao
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Kai Pfannebecker
- Institute of Botany, University of Giessen, Giessen, 35392, Germany
| | | | - Oriane Hidalgo
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3AB, UK
| | - Annette Becker
- Institute of Botany, University of Giessen, Giessen, 35392, Germany
| | - Paula Elomaa
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
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17
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Chakraborty P. Herbal genomics as tools for dissecting new metabolic pathways of unexplored medicinal plants and drug discovery. BIOCHIMIE OPEN 2018; 6:9-16. [PMID: 29892557 PMCID: PMC5991880 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopen.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herbal drugs, on which 80% of the world's population rely, are relatively safe over conventional drugs. Conventional drugs are costly, have serious side effects and hence over the past few decades researchers have focused on drug discovery from herbal medicines or botanical sources. The majority of new herbal drugs have been generated from secondary metabolites (alkaloids, terpenoids and phenolic compounds) of plant metabolism. Till date, only a small fraction of the vast diversity of plant metabolism has been explored for the production of new medicines and other products. The emergence of new herbal genomics research, medicinal plant genomics consortium, together with advances in other omics information may help for the speedy discovery of previously unknown metabolic pathways and enzymes. This review highlights the importance of genomics research in the discovery of some previously unknown enzymes/pathways which may make significant contributions in plant metabolic biology and may be used for the future discovery of many new pharmaceutical agents. New herbal drugs generated from secondary metabolites of plant metabolism. Genome research can find gene clusters and gene duplication events responsible for specialized metabolism in plants. Genome and other omic research helps to find genes to metabolite link. This tool could be used for discovery of new pharmaceutical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanta Chakraborty
- Kalpana Chawla Center for Space and Nanosciences, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (retd.), Kolkata, 700032, India
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18
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Liu X, Ding W, Jiang H. Engineering microbial cell factories for the production of plant natural products: from design principles to industrial-scale production. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:125. [PMID: 28724386 PMCID: PMC5518134 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0732-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant natural products (PNPs) are widely used as pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, seasonings, pigments, etc., with a huge commercial value on the global market. However, most of these PNPs are still being extracted from plants. A resource-conserving and environment-friendly synthesis route for PNPs that utilizes microbial cell factories has attracted increasing attention since the 1940s. However, at the present only a handful of PNPs are being produced by microbial cell factories at an industrial scale, and there are still many challenges in their large-scale application. One of the challenges is that most biosynthetic pathways of PNPs are still unknown, which largely limits the number of candidate PNPs for heterologous microbial production. Another challenge is that the metabolic fluxes toward the target products in microbial hosts are often hindered by poor precursor supply, low catalytic activity of enzymes and obstructed product transport. Consequently, despite intensive studies on the metabolic engineering of microbial hosts, the fermentation costs of most heterologously produced PNPs are still too high for industrial-scale production. In this paper, we review several aspects of PNP production in microbial cell factories, including important design principles and recent progress in pathway mining and metabolic engineering. In addition, implemented cases of industrial-scale production of PNPs in microbial cell factories are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wentao Ding
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Huifeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.
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19
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Misra RC, Sharma S, Garg A, Chanotiya CS, Ghosh S. Two CYP716A subfamily cytochrome P450 monooxygenases of sweet basil play similar but nonredundant roles in ursane- and oleanane-type pentacyclic triterpene biosynthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:706-720. [PMID: 28967669 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The medicinal plant sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) accumulates bioactive ursane- and oleanane-type pentacyclic triterpenes (PCTs), ursolic acid and oleanolic acid, respectively, in a spatio-temporal manner; however, the biosynthetic enzymes and their contributions towards PCT biosynthesis remain to be elucidated. Two CYP716A subfamily cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP716A252 and CYP716A253) are identified from a methyl jasmonate-responsive expression sequence tag collection and functionally characterized, employing yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) expression platform and adapting virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in sweet basil. CYP716A252 and CYP716A253 catalyzed sequential three-step oxidation at the C-28 position of α-amyrin and β-amyrin to produce ursolic acid and oleanolic acid, respectively. Although CYP716A253 was more efficient than CYP716A252 for amyrin C-28 oxidation in yeast, VIGS revealed essential roles for both of these CYP716As in constitutive biosynthesis of ursolic acid and oleanolic acid in sweet basil leaves. However, CYP716A253 played a major role in elicitor-induced biosynthesis of ursolic acid and oleanolic acid. Overall, the results suggest similar as well as distinct roles of CYP716A252 and CYP716A253 for the spatio-temporal biosynthesis of PCTs. CYP716A252 and CYP716A253 might be useful for the alternative and sustainable production of PCTs in microbial host, besides increasing plant metabolite content through genetic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Chandra Misra
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Shubha Sharma
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Anchal Garg
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Chandan Singh Chanotiya
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Sumit Ghosh
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
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20
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Soza VL, Snelson CD, Hewett Hazelton KD, Di Stilio VS. Partial redundancy and functional specialization of E-class SEPALLATA genes in an early-diverging eudicot. Dev Biol 2016; 419:143-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Zhong J, Powell S, Preston JC. Organ boundary NAC-domain transcription factors are implicated in the evolution of petal fusion. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:893-902. [PMID: 27500862 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Research rationale: Evolution of fused petals (sympetaly) is considered to be an important innovation that has repeatedly led to increased pollination efficiency, resulting in accelerated rates of plant diversification. Although little is known about the underlying regulation of sympetaly, genetic pathways ancestrally involved in organ boundary establishment (e.g. CUP SHAPED COTYLEDON [CUC] 1-3 genes) are strong candidates. In sympetalous petunia, mutations in the CUC1/2-like orthologue NO APICAL MERISTEM (NAM) inhibit shoot apical meristem formation. Despite this, occasional 'escape shoots' develop flowers with extra petals and fused inter-floral whorl organs. Central methods: To To determine if petunia CUC-like genes regulate additional floral patterning, we used virus-induced silencing (VIGS) following establishment of healthy shoot apices to re-examine the role of NAM in petunia petal development, and uniquely characterise the CUC3 orthologue NH16. KEY RESULTS Confirming previous results, we found that reduced floral NAM/NH16 expression caused increased petal-stamen and stamen-carpel fusion, and often produced extra petals. However, further to previous results, all VIGS plants infected with NAM or NH16 constructs exhibited reduced fusion in the petal whorl compared to control plants. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Together with previous data, our results demonstrate conservation of petunia CUC-like genes in establishing inter-floral whorl organ boundaries, as well as functional evolution to affect the fusion of petunia petals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - S Powell
- Department of Plant Biology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - J C Preston
- Department of Plant Biology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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22
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Moglia A, Acquadro A, Eljounaidi K, Milani AM, Cagliero C, Rubiolo P, Genre A, Cankar K, Beekwilder J, Comino C. Genome-Wide Identification of BAHD Acyltransferases and In vivo Characterization of HQT-like Enzymes Involved in Caffeoylquinic Acid Synthesis in Globe Artichoke. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1424. [PMID: 27721818 PMCID: PMC5033976 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus) is a rich source of compounds promoting human health (phytonutrients), among them caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs), mainly represented by chlorogenic acid (CGA), and dicaffeoylquinic acids (diCQAs). The enzymes involved in their biosynthesis belong to the large family of BAHD acyltransferases. Following a survey of the globe artichoke genome, we identified 69 BAHD proteins carrying the catalytic site (HXXXD). Their phylogenetic analysis together with another 43 proteins, from 21 species, representative of the BAHD family, highlighted their grouping in seven major clades. Nine globe artichoke acyltransferases clustered in a sub-group of Clade V, with 3 belonging to hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HQT) and 2 to hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT) like proteins. We focused our attention on the former, HQT1, HQT2, and HQT3, as they are known to play a key role in CGA biosynthesis. The expression of genes coding for the three HQTs and correlation of expression with the CQA content is reported for different globe artichoke tissues. For the first time in the globe artichoke, we developed and applied the virus-induced gene silencing approach with the goal of assessing in vivo the effect of HQT1 silencing, which resulted in a marked reduction of both CGA and diCQAs. On the other hand, when the role of the three HQTs was assessed in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana through their transient overexpression, significant increases in mono- and diCQAs content were observed. Using transient GFP fusion proteins expressed in N. benthamiana leaves we also established the sub-cellular localization of these three enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Moglia
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of TorinoGrugliasco, Italy
| | - Alberto Acquadro
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of TorinoGrugliasco, Italy
| | - Kaouthar Eljounaidi
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of TorinoGrugliasco, Italy
| | - Anna M. Milani
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of TorinoGrugliasco, Italy
| | - Cecilia Cagliero
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of TorinoTorino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of TorinoTorino, Italy
| | - Andrea Genre
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of TorinoTorino, Italy
| | | | | | - Cinzia Comino
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of TorinoGrugliasco, Italy
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Alagoz Y, Gurkok T, Zhang B, Unver T. Manipulating the Biosynthesis of Bioactive Compound Alkaloids for Next-Generation Metabolic Engineering in Opium Poppy Using CRISPR-Cas 9 Genome Editing Technology. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30910. [PMID: 27483984 PMCID: PMC4971470 DOI: 10.1038/srep30910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated9 (Cas9) endonuclease system is a powerful RNA-guided genome editing tool. CRISPR/Cas9 has been well studied in model plant species for targeted genome editing. However, few studies have been reported on plant species without whole genome sequence information. Currently, no study has been performed to manipulate metabolic pathways using CRISPR/Cas9. In this study, the type II CRISPR/SpCas9 system was used to knock out, via nonhomologous end-joining genome repair, the 4'OMT2 in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.), a gene which regulates the biosythesis of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs). For sgRNA transcription, viral-based TRV and synthetic binary plasmids were designed and delivered into plant cells with a Cas9 encoding-synthetic vector by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. InDels formed by CRISPR/Cas9 were detected by sequence analysis. Our results showed that the biosynthesis of BIAs (e.g. morphine, thebaine) was significantly reduced in the transgenic plants suggesting that 4'OMT2 was efficiently knocked-out by our CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing approach. In addition, a novel uncharacterized alkaloid was observed only in CRISPR/Cas9 edited plants. Thus, the applicabilitiy of the CRISPR/Cas9 system was demonstrated for the first time for medicinal aromatic plants by sgRNAs transcribed from both synthetic and viral vectors to regulate BIA metabolism and biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagiz Alagoz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı18100, Turkey.,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia
| | - Tugba Gurkok
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı18100, Turkey
| | - Baohong Zhang
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Turgay Unver
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı18100, Turkey.,Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (iBG-izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Balcova 35340 Izmir, Turkey
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24
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Yerramsetty P, Stata M, Siford R, Sage TL, Sage RF, Wong GKS, Albert VA, Berry JO. Evolution of RLSB, a nuclear-encoded S1 domain RNA binding protein associated with post-transcriptional regulation of plastid-encoded rbcL mRNA in vascular plants. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:141. [PMID: 27356975 PMCID: PMC4928308 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background RLSB, an S-1 domain RNA binding protein of Arabidopsis, selectively binds rbcL mRNA and co-localizes with Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) within chloroplasts of C3 and C4 plants. Previous studies using both Arabidopsis (C3) and maize (C4) suggest RLSB homologs are post-transcriptional regulators of plastid-encoded rbcL mRNA. While RLSB accumulates in all Arabidopsis leaf chlorenchyma cells, in C4 leaves RLSB-like proteins accumulate only within Rubisco-containing bundle sheath chloroplasts of Kranz-type species, and only within central compartment chloroplasts in the single cell C4 plant Bienertia. Our recent evidence implicates this mRNA binding protein as a primary determinant of rbcL expression, cellular localization/compartmentalization, and photosynthetic function in all multicellular green plants. This study addresses the hypothesis that RLSB is a highly conserved Rubisco regulatory factor that occurs in the chloroplasts all higher plants. Results Phylogenetic analysis has identified RLSB orthologs and paralogs in all major plant groups, from ancient liverworts to recent angiosperms. RLSB homologs were also identified in algae of the division Charophyta, a lineage closely related to land plants. RLSB-like sequences were not identified in any other algae, suggesting that it may be specific to the evolutionary line leading to land plants. The RLSB family occurs in single copy across most angiosperms, although a few species with two copies were identified, seemingly randomly distributed throughout the various taxa, although perhaps correlating in some cases with known ancient whole genome duplications. Monocots of the order Poales (Poaceae and Cyperaceae) were found to contain two copies, designated here as RLSB-a and RLSB-b, with only RLSB-a implicated in the regulation of rbcL across the maize developmental gradient. Analysis of microsynteny in angiosperms revealed high levels of conservation across eudicot species and for both paralogs in grasses, highlighting the possible importance of maintaining this gene and its surrounding genomic regions. Conclusions Findings presented here indicate that the RLSB family originated as a unique gene in land plant evolution, perhaps in the common ancestor of charophytes and higher plants. Purifying selection has maintained this as a highly conserved single- or two-copy gene across most extant species, with several conserved gene duplications. Together with previous findings, this study suggests that RLSB has been sustained as an important regulatory protein throughout the course of land plant evolution. While only RLSB-a has been directly implicated in rbcL regulation in maize, RLSB-b could have an overlapping function in the co-regulation of rbcL, or may have diverged as a regulator of one or more other plastid-encoded mRNAs. This analysis confirms that RLSB is an important and unique photosynthetic regulatory protein that has been continuously expressed in land plants as they emerged and diversified from their ancient common ancestor. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0713-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Yerramsetty
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Matt Stata
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3B2, Canada
| | - Rebecca Siford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Tammy L Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3B2, Canada
| | - Rowan F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3B2, Canada
| | - Gane Ka-Shu Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.,BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Victor A Albert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
| | - James O Berry
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
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25
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Meng LH, Wang RH, Zhu BZ, Zhu HL, Luo YB, Fu DQ. Efficient Virus-Induced Gene Silencing in Solanum rostratum. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156228. [PMID: 27258320 PMCID: PMC4892644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Solanum rostratum is a “super weed” that grows fast, is widespread, and produces the toxin solanine, which is harmful to both humans and other animals. To our knowledge, no study has focused on its molecular biology owing to the lack of available transgenic methods and sequence information for S. rostratum. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a powerful tool for the study of gene function in plants; therefore, in the present study, we aimed to establish tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-derived VIGS in S. rostratum. The genes for phytoene desaturase (PDS) and Chlorophyll H subunit (ChlH) of magnesium protoporphyrin chelatase were cloned from S. rostratum and used as reporters of gene silencing. It was shown that high-efficiency VIGS can be achieved in the leaves, flowers, and fruit of S. rostratum. Moreover, based on our comparison of three different types of infection methods, true leaf infection was found to be more efficient than cotyledon and sprout infiltration in long-term VIGS in multiple plant organs. In conclusion, the VIGS technology and tomato genomic sequences can be used in the future to study gene function in S. rostratum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Huan Meng
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Rui-Heng Wang
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ben-Zhong Zhu
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hong-Liang Zhu
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yun-Bo Luo
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Da-Qi Fu
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
- * E-mail:
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26
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Gurkok T, Ozhuner E, Parmaksiz I, Özcan S, Turktas M, İpek A, Demirtas I, Okay S, Unver T. Functional Characterization of 4'OMT and 7OMT Genes in BIA Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:98. [PMID: 26909086 PMCID: PMC4754624 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Alkaloids are diverse group of secondary metabolites generally found in plants. Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.), the only commercial source of morphinan alkaloids, has been used as a medicinal plant since ancient times. It produces benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIA) including the narcotic analgesic morphine, the muscle relaxant papaverine, and the anti-cancer agent noscapine. Though BIAs play crucial roles in many biological mechanisms their steps in biosynthesis and the responsible genes remain to be revealed. In this study, expressions of 3-hydroxy-N-methylcoclaurine 4'-methyltransferase (4'OMT) and reticuline 7-O-methyltransferase (7OMT) genes were subjected to manipulation to functionally characterize their roles in BIA biosynthesis. Measurements of alkaloid accumulation were performed in leaf, stem, and capsule tissues accordingly. Suppression of 4'OMT expression caused reduction in the total alkaloid content in stem tissue whereas total alkaloid content was significantly induced in the capsule. Silencing of the 7OMT gene also caused repression in total alkaloid content in the stem. On the other hand, over-expression of 4'OMT and 7OMT resulted in higher morphine accumulation in the stem but suppressed amount in the capsule. Moreover, differential expression in several BIA synthesis genes (CNMT, TYDC, 6OMT, SAT, COR, 4'OMT, and 7OMT) were observed upon manipulation of 4'OMT and 7OMT expression. Upon silencing and overexpression applications, tissue specific effects of these genes were identified. Manipulation of 4'OMT and 7OMT genes caused differentiated accumulation of BIAs including morphine and noscapine in capsule and stem tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Gurkok
- Eldivan SHMYO, Department of Anesthesia, Cankiri Karatekin UniversityCankiri, Turkey
| | - Esma Ozhuner
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Cankiri Karatekin UniversityCankiri, Turkey
| | - Iskender Parmaksiz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Gaziosmanpasa UniversityTokat, Turkey
| | - Sebahattin Özcan
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara UniversityAnkara, Turkey
| | - Mine Turktas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Cankiri Karatekin UniversityCankiri, Turkey
| | - Arif İpek
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Cankiri Karatekin UniversityCankiri, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Demirtas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cankiri Karatekin UniversityCankiri, Turkey
| | - Sezer Okay
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Cankiri Karatekin UniversityCankiri, Turkey
| | - Turgay Unver
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Cankiri Karatekin UniversityCankiri, Turkey
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27
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Preston JC, Jorgensen SA, Orozco R, Hileman LC. Paralogous SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) genes differentially regulate leaf initiation and reproductive phase change in petunia. PLANTA 2016; 243:429-40. [PMID: 26445769 PMCID: PMC4722060 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2413-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Duplicated petunia clade-VI SPL genes differentially promote the timing of inflorescence and flower development, and leaf initiation rate. The timing of plant reproduction relative to favorable environmental conditions is a critical component of plant fitness, and is often associated with variation in plant architecture and habit. Recent studies have shown that overexpression of the microRNA miR156 in distantly related annual species results in plants with perennial characteristics, including late flowering, weak apical dominance, and abundant leaf production. These phenotypes are largely mediated through the negative regulation of a subset of genes belonging to the SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) family of transcription factors. In order to determine how and to what extent paralogous SPL genes have partitioned their roles in plant growth and development, we functionally characterized petunia clade-VI SPL genes under different environmental conditions. Our results demonstrate that PhSBP1and PhSBP2 differentially promote discrete stages of the reproductive transition, and that PhSBP1, and possibly PhCNR, accelerates leaf initiation rate. In contrast to the closest homologs in annual Arabidopsis thaliana and Mimulus guttatus, PhSBP1 and PhSBP2 transcription is not mediated by the gibberellic acid pathway, but is positively correlated with photoperiod and developmental age. The developmental functions of clade-VI SPL genes have, thus, evolved following both gene duplication and speciation within the core eudicots, likely through differential regulation and incomplete sub-functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill C Preston
- Department of Plant Biology, The University of Vermont, 111 Jeffords Hall, 63 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
| | - Stacy A Jorgensen
- Department of Plant Biology, The University of Vermont, 111 Jeffords Hall, 63 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Rebecca Orozco
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Kansas, 8009 Haworth Hall, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Lena C Hileman
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Kansas, 8009 Haworth Hall, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
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28
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Chantreau M, Chabbert B, Billiard S, Hawkins S, Neutelings G. Functional analyses of cellulose synthase genes in flax (Linum usitatissimum) by virus-induced gene silencing. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1312-24. [PMID: 25688574 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Flax (Linum usitatissimum) bast fibres are located in the stem cortex where they play an important role in mechanical support. They contain high amounts of cellulose and so are used for linen textiles and in the composite industry. In this study, we screened the annotated flax genome and identified 14 distinct cellulose synthase (CESA) genes using orthologous sequences previously identified. Transcriptomics of 'primary cell wall' and 'secondary cell wall' flax CESA genes showed that some were preferentially expressed in different organs and stem tissues providing clues as to their biological role(s) in planta. The development for the first time in flax of a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) approach was used to functionally evaluate the biological role of different CESA genes in stem tissues. Quantification of transcript accumulation showed that in many cases, silencing not only affected targeted CESA clades, but also had an impact on other CESA genes. Whatever the targeted clade, inactivation by VIGS affected plant growth. In contrast, only clade 1- and clade 6-targeted plants showed modifications in outer-stem tissue organization and secondary cell wall formation. In these plants, bast fibre number and structure were severely impacted, suggesting that the targeted genes may play an important role in the establishment of the fibre cell wall. Our results provide new fundamental information about cellulose biosynthesis in flax that should facilitate future plant improvement/engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Chantreau
- UMR INRA 1281 Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés, Université Lille Nord de France Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Brigitte Chabbert
- INRA, UMR 614 Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, Reims, France
- UMR 614 Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Sylvain Billiard
- UMR CNRS 8198 Laboratoire de Génétique & Evolution des Populations Végétales, Université Lille Nord de France Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Simon Hawkins
- UMR INRA 1281 Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés, Université Lille Nord de France Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Godfrey Neutelings
- UMR INRA 1281 Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés, Université Lille Nord de France Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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29
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Singh AK, Dwivedi V, Rai A, Pal S, Reddy SGE, Rao DKV, Shasany AK, Nagegowda DA. Virus-induced gene silencing of Withania somnifera squalene synthase negatively regulates sterol and defence-related genes resulting in reduced withanolides and biotic stress tolerance. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1287-99. [PMID: 25809293 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal is an important Indian medicinal plant that produces withanolides, which are triterpenoid steroidal lactones having diverse biological activities. To enable fast and efficient functional characterization of genes in this slow-growing and difficult-to-transform plant, a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) was established by silencing phytoene desaturase (PDS) and squalene synthase (SQS). VIGS of the gene encoding SQS, which provides precursors for triterpenoids, resulted in significant reduction of squalene and withanolides, demonstrating its application in studying withanolides biosynthesis in W. somnifera leaves. A comprehensive analysis of gene expression and sterol pathway intermediates in WsSQS-vigs plants revealed transcriptional modulation with positive feedback regulation of mevalonate pathway genes, and negative feed-forward regulation of downstream sterol pathway genes including DWF1 (delta-24-sterol reductase) and CYP710A1 (C-22-sterol desaturase), resulting in significant reduction of sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol. However, there was little effect of SQS silencing on cholesterol, indicating the contribution of sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol, but not of cholesterol, towards withanolides formation. Branch-point oxidosqualene synthases in WsSQS-vigs plants exhibited differential regulation with reduced CAS (cycloartenol synthase) and cycloartenol, and induced BAS (β-amyrin synthase) and β-amyrin. Moreover, SQS silencing also led to the down-regulation of brassinosteroid-6-oxidase-2 (BR6OX2), pathogenesis-related (PR) and nonexpressor of PR (NPR) genes, resulting in reduced tolerance to bacterial and fungal infection as well as to insect feeding. Taken together, SQS silencing negatively regulated sterol and defence-related genes leading to reduced phytosterols, withanolides and biotic stress tolerance, thus implicating the application of VIGS for functional analysis of genes related to withanolides formation in W. somnifera leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Kumar Singh
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Varun Dwivedi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Avanish Rai
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Shaifali Pal
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
| | | | | | - Ajit Kumar Shasany
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
| | - Dinesh A Nagegowda
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Centre, Bangalore, India
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30
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Strategies for altering plant traits using virus-induced gene silencing technologies. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1287:25-41. [PMID: 25740354 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2453-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The rapid progress in genome sequencing and transcriptome analysis in model and crop plants has made possible the identification of a vast number of genes potentially associated with economically important complex traits. The ultimate goal is to assign functions to these genes by using forward and reverse genetic screens. Plant viruses have been developed for virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) to generate rapid gene knockdown phenotypes in numerous plant species. To fulfill its potential for high-throughput phenomics, it is of prime importance to ensure that parameters conditioning the VIGS response, i.e., plant-virus interactions and associated loss-of-function screens, are "fit for purpose" and optimized to unequivocally conclude the role of a gene of interest in relation to a given trait. This chapter will review and discuss the different strategies used for the development of VIGS-based phenomics in model and crop species.
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31
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Shen Z, Sun J, Yao J, Wang S, Ding M, Zhang H, Qian Z, Zhao N, Sa G, Zhao R, Shen X, Polle A, Chen S. High rates of virus-induced gene silencing by tobacco rattle virus in Populus. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:1016-1029. [PMID: 26209619 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) has been shown to be an effective tool for investigating gene functions in herbaceous plant species, but has rarely been tested in trees. The establishment of a fast and reliable transformation system is especially important for woody plants, many of which are recalcitrant to transformation. In this study, we established a tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based VIGS system for two Populus species, Populus euphratica and P. × canescens. Here, TRV constructs carrying a 266 bp or a 558 bp fragment of the phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene were Agrobacterium-infiltrated into leaves of the two poplar species. Agrobacterium-mediated delivery of the shorter insert, TRV2-PePDS266, into the host poplars resulted in expected photobleaching in both tree species, but not the longer insert, PePDS558. The efficiency of VIGS was temperature-dependent, increasing by raising the temperature from 18 to 28 °C. The optimized TRV-VIGS system at 28 °C resulted in a high silencing frequency and efficiency up to 65-73 and 83-94%, respectively, in the two tested poplars. Moreover, syringe inoculation of Agrobacterium in 100 mM acetosyringone induced a more efficient silencing in the two poplar species, compared with other agroinfiltration methods, e.g., direct injection, misting and agrodrench. There were plant species-related differences in the response to VIGS because the photobleaching symptoms were more severe in P. × canescens than in P. euphratica. Furthermore, VIGS-treated P. euphratica exhibited a higher recovery rate (50%) after several weeks of the virus infection, compared with TRV-infected P. × canescens plants (20%). Expression stability of reference genes was screened to assess the relative abundance of PePDS mRNA in VIGS-treated P. euphratica and P. × canescens. PeACT7 was stably expressed in P. euphratica and UBQ-L was selected as the most suitable reference gene for P. × canescens using three different statistical approaches, geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper. Quantitative real-time PCR showed significant reductions in PDS transcripts (55-64%) in the photobleached leaves of both VIGS-treated poplar species. Our results demonstrate that the TRV-based VIGS provides a practical tool for gene functional analysis in Populus sp., especially in those poplar species which are otherwise recalcitrant to transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zedan Shen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Jian Sun
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221116, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yao
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Shaojie Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Mingquan Ding
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Huilong Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Zeyong Qian
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Nan Zhao
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Gang Sa
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhao
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Xin Shen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Büsgen-Institut, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Shaoliang Chen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
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Mishra S, Phukan UJ, Tripathi V, Singh DK, Luqman S, Shukla RK. PsAP2 an AP2/ERF family transcription factor from Papaver somniferum enhances abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 89:173-86. [PMID: 26319514 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0361-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The AP2/ERFs are one of the most important family of transcription factors which regulate multiple responses like stress, metabolism and development in plants. We isolated PsAP2 a novel AP2/ERF from Papaver somniferum which was highly upregulated in response to wounding followed by ethylene, methyl jasmonate and ABA treatment. PsAP2 showed specific binding with both DRE and GCC box elements and it was able to transactivate the reporter genes in yeast. PsAP2 overexpressing transgenic tobacco plants exhibited enhanced tolerance towards both abiotic and biotic stresses . Real time transcript expression analysis showed constitutive upregulation of tobacco Alternative oxidase1a and Myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase in PsAP2 overexpressing tobacco plants. Further, PsAP2 showed interaction with NtAOX1a promoter in vitro, it also specifically activated the NtAOX1a promoter in yeast and tobacco BY2 cells. The silencing of PsAP2 using VIGS lead to significant reduction in the AOX1 level in P. somniferum. Taken together PsAP2 can directly bind and transcriptionally activate NtAOX1a and its overexpression in tobacco imparted increased tolerance towards both abiotic and biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Mishra
- Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Ujjal J Phukan
- Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Vineeta Tripathi
- Botany Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Dhananjay K Singh
- Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Suaib Luqman
- Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Shukla
- Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow, 226015, India.
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Sub-functionalization to ovule development following duplication of a floral organ identity gene. Dev Biol 2015; 405:158-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Zhirnov IV, Trifonova EA, Kochetov AV, Shumny VK. Virus-induced silencing as a method for studying gene functions in higher plants. RUSS J GENET+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795415050099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Dugé de Bernonville T, Clastre M, Besseau S, Oudin A, Burlat V, Glévarec G, Lanoue A, Papon N, Giglioli-Guivarc'h N, St-Pierre B, Courdavault V. Phytochemical genomics of the Madagascar periwinkle: Unravelling the last twists of the alkaloid engine. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 113:9-23. [PMID: 25146650 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The Madagascar periwinkle produces a large palette of Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids (MIAs), a class of complex alkaloids including some of the most valuable plant natural products with precious therapeutical values. Evolutionary pressure on one of the hotspots of biodiversity has obviously turned this endemic Malagasy plant into an innovative alkaloid engine. Catharanthus is a unique taxon producing vinblastine and vincristine, heterodimeric MIAs with complex stereochemistry, and also manufactures more than 100 different MIAs, some shared with the Apocynaceae, Loganiaceae and Rubiaceae members. For over 60 years, the quest for these powerful anticancer drugs has inspired biologists, chemists, and pharmacists to unravel the chemistry, biochemistry, therapeutic activity, cell and molecular biology of Catharanthus roseus. Recently, the "omics" technologies have fuelled rapid progress in deciphering the last secret of strictosidine biosynthesis, the central precursor opening biosynthetic routes to several thousand MIA compounds. Dedicated C. roseus transcriptome, proteome and metabolome databases, comprising organ-, tissue- and cell-specific libraries, and other phytogenomic resources, were developed for instance by PhytoMetaSyn, Medicinal Plant Genomic Resources and SmartCell consortium. Tissue specific library screening, orthology comparison in species with or without MIA-biochemical engines, clustering of gene expression profiles together with various functional validation strategies, largely contributed to enrich the toolbox for plant synthetic biology and metabolic engineering of MIA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dugé de Bernonville
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | - Marc Clastre
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | - Sébastien Besseau
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | - Audrey Oudin
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | - Vincent Burlat
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617 Auzeville, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; CNRS, UMR 5546, BP 42617 Auzeville, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Gaëlle Glévarec
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | - Arnaud Lanoue
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Papon
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | | | - Benoit St-Pierre
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France.
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Dang TTT, Chen X, Facchini PJ. Acetylation serves as a protective group in noscapine biosynthesis in opium poppy. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 11:104-6. [PMID: 25485687 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We have characterized four sequential enzymes that transform 1-hydroxy-N-methylcanadine to narcotoline hemiacetal, completing our elucidation of noscapine biosynthesis in opium poppy. Two cytochromes P450 catalyze hydroxylations at C13 and C8 on the protoberberine scaffold, the latter step inducing ring opening and the formation of an aldehyde moiety. Acetylation at C13 before C8 hydroxylation introduces a protective group subsequently hydrolyzed by a carboxylesterase, which triggers rearrangement to a cyclic hemiacetal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu-Thuy T Dang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xue Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Peter J Facchini
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Fourquin C, Primo A, Martínez-Fernández I, Huet-Trujillo E, Ferrándiz C. The CRC orthologue from Pisum sativum shows conserved functions in carpel morphogenesis and vascular development. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:1535-44. [PMID: 24989787 PMCID: PMC4204785 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS CRABS CLAW (CRC) is a member of the YABBY family of transcription factors involved in carpel morphogenesis, floral determinacy and nectary specification in arabidopsis. CRC orthologues have been functionally characterized across angiosperms, revealing additional roles in leaf vascular development and carpel identity specification in Poaceae. These studies support an ancestral role of CRC orthologues in carpel development, while roles in vascular development and nectary specification appear to be derived. This study aimed to expand research on CRC functional conservation to the legume family in order to better understand the evolutionary history of CRC orthologues in angiosperms. METHODS CRC orthologues from Pisum sativum and Medicago truncatula were identified. RNA in situ hybridization experiments determined the corresponding expression patterns throughout flower development. The phenotypic effects of reduced CRC activity were investigated in P. sativum using virus-induced gene silencing. KEY RESULTS CRC orthologues from P. sativum and M. truncatula showed similar expression patterns, mainly restricted to carpels and nectaries. However, these expression patterns differed from those of other core eudicots, most importantly in a lack of abaxial expression in the carpel and in atypical expression associated with the medial vein of the ovary. CRC downregulation in pea caused defects in carpel fusion and style/stigma development, both typically associated with CRC function in eudicots, but also affected vascular development in the carpel. CONCLUSIONS The data support the conserved roles of CRC orthologues in carpel fusion, style/stigma development and nectary development. In addition, an intriguing new aspect of CRC function in legumes was the unexpected role in vascular development, which could be shared by other species from widely diverged clades within the angiosperms, suggesting that this role could be ancestral rather than derived, as so far generally accepted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Fourquin
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Primo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Irene Martínez-Fernández
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Estefanía Huet-Trujillo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Ferrándiz
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Scutt CP, Vandenbussche M. Current trends and future directions in flower development research. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:1399-406. [PMID: 25335868 PMCID: PMC4204790 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Flowers, the reproductive structures of the approximately 400 000 extant species of flowering plants, exist in a tremendous range of forms and sizes, mainly due to developmental differences involving the number, arrangement, size and form of the floral organs of which they consist. However, this tremendous diversity is underpinned by a surprisingly robust basic floral structure in which a central group of carpels forms on an axis of determinate growth, almost invariably surrounded by two successive zones containing stamens and perianth organs, respectively. Over the last 25 years, remarkable progress has been achieved in describing the molecular mechanisms that control almost all aspects of flower development, from the phase change that initiates flowering to the final production of fruits and seeds. However, this work has been performed almost exclusively in a small number of eudicot model species, chief among which is Arabidopsis thaliana. Studies of flower development must now be extended to a much wider phylogenetic range of flowering plants and, indeed, to their closest living relatives, the gymnosperms. Studies of further, more wide-ranging models should provide insights that, for various reasons, cannot be obtained by studying the major existing models alone. The use of further models should also help to explain how the first flowering plants evolved from an unknown, although presumably gymnosperm-like ancestor, and rapidly diversified to become the largest major plant group and to dominate the terrestrial flora. The benefits for society of a thorough understanding of flower development are self-evident, as human life depends to a large extent on flowering plants and on the fruits and seeds they produce. In this preface to the Special Issue, we introduce eleven articles on flower development, representing work in both established and further models, including gymnosperms. We also present some of our own views on current trends and future directions of the flower development field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie P Scutt
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, (Unité mixte de recherche 5667: CNRS-INRA-Université de Lyon), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Michiel Vandenbussche
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, (Unité mixte de recherche 5667: CNRS-INRA-Université de Lyon), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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Kochetov AV. The alien replicon: Artificial genetic constructs to direct the synthesis of transmissible self-replicating RNAs. Bioessays 2014; 36:1204-12. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex V. Kochetov
- Institute of Cytology & Genetics, SB RAS; Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Novosibirsk Russia
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Tiwari M, Sharma D, Trivedi PK. Artificial microRNA mediated gene silencing in plants: progress and perspectives. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 86:1-18. [PMID: 25022825 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Homology based gene silencing has emerged as a convenient approach for repressing expression of genes in order to study their functions. For this purpose, several antisense or small interfering RNA based gene silencing techniques have been frequently employed in plant research. Artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs) mediated gene silencing represents one of such techniques which can utilize as a potential tool in functional genomics. Similar to microRNAs, amiRNAs are single-stranded, approximately 21 nt long, and designed by replacing the mature miRNA sequences of duplex within pre-miRNAs. These amiRNAs are processed via small RNA biogenesis and silencing machinery and deregulate target expression. Holding to various refinements, amiRNA technology offers several advantages over other gene silencing methods. This is a powerful and robust tool, and could be applied to unravel new insight of metabolic pathways and gene functions across the various disciplines as well as in translating observations for improving favourable traits in plants. This review highlights general background of small RNAs, improvements made in RNAi based gene silencing, implications of amiRNA in gene silencing, and describes future themes for improving value of this technology in plant science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Tiwari
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India
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Ferrándiz C, Fourquin C. Role of the FUL-SHP network in the evolution of fruit morphology and function. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4505-13. [PMID: 24482369 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis research in the last decade has started to unravel the genetic networks directing gynoecium and fruit patterning in this model species. Only recently, the work from several groups has also started to address the conservation of these networks in a wide number of species with very different fruit morphologies, and we are now beginning to understand how they might have evolved. This review summarizes recent advances in this field, focusing mainly on MADS-box genes with a well-known role in dehiscence zone development, while also discussing how these studies may contribute to expand our views on fruit evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ferrándiz
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), UPV-CSIC, Av. de los Naranjos s/n 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Chloé Fourquin
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), UPV-CSIC, Av. de los Naranjos s/n 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Kourmpetli S, Drea S. The fruit, the whole fruit, and everything about the fruit. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4491-503. [PMID: 24723396 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fruits come in an impressive array of shapes, sizes, and consistencies, and also display a huge diversity in biochemical/metabolite profiles, wherein lies their value as rich sources of food, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals. This is in addition to their fundamental function in supporting and dispersing the developing and mature seeds for the next generation. Understanding developmental processes such as fruit development and ripening, particularly at the genetic level, was once largely restricted to model and crop systems for practical and commercial reasons, but with the expansion of developmental genetic and evo-devo tools/analyses we can now investigate and compare aspects of fruit development in species spanning the angiosperms. We can superimpose recent genetic discoveries onto the detailed characterization of fruit development and ripening conducted with primary considerations such as yield and harvesting efficiency in mind, as well as on the detailed description of taxonomically relevant characters. Based on our own experience we focus on two very morphologically distinct and evolutionary distant fruits: the capsule of opium poppy, and the grain or caryopsis of cereals. Both are of massive economic value, but because of very different constituents; alkaloids of varied pharmaceutical value derived from secondary metabolism in opium poppy capsules, and calorific energy fuel derived from primary metabolism in cereal grains. Through comparative analyses in these and other fruit types, interesting patterns of regulatory gene function diversification and conservation are beginning to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Kourmpetli
- Department of Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Sinéad Drea
- Department of Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
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Chaturvedi N, Singh M, Shukla AK, Shasany AK, Shanker K, Lal RK, Khanuja SPS. Comparative analysis of Papaver somniferum genotypes having contrasting latex and alkaloid profiles. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:857-67. [PMID: 24306419 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0587-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Papaver somniferum produces therapeutically useful benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) like papaverine, thebaine, codeine, and morphine that accumulate in its capsular latex. Morphine is a potent analgesic but is also abused as a narcotic, which has increased the demand for non-narcotic thebaine that can be converted into various analgesics. To curtail the narcotic menace, many distinct genotypes of the plant have been developed that are deficient in morphine and/or latex. Sujata is one such latex-less low alkaloid-producing variety developed from the alkaloid-rich gum harvest variety Sampada. Its utility for gene prospecting and studying differential gene regulation responsible for its low alkaloid, nutritive seed oil, and latex-less phenotype has been exploited in this study. BIA profiling of Sujata and Sampada capsules at the early and late stages indicated that except for thebaine, Sujata had a depressed alkaloid phenotype as compared to Sampada. Comparative transcript-based analysis of the two genotypes was carried out in the early stage capsule (higher thebaine) using subtractive hybridization and microarray. Interrogation of a P. somniferum array yielded many differentially expressing transcripts. Their homology-based annotation classified them into categories--latex related, oil/lipid related, alkaloid related, cell wall related, and others. These leads will be useful to characterize the highly sought after Sujata phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidarshana Chaturvedi
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Fourquin C, Ferrándiz C. The essential role of NGATHA genes in style and stigma specification is widely conserved across eudicots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:1001-1013. [PMID: 24483275 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Carpel development and evolution are central issues for plant biology. The conservation of genetic functions conferring carpel identity has been widely studied in higher plants. However, although genetic networks directing the development of characteristic features of angiosperm carpels such as stigma and style are increasingly known in Arabidopsis thaliana, little information is available on the conservation and diversification of these networks in other species. Here, we have studied the functional conservation of NGATHA transcription factors in widely divergent species within the eudicots. We determined by in situ hybridization the expression patterns of NGATHA orthologs in Eschscholzia californica and Nicotiana benthamiana. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS)-mediated inactivation of NGATHA genes in both species was performed and different microscopy techniques were used for phenotypic characterization. We found the expression patterns of EcNGA and NbNGA genes during flower development to be highly similar to each other, as well as to those reported for Arabidopsis NGATHA genes. Inactivation of EcNGA and NbNGA also caused severe defects in style and stigma development in both species. These results demonstrate the widely conserved essential role of NGATHA genes in style and stigma specification and suggest that the angiosperm-specific NGATHA genes were likely recruited to direct a carpel-specific developmental program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Fourquin
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, UPV-CSIC, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Ferrándiz
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, UPV-CSIC, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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45
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Preston JC, Jorgensen SA, Jha SG. Functional characterization of duplicated Suppressor of Overexpression of Constans 1-like genes in petunia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96108. [PMID: 24787903 PMCID: PMC4006870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Flowering time is strictly controlled by a combination of internal and external signals that match seed set with favorable environmental conditions. In the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae), many of the genes underlying development and evolution of flowering have been discovered. However, much remains unknown about how conserved the flowering gene networks are in plants with different growth habits, gene duplication histories, and distributions. Here we functionally characterize three homologs of the flowering gene Suppressor Of Overexpression of Constans 1 (SOC1) in the short-lived perennial Petunia hybrida (petunia, Solanaceae). Similar to A. thaliana soc1 mutants, co-silencing of duplicated petunia SOC1-like genes results in late flowering. This phenotype is most severe when all three SOC1-like genes are silenced. Furthermore, expression levels of the SOC1-like genes Unshaven (UNS) and Floral Binding Protein 21 (FBP21), but not FBP28, are positively correlated with developmental age. In contrast to A. thaliana, petunia SOC1-like gene expression did not increase with longer photoperiods, and FBP28 transcripts were actually more abundant under short days. Despite evidence of functional redundancy, differential spatio-temporal expression data suggest that SOC1-like genes might fine-tune petunia flowering in response to photoperiod and developmental stage. This likely resulted from modification of SOC1-like gene regulatory elements following recent duplication, and is a possible mechanism to ensure flowering under both inductive and non-inductive photoperiods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill C. Preston
- Department of Plant Biology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Stacy A. Jorgensen
- Department of Plant Biology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Suryatapa G. Jha
- Department of Plant Biology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
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Cai C, Zhang X, Niu E, Zhao L, Li N, Wang L, Ding L, Guo W. GhPSY, a phytoene synthase gene, is related to the red plant phenotype in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:4941-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3360-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Zhong X, Yuan X, Wu Z, Khan MA, Chen J, Li X, Gong B, Zhao Y, Wu J, Wu C, Yi M. Virus-induced gene silencing for comparative functional studies in Gladiolus hybridus. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:301-12. [PMID: 24170343 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1530-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Functional analysis of genes in gladiolus has previously been impractical due to the lack of an efficient stable genetic transformation method. However, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is effective in some plants which are difficult to transform through other methods. Although the Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based VIGS system has been developed and used for verifying gene functions in diverse plants, an appropriate TRV-VIGS approach for gladiolus has not been established yet. In this report we describe the first use of the TRV-VIGS system for gene silencing in gladiolus. Vacuum infiltration of cormels and young plants with the GhPDS-VIGS vector effectively down-regulated the PHYTOENE DESATURASE ortholog GhPDS gene and also resulted in various degrees of photobleaching in Gladiolus hybridus. The reduction in GhPDS expression was tested after TRV-based vector infection using real-time RT-PCR. In addition, the progress of TRV infection was detected by fluorescence visualization using a pTRV2: CP-GFP vector. In conclusion, the TRV-mediated VIGS described here will be an effective gene function analysis mechanism in gladiolus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xionghui Zhong
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Yuan Mingyuan Western Road 2#, Beijing, 100193, China,
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Zhang JS, Zhao J, Zhang S, He C. Efficient gene silencing mediated by tobacco rattle virus in an emerging model plant physalis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85534. [PMID: 24454885 PMCID: PMC3891815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruit of Physalis has a berry and a novelty called inflated calyx syndrome (ICS, also named the 'Chinese lantern'). Elucidation of the underlying developmental mechanisms of fruit diversity demands an efficient gene functional inference platform. Here, we tested the application of the tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-mediated gene-silencing system in Physalis floridana. First, we characterized the putative gene of a phytoene desaturase in P. floridana (PfPDS). Infecting the leaves of the Physalis seedlings with the PfPDS-TRV vector resulted in a bleached plant, including the developing leaves, floral organs, ICS, berry, and seed. These results indicated that a local VIGS treatment can efficiently induce a systemic mutated phenotype. qRT-PCR analyses revealed that the bleaching extent correlated to the mRNA reduction of the endogenous PfPDS. Detailed comparisons of multiple infiltration and growth protocols allowed us to determine the optimal methodologies for VIGS manipulation in Physalis. We subsequently utilized this optimized VIGS methodology to downregulate the expression of two MADS-box genes, MPF2 and MPF3, and compared the resulting effects with gene-downregulation mediated by RNA interference (RNAi) methods. The VIGS-mediated gene knockdown plants were found to resemble the mutated phenotypes of floral calyx, fruiting calyx and pollen maturation of the RNAi transgenic plants for both MPF2 and MPF3. Moreover, the two MADS-box genes were appeared to have a novel role in the pedicel development in P. floridana. The major advantage of VIGS-based gene knockdown lies in practical aspects of saving time and easy manipulation as compared to the RNAi. Despite the lack of heritability and mosaic mutation phenotypes observed in some organs, the TRV-mediated gene silencing system provides an alternative efficient way to infer gene function in various developmental processes in Physalis, thus facilitating understanding of the genetic basis of the evolution and development of the morphological diversities within the Solanaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Si Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoying He
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Broderick SR, Jones ML. An Optimized Protocol to Increase Virus-Induced Gene Silencing Efficiency and Minimize Viral Symptoms in Petunia. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER 2014; 32:219-233. [PMID: 24465085 PMCID: PMC3893464 DOI: 10.1007/s11105-013-0647-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is used to down-regulate endogenous plant genes. VIGS efficiency depends on viral proliferation and systemic movement throughout the plant. Although tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based VIGS has been successfully used in petunia (Petunia × hybrida), the protocol has not been thoroughly optimized for efficient and uniform gene down-regulation in this species. Therefore, we evaluated six parameters that improved VIGS in petunia. Inoculation of mechanically wounded shoot apical meristems induced the most effective and consistent silencing compared to other methods of inoculation. From an evaluation of ten cultivars, a compact petunia variety, 'Picobella Blue', exhibited a 1.8-fold higher CHS silencing efficiency in corollas. We determined that 20 °C day/18 °C night temperatures induced stronger gene silencing than 23 °C/18 °C or 26 °C/18 °C. The development of silencing was more pronounced in plants that were inoculated at 3-4 versus 5 weeks after sowing. While petunias inoculated with pTRV2-NbPDS or pTRV2-PhCHS showed very minimal viral symptoms, plants inoculated with the pTRV2 empty vector (often used as a control) were stunted and developed severe necrosis, which often led to plant death. Viral symptoms were eliminated by developing a control construct containing a fragment of the green fluorescent protein (pTRV2-sGFP). These optimization steps increased the area of chalcone synthase (CHS) silencing by 69 % and phytoene desaturase (PDS) silencing by 28 %. This improved VIGS protocol, including the use of the pTRV2-sGFP control plants, provides stronger down-regulation for high-throughput analyses of gene function in petunia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun R. Broderick
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, 214A Williams Hall, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Michelle L. Jones
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, 214A Williams Hall, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
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Dang TTT, Facchini PJ. CYP82Y1 is N-methylcanadine 1-hydroxylase, a key noscapine biosynthetic enzyme in opium poppy. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:2013-26. [PMID: 24324259 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.505099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Noscapine is a phthalideisoquinoline alkaloid investigated for its potent pharmacological properties. Although structurally elucidated more than a century ago, the biosynthesis of noscapine has not been established. Radiotracer studies have shown that noscapine is derived from the protoberberine alkaloid (S)-scoulerine and has been proposed to proceed through (S)-N-methylcanadine. However, pathway intermediates involved in the conversion of N-methylcanadine to noscapine have not been identified. We report the isolation and characterization of the cytochrome P-450 CYP82Y1, which catalyzes the 1-hydroxylation of N-methylcanadine to 1-hydroxy-N-methylcanadine. Comparison of transcript and metabolite profiles of eight opium poppy chemotypes revealed four cytochrome P-450s, three from the CYP82 and one from the CYP719 families, that were tightly correlated with noscapine accumulation. Recombinant CYP82Y1 was the only enzyme that accepted (R,S)-N-methylcanadine as a substrate with strict specificity and high affinity. As expected, CYP82Y1 was abundantly expressed in opium poppy stems where noscapine accumulation is highest among plant organs. Suppression of CYP82Y1 using virus-induced gene silencing caused a significant reduction in the levels of noscapine, narcotoline, and a putative downstream secoberbine intermediate and also resulted in increased accumulation of the upstream pathway intermediates scoulerine, tetrahydrocolum-bamine, canadine, and N-methylcanadine. The combined biochemical and physiological data support the 1-hydroxylation of (S)-N-methylcanadine catalyzed by CYP82Y1 as the first committed step in the formation of noscapine in opium poppy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu-Thuy T Dang
- From the University of Calgary Department of Biological Sciences, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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