1
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Li Y, Wang A. Monitoring the Intracellular Trafficking of Virus-Induced Structures and Intercellular Spread of Viral Infection in Plants Using Endomembrane Trafficking Pathway-Specific Chemical Inhibitor and Organelle-Selective Fluorescence Dye. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2724:127-137. [PMID: 37987903 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3485-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Infection by positive-strand RNA viruses induces extensive remodeling of the host endomembrane system in favor of viral replication and movement. The integral membrane protein 6K2 of potyviruses induces the formation of membranous virus replication vesicles at the endoplasmic reticulum exit site (ERES). The intracellular trafficking of 6K2-induced vesicles along with microfilaments requires the vesicular transport pathway, actomyosin motility system, and possibly post-Golgi compartments such as endosomes as well. Recent studies have shown that endocytosis is essential for the intracellular movement of potyviruses from the site of viral genome replication/assembly site to plasmodesmata (PD) to enter neighboring cells. In this chapter, we describe a detailed protocol of how to use endomembrane trafficking pathway-specific chemical inhibitors and organelle-selective fluorescence dye to study the trafficking of potyviral proteins and potyvirus-induced vesicles and to unravel the role of endocytosis and the endocytic pathway in potyvirus infection in Nicotiana benthamiana plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinzi Li
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada.
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2
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He B, Wang H, Liu G, Chen A, Calvo A, Cai Q, Jin H. Fungal small RNAs ride in extracellular vesicles to enter plant cells through clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4383. [PMID: 37474601 PMCID: PMC10359353 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Small RNAs (sRNAs) of the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea can enter plant cells and hijack host Argonaute protein 1 (AGO1) to silence host immunity genes. However, the mechanism by which these fungal sRNAs are secreted and enter host cells remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that B. cinerea utilizes extracellular vesicles (EVs) to secrete Bc-sRNAs, which are then internalized by plant cells through clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). The B. cinerea tetraspanin protein, Punchless 1 (BcPLS1), serves as an EV biomarker and plays an essential role in fungal pathogenicity. We observe numerous Arabidopsis clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) around B. cinerea infection sites and the colocalization of B. cinerea EV marker BcPLS1 and Arabidopsis CLATHRIN LIGHT CHAIN 1, one of the core components of CCV. Meanwhile, BcPLS1 and the B. cinerea-secreted sRNAs are detected in purified CCVs after infection. Arabidopsis knockout mutants and inducible dominant-negative mutants of key components of the CME pathway exhibit increased resistance to B. cinerea infection. Furthermore, Bc-sRNA loading into Arabidopsis AGO1 and host target gene suppression are attenuated in those CME mutants. Together, our results demonstrate that fungi secrete sRNAs via EVs, which then enter host plant cells mainly through CME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoye He
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Guosheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Angela Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Alejandra Calvo
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Qiang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hailing Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
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3
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He B, Wang H, Liu G, Chen A, Calvo A, Cai Q, Jin H. Fungal small RNAs ride in extracellular vesicles to enter plant cells through clathrin-mediated endocytosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.15.545159. [PMID: 37398405 PMCID: PMC10312686 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.15.545159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Small RNAs (sRNAs) of the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea can enter plant cells and hijack host Argonaute protein 1 (AGO1) to silence host immunity genes. However, the mechanism by which these fungal sRNAs are secreted and enter host cells remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that B. cinerea utilizes extracellular vesicles (EVs) to secrete Bc-sRNAs, which are then internalized by plant cells through clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). The B. cinerea tetraspanin protein, Punchless 1 (BcPLS1), serves as an EV biomarker and plays an essential role in fungal pathogenicity. We observe numerous Arabidopsis clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) around B. cinerea infection sites and the colocalization of B. cinerea EV marker BcPLS1 and Arabidopsis CLATHRIN LIGHT CHAIN 1, one of the core components of CCV. Meanwhile, BcPLS1 and the B. cinerea-secreted sRNAs are detected in purified CCVs after infection. Arabidopsis knockout mutants and inducible dominant-negative mutants of key components of CME pathway exhibit increased resistance to B. cinerea infection. Furthermore, Bc-sRNA loading into Arabidopsis AGO1 and host target gene suppression are attenuated in those CME mutants. Together, our results demonstrate that fungi secrete sRNAs via EVs, which then enter host plant cells mainly through CME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoye He
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Guosheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Angela Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Alejandra Calvo
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Qiang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hailing Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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4
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Sun Y, Ma S, Liu X, Wang GF. The maize ZmVPS23-like protein relocates the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat protein Rp1-D21 to endosomes and suppresses the defense response. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:2369-2390. [PMID: 36869653 PMCID: PMC10226561 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Plants often utilize nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins to perceive pathogen infections and trigger a hypersensitive response (HR). The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery is a conserved multisubunit complex that is essential for the biogenesis of multivesicular bodies and cargo protein sorting. VPS23 is a key component of ESCRT-I and plays important roles in plant development and abiotic stresses. ZmVPS23L, a homolog of VPS23-like in maize (Zea mays), was previously identified as a candidate gene in modulating HR mediated by the autoactive NLR protein Rp1-D21 in different maize populations. Here, we demonstrate that ZmVPS23L suppresses Rp1-D21-mediated HR in maize and Nicotiana benthamiana. Variation in the suppressive effect of HR by different ZmVPS23L alleles was correlated with variation in their expression levels. ZmVPS23 also suppressed Rp1-D21-mediated HR. ZmVPS23L and ZmVPS23 predominantly localized to endosomes, and they physically interacted with the coiled-coil domain of Rp1-D21 and mediated the relocation of Rp1-D21 from the nucleo-cytoplasm to endosomes. In summary, we demonstrate that ZmVPS23L and ZmVPS23 are negative regulators of Rp1-D21-mediated HR, likely by sequestrating Rp1-D21 in endosomes via physical interaction. Our findings reveal the role of ESCRT components in controlling plant NLR-mediated defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Shijun Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Xiangguo Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Guan-Feng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
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5
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Osorio-Navarro C, Toledo J, Norambuena L. Sucrose targets clathrin-mediated endocytosis kinetics supporting cell elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:987191. [PMID: 36330253 PMCID: PMC9623095 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.987191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose is a central regulator of plant growth and development, coordinating cell division and cell elongation according to the energy status of plants. Sucrose is known to stimulate bulk endocytosis in cultured cells; however, its physiological role has not been described to date. Our work shows that sucrose supplementation induces root cell elongation and endocytosis. Sucrose targets clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in epidermal cells. Its presence decreases the abundance of both the clathrin coating complex and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate at the plasma membrane, while increasing clathrin complex abundance in intracellular spaces. Sucrose decreases the plasma membrane residence time of the clathrin complex, indicating that it controls the kinetics of endocytic vesicle formation and internalization. CME regulation by sucrose is inducible and reversible; this on/off mechanism reveals an endocytosis-mediated mechanism for sensing plant energy status and signaling root elongation. The sucrose monosaccharide fructose also induces CME, while glucose and mannitol have no effect, demonstrating the specificity of the process. Overall, our data show that sucrose can mediate CME, which demonstrates that sucrose signaling for plant growth and development is dependent on endomembrane trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Osorio-Navarro
- Department of Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Plant Molecular Biology Centre, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Toledo
- Red de Equipamiento Científico Avanzado (REDECA), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Norambuena
- Department of Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Plant Molecular Biology Centre, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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6
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Medina-Puche L, Lozano-Durán R. Plasma membrane-to-organelle communication in plant stress signaling. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 69:102269. [PMID: 35939892 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular compartments engage in extensive communication with one another, an essential ability for cells to respond and adapt to changing environmental and developmental conditions. The plasma membrane (PM), as the interface between the cellular and the outside media, plays a central role in the perception and relay of information about external stimuli, which needs to be ultimately addressed to the relevant subcellular organelles. Interest in PM-organelle communication has increased dramatically in recent years, as examples arise that illustrate different strategies through which information from the PM can be transmitted. In this review, we will discuss mechanisms enabling PM-to-organelle communication in plants, specifically in biotic and abiotic stress signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Medina-Puche
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rosa Lozano-Durán
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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7
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Leibman-Markus M, Schuster S, Vasquez-Soto B, Bar M, Avni A, Pizarro L. Dynamin-Related Proteins Enhance Tomato Immunity by Mediating Pattern Recognition Receptor Trafficking. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12080760. [PMID: 36005675 PMCID: PMC9415932 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12080760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptor (PRR) trafficking to the plasma membrane and endocytosis plays a crucial role in pattern triggered immunity (PTI). Dynamin-related proteins (DRPs) participate in endocytosis and recycling. In Arabidopsis, DRP1 and DRP2 are involved in plasma membrane scission during endocytosis. They are required for the PRR FLS2 endocytosis induction and PTI activation after elicitation with flg22, the MAMP recognized by FLS2. In tomato, SlDRP2A regulates the PRR LeEIX2 endocytosis and PTI activation in response to EIX, the MAMP recognized by LeEIX2. However, it is unknown if other DRPs participate in these processes. Taking advantage of bioinformatics tools, we selected SlDRP2B among the eight DRP2 tomato orthologues to study its functionality in trafficking and plant immunity. Through transient expression of SlDRP1B and its dominant-negative mutant on Nicotiana benthamiana and Nicotiana tabacum, we analyzed SlDRP1B function. We observed that SlDRP1B is physically associated with the LeEIX2 and modifies LeEIX2 trafficking, increasing its presence in endosomes. An enhancement of EIX-elicitated defense responses accompanies the role of SlDRP1B on LeEIX endocytosis. In addition, SlDRP1B overexpression enhanced flg22-elicited defense response. With these results, we conclude that SlDRP1B regulates PRR trafficking and, therefore, plant immunity, similarly to the SlDRP2A role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirav Leibman-Markus
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (M.L.-M.); (S.S.); (A.A.)
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, ARO, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel;
| | - Silvia Schuster
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (M.L.-M.); (S.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Beatriz Vasquez-Soto
- Institute of Agri-Food, Animal and Environmental Sciences, Universidad de O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile;
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, ARO, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel;
| | - Adi Avni
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (M.L.-M.); (S.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Lorena Pizarro
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (M.L.-M.); (S.S.); (A.A.)
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, ARO, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel;
- Institute of Agri-Food, Animal and Environmental Sciences, Universidad de O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-233-286-050
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8
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Guo X, Liu N, Zhang Y, Chen J. Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Active Sites of GH45 Endoglucanohydrolase from Rhizoctonia solani. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:355-363. [PMID: 34165320 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-21-0164-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A 207-amino-acid residue endoglucanohydrolase (EG1) belonging to the glycoside hydrolase 45 (GH45) from Rhizoctonia solani acts as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP). However, the mechanism of EG1 inducing plant immunity is unclear. Here, we found that EG1 contains two domains related to its PAMP function. Transient expression showed that EG1-1, the mutation deleting 60 amino acid residues from the N-terminal, still reserved the PAMP function. Further truncation of EG1-1 obtained two truncating mutations: EG1-2, deleting seven amino acid residues from the N-terminal of EG1-1 (SPWAVND), and EG1-3, deleting five amino acid residues from the C-terminal of EG1-1 (GCSRK). Transient expression showed that the two truncating mutations EG1-2 and EG1-3 all lost the PAMP function. Site-directed mutagenesis of EG1-1 showed that the three amino acid residues (P, W, and D) in the region SPWAVND and the two amino acid residues (C and R) in the region GCSRK were involved in the PAMP function. The homology model showed that the two regions were located at a surface on the EG1 and structurally independent. These results demonstrate that there are two functional regions for the plant immune function of the EG1 released by R. solani, and the two functional regions are independent of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuna Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Jinyin Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
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9
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Robb EJ, Nazar RN. Tomato Ve-resistance locus: resilience in the face of adversity? PLANTA 2021; 254:126. [PMID: 34811576 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03783-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Ve-resistance locus in tomato acts as a resilience gene by affecting both the stress/defense cascade and growth, constituting a signaling intercept with a competitive regulatory mechanism. For decades, the tomato Ve-gene has been recognized as a classical resistance R-gene, inherited as a dominant Mendelian trait and encoding a receptor protein that binds with a fungal effector to provide defense against Verticillium dahliae and V. albo-atrum. However, recent molecular studies suggest that the function and role(s) of the Ve-locus and the two proteins that it encodes are more complex than previously understood. This review summarizes both the background and recent molecular evidence and provides a reinterpretation of the function and role(s) of the Ve1- and Ve2-genes and proteins that better accommodates existing data. It is proposed that these two plasma membrane proteins interact to form a signaling intercept that directly links defense and growth. The induction of Ve1 by infection or wounding promotes growth but also downregulates Ve2 signaling, resulting in a decreased biosynthesis of PR proteins. In this context, the Ve1 R-gene acts as a Resilience gene rather than a Resistance gene, promoting taller more robust tomato plants with reduced symptoms (biotic and abiotic) and Verticillium concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jane Robb
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Ross N Nazar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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10
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Sussholz O, Pizarro L, Schuster S, Avni A. SlRLK-like is a malectin-like domain protein affecting localization and abundance of LeEIX2 receptor resulting in suppression of EIX-induced immune responses. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:1369-1381. [PMID: 33048397 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The first line of plant defense occurs when a plant pattern recognition receptor (PRR) recognizes microbe-associated molecular patterns. Plant PRRs are either receptor-like kinases (RLKs), which have an extracellular domain for ligand binding, a single-pass transmembrane domain, and an intracellular kinase domain for activating downstream signaling, or receptor-like proteins (RLPs), which share the same overall structure but lack an intracellular kinase domain. The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) LeEIX2 is an RLP that binds ethylene-inducing xylanase (EIX), a fungal elicitor. To identify LeEIX2 receptor interactors, we conducted a yeast two-hybrid screen and found a tomato protein that we termed SlRLK-like. The interaction of LeEIX2 with SlRLK-like was verified using co-immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. The defense responses induced by EIX were markedly reduced when SlRLK-like was overexpressed in Nicotiana benthamiana or Nicotiana tabacum, and knockout of SlRLK-like using the CRISPR/Cas9 system increased EIX-induced ethylene production and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (SlACS2) gene expression in tomato. Co-expression of SlRLK-like with LeEIX2 led to a reduction in its abundance, apparently through an endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation process. Notably, truncation of SlRLK-like protein revealed that the malectin-like domain is sufficient and essential for its function. Moreover, SlRLK-like associated with the RLK FLS2, resulting in its degradation and concomitantly a reduction of the flagellin 22 (flg22)-induced burst of reactive oxygen species. In addition, SlRLK-like co-expression with other RLPs, Ve1 and AtRLP23, also led to a reduction in their abundance. Our findings suggest that SlRLK-like leads to a decreased stability of various PRRs, leading to a reduction in their abundance and resulting in attenuation of defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orian Sussholz
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Lorena Pizarro
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Silvia Schuster
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Adi Avni
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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11
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Gupta R, Pizarro L, Leibman‐Markus M, Marash I, Bar M. Cytokinin response induces immunity and fungal pathogen resistance, and modulates trafficking of the PRR LeEIX2 in tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1287-1306. [PMID: 32841497 PMCID: PMC7488468 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant immunity is often defined by the immunity hormones: salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET). These hormones are well known for differentially regulating defence responses against pathogens. In recent years, the involvement of other plant growth hormones such as auxin, gibberellic acid, abscisic acid, and cytokinins (CKs) in biotic stresses has been recognized. Previous reports have indicated that endogenous and exogenous CK treatment can result in pathogen resistance. We show here that CK induces systemic immunity in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), modulating cellular trafficking of the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) LeEIX2, which mediates immune responses to Xyn11 family xylanases, and promoting resistance to Botrytis cinerea and Oidium neolycopersici in an SA- and ET-dependent mechanism. CK perception within the host underlies its protective effect. Our results support the notion that CK promotes pathogen resistance by inducing immunity in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Gupta
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchInstitute of Plant ProtectionAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Lorena Pizarro
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchInstitute of Plant ProtectionAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
- School of Plant Sciences and Food SecurityTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Present address:
Institute of Agri‐food, Animal and Environmental SciencesUniversidad de O'HigginsChile
| | - Meirav Leibman‐Markus
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchInstitute of Plant ProtectionAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Iftah Marash
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchInstitute of Plant ProtectionAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
- School of Plant Sciences and Food SecurityTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchInstitute of Plant ProtectionAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
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12
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Johnson A, Gnyliukh N, Kaufmann WA, Narasimhan M, Vert G, Bednarek SY, Friml J. Experimental toolbox for quantitative evaluation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in the plant model Arabidopsis. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs248062. [PMID: 32616560 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.248062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is a crucial cellular process implicated in many aspects of plant growth, development, intra- and intercellular signaling, nutrient uptake and pathogen defense. Despite these significant roles, little is known about the precise molecular details of how CME functions in planta To facilitate the direct quantitative study of plant CME, we review current routinely used methods and present refined, standardized quantitative imaging protocols that allow the detailed characterization of CME at multiple scales in plant tissues. These protocols include: (1) an efficient electron microscopy protocol for the imaging of Arabidopsis CME vesicles in situ, thus providing a method for the detailed characterization of the ultrastructure of clathrin-coated vesicles; (2) a detailed protocol and analysis for quantitative live-cell fluorescence microscopy to precisely examine the temporal interplay of endocytosis components during single CME events; (3) a semi-automated analysis to allow the quantitative characterization of global internalization of cargos in whole plant tissues; and (4) an overview and validation of useful genetic and pharmacological tools to interrogate the molecular mechanisms and function of CME in intact plant samples.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Johnson
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Nataliia Gnyliukh
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Walter A Kaufmann
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Grégory Vert
- Plant Science Research Laboratory (LRSV), UMR5546 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, 31320 Auzeville Tolosane, France
| | | | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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A gain of function mutation in SlNRC4a enhances basal immunity resulting in broad-spectrum disease resistance. Commun Biol 2020; 3:404. [PMID: 32732974 PMCID: PMC7393091 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01130-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants rely on innate immunity to perceive and ward off microbes and pests, and are able to overcome the majority of invading microorganisms. Even so, specialized pathogens overcome plant defenses, posing a persistent threat to crop and food security worldwide, raising the need for agricultural products with broad, efficient resistance. Here we report a specific mutation in a tomato (S. lycopersicum) helper nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat H-NLR, SlNRC4a, which results in gain of function constitutive basal defense activation, in absence of PRR activation. Knockout of the entire NRC4 clade in tomato was reported to compromise Rpi-blb2 mediated immunity. The SlNRC4a mutant reported here possesses enhanced immunity and disease resistance to a broad-spectrum of pathogenic fungi, bacteria and pests, while lacking auto-activated HR or negative effects on plant growth and crop yield, providing promising prospects for agricultural adaptation in the war against plant pathogens that decrease productivity. Lorena Pizarro, Meirav Leibman-Markus et al. explore the genetic mechanisms for plant innate immunity. They functionally characterize a gain of function mutation in SlNRC4a in tomato. They characterize the structure of the mutant protein and functionally demonstrate that it confers broad-spectrum resistance without triggering a hypersensitive response or negatively impacting plant growth and crop yield.
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14
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Huang L, Li X, Zhang C. Progress in using chemical biology as a tool to uncover novel regulators of plant endomembrane trafficking. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 52:106-113. [PMID: 31546132 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The regulated dynamic transport of materials among organelles through endomembrane trafficking pathways is essential for plant growth, development, and environmental adaptation, and thus is a major topic of plant biology research. Large-scale chemical library screens have identified small molecules that could potentially inhibit different plant endomembrane trafficking steps. Further characterization of these molecules has provided valuable tools for understanding plant endomembrane trafficking and uncovered novel regulators of trafficking processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States; Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States; Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States; Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States.
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15
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Niehl A, Heinlein M. Perception of double-stranded RNA in plant antiviral immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1203-1210. [PMID: 30942534 PMCID: PMC6715784 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
RNA silencing and antiviral pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) both rely on recognition of double-stranded (ds)RNAs as defence-inducing signals. While dsRNA recognition by dicer-like proteins during antiviral RNA silencing is thoroughly investigated, the molecular mechanisms involved in dsRNA perception leading to antiviral PTI are just about to be untangled. Parallels to antimicrobial PTI thereby only partially facilitate our view on antiviral PTI. PTI against microbial pathogens involves plasma membrane bound receptors; however, dsRNAs produced during virus infection occur intracellularly. Hence, how dsRNA may be perceived during this immune response is still an open question. In this short review, we describe recent discoveries in PTI signalling upon sensing of microbial patterns and endogenous 'danger' molecules with emphasis on immune signalling-associated subcellular trafficking processes in plants. Based on these studies, we develop different scenarios how dsRNAs could be sensed during antiviral PTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Niehl
- Julius Kühn‐Institute, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen DiagnosticsMesseweg 11‐12D‐38104BraunschweigGermany
| | - Manfred Heinlein
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMP UPR235712 rue du Général ZimmerF‐67000StrasbourgFrance
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16
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Ekanayake G, LaMontagne ED, Heese A. Never Walk Alone: Clathrin-Coated Vesicle (CCV) Components in Plant Immunity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 57:387-409. [PMID: 31386597 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-045841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
At the host-pathogen interface, the protein composition of the plasma membrane (PM) has important implications for how a plant cell perceives and responds to invading microbial pathogens. A plant's ability to modulate its PM composition is critical for regulating the strength, duration, and integration of immune responses. One mechanism by which plant cells reprogram their cell surface is vesicular trafficking, including secretion and endocytosis. These trafficking processes add or remove cargo proteins (such as pattern-recognition receptors, transporters, and other proteins with immune functions) to or from the PM via small, membrane-bound vesicles. Clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) that form at the PM and trans-Golgi network/early endosomes have emerged as the prominent vesicle type in the regulation of plant immune responses. In this review, we discuss the roles of the CCV core, adaptors, and accessory components in plant defense signaling and immunity against various microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayani Ekanayake
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA; ,
| | - Erica D LaMontagne
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA; ,
| | - Antje Heese
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA; ,
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17
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Wan WL, Fröhlich K, Pruitt RN, Nürnberger T, Zhang L. Plant cell surface immune receptor complex signaling. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 50:18-28. [PMID: 30878771 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant plasma membrane pattern recognition receptors are key to microbe sensing and activation of immunity to microbial invasion. Plants employ several types of such receptors that differ mainly in the structure of their ectodomains and the presence or absence of a cytoplasmic protein kinase domain. Plant immune receptors do not function as single entities, but form larger complexes which undergo compositional changes in a ligand-dependent manner. Here, we highlight current knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying receptor complex dynamics and regulation, and cover early signaling networks implicated in the activation of generic plant immune responses. We further discuss how an increasingly comprehensive set of immune receptors may be employed to engineer crop plants with enhanced, durable resistance to microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lin Wan
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Fröhlich
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rory N Pruitt
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - Lisha Zhang
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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18
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Dejonghe W, Sharma I, Denoo B, De Munck S, Lu Q, Mishev K, Bulut H, Mylle E, De Rycke R, Vasileva M, Savatin DV, Nerinckx W, Staes A, Drozdzecki A, Audenaert D, Yperman K, Madder A, Friml J, Van Damme D, Gevaert K, Haucke V, Savvides SN, Winne J, Russinova E. Disruption of endocytosis through chemical inhibition of clathrin heavy chain function. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:641-649. [DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Pizarro L, Leibman-Markus M, Schuster S, Bar M, Avni A. Tomato Dynamin Related Protein 2A Associates With LeEIX2 and Enhances PRR Mediated Defense by Modulating Receptor Trafficking. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:936. [PMID: 31379912 PMCID: PMC6658876 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The endocytic trafficking pathway is employed by the plant to regulate immune responses, and is often targeted by pathogen effectors to promote virulence. The model system of the tomato receptor-like protein (RLP) LeEIX2 and its ligand, the elicitor EIX, employs endocytosis to transmit receptor-mediated signals, with some of the signaling events occurring directly from endosomal compartments. Here, to explore the trafficking mechanism of LeEIX2-mediated immune signaling, we used a proteomic approach to identify LeEIX2-associating proteins. We report the identification of SlDRP2A, a dynamin related protein, as an associating partner for LeEIX2. SlDRP2A localizes at the plasma membrane. Overexpression of SlDRP2A increases the sub-population of LeEIX2 in VHAa1 endosomes, and enhances LeEIX2- and FLS2-mediated defense. The effect of SlDRP2A on induction of plant immunity highlights the importance of endomembrane components and endocytosis in signal propagation during plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Pizarro
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon, Israel
| | - Meirav Leibman-Markus
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon, Israel
| | - Silvia Schuster
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon, Israel
- *Correspondence: Maya Bar,
| | - Adi Avni
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- *Correspondence: Adi Avni,
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20
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Wu G, Cui X, Chen H, Renaud JB, Yu K, Chen X, Wang A. Dynamin-Like Proteins of Endocytosis in Plants Are Coopted by Potyviruses To Enhance Virus Infection. J Virol 2018; 92:e01320-18. [PMID: 30258010 PMCID: PMC6232491 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01320-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis and endosomal trafficking regulate the proteins targeted to the plasma membrane and play essential roles in diverse cellular processes, including responses to pathogen attack. Here, we report the identification of Glycine max (soybean) endocytosis dynamin-like protein 5A (GmSDL5A) associated with purified soybean mosaic virus (SMV) virions from soybean using a bottom-up proteomics approach. Knockdown of GmSDL5A and its homologous gene GmSDL12A inhibits SMV infection in soybean. The role of analogous dynamin-like proteins in potyvirus infection was further confirmed and investigated using the Arabidopsis/turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) pathosystem. We demonstrate that dynamin-related proteins 2A and 2B in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtDRP2A, AtDRP2B), homologs of GmSDL5A, are recruited to the virus replication complex (VRC) of TuMV. TuMV infection is inhibited in both A. thalianadrp2a (atdrp2a) and atdrp2b knockout mutants. Overexpression of AtDRP2 promotes TuMV replication and intercellular movement. AtRDP2 interacts with TuMV VPg, CP, CI, and 6K2. Of these viral proteins, VPg, CP, and CI are essential for viral intercellular movement, and 6K2, VPg, and CI are critical components of the VRC. We reveal that VPg and CI are present in the punctate structures labeled by the endocytic tracer FM4-64, suggesting that VPg and CI can be endocytosed. Treatment of plant leaves with a dynamin-specific inhibitor disrupts the delivery of VPg and CI to endocytic structures and suppresses TuMV replication and intercellular movement. Taken together, these data suggest that dynamin-like proteins are novel host factors of potyviruses and that endocytic processes are involved in potyvirus infection.IMPORTANCE It is well known that animal viruses enter host cells via endocytosis, whereas plant viruses require physical assistance, such as human and insect activities, to penetrate the host cell to establish their infection. In this study, we report that the endocytosis pathway is also involved in virus infection in plants. We show that plant potyviruses recruit endocytosis dynamin-like proteins to support their infection. Depletion of them by knockout of the corresponding genes suppresses virus replication, whereas overexpression of them enhances virus replication and intercellular movement. We also demonstrate that the dynamin-like proteins interact with several viral proteins that are essential for virus replication and cell-to-cell movement. We further show that treatment of a dynamin-specific inhibitor disrupts endocytosis and inhibits virus replication and intercellular movement. Therefore, the dynamin-like proteins are novel host factors of potyviruses. The corresponding genes may be manipulated using advanced biotechnology to control potyviral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanwei Wu
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaoyan Cui
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hui Chen
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin B Renaud
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kangfu Yu
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Leibman-Markus M, Pizarro L, Schuster S, Lin ZD, Gershony O, Bar M, Coaker G, Avni A. The intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptor (SlNRC4a) enhances immune signalling elicited by extracellular perception. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:2313-2327. [PMID: 29790585 PMCID: PMC7266068 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant recognition and defence against pathogens employs a two-tiered perception system. Surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) act to recognize microbial features, whereas intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) directly or indirectly recognize pathogen effectors inside host cells. Employing the tomato PRR LeEIX2/EIX model system, we explored the molecular mechanism of signalling pathways. We identified an NLR that can associate with LeEIX2, termed SlNRC4a (NB-LRR required for hypersensitive response-associated cell death-4). Co-immunoprecipitation demonstrates that SlNRC4a is able to associate with different PRRs. Physiological assays with specific elicitors revealed that SlNRC4a generally alters PRR-mediated responses. SlNRC4a overexpression enhances defence responses, whereas silencing SlNRC4 reduces plant immunity. Moreover, the coiled-coil domain of SlNRC4a is able to associate with LeEIX2 and is sufficient to enhance responses upon EIX perception. On the basis of these findings, we propose that SlNRC4a acts as a noncanonical positive regulator of immunity mediated by diverse PRRs. Thus, SlNRC4a could link both intracellular and extracellular immune perceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorena Pizarro
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Silvia Schuster
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Z.J. Daniel Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Ofir Gershony
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Adi Avni
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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22
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Hirakawa Y, Hasezawa S, Higaki T. Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Stimulated Endocytosis in Tobacco BY-2 Cells Treated with Erwinia carotovora Culture Filtrate. CYTOLOGIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.83.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Hirakawa
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Seiichiro Hasezawa
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Takumi Higaki
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University
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23
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Claus LAN, Savatin DV, Russinova E. The crossroads of receptor-mediated signaling and endocytosis in plants. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:827-840. [PMID: 29877613 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants deploy numerous plasma membrane receptors to sense and rapidly react to environmental changes. Correct localization and adequate protein levels of the cell-surface receptors are critical for signaling activation and modulation of plant development and defense against pathogens. After ligand binding, receptors are internalized for degradation and signaling attenuation. However, one emerging notion is that the ligand-induced endocytosis of receptor complexes is important for the signal duration, amplitude, and specificity. Recently, mutants of major endocytosis players, including clathrin and dynamin, have been shown to display defects in activation of a subset of signal transduction pathways, implying that signaling in plants might not be solely restricted to the plasma membrane. Here, we summarize the up-to-date knowledge of receptor complex endocytosis and its effect on the signaling outcome, in the context of plant development and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Alves Neubus Claus
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniel V Savatin
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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24
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Nazar RN, Xu X, Kurosky A, Robb J. Antagonistic function of the Ve R-genes in tomato. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 98:67-79. [PMID: 30121732 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0764-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Key message In Verticillium wilt, gene silencing indicates that tomato Ve2-gene expression can have a dramatic effect on many defense/stress protein levels while Ve1-gene induction modulates these effects in a negative fashion. In tomato, Verticillium resistance is dependent on the Ve R-gene locus, which encodes two leucine-rich repeat receptor-like proteins, Ve1 and Ve2. During fungal wilt, Ve1 protein is sharply induced while Ve2 appears expressed constitutively throughout disease development; the disease resistance function usually is attributed to the Ve1 receptor alone. To study Ve2 function, levels of Ve2 mRNA were suppressed using RNAi in both susceptible and resistant Craigella tomato near-isolines and protein changes were evaluated at both the mRNA and protein levels. The results indicate that Ve2-gene expression can have dramatic effects on many defense/stress protein levels while the presence of intact Ve1 protein minimizes these effects in a negative fashion. The data suggest an antagonistic relationship between the Ve proteins in which Ve1 modulates the induction of defense/stress proteins by Ve2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross N Nazar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Alexander Kurosky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Jane Robb
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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25
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Liu C, Shen W, Yang C, Zeng L, Gao C. Knowns and unknowns of plasma membrane protein degradation in plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 272:55-61. [PMID: 29807606 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membrane (PM) not only creates a physical barrier to enclose the intracellular compartments but also mediates the direct communication between plants and the ever-changing environment. A tight control of PM protein homeostasis by selective degradation is thus crucial for proper plant development and plant-environment interactions. Accumulated evidences have shown that a number of plant PM proteins undergo clathrin-dependent or membrane microdomain-associated endocytic routes to vacuole for degradation in a cargo-ubiquitination dependent or independent manner. Besides, several trans-acting determinants involved in the regulation of endocytosis, recycling and multivesicular body-mediated vacuolar sorting have been identified in plants. More interestingly, recent findings have uncovered the participation of selective autophagy in PM protein turnover in plants. Although great progresses have been made to identify the PM proteins that undergo dynamic changes in subcellular localizations and to explore the factors that control the membrane protein trafficking, several questions remain to be answered regarding the molecular mechanisms of PM protein degradation in plants. In this short review article, we briefly summarize recent progress in our understanding of the internalization, sorting and degradation of plant PM proteins. More specifically, we focus on discussing the elusive aspects underlying the pathways of PM protein degradation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanliang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Wenjin Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Lizhang Zeng
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Caiji Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
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26
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Pizarro L, Leibman-Markus M, Schuster S, Bar M, Meltz T, Avni A. Tomato Prenylated RAB Acceptor Protein 1 Modulates Trafficking and Degradation of the Pattern Recognition Receptor LeEIX2, Affecting the Innate Immune Response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:257. [PMID: 29545816 PMCID: PMC5838007 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants recognize microbial/pathogen associated molecular patterns (MAMP/PAMP) through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) triggering an immune response against pathogen progression. MAMP/PAMP triggered immune response requires PRR endocytosis and trafficking for proper deployment. LeEIX2 is a well-known Solanum lycopersicum RLP-PRR, able to recognize and respond to the fungal MAMP/PAMP ethylene-inducing xylanase (EIX), and its function is highly dependent on intracellular trafficking. Identifying protein machinery components regulating LeEIX2 intracellular trafficking is crucial to our understanding of LeEIX2 mediated immune responses. In this work, we identified a novel trafficking protein, SlPRA1A, a predicted regulator of RAB, as an interactor of LeEIX2. Overexpression of SlPRA1A strongly decreases LeEIX2 endosomal localization, as well as LeEIX2 protein levels. Accordingly, the innate immune responses to EIX are markedly reduced by SlPRA1A overexpression, presumably due to a decreased LeEIX2 availability. Studies into the role of SlPRA1A in LeEIX2 trafficking revealed that LeEIX2 localization in multivesicular bodies/late endosomes is augmented by SlPRA1A. Furthermore, inhibiting vacuolar function prevents the LeEIX2 protein level reduction mediated by SlPRA1A, suggesting that SlPRA1A may redirect LeEIX2 trafficking to the vacuole for degradation. Interestingly, SlPRA1A overexpression reduces the amount of several RLP-PRRs, but does not affect the protein level of receptor-like kinase PRRs, suggesting a specific role of SlPRA1A in RLP-PRR trafficking and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Pizarro
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Silvia Schuster
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Tal Meltz
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adi Avni
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- *Correspondence: Adi Avni,
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Horner DS, Pasini ME, Beltrame M, Mastrodonato V, Morelli E, Vaccari T. ESCRT genes and regulation of developmental signaling. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 74:29-39. [PMID: 28847745 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport) proteins have been shown to control an increasing number of membrane-associated processes. Some of these, and prominently regulation of receptor trafficking, profoundly shape signal transduction. Evidence in fungi, plants and multiple animal models support the emerging concept that ESCRTs are main actors in coordination of signaling with the changes in cells and tissues occurring during development and homeostasis. Consistent with their pleiotropic function, ESCRTs are regulated in multiple ways to tailor signaling to developmental and homeostatic needs. ESCRT activity is crucial to correct execution of developmental programs, especially at key transitions, allowing eukaryotes to thrive and preventing appearance of congenital defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Horner
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria E Pasini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Beltrame
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Valeria Mastrodonato
- IFOM, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Morelli
- IFOM, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Thomas Vaccari
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; IFOM, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy.
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28
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Erwig J, Ghareeb H, Kopischke M, Hacke R, Matei A, Petutschnig E, Lipka V. Chitin-induced and CHITIN ELICITOR RECEPTOR KINASE1 (CERK1) phosphorylation-dependent endocytosis of Arabidopsis thaliana LYSIN MOTIF-CONTAINING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE5 (LYK5). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:382-396. [PMID: 28513921 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To detect potential pathogens, plants perceive the fungal polysaccharide chitin through receptor complexes containing lysin motif receptor-like kinases (LysM-RLKs). To investigate the ligand-induced spatial dynamics of chitin receptor components, we studied the subcellular behaviour of two Arabidopsis thaliana LysM-RLKs involved in chitin signalling, CHITIN ELICITOR RECEPTOR KINASE1 (CERK1) and LYSIN MOTIF-CONTAINING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE5. We performed standard and quantitative confocal laser scanning microscopy on stably transformed A. thaliana plants expressing fluorescently tagged CERK1 and LYK5 from their native promoters. Microscopy approaches were complemented by biochemical analyses in plants and in vitro. Both CERK1 and LYK5 localized to the plasma membrane and showed constitutive endomembrane trafficking. After chitin treatment, however, CERK1 remained at the plasma membrane while LYK5 relocalized into mobile intracellular vesicles. Detailed analyses revealed that chitin perception transiently induced the internalization of LYK5 into late endocytic compartments. Plants that lacked CERK1 or expressed an enzymatically inactive CERK1 variant did not exhibit chitin-induced endocytosis of LYK5. CERK1 could phosphorylate LYK5 in vitro and chitin treatment induced CERK1-dependent phosphorylation of LYK5 in planta. Our results suggest that chitin-induced phosphorylation by CERK1 triggers LYK5 internalization. Thus, our work identifies phosphorylation as a key regulatory step in endocytosis of plant RLKs and also provides evidence for receptor complex dissociation after ligand perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Erwig
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hassan Ghareeb
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Michaela Kopischke
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ronja Hacke
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Matei
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elena Petutschnig
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Volker Lipka
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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Chen J, Li N, Ma X, Gupta VK, Zhang D, Li T, Dai X. The Ectopic Overexpression of the Cotton Ve1 and Ve2-Homolog Sequences Leads to Resistance Response to Verticillium Wilt in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:844. [PMID: 28611793 PMCID: PMC5447073 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt, caused by the Verticillium dahliae phytopathogen, is a devastating disease affecting many economically important crops. A receptor-like protein (RLP) gene, Ve1, has been reported to confer resistance to V. dahliae in tomato plants, but few genes have been found to be involved in cotton Verticillium wilt resistance. Here, we cloned two RLP gene homologs, Gossypium barbadense resistance gene to Verticillium dahliae 1 (GbaVd1) and GbaVd2, from the Verticillium wilt-resistant cultivar G. barbadense cv. Hai7124. GbaVd1 and GbaVd2 display sequence divergence, but both encode typical RLPs. Virus-induced gene silencing of GbaVd1 or GbaVd2 compromised the resistance of cotton to V. dahliae, and both genes conferred Verticillium wilt resistance after interfamily transfer into Arabidopsis. Microarray analysis revealed that GbaVd1 and GbaVd2 participate in Verticillium wilt resistance in Arabidopsis through activation of defense responses, including the endocytosis process, signaling factors, transcription factors and reinforcement of the cell wall, as demonstrated by lignification in Arabidopsis transgenic plants. In addition, microarray analysis showed that GbaVd1 and GbaVd2 differentially mediate resistance signaling and activation of defense responses after overexpression in Arabidopsis. Thus, GbaVd1 and GbaVd2 encode RLPs and act as disease resistance genes that mediate the defense response against V. dahliae in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyin Chen
- Laboratory of Cotton Diseases, The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Nanyang Li
- Laboratory of Cotton Diseases, The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Ma
- Laboratory of Cotton Diseases, The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Vijai K. Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, ERA Chair of Green Chemistry, School of Science, Tallinn University of TechnologyTallinn, Estonia
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Laboratory of Cotton Diseases, The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Tinggang Li
- Laboratory of Cotton Diseases, The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Dai
- Laboratory of Cotton Diseases, The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaofeng Dai
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30
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Contributions of host cellular trafficking and organization to the outcomes of plant-pathogen interactions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 56:163-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Niehl A, Wyrsch I, Boller T, Heinlein M. Double-stranded RNAs induce a pattern-triggered immune signaling pathway in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:1008-19. [PMID: 27030513 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) is a plant defense response that relies on the perception of conserved microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs or PAMPs, respectively). Recently, it has been recognized that PTI restricts virus infection in plants; however, the nature of the viral or infection-induced PTI elicitors and the underlying signaling pathways are still unknown. As double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) are conserved molecular patterns associated with virus replication, we applied dsRNAs or synthetic dsRNA analogs to Arabidopsis thaliana and investigated PTI responses. We show that in vitro-generated dsRNAs, dsRNAs purified from virus-infected plants and the dsRNA analog polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) induce typical PTI responses dependent on the co-receptor SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1 (SERK1), but independent of dicer-like (DCL) proteins in Arabidopsis. Moreover, dsRNA treatment of Arabidopsis induces SERK1-dependent antiviral resistance. Screening of Arabidopsis wild accessions demonstrates natural variability in dsRNA sensitivity. Our findings suggest that dsRNAs represent genuine PAMPs in plants, which induce a signaling cascade involving SERK1 and a specific dsRNA receptor. The dependence of dsRNA-mediated PTI on SERK1, but not on DCLs, implies that dsRNA-mediated PTI involves membrane-associated processes and operates independently of RNA silencing. dsRNA sensitivity may represent a useful trait to increase antiviral resistance in cultivated plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Niehl
- Botany, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Ines Wyrsch
- Botany, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Boller
- Botany, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Heinlein
- Botany, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR 2357, Strasbourg, 67000, France
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32
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Dejonghe W, Kuenen S, Mylle E, Vasileva M, Keech O, Viotti C, Swerts J, Fendrych M, Ortiz-Morea FA, Mishev K, Delang S, Scholl S, Zarza X, Heilmann M, Kourelis J, Kasprowicz J, Nguyen LSL, Drozdzecki A, Van Houtte I, Szatmári AM, Majda M, Baisa G, Bednarek SY, Robert S, Audenaert D, Testerink C, Munnik T, Van Damme D, Heilmann I, Schumacher K, Winne J, Friml J, Verstreken P, Russinova E. Mitochondrial uncouplers inhibit clathrin-mediated endocytosis largely through cytoplasmic acidification. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11710. [PMID: 27271794 PMCID: PMC4899852 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP production requires the establishment of an electrochemical proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Mitochondrial uncouplers dissipate this proton gradient and disrupt numerous cellular processes, including vesicular trafficking, mainly through energy depletion. Here we show that Endosidin9 (ES9), a novel mitochondrial uncoupler, is a potent inhibitor of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in different systems and that ES9 induces inhibition of CME not because of its effect on cellular ATP, but rather due to its protonophore activity that leads to cytoplasm acidification. We show that the known tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostinA23, which is routinely used to block CME, displays similar properties, thus questioning its use as a specific inhibitor of cargo recognition by the AP-2 adaptor complex via tyrosine motif-based endocytosis signals. Furthermore, we show that cytoplasm acidification dramatically affects the dynamics and recruitment of clathrin and associated adaptors, and leads to reduction of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate from the plasma membrane. Plant cells maintain strict proton gradients over different membranes. Here, Dejonghe et al. show that several protonophores, including the known tyrosine kinase inhibitor TyrphostinA23, inhibit clathrin-mediated endocytosis by disturbing these gradients and causing cytoplasmic acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Dejonghe
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Sabine Kuenen
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Laboratory of Neuronal Communication, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department for Human Genetics, and Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evelien Mylle
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Mina Vasileva
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Olivier Keech
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Corrado Viotti
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jef Swerts
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Laboratory of Neuronal Communication, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department for Human Genetics, and Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matyáš Fendrych
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Fausto Andres Ortiz-Morea
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Kiril Mishev
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Simon Delang
- Developmental Biology of Plants, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Scholl
- Developmental Biology of Plants, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xavier Zarza
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mareike Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Jiorgos Kourelis
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaroslaw Kasprowicz
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Laboratory of Neuronal Communication, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department for Human Genetics, and Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Isabelle Van Houtte
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Anna-Mária Szatmári
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Mateusz Majda
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gary Baisa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - Stéphanie Robert
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Christa Testerink
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teun Munnik
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël Van Damme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Ingo Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Karin Schumacher
- Developmental Biology of Plants, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johan Winne
- Laboratory for Organic Synthesis, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Patrik Verstreken
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Laboratory of Neuronal Communication, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department for Human Genetics, and Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
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Hatsugai N, Hillmer R, Yamaoka S, Hara-Nishimura I, Katagiri F. The μ Subunit of Arabidopsis Adaptor Protein-2 Is Involved in Effector-Triggered Immunity Mediated by Membrane-Localized Resistance Proteins. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:345-51. [PMID: 26828402 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-15-0228-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis has been suggested to be important in the cellular processes of plant immune responses. However, our understanding of its role during effector-triggered immunity (ETI) is still limited. We have previously shown that plant endocytosis, especially clathrin-coated vesicle formation at the plasma membrane, is mediated by the adaptor protein-2 (AP-2) complex and that loss of the μ subunit of AP-2 (AP2M) affects plant growth and floral organ development. Here, we report that AP2M is required for full-strength ETI mediated by the disease resistance (R) genes RPM1 and RPS2 in Arabidopsis. Reduced ETI was observed in an ap2m mutant plant, measured by growth of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 strains carrying the corresponding effector genes avrRpm1 or avrRpt2 and by hypersensitive cell death response and defense gene expression triggered by these strains. In contrast, RPS4-mediated ETI and its associated immune responses were not affected by the ap2m mutation. While RPM1 and RPS2 are localized to the plasma membrane, RPS4 is localized to the cytoplasm and nucleus. Our results suggest that AP2M is involved in ETI mediated by plasma membrane-localized R proteins, possibly by mediating endocytosis of the immune receptor complex components from the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Hatsugai
- 1 Department of Plant Biology, Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, 1500 Gortner Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A.; and
| | - Rachel Hillmer
- 1 Department of Plant Biology, Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, 1500 Gortner Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A.; and
| | - Shohei Yamaoka
- 2 Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- 2 Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Katagiri
- 1 Department of Plant Biology, Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, 1500 Gortner Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A.; and
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Wang WM, Liu PQ, Xu YJ, Xiao S. Protein trafficking during plant innate immunity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 58:284-98. [PMID: 26345282 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a sophisticated immune system to fight against pathogenic microbes. Upon detection of pathogen invasion by immune receptors, the immune system is turned on, resulting in production of antimicrobial molecules including pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. Conceivably, an efficient immune response depends on the capacity of the plant cell's protein/membrane trafficking network to deploy the right defense-associated molecules in the right place at the right time. Recent research in this area shows that while the abundance of cell surface immune receptors is regulated by endocytosis, many intracellular immune receptors, when activated, are partitioned between the cytoplasm and the nucleus for induction of defense genes and activation of programmed cell death, respectively. Vesicle transport is an essential process for secretion of PR proteins to the apoplastic space and targeting of defense-related proteins to the plasma membrane or other endomembrane compartments. In this review, we discuss the various aspects of protein trafficking during plant immunity, with a focus on the immunity proteins on the move and the major components of the trafficking machineries engaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ming Wang
- Rice Research Institute & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Peng-Qiang Liu
- Rice Research Institute & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yong-Ju Xu
- Rice Research Institute & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research & Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
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35
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De Bigault Du Granrut A, Cacas JL. How Very-Long-Chain Fatty Acids Could Signal Stressful Conditions in Plants? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1490. [PMID: 27803703 PMCID: PMC5067520 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although encountered in minor amounts in plant cells, very-long-chain fatty acids exert crucial functions in developmental processes. When their levels are perturbed by means of genetic approaches, marked phenotypic consequences that range from severe growth retardation to embryo lethality was indeed reported. More recently, a growing body of findings has also accumulated that points to a potential role for these lipids as signals in governing both biotic and abiotic stress outcomes. In the present work, we discuss the latter theory and explore the ins and outs of very-long-chain fatty acid-based signaling in response to stress, with an attempt to reconcile two supposedly antagonistic parameters: the insoluble nature of fatty acids and their signaling function. To explain this apparent dilemma, we provide new interpretations of pre-existing data based on the fact that sphingolipids are the main reservoir of very-long-chain fatty acids in leaves. Thus, three non-exclusive, molecular scenarii that involve these lipids as membrane-embedded and free entities are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine De Bigault Du Granrut
- UMR1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Centre Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Versailles-Grignon, Institut Jean-Pierre BourginVersailles, France
| | - Jean-Luc Cacas
- UMR1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Centre Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Versailles-Grignon, Institut Jean-Pierre BourginVersailles, France
- Département Sciences de la Vie et Santé, AgroParisTech, UFR de Physiologie VégétaleParis, France
- *Correspondence: Jean-Luc Cacas ;
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36
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Frescatada-Rosa M, Robatzek S, Kuhn H. Should I stay or should I go? Traffic control for plant pattern recognition receptors. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 28:23-9. [PMID: 26344487 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants employ cell surface-localised receptors to recognise potential invaders via perception of microbe-derived molecules. This is mediated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that bind microbe-associated or damage-associated molecular patterns or perceive apoplastic effector proteins secreted by microorganisms. In either case, effective recognition and initiation of appropriate defence responses rely on a signalling competent pool of receptors at the cell surface. Maintenance of this pool of receptors at the plasma membrane is guaranteed by sorting of properly folded ligand-unbound and ligand-bound receptors via the secretory-endosomal network in an activation-dependent manner. Recent findings highlight that ligand-induced endocytosis is found across members of distinct PRR families suggesting a conserved mechanism by which PRRs and immunity is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.
| | - Hannah Kuhn
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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37
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Jelínková A, Müller K, Fílová-Pařezová M, Petrášek J. NtGNL1a ARF-GEF acts in endocytosis in tobacco cells. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:272. [PMID: 26541824 PMCID: PMC4635988 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0621-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Processes of anterograde and retrograde membrane trafficking play an important role in cellular homeostasis and dynamic rearrangements of the plasma membrane (PM) in all eukaryotes. These processes depend on the activity of adenosine ribosylation factors (ARFs), a family of GTP-binding proteins and their guanine exchange factors (GEFs). However, knowledge on the function and specificity of individual ARF-GEFs for individual steps of membrane trafficking pathways is still limited in plants. RESULTS In this work, treatments with various trafficking inhibitors showed that the endocytosis of FM 4-64 is largely dynamin-dependent and relies on proteins containing endocytic tyrosine-based internalization motif and intact cytoskeleton. Interestingly, brefeldin A (BFA), reported previously as an inhibitor of anterograde membrane trafficking in plants, appeared to be the most potent inhibitor of endocytosis in tobacco. In concert with this finding, we demonstrate that the point mutation in the Sec7 domain of the GNOM-LIKE protein1a (NtGNL1a) confers intracellular trafficking pathway-specific BFA resistance. The internalization of FM 4-64 and trafficking of PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1) auxin efflux carrier in BY-2 tobacco cells were studied to reveal the function of the ARF-GEF NtGNL1a in these. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our observations uncovered the role of NtGNL1a in endocytosis, including endocytosis of PM proteins (as PIN1 auxin efflux carrier). Moreover these data emphasize the need of careful evaluation of mode of action of non-native inhibitors in various species. In addition, they demonstrate the potential of tobacco BY-2 cells for selective mapping of ARF-GEF-regulated endomembrane trafficking pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Jelínková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Müller
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Markéta Fílová-Pařezová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Liu ZQ, Qiu AL, Shi LP, Cai JS, Huang XY, Yang S, Wang B, Shen L, Huang MK, Mou SL, Ma XL, Liu YY, Lin L, Wen JY, Tang Q, Shi W, Guan DY, Lai Y, He SL. SRC2-1 is required in PcINF1-induced pepper immunity by acting as an interacting partner of PcINF1. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:3683-98. [PMID: 25922484 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Elicitins are elicitors that can trigger hypersensitive cell death in most Nicotiana spp., but their underlying molecular mechanism is not well understood. The gene Phytophthora capsici INF1 (PcINF1) coding for an elicitin from P. capsici was characterized in this study. Transient overexpression of PcINF1 triggered cell death in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and was accompanied by upregulation of the hypersensitive response marker, Hypersensitive Induced Reaction gene 1 (HIR1), and the pathogenesis-related genes SAR82, DEF1, BPR1, and PO2. A putative PcINF1-interacting protein, SRC2-1, was isolated from a pepper cDNA library by yeast two-hybrid screening and was observed to target the plasma membrane. The interaction between PcINF1 and SRC2-1 was confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitation. Simultaneous transient overexpression of SRC2-1 and PcINF1 in pepper plants triggered intensive cell death, whereas silencing of SRC2-1 by virus-induced gene silencing blocked the cell death induction of PcINF1 and increased the susceptibility of pepper plants to P. capsici infection. Additionally, membrane targeting of the PcINF1-SRC2-1 complex was required for cell death induction. The C2 domain of SRC2-1 was crucial for SRC2-1 plasma membrane targeting and the PcINF1-SRC2-1 interaction. These results suggest that SRC2-1 interacts with PcINF1 and is required in PcINF1-induced pepper immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-qin Liu
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Ai-lian Qiu
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Lan-ping Shi
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Jin-sen Cai
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Xue-ying Huang
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Sheng Yang
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Lei Shen
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Mu-kun Huang
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Shao-liang Mou
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ling Ma
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Yan-yan Liu
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Lin Lin
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Jia-yu Wen
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Qian Tang
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Wei Shi
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - De-yi Guan
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Yan Lai
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Shui-lin He
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
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Preuten T, Blackwood L, Christie JM, Fankhauser C. Lipid anchoring of Arabidopsis phototropin 1 to assess the functional significance of receptor internalization: should I stay or should I go? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:1038-1050. [PMID: 25643813 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The phototropin 1 (phot1) blue light receptor mediates a number of adaptive responses, including phototropism, that generally serve to optimize photosynthetic capacity. Phot1 is a plasma membrane-associated protein, but upon irradiation, a fraction is internalized into the cytoplasm. Although this phenomenon has been reported for more than a decade, its biological significance remains elusive. Here, we use a genetic approach to revisit the prevalent hypotheses regarding the functional importance of receptor internalization. Transgenic plants expressing lipidated versions of phot1 that are permanently anchored to the plasma membrane were used to analyse the effect of internalization on receptor turnover, phototropism and other phot1-mediated responses. Myristoylation and farnesylation effectively prevented phot1 internalization. Both modified photoreceptors were found to be fully functional in Arabidopsis, rescuing phototropism and all other phot1-mediated responses tested. Light-mediated phot1 turnover occurred as in the native receptor. Furthermore, our work does not provide any evidence of a role of phot1 internalization in the attenuation of receptor signalling during phototropism. Our results demonstrate that phot1 signalling is initiated at the plasma membrane. They furthermore indicate that release of phot1 into the cytosol is not linked to receptor turnover or desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Preuten
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Génopode Building, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Blackwood
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - John M Christie
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Christian Fankhauser
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Génopode Building, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
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40
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Rigal A, Doyle SM, Robert S. Live cell imaging of FM4-64, a tool for tracing the endocytic pathways in Arabidopsis root cells. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1242:93-103. [PMID: 25408447 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1902-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Confocal live imaging of the amphiphilic styryl dye FM4-64 is a valuable technique to monitor organelle dynamics and in particular endocytic pathways. After application in plants, FM4-64 immediately stains the plasma membrane and is then integrated on vesicles following endomembrane system-dependent internalization processes. Over time, FM4-64 becomes distributed throughout the full vesicular network from the plasma membrane to the vacuole, including the components of the secretory pathways. Here we provide succinct examples of the many important developmental processes in plants that rely on endocytosis and describe two suitable methods to trace the endocytic pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana root cells based on the uptake of FM4-64.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Rigal
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
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41
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von Wangenheim D, Rosero A, Komis G, Šamajová O, Ovečka M, Voigt B, Šamaj J. Endosomal Interactions during Root Hair Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1262. [PMID: 26858728 PMCID: PMC4731515 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic localization of endosomal compartments labeled with targeted fluorescent protein tags is routinely followed by time lapse fluorescence microscopy approaches and single particle tracking algorithms. In this way trajectories of individual endosomes can be mapped and linked to physiological processes as cell growth. However, other aspects of dynamic behavior including endosomal interactions are difficult to follow in this manner. Therefore, we characterized the localization and dynamic properties of early and late endosomes throughout the entire course of root hair formation by means of spinning disc time lapse imaging and post-acquisition automated multitracking and quantitative analysis. Our results show differential motile behavior of early and late endosomes and interactions of late endosomes that may be specified to particular root hair domains. Detailed data analysis revealed a particular transient interaction between late endosomes-termed herein as dancing-endosomes-which is not concluding to vesicular fusion. Endosomes preferentially located in the root hair tip interacted as dancing-endosomes and traveled short distances during this interaction. Finally, sizes of early and late endosomes were addressed by means of super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (SIM) to corroborate measurements on the spinning disc. This is a first study providing quantitative microscopic data on dynamic spatio-temporal interactions of endosomes during root hair tip growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel von Wangenheim
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of BonnBonn, Germany
| | - Amparo Rosero
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký UniversityOlomouc, Czech Republic
| | - George Komis
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký UniversityOlomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Šamajová
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký UniversityOlomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký UniversityOlomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Boris Voigt
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of BonnBonn, Germany
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký UniversityOlomouc, Czech Republic
- *Correspondence: Jozef Šamaj
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42
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Ma Y, Han C, Chen J, Li H, He K, Liu A, Li D. Fungal cellulase is an elicitor but its enzymatic activity is not required for its elicitor activity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:14-26. [PMID: 24844544 PMCID: PMC6638370 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant-pathogenic fungi produce cellulases. However, little information is available on cellulase as an elicitor in plant-pathogen interactions. Here, an endocellulase (EG1) was isolated from Rhizoctonia solani. It contains a putative protein of 227 amino acids with a signal peptide and a family-45 glycosyl hydrolase domain. Its aspartic acid (Asp) residue at position 32 was changed to alanine (Ala), resulting in full loss of its catalytic activity. Wild-type and mutated forms of the endoglucanase were expressed in yeast and purified to homogeneity. The purified wild-type and mutant forms induced cell death in maize, tobacco and Arabidopsis leaves, and the transcription of three defence marker genes in maize and tobacco and 10 genes related to defence responses in maize. Moreover, they also induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), medium alkalinization, Ca(2+) accumulation and ethylene biosynthesis of suspension-cultured tobacco cells. Similarly, production of the EG1 wild-type and mutated forms in tobacco induced cell death using the Potato virus X (PVX) expression system. In vivo, expression of EG1 was also related to cell death during infection of maize by R. solani. These results provide direct evidence that the endoglucanase is an elicitor, but its enzymatic activity is not required for its elicitor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China
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43
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Ben Khaled S, Postma J, Robatzek S. A moving view: subcellular trafficking processes in pattern recognition receptor-triggered plant immunity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 53:379-402. [PMID: 26243727 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A significant challenge for plants is to induce localized defense responses at sites of pathogen attack. Therefore, host subcellular trafficking processes enable accumulation and exchange of defense compounds, which contributes to the plant on-site defenses in response to pathogen perception. This review summarizes our current understanding of the transport processes that facilitate immunity, the significance of which is highlighted by pathogens reprogramming membrane trafficking through host cell translocated effectors. Prominent immune-related cargos of plant trafficking pathways are the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which must be present at the plasma membrane to sense microbes in the apoplast. We focus on the dynamic localization of the FLS2 receptor and discuss the pathways that regulate receptor transport within the cell and their link to FLS2-mediated immunity. One emerging theme is that ligand-induced late endocytic trafficking is conserved across different PRR protein families as well as across different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ben Khaled
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
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44
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Smith JM, Leslie ME, Robinson SJ, Korasick DA, Zhang T, Backues SK, Cornish PV, Koo AJ, Bednarek SY, Heese A. Loss of Arabidopsis thaliana Dynamin-Related Protein 2B reveals separation of innate immune signaling pathways. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004578. [PMID: 25521759 PMCID: PMC4270792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular trafficking has emerged as an important means by which eukaryotes modulate responses to microbial pathogens, likely by contributing to the correct localization and levels of host components necessary for effective immunity. However, considering the complexity of membrane trafficking in plants, relatively few vesicular trafficking components with functions in plant immunity are known. Here we demonstrate that Arabidopsis thaliana Dynamin-Related Protein 2B (DRP2B), which has been previously implicated in constitutive clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), functions in responses to flg22 (the active peptide derivative of bacterial flagellin) and immunity against flagellated bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000. Consistent with a role of DRP2B in Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI), drp2b null mutant plants also showed increased susceptibility to Pto DC3000 hrcC-, which lacks a functional Type 3 Secretion System, thus is unable to deliver effectors into host cells to suppress PTI. Importantly, analysis of drp2b mutant plants revealed three distinct branches of the flg22-signaling network that differed in their requirement for RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOGUE D (RBOHD), the NADPH oxidase responsible for flg22-induced apoplastic reactive oxygen species production. Furthermore, in drp2b, normal MAPK signaling and increased immune responses via the RbohD/Ca2+-branch were not sufficient for promoting robust PR1 mRNA expression nor immunity against Pto DC3000 and Pto DC3000 hrcC-. Based on live-cell imaging studies, flg22-elicited internalization of the plant flagellin-receptor, FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2), was found to be partially dependent on DRP2B, but not the closely related protein DRP2A, thus providing genetic evidence for a component, implicated in CME, in ligand-induced endocytosis of FLS2. Reduced trafficking of FLS2 in response to flg22 may contribute in part to the non-canonical combination of immune signaling defects observed in drp2b. In conclusion, this study adds DRP2B to the relatively short list of known vesicular trafficking proteins with roles in flg22-signaling and PTI in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Smith
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group (IPG), University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michelle E. Leslie
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group (IPG), University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Samuel J. Robinson
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group (IPG), University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David A. Korasick
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group (IPG), University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Tong Zhang
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group (IPG), University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Steven K. Backues
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Peter V. Cornish
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Abraham J. Koo
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group (IPG), University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Sebastian Y. Bednarek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Antje Heese
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group (IPG), University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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45
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Bar M, Avni A. Endosomal trafficking and signaling in plant defense responses. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 22:86-92. [PMID: 25282589 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant defense responses are initiated by ligand-receptor recognition. The receptor may contain a motif for endocytosis and endocytosis is important for defense signaling in some cases. Recently, endosomal trafficking during defense has begun to be elucidated. In some cases, defense receptors are internalized into early endosomes, recycled back to the plasma membrane (PM) on recycling endosomes, and targeted for degradation via the late endosome pathway in an ESCRT dependent manner. Endosomal signaling has been proposed for several receptors. Defense receptors have been shown to reside on endosomes during the signaling time window. Increasing the endosomal presence of a receptor can cause a concomitant increase in signaling, while abolishing the formation of endosomes after the receptor has already been internalized can cause signaling attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Bar
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture and The Otto Warburg Minerva Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Adi Avni
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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46
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Ek-Ramos MJ, Avila J, Nelson Dittrich AC, Su D, Gray JW, Devarenne TP. The tomato cell death suppressor Adi3 is restricted to the endosomal system in response to the Pseudomonas syringae effector protein AvrPto. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110807. [PMID: 25350368 PMCID: PMC4211712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) AGC protein kinase Adi3 functions as a suppressor of cell death and was first identified as an interactor with the tomato resistance protein Pto and the Pseudomonas syringae effector protein AvrPto. Models predict that loss of Adi3 cell death suppression (CDS) activity during Pto/AvrPto interaction leads to the cell death associated with the resistance response initiated from this interaction. Nuclear localization is required for Adi3 CDS. Prevention of nuclear accumulation eliminates Adi3 CDS and induces cell death by localizing Adi3 to intracellular punctate membrane structures. Here we use several markers of the endomembrane system to show that the punctate membrane structures to which non-nuclear Adi3 is localized are endosomal in nature. Wild-type Adi3 also localizes in these punctate endosomal structures. This was confirmed by the use of endosomal trafficking inhibitors, which were capable of trapping wild-type Adi3 in endosomal-like structures similar to the non-nuclear Adi3. This suggests Adi3 may traffic through the cell using the endomembrane system. Additionally, Adi3 was no longer found in the nucleus but was visualized in these punctate endosomal-like membranes during the cell death induced by the Pto/AvrPto interaction. Therefore we propose that inhibiting nuclear import and constraining Adi3 to the endosomal system in response to AvrPto is a mechanism to initiate the cell death associated with resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J. Ek-Ramos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Julian Avila
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anna C. Nelson Dittrich
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dongyin Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joel W. Gray
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Timothy P. Devarenne
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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47
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Abstract
Plants are permanently situated in a fixed location and thus are well adapted to sense and respond to environmental stimuli and developmental cues. At the cellular level, several of these responses require delicate adjustments that affect the activity and steady-state levels of plasma membrane proteins. These adjustments involve both vesicular transport to the plasma membrane and protein internalization via endocytic sorting. A substantial part of our current knowledge of plant plasma membrane protein sorting is based on studies of PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin transport proteins, which are found at distinct plasma membrane domains and have been implicated in directional efflux of the plant hormone auxin. Here, we discuss the mechanisms involved in establishing such polar protein distributions, focusing on PINs and other key plant plasma membrane proteins, and we highlight the pathways that allow for dynamic adjustments in protein distribution and turnover, which together constitute a versatile framework that underlies the remarkable capabilities of plants to adjust growth and development in their ever-changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Luschnig
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Grégory Vert
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS UPR 2355, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Bâtiment 23A, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
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48
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Li B, Lu D, Shan L. Ubiquitination of pattern recognition receptors in plant innate immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:737-746. [PMID: 25275148 PMCID: PMC4183980 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lacking an adaptive immune system, plants largely rely on plasma membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to sense pathogen invasion. The activation of PRRs leads to the profound immune responses that coordinately contribute to the restriction of pathogen multiplication. Protein post-translational modifications dynamically shape the intensity and duration of the signalling pathways. In this review, we discuss the specific regulation of PRR activation and signalling by protein ubiquitination, endocytosis and degradation, with a particular focus on the bacterial flagellin receptor FLS2 (flagellin sensing 2) in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Dongping Lu
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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49
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Böhm H, Albert I, Fan L, Reinhard A, Nürnberger T. Immune receptor complexes at the plant cell surface. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 20:47-54. [PMID: 24835204 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Immunity to microbial infection is a common feature of metazoans and plants. Plants employ plasma membrane and cytoplasmic receptor systems for sensing microbe-derived or host-derived patterns and effectors and to trigger inducible immune defenses. Different biochemical types of plasma membrane immune receptors mediate recognition predominantly of peptide and carbohydrate patterns. Current research highlights the role of immune receptor complex formation in plant immunity. In particular, ligand binding by immune receptors generates molecular surfaces that enable either receptor homo-dimerization or co-receptor recruitment for subsequent signal transduction. New insight into negative regulatory principles of immune receptor function further suggests substantial dynamics in protein-protein interactions at the plasma membrane that we are only beginning to understand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Böhm
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Isabell Albert
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Li Fan
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - André Reinhard
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Kang Y, Jelenska J, Cecchini NM, Li Y, Lee MW, Kovar DR, Greenberg JT. HopW1 from Pseudomonas syringae disrupts the actin cytoskeleton to promote virulence in Arabidopsis. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004232. [PMID: 24968323 PMCID: PMC4072799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A central mechanism of virulence of extracellular bacterial pathogens is the injection into host cells of effector proteins that modify host cellular functions. HopW1 is an effector injected by the type III secretion system that increases the growth of the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae on the Columbia accession of Arabidopsis. When delivered by P. syringae into plant cells, HopW1 causes a reduction in the filamentous actin (F-actin) network and the inhibition of endocytosis, a known actin-dependent process. When directly produced in plants, HopW1 forms complexes with actin, disrupts the actin cytoskeleton and inhibits endocytosis as well as the trafficking of certain proteins to vacuoles. The C-terminal region of HopW1 can reduce the length of actin filaments and therefore solubilize F-actin in vitro. Thus, HopW1 acts by disrupting the actin cytoskeleton and the cell biological processes that depend on actin, which in turn are needed for restricting P. syringae growth in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsung Kang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Joanna Jelenska
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Nicolas M. Cecchini
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yujie Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Min Woo Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David R. Kovar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jean T. Greenberg
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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