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Xu S, Wang D, Tan L, Lu J. The role of NLRP3 inflammasome in type 2 inflammation related diseases. Autoimmunity 2024; 57:2310269. [PMID: 38332696 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2024.2310269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 inflammation related diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis, are diverse and affect multiple systems in the human body. It is common for individuals to have multiple co-existing type 2 inflammation related diseases, which can impose a significant financial and living burden on patients. However, the exact pathogenesis of these diseases is still unclear. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a protein complex composed of the NLRP3 protein, ASC, and Caspase-1, and is activated through various mechanisms, including the NF-κB pathway, ion channels, and lysosomal damage. The NLRP3 inflammasome plays a role in the immune response to pathogens and cellular damage. Recent studies have indicated a strong correlation between the abnormal activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and the onset of type 2 inflammation. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that suppressing NLRP3 expression effectively diminishes the inflammatory response, highlighting its promising therapeutic applications. Therefore, this article reviews the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in the development and therapy of multiple type 2 inflammation related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenming Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Medical Ozone Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Medical Ozone Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Tan
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Medical Ozone Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyun Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Medical Ozone Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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Kaur J, Sharma A, Passi G, Dey P, Khajuria A, Alajangi HK, Jaiswal PK, Barnwal RP, Singh G. Nanomedicine at the Pulmonary Frontier: Immune-Centric Approaches for Respiratory Disease Treatment. Immunol Invest 2024; 53:295-347. [PMID: 38206610 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2023.2298398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases (RD) are a group of common ailments with a rapidly increasing global prevalence, posing a significant threat to humanity, especially the elderly population, and imposing a substantial burden on society and the economy. RD represents an unmet medical need that requires the development of viable pharmacotherapies. While various promising strategies have been devised to advance potential treatments for RD, their implementation has been hindered by difficulties in drug delivery, particularly in critically ill patients. Nanotechnology offers innovative solutions for delivering medications to the inflamed organ sites, such as the lungs. Although this approach is enticing, delivering nanomedicine to the lungs presents complex challenges that require sophisticated techniques. In this context, we review the potential of novel nanomedicine-based immunomodulatory strategies that could offer therapeutic benefits in managing this pressing health condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Kaur
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akanksha Sharma
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gautam Passi
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Piyush Dey
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akhil Khajuria
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Hema Kumari Alajangi
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Jaiswal
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | | | - Gurpal Singh
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Cheng N, Wang Y, Gu Z. Understanding the role of NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis in allergic rhinitis: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115203. [PMID: 37481928 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa, caused by the immunoglobulin E-mediated immune response. The annual incidence rate of AR is on the rise, exerting a significant impact on individuals' physical and mental wellbeing. The treatment effect in some patients is still not ideal, as the pathogenesis of AR is complex and diverse. Recent studies have shown that NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis is widely involved in the occurrence and development of AR through various pathways. This article reviews the mechanism of pyroptosis and its research progress in the field of AR, and puts forward possible therapeutic targets to offer innovative approaches for its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, PR China
| | - Yunxiu Wang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, PR China.
| | - Zhaowei Gu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, PR China.
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Wang J, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Hu L, Liu J, Wang L, Wang T, Zhang H, Cong L, Wang Q. Pathogenesis of allergic diseases and implications for therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:138. [PMID: 36964157 PMCID: PMC10039055 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis (AR), allergic asthma (AAS), atopic dermatitis (AD), food allergy (FA), and eczema are systemic diseases caused by an impaired immune system. Accompanied by high recurrence rates, the steadily rising incidence rates of these diseases are attracting increasing attention. The pathogenesis of allergic diseases is complex and involves many factors, including maternal-fetal environment, living environment, genetics, epigenetics, and the body's immune status. The pathogenesis of allergic diseases exhibits a marked heterogeneity, with phenotype and endotype defining visible features and associated molecular mechanisms, respectively. With the rapid development of immunology, molecular biology, and biotechnology, many new biological drugs have been designed for the treatment of allergic diseases, including anti-immunoglobulin E (IgE), anti-interleukin (IL)-5, and anti-thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)/IL-4, to control symptoms. For doctors and scientists, it is becoming more and more important to understand the influencing factors, pathogenesis, and treatment progress of allergic diseases. This review aimed to assess the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic interventions of allergic diseases, including AR, AAS, AD, and FA. We hope to help doctors and scientists understand allergic diseases systematically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- National Institute of TCM constitution and Preventive Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yumei Zhou
- National Institute of TCM constitution and Preventive Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Honglei Zhang
- National Institute of TCM constitution and Preventive Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Linhan Hu
- National Institute of TCM constitution and Preventive Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Juntong Liu
- National Institute of TCM constitution and Preventive Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 1000210, China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- National Institute of TCM constitution and Preventive Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Haiyun Zhang
- National Institute of TCM constitution and Preventive Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Linpeng Cong
- National Institute of TCM constitution and Preventive Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- National Institute of TCM constitution and Preventive Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China.
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Hong Z, Cheng J, Ye Y, Chen X, Zhang F. MicroRNA-451 Attenuates the Inflammatory Response of Activated Microglia by Downregulating Nucleotide Binding Oligomerization Domain-Like Receptor Protein 3. World Neurosurg 2022; 167:e1128-e1137. [PMID: 36087911 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.08.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury is the most common problem encountered during spinal surgery. After the initial trauma, the disruption of the blood-brain barrier and subsequent microglia activation result in extensive inflammatory responses. Inflammasomes are large protein complexes that are essential during inflammation. One of the most studied inflammasome components, nucleotide binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP; nucleotide binding oligomerization domain-, leucine-rich repeat-, and pyrin domain-containing 3), is widely expressed in the central nervous system. Previous research has shown that microRNA-451 (miR-451) might play a role in regulating inflammatory conditions. METHODS Using bioinformatics analysis, we found that NLRP3 is a direct target of miR-451. This in silico prediction was confirmed using dual-luciferase reporter gene assays. To further demonstrate that miR-451 influenced microglial NLRP3 production, we activated microglial cells with lipopolysaccharides. RESULTS Activating microglial cells with lipopolysaccharides resulted in the production of NLRP3 inflammasomes and the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-18. We were able to demonstrate that overexpression of miR-451 suppressed this NLRP3-induced proinflammatory cascade of events. CONCLUSIONS Our findings have highlighted the potential anti-inflammatory role of miR-451 in reducing the secondary neuronal damage after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Hong
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China; Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jiaqi Cheng
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China; Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yong Ye
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.
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Wang Y, Chen S, Yang PL, Chen JJ, Kong WJ, Wang YJ. AIM2 inflammasome activation may mediate high mobility group box 1 release in murine allergic rhinitis. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 88:925-931. [PMID: 33707120 PMCID: PMC9615526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction High mobility group box 1 protein participates in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis. Activation of the inflammasome can mediate the release of high mobility group box 1. The role of the absent in melanoma 2 inflammasome in allergic rhinitis remains unclear. Objective This study aimed to investigate the function of absent in melanoma 2 inflammasome in murine allergic rhinitis and the interaction between high mobility group box 1 and the absent in melanoma 2 inflammasome. Methods A murine allergic rhinitis model was established using twenty Balb/c mice. Expression of the components of the absent in melanoma 2 inflammasome: absent in melanoma 2, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (Asc), caspase-1 p20, and additional nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (Nlrp3) were detected by western blotting during allergic rhinitis. Alterations of absent in melanoma 2, caspase-1, and high mobility group box 1 after ovalbumin challenge were demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. TdT-mediated dUTP Nick end labeling, TUNEL assay, and cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP-1 were used for the observation of pyroptosis. Results Eosinophilia and goblet cell infiltration were observed in the nasal mucosa of mice in the allergic rhinitis group. Absent in melanoma 2, Asc, and caspase-1 p20 increased after ovalbumin exposure while Nlrp3 did not. High mobility group box 1 was released in the nasal mucosa of allergic rhinitis mice. TUNEL-positive cells increased in the epithelium and laminae propria, whereas cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP-1 was not observed. Conclusions The absent in melanoma 2 inflammasome was activated and pyroptosis may occur in the nasal mucosa after ovalbumin treatment. These may contribute to the translocation of high mobility group box 1 and the development of allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Chen
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping-Li Yang
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shihezi, China
| | - Jian-Jun Chen
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei-Jia Kong
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Wuhan, China; Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yan-Jun Wang
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Wuhan, China; Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Wuhan, China.
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McKernan DP. Pattern recognition receptors as potential drug targets in inflammatory disorders. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 119:65-109. [PMID: 31997773 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a key part of the innate immune system, the body's first line of defense against infection and tissue damage. This superfamily of receptors including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), C-type lectin-like receptors (CLRs) and RIG-like receptors (RLRs) are responsible for initiation of the inflammatory response by their recognition of molecular patterns present in invading microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses or fungi) during infection or in molecules released following tissue damage during acute or chronic disease states (such as sepsis or arthritis). These receptors are widely expressed and located on the cell surface, in intracellular compartments or in the cytoplasm can detect a single or subset of molecules including lipoproteins, carbohydrates or nucleic acids. In response, they initiate an intracellular signaling cascade that culminates in the synthesis and release of cytokines, chemokines and vasoactive molecules. These steps are necessary to maintain tissue homeostasis and remove potentially dangerous pathogens. However, during extreme or acute responses or during chronic disease, this can be damaging and even lead to death. Therefore, it is thought that targeting such receptors may offer a therapeutic approach in chronic inflammatory diseases or in cases of acute infection leading to sepsis. Herein, the current knowledge on the molecular biology of PRRs is reviewed along with their association with inflammatory and infectious diseases. Finally, the testing of therapeutic compounds and their future merit as targets is discussed.
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Kanazawa J, Kitazawa H, Masuko H, Yatagai Y, Sakamoto T, Kaneko Y, Iijima H, Naito T, Saito T, Noguchi E, Konno S, Nishimura M, Hirota T, Tamari M, Hizawa N. A cis-eQTL allele regulating reduced expression of CHI3L1 is associated with late-onset adult asthma in Japanese cohorts. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 20:58. [PMID: 30940096 PMCID: PMC6444873 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-019-0786-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chitinase-like protein YKL-40 plays a major role in inhibiting the inflammasome. Deregulation of inflammasome activation is emerging as a key modulator of pathologic airway inflammation in patients with asthma. We determined whether cis-expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) of the gene that encodes YKL-40, chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1), are involved in the onset of asthma or in specific asthma phenotypes. METHODS This case-control study, which was conducted at the University of Tsukuba, Japan, included a total of 2709 adults from the Tsukuba genome-wide association study (GWAS) cohort (734 healthy volunteers and 237 asthma patients), the Tsukuba replication cohort (375 healthy adult volunteers and 381 adult asthma patients), and the Hokkaido replication cohort (554 healthy adult volunteers and 428 adult asthma patients). Among 34 cis-eQTLs in CHI3L1 in the lung, rs946261 was associated with adult asthma in these Japanese cohorts. The genetic impact of rs946261 on asthma was also examined according to the age at onset and adult asthma clusters. RESULTS In the Tsukuba GWAS cohort, the C allele at rs946261 was significantly associated with reduced expression of CHI3L1 mRNA in the lung and with development of asthma (odds ratio (OR) 1.27; P = 0.036). The association was also observed following analysis of the three Japanese cohorts (OR 1.16; P = 0.013). A stronger association was found with late-onset asthma that developed at 41 years of age or later (OR 1.24; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07-1.45; P = 0.0058) and with a specific asthma phenotype characterized by late onset, less atopy, and mild airflow obstruction (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.03-1.61; P = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS The genotype consisting of the cis-eQTL allele that reduces expression of CHI3L1 was specifically associated with late-onset adult asthma. Given the important role of YKL-40 in many pathophysiological processes, including cell growth, migration, chemotaxis, reorganization, and tissue remodeling, it may be involved in an important pathogenic role in the establishment of inflammation and remodeling in asthmatic airways. Our findings may indicate the presence of a specific endotype related to exaggerated activation of YKL-40 in the pathogenesis of late-onset adult asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kanazawa
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575 Japan
| | - Haruna Kitazawa
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575 Japan
| | - Hironori Masuko
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575 Japan
| | - Yohei Yatagai
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575 Japan
| | - Tohru Sakamoto
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575 Japan
| | - Yoshiko Kaneko
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Iijima
- Tsukuba Medical Center, Amakubo 1-3-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8558 Japan
| | - Takashi Naito
- Tsukuba Medical Center, Amakubo 1-3-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8558 Japan
| | - Takefumi Saito
- National Hospital Organization Ibaraki Higashi National Hospital, Terunuma 825, Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1113 Japan
| | - Emiko Noguchi
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575 Japan
| | - Satoshi Konno
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita15, Nishi7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
| | - Masaharu Nishimura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita15, Nishi7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Hirota
- Research Center for Medical Science, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
| | - Mayumi Tamari
- Research Center for Medical Science, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461 Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hizawa
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575 Japan
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Belhaj R, Kaabachi W, Khalfallah I, Hamdi B, Hamzaoui K, Hamzaoui A. Gene Variants, mRNA and NOD1/2 Protein Levels in Tunisian Childhood Asthma. Lung 2019; 197:377-385. [PMID: 30874883 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-019-00209-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Asthma is a common respiratory childhood disease that results from an interaction between genetic, environmental and immunologic factors. The implication of nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain 1 and 2 (NOD1/CARD4, NOD2/CARD15) was highlighted in many inflammatory diseases. METHODS In this case-control study, we analyzed the association of three NOD2 polymorphisms and one NOD1 variant, in 338 Tunisian asthmatic children and 425 healthy Controls, using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. We also assessed NOD1 and NOD2 mRNA and protein levels by qRT-PCR and ELISA techniques. RESULTS The homozygous AA genotype of rs2075820 was a risk factor for asthma (OR 2.39). The influence of the E266K variant in the presence of the heterozygous AG genotype was higher in male than female groups. The homozygous AA genotype was a risk factor associated with asthma, for patients aged between 6 and 18 years OR 2.39, IC95% (1.04-5.49) p < 0.01. The mRNA expression of NOD1, but not NOD2, was enhanced in asthma patients compared to Controls. We noted a significant difference between asthmatics and healthy controls in NOD1 protein expression (asthma patients : 31.18 ± 10.9 pg/ml, Controls: 20.10 ± 2.58 pg/ml; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The NOD1 rs2075820 variant was associated with a higher childhood asthma risk and the NOD1 expression at mRNA and protein levels was significantly increased in asthma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafik Belhaj
- University of Sciences Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia. .,Expression Moléculaire des Interactions Cellulaires et de leurs modes de Communication dans le Poumon, Medical Faculty of Tunis, UR/12-SP15, Tunis El Manar University, 15 Rue Djebel Lakdar 1007, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Wajih Kaabachi
- University of Sciences Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia.,Expression Moléculaire des Interactions Cellulaires et de leurs modes de Communication dans le Poumon, Medical Faculty of Tunis, UR/12-SP15, Tunis El Manar University, 15 Rue Djebel Lakdar 1007, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ikbel Khalfallah
- Expression Moléculaire des Interactions Cellulaires et de leurs modes de Communication dans le Poumon, Medical Faculty of Tunis, UR/12-SP15, Tunis El Manar University, 15 Rue Djebel Lakdar 1007, Tunis, Tunisia.,Department of Respiratory Diseases, Hospital A. Mami, Pavillon B, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Basma Hamdi
- Expression Moléculaire des Interactions Cellulaires et de leurs modes de Communication dans le Poumon, Medical Faculty of Tunis, UR/12-SP15, Tunis El Manar University, 15 Rue Djebel Lakdar 1007, Tunis, Tunisia.,Department of Respiratory Diseases, Hospital A. Mami, Pavillon B, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Kamel Hamzaoui
- University of Sciences Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia.,Expression Moléculaire des Interactions Cellulaires et de leurs modes de Communication dans le Poumon, Medical Faculty of Tunis, UR/12-SP15, Tunis El Manar University, 15 Rue Djebel Lakdar 1007, Tunis, Tunisia.,Department of Respiratory Diseases, Hospital A. Mami, Pavillon B, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Agnes Hamzaoui
- Expression Moléculaire des Interactions Cellulaires et de leurs modes de Communication dans le Poumon, Medical Faculty of Tunis, UR/12-SP15, Tunis El Manar University, 15 Rue Djebel Lakdar 1007, Tunis, Tunisia.,Department of Respiratory Diseases, Hospital A. Mami, Pavillon B, Ariana, Tunisia.,Unit Research Homeostasis and Cell dysfunction, Medicine Faculty of Tunis, 15 Rue Djebel Lakdar 1007, Tunisia, Tunisia
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Xiao Y, Xu W, Su W. NLRP3 inflammasome: A likely target for the treatment of allergic diseases. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48:1080-1091. [PMID: 29900602 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Allergic diseases, such as asthma, rhinitis, dermatitis, conjunctivitis, and anaphylaxis, have recently become a global public health concern. According to previous studies, the NLRP3 inflammasome is a multi-protein complex known to be associated with many inflammatory conditions. In response to allergens or allergen/damage-associated molecular signals, NLRP3 changes its conformation to allow the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex and activates caspase-1, which is an evolutionarily conserved enzyme that proteolytically cleaves other proteins, such as the precursors of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. Subsequently, active caspase-1 cleaves pro-IL-1 and pro-IL-18. Recently, accumulating human and mouse experimental evidence has demonstrated that the NLRP3 inflammasome, IL-1β, and IL-18 are critically involved in the development of allergic diseases. Furthermore, the application of specific NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors has been demonstrated in animal models. Therefore, these inhibitors may represent potential therapeutic methods for the management of clinical allergic disorders. This review summarizes findings related to the NLRP3 inflammasome and its related factors and concludes that specific NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors may be potential therapeutic agents for allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenna Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenru Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Ouyang Y, Xu Z, Fan E, Li Y, Miyake K, Xu X, Zhang L. Changes in gene expression in chronic allergy mouse model exposed to natural environmental PM2.5-rich ambient air pollution. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6326. [PMID: 29679058 PMCID: PMC5910422 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24831-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) air pollution has been associated with an increase in the incidence of chronic allergic diseases; however, the mechanisms underlying the effect of exposure to natural ambient air pollution in chronic allergic diseases have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the cellular responses induced by exposure to natural ambient air pollution, employing a mouse model of chronic allergy. The results indicated that exposure to ambient air pollution significantly increased the number of eosinophils in the nasal mucosa. The modulation of gene expression profile identified a set of regulated genes, and the Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells1(TREM1) signaling canonical pathway was increased after exposure to ambient air pollution. In vitro, PM2.5 increased Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (Nod1) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway activation in A549 and HEK293 cell cultures. These results suggest a novel mechanism by which, PM2.5 in ambient air pollution may stimulate the innate immune system through the PM2.5-Nod1-NF-κB axis in chronic allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Ouyang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery and department of Allergy, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Affiliated to the Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Zhaojun Xu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Quanzhou Medical College, Quanzhou, Fujian, 362011, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Erzhong Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Ying Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Kunio Miyake
- Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Xianyan Xu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Quanzhou Medical College, Quanzhou, Fujian, 362011, China
| | - Luo Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery and department of Allergy, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Affiliated to the Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing, 100730, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, 100005, China.
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12
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De Rose V, Molloy K, Gohy S, Pilette C, Greene CM. Airway Epithelium Dysfunction in Cystic Fibrosis and COPD. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:1309746. [PMID: 29849481 PMCID: PMC5911336 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1309746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, whereas chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is mainly caused by environmental factors (mostly cigarette smoking) on a genetically susceptible background. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of these diseases are different, both are associated with progressive airflow obstruction, airway neutrophilic inflammation, and recurrent exacerbations, suggesting common mechanisms. The airway epithelium plays a crucial role in maintaining normal airway functions. Major molecular and morphologic changes occur in the airway epithelium in both CF and COPD, and growing evidence suggests that airway epithelial dysfunction is involved in disease initiation and progression in both diseases. Structural and functional abnormalities in both airway and alveolar epithelium have a relevant impact on alteration of host defences, immune/inflammatory response, and the repair process leading to progressive lung damage and impaired lung function. In this review, we address the evidence for a critical role of dysfunctional airway epithelial cells in chronic airway inflammation and remodelling in CF and COPD, highlighting the common mechanisms involved in the epithelial dysfunction as well as the similarities and differences of the two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia De Rose
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, A.O.U. S. Luigi Gonzaga, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Kevin Molloy
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sophie Gohy
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pneumology, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charles Pilette
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pneumology, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine M. Greene
- Lung Biology Group, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Dublin, Ireland
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Hartl D, Tirouvanziam R, Laval J, Greene CM, Habiel D, Sharma L, Yildirim AÖ, Dela Cruz CS, Hogaboam CM. Innate Immunity of the Lung: From Basic Mechanisms to Translational Medicine. J Innate Immun 2018; 10:487-501. [PMID: 29439264 DOI: 10.1159/000487057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory tract is faced daily with 10,000 L of inhaled air. While the majority of air contains harmless environmental components, the pulmonary immune system also has to cope with harmful microbial or sterile threats and react rapidly to protect the host at this intimate barrier zone. The airways are endowed with a broad armamentarium of cellular and humoral host defense mechanisms, most of which belong to the innate arm of the immune system. The complex interplay between resident and infiltrating immune cells and secreted innate immune proteins shapes the outcome of host-pathogen, host-allergen, and host-particle interactions within the mucosal airway compartment. Here, we summarize and discuss recent findings on pulmonary innate immunity and highlight key pathways relevant for biomarker and therapeutic targeting strategies for acute and chronic diseases of the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Hartl
- Department of Pediatrics I, Children's Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, .,Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases (I3) Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel,
| | - Rabindra Tirouvanziam
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Julie Laval
- Department of Pediatrics I, Children's Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Catherine M Greene
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Habiel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lokesh Sharma
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ali Önder Yildirim
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Cory M Hogaboam
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Chakrabarti A, Kaur H. Allergic Aspergillus Rhinosinusitis. J Fungi (Basel) 2016; 2:E32. [PMID: 29376948 PMCID: PMC5715928 DOI: 10.3390/jof2040032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) is a unique variety of chronic polypoid rhinosinusitis usually in atopic individuals, characterized by presence of eosinophilic mucin and fungal hyphae in paranasal sinuses without invasion into surrounding mucosa. It has emerged as an important disease involving a large population across the world with geographic variation in incidence and epidemiology. The disease is surrounded by controversies regarding its definition and etiopathogenesis. A working group on "Fungal Sinusitis" under the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM) addressed some of those issues, but many questions remain unanswered. The descriptions of "eosinophilic fungal rhinosinusitis" (EFRS), "eosinophilic mucin rhinosinusitis" (EMRS) and mucosal invasion by hyphae in few patients have increased the problem to delineate the disease. Various hypotheses exist for etiopathogenesis of AFRS with considerable overlap, though recent extensive studies have made certain in depth understanding. The diagnosis of AFRS is a multi-disciplinary approach including the imaging, histopathology, mycology and immunological investigations. Though there is no uniform management protocol for AFRS, surgical clearing of the sinuses with steroid therapy are commonly practiced. The role of antifungal agents, leukotriene antagonists and immunomodulators is still questionable. The present review covers the controversies, recent advances in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of AFRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunaloke Chakrabarti
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India.
| | - Harsimran Kaur
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India.
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15
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Feerick CL, McKernan DP. Understanding the regulation of pattern recognition receptors in inflammatory diseases - a 'Nod' in the right direction. Immunology 2016; 150:237-247. [PMID: 27706808 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) -like receptors (NLRs) are a family of 23 receptors known as pattern recognition receptors; they are expressed in many cell types and play a key role in the innate immune response. The NLRs are activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns, which include structurally conserved molecules present on the surfaces of bacteria. The activation of these NLRs by pathogens results in the downstream activation of signalling kinases and transcription factors, culminating in the transcription of genes coding for pro-inflammatory factors. Expression of NLR is altered in many cellular, physiological and disease states. There is a lack of understanding of the mechanisms by which NLR expression is regulated, particularly in chronic inflammatory states. Genetic polymorphisms and protein interactions are included in such mechanisms. This review seeks to examine the current knowledge regarding the regulation of this family of receptors and their signalling pathways as well as how their expression changes in disease states with particular focus on NOD1 and NOD2 in inflammatory bowel diseases among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Feerick
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Declan P McKernan
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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16
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Bachert C, Holtappels G. Pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis, pharmaceutical therapy options. GMS CURRENT TOPICS IN OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY, HEAD AND NECK SURGERY 2015; 14:Doc09. [PMID: 26770283 PMCID: PMC4702058 DOI: 10.3205/cto000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Research in immunology has brought great progress in knowledge of inflammatory processes in the last 2 decades, which also has an impact on the upper airways. Our understanding of the pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis developed from a rather mechanistic point of view with a focus on narrow clefts and mucociliary clearance to the appreciation of a complex network of immunological pathways forming the basis of disease. We today differentiate various forms of inflammation, we start to understand complex immune-regulatory networks and the reasons for their failure, and have already developed innovative approaches for therapy for the most severely ill subjects. Due to this new knowledge in inflammation and remodeling processes within mucosal tissue, specifically on the key driving factors, new diagnostic tools and therapeutic approaches for chronic rhinosinusitis have developed; the differentiation of endotypes based on pathophysiological principles will be crucial for the use of innovative therapies, mostly humanized monoclonal antibodies. Several hundred of those antibodies are currently developed for various indications and will impact our specialty as well as pneumology to a great extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Bachert
- Department of Otolaryngology and Upper Airways Research Laboratory, University of Ghent, Belgium; Division of ENT Diseases, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institute, University of Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriële Holtappels
- Department of Otolaryngology and Upper Airways Research Laboratory, University of Ghent, Belgium
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17
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Doull L, Wattegedera SR, Longbottom D, Mwangi D, Nath M, Glass EJ, Entrican G. Late production of CXCL8 in ruminant oro-nasal turbinate cells in response to Chlamydia abortus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 168:97-102. [PMID: 26342452 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia abortus is an obligate intracellular bacterium that is an important cause of ovine abortion worldwide. There are reports of abortions in cattle, but these are very rare compared to the reported incidence in sheep. The bacterium is transmitted oro-nasally and can establish a sub-clinical infection until pregnancy, when it can invade the placenta and induce an inflammatory cascade leading to placentitis and abortion. Early host-pathogen interactions could explain differential pathogenesis and subsequent disease outcome in ruminant species. In this study, we assessed the ability of sheep and cattle oro-nasal turbinate cells to sense and respond to C. abortus infection. The cells expressed toll like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR4, nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD) 1 and NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) mRNA. In response to C. abortus infection, both ovine and bovine turbinate cells produce CXCL8 mRNA and protein late in the bacterial developmental cycle, but do not produce IL-1β or TNF-α. The UV-inactivated bacteria did not elicit a CXCL8 response, suggesting that intracellular multiplication of the bacteria is important for activating the signalling pathways. The production of innate immune cytokines from cattle and sheep turbinate cells in response to C. abortus infection was found to be largely similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Doull
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK; The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - S R Wattegedera
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK
| | - D Longbottom
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK
| | - D Mwangi
- Zoetis, 333 Portage Street, KZO-300-385.6SE, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - M Nath
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, JCMB, The King's Buildings, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - E J Glass
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - G Entrican
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK; The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
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18
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Toppila-Salmi S, van Drunen CM, Fokkens WJ, Golebski K, Mattila P, Joenvaara S, Renkonen J, Renkonen R. Molecular mechanisms of nasal epithelium in rhinitis and rhinosinusitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2015; 15:495. [PMID: 25504259 PMCID: PMC4262789 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-014-0495-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis, nonallergic rhinitis, and chronic rhinosinusitis are multifactorial upper airway diseases with high prevalence. Several genetic and environmental factors are proposed to predispose to the pathogenesis of the inflammatory upper airway diseases. Still, the molecular mechanisms leading toward the onset and progression of upper airway diseases are largely unknown. The upper airway epithelium has an important role in sensing the environment and regulating the inhaled air. As such, it links environmental insults to the host immunity. Human sinonasal epithelium serves as an excellent target for observing induced early-phase events, in vivo, and with a systems biological perspective. Actually, increasing number of investigations have provided evidence that altered homeostasis in the sinonasal epithelium might be important in the chronic upper airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Toppila-Salmi
- Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland,
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Nasal Immunity, Rhinitis, and Rhinosinusitis. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00100-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Tabeling C, Scheer H, Schönrock SM, Runge F, Gutbier B, Lienau J, Hamelmann E, Opitz B, Suttorp N, Mayer K, Behrens GM, Tschernig T, Witzenrath M. Nucleotide oligomerization domain 1 ligation suppressed murine allergen-specific T-cell proliferation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:903-11. [PMID: 24279792 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0333oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytosolic nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors NOD1 and NOD2 are important contributors to the intracellular recognition of pathogens including Chlamydophila pneumoniae, but little is known about their influence on allergen-induced airway inflammation. In BALB/c mice, we observed that infection with C. pneumoniae before systemic sensitization with ovalbumin (OVA) and local OVA airway exposure diminished airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Thus, the impact of the NOD1 agonist FK156 and the NOD2 agonist muramyl dipeptide given 6 hours before each sensitization or airway challenge was evaluated regarding AHR, OVA-specific plasma immunoglobulins, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid differentials, and cytokines. Spleen dendritic cells of FK156-treated mice were isolated and cocultured with OVA-specific T cells isolated from DO11.10 mice, and T-cell proliferation was quantified after OVA restimulation. T-cell proliferation was investigated in vivo in lungs and lymph nodes of FK156-treated and OVA-exposed DO11.10 mice. FK156, but not muramyl dipeptide, reduced AHR and pulmonary eosinophilic infiltration if given before OVA sensitization or challenge, whereas T-helper (Th)2 cytokines were not diminished. Dendritic cells from FK156-treated mice evoked less OVA-specific T-cell proliferation as compared with solvent-treated controls. Similarly, antigen-specific T-cell activation in lung tissue was diminished after FK156 treatment. We conclude that NOD1 activation reduced AHR in allergen-induced lung inflammation, which was accompanied by a reduction of allergen-specific T-cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Tabeling
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
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Hussain S, Varelogianni G, Särndahl E, Roomans GM. N-acetylcysteine and azithromycin affect the innate immune response in cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. Exp Lung Res 2014; 41:251-60. [DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2014.934411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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22
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Ait Yahia S, Azzaoui I, Everaere L, Vorng H, Chenivesse C, Marquillies P, Duez C, Delacre M, Grandjean T, Balsamelli J, Fanton d'Andon M, Fan Y, Ple C, Werts C, Boneca IG, Wallaert B, Chamaillard M, Tsicopoulos A. CCL17 production by dendritic cells is required for NOD1-mediated exacerbation of allergic asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189:899-908. [PMID: 24661094 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201310-1827oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Pattern recognition receptors are attractive targets for vaccine adjuvants, and polymorphisms of the innate receptor NOD1 have been associated with allergic asthma. OBJECTIVES To elucidate whether NOD1 agonist may favor allergic asthma in humans through activation of dendritic cells, and to evaluate the mechanisms involved using an in vivo model. METHODS NOD1-primed dendritic cells from allergic and nonallergic donors were characterized in vitro on their phenotype, cytokine secretion, and Th2 polarizing ability. The in vivo relevance was examined in experimental allergic asthma, and the mechanisms were assessed using transfer of NOD1-conditioned dendritic cells from wild-type or CCL17-deficient mice. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS NOD1 priming of human dendritic cells promoted a Th2 polarization profile that involved the production of CCL17 and CCL22 in nonallergic subjects but only CCL17 in allergic patients, without requiring allergen costimulation. Moreover, NOD1-primed dendritic cells from allergic donors exhibited enhanced maturation that led to abnormal CCL22 and IL-10 secretion compared with nonallergic donors. In mice, systemic NOD1 ligation exacerbated allergen-induced experimental asthma by amplifying CCL17-mediated Th2 responses in the lung. NOD1-mediated sensitization of purified murine dendritic cells enhanced production of CCL17 and CCL22, but not of thymic stromal lymphopoietin and IL-33, in vitro. Consistently, adoptive transfer of NOD1-conditioned dendritic cells exacerbated the Th2 pulmonary response in a CCL17-dependent manner in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Data from this study unveil a deleterious role of NOD1 in allergic asthma through direct induction of CCL17 by dendritic cells, arguing for a need to address vaccine formulation safety issues related to allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Ait Yahia
- 1 Pulmonary Immunity, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Lille, France
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Granland C, Strunk T, Hibbert J, Prosser A, Simmer K, Burgner D, Richmond P, Currie AJ. NOD1 and NOD2 expression and function in very preterm infant mononuclear cells. Acta Paediatr 2014; 103:e212-8. [PMID: 24444388 DOI: 10.1111/apa.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate mononuclear cell expression and function of the cytosolic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing receptors, NOD1 and NOD2, in very preterm and full-term infants. METHODS NOD1 and NOD2 gene and protein expression in very preterm infants, term infants and healthy adult, cord and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (C/PBMC) were quantified using qPCR and flow cytometry. Cytokine responses of purified infant and adult monocytes to NOD1- and NOD2-specific agonists were assessed using a multiplex immunoassay (Bioplex). RESULTS NOD1 and NOD2 were expressed by a range of infant and adult mononuclear cell types, including T- and B cells, with highest expression in classical (CD14(++) CD16(-) ) and intermediate (CD14(++) CD16(+) ) monocytes. NOD1 and NOD2 expression levels by monocytes from very preterm infant were similar to those in term infants or adults. Monocyte production of TNFα, IL-6 and IL-1β induced by activation of NOD1 and NOD2 was similar between very preterm infants, term infants and adults. CONCLUSION Monocyte expression and function of NOD1 and NOD2 in very preterm infants are intact and comparable/equivalent to term infants and adults. Functional deficiencies in monocyte NOD signalling pathways are unlikely to contribute to the increased susceptibility to bacterial sepsis in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn Granland
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences; Murdoch University; Perth WA Australia
| | - Tobias Strunk
- Centre for Neonatal Research and Education; University of Western Australia; Perth WA Australia
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health; University of Western Australia; Perth WA Australia
| | - Julie Hibbert
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health; University of Western Australia; Perth WA Australia
| | - Amy Prosser
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health; University of Western Australia; Perth WA Australia
| | - Karen Simmer
- Centre for Neonatal Research and Education; University of Western Australia; Perth WA Australia
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health; University of Western Australia; Perth WA Australia
| | - David Burgner
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health; University of Western Australia; Perth WA Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Royal Children's Hospital; Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Peter Richmond
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health; University of Western Australia; Perth WA Australia
| | - Andrew J. Currie
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences; Murdoch University; Perth WA Australia
- Centre for Neonatal Research and Education; University of Western Australia; Perth WA Australia
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Abstract
The PYRIN domain (PYD) is a well known protein interaction module and a prime mediator of the protein interactions necessary for apoptosis, inflammation and innate immune signaling pathway. Because PYD-mediated apoptosis, inflammation and innate immune processes are associated with many human diseases, studies in these areas are of great biological importance. Intensive biochemical and structural studies of PYD have been conducted in the past decade to elucidate PYD-mediated signaling events, and evaluations of the molecular structure of PYDs have shown the underlying molecular basis for the assembly of PYD-mediated complexes and for the regulation of inflammation and innate immunity. This review summarizes the structure and function of various PYDs and proposes a PYD:PYD interaction for assembly of the complexes involved in those signaling pathways.
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25
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Månsson Kvarnhammar A, Tengroth L, Adner M, Cardell LO. Innate immune receptors in human airway smooth muscle cells: activation by TLR1/2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7 and NOD1 agonists. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68701. [PMID: 23861935 PMCID: PMC3701658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs) and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), recognize microbial components and trigger a host defense response. Respiratory tract infections are common causes of asthma exacerbations, suggesting a role for PRRs in this process. The present study aimed to examine the expression and function of PRRs on human airway smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). Methods Expression of TLR, NLR and RLR mRNA and proteins was determined using real-time RT-PCR, flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. The functional responses to ligand stimulation were investigated in terms of cytokine and chemokine release, cell surface marker expression, proliferation and proteins regulating the contractile state. Results HASMCs expressed functional TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7 and NOD1. Stimulation with the corresponding agonists Pam3CSK4, poly(I:C), LPS, R-837 and iE-DAP, respectively, induced IL-6, IL-8 and GM-CSF release and up-regulation of ICAM-1 and HLA-DR, while poly(I:C) also affected the release of eotaxin and RANTES. The proliferative response was slightly increased by LPS. Stimulation, most prominently with poly(I:C), down-regulated myosin light chain kinase and cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor expression and up-regulated β2-adrenoceptor expression. No effects were seen for agonist to TLR2/6, TLR5, TLR8, TLR9, NOD2 or RIG-I/MDA-5. Conclusion Activation of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7 and NOD1 favors a synthetic phenotype, characterized by an increased ability to release inflammatory mediators, acquire immunomodulatory properties by recruiting and interacting with other cells, and reduce the contractile state. The PRRs might therefore be of therapeutic use in the management of asthma and infection-induced disease exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Månsson Kvarnhammar
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lotta Tengroth
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Adner
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars-Olaf Cardell
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis and asthma: unravelling a complex relationship. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013; 21:79-86. [PMID: 23241653 DOI: 10.1097/moo.0b013e32835ac640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and asthma have a high worldwide prevalence and confer a significant socioeconomic burden. This article reviews the recent advances in allergic rhinitis, CRS and asthma with view to understanding the upper and lower airway as one system. RECENT FINDINGS Allergic rhinitis, CRS and asthma demonstrate strong epidemiological coassociation, and early life risk factors for upper airway disease are now apparent. The absence of demonstrable peripheral IgE does not strictly classify airway disease as nonallergic. Excess mucosal inflammation with immune dysregulation is a common feature to all. An important role for innate immunity is now apparent and offers prospects of novel therapeutic approaches in the future. A role for bacterial superantigens is also emerging in all three diseases. Genetic studies highlight common associations between allergic rhinitis, CRS and asthma. SUMMARY Whether such overlapping pathological findings reflect a manifestation of the same disease but in relation to the different airway locations in individuals with genetic predisposition remains unknown, although likely. This continues under investigation and debate. The current research priorities are to understand what key events predispose to both upper and lower airway disease together and the critical immunological factors that establish and sustain airway inflammation.
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Bogefors J, Kvarnhammar AM, Cardell LO. Upregulated levels of human β-defensins in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis after allergen-specific immunotherapy treatment. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2012; 3:99-103. [PMID: 23255498 DOI: 10.1002/alr.21127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important actors in the innate immune system. One class of AMPs is the human β-defensins (HBDs), a group of small peptides with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities. Expression of HBDs is downregulated in different manifestations of allergic disease. In this study, we examine whether allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) affects the nasal levels of HBDs in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR). METHODS Nasal biopsies were examined for the occurrence of HBD1-3 with real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. Nasal lavage (NAL) fluids from healthy individuals, untreated SAR patients and SAR patients before and after ASIT were analyzed for levels of HBD1-3 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Examination of nasal biopsies revealed HBD1-3 expression at gene level as well as at protein level in all samples tested. HBD1 and HBD3 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were downregulated in SAR patients compared to healthy individuals. All HBDs were found in NAL fluids. SAR patients having completed 3 years of ASIT displayed higher levels of HBD1 and HBD2 than before treatment, whereas levels of HBD3 were unaffected. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates an upregulation of HBD1 and HBD2 in SAR patients after completion of ASIT. This may reflect the importance of an intact innate immune response as part of our defense against infections among allergic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Bogefors
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Allergy Research, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Bogefors J, Kvarnhammar AM, Höckerfelt U, Cardell LO. Reduced tonsillar expression of human β-defensin 1, 2 and 3 in allergic rhinitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 65:431-8. [PMID: 22444247 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2012.00959.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Airway infections are known to cause exacerbations of allergy and asthma. Tonsils constitute a primary site for microbial recognition and triggering of the immune system in the airways. Human β-defensins (HBDs) are antimicrobial peptides with an important role in this defense. Our aim was to investigate HBD1-3 in tonsillar tissue and their potential role in allergic rhinitis (AR). Tonsils, obtained from patients with AR and non-allergic controls, and isolated tonsillar CD4(+), CD8(+) and CD19(+) lymphocytes were analyzed for HBD1-3 expression using real-time RT-PCR and/or immunohistochemistry. Tonsillar tissue, mixed tonsillar lymphocytes and airway epithelial cells (AECs) were cultured with or without IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 or histamine followed by measurements of HBD1-3 release using ELISA. HBD1-3 were present in tonsillar tissue, including epithelial, CD4(+), CD8(+) and CD19(+) cells. The expression was reduced in allergic compared to healthy tonsils. Stimulation of AECs with IL-4, IL-5 and histamine down-regulated the HBD release, whereas no effects were seen in cultured tonsils or lymphocytes. This study demonstrates presence of HBD1-3 in tonsils and that the levels are reduced in patients with AR. Together with the down-regulation of HBDs in epithelial cells in the presence of allergic mediators suggest that AR patients have an impaired antimicrobial defense that might make them more susceptible to respiratory tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Bogefors
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Allergy Research, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Allen IC, Jania CM, Wilson JE, Tekeppe EM, Hua X, Brickey WJ, Kwan M, Koller BH, Tilley SL, Ting JPY. Analysis of NLRP3 in the development of allergic airway disease in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2884-93. [PMID: 22323538 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of NLRP3, a member of the nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing (NLR) family, to the development of allergic airway disease is currently controversial. In this study, we used multiple allergic asthma models to examine the physiologic role of NLRP3. We found no significant differences in airway eosinophilia, histopathologic condition, mucus production, and airway hyperresponsiveness between wild-type and Nlrp3(-/-) mice in either acute (alum-dependent) or chronic (alum-independent) OVA models. In addition to the OVA model, we did not detect a role for NLRP3 in the development of allergic airway disease induced by either acute or chronic house dust mite Ag exposure. Although we did not observe significant phenotypic differences in any of the models tested, we did note a significant reduction of IL-13 and IL-33 in Nlrp3(-/-) mice compared with wild-type controls in the chronic OVA model without added alum. In all of the allergic airway disease models, the NLRP3 inflammasome-associated cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 in the lung were below the level of detection. In sum, this report surveyed four different allergic asthma models and found a modest and selected role for NLRP3 in the alum-free OVA model. However, this difference did not greatly alter the clinical outcome of the disease. This finding suggests that the role of NLRP3 in allergic asthma must be re-evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving C Allen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Toll- and NOD-like receptor mRNA expression in canine sino-nasal aspergillosis and idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 145:618-24. [PMID: 22321737 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of canine sino-nasal aspergillosis (SNA) and lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis (LPR) remains poorly understood. The innate immune system is implicated in the etiology of human chronic rhinosinusitis. Therefore, we hypothesized that dysfunction in innate immunity could be implicated in the pathogenesis of SNA and LPR. Expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 1-10 and NOD-like receptors (NODs) 1 and 2 in nasal mucosal biopsies from SNA or LPR dogs was compared with mucosa from healthy controls. Gene expression was quantified using quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction normalized against multiple housekeeper genes. All TLR and NOD genes were quantified in all samples. SNA was associated with significantly increased expression of TLRs 1-4, 6-10; and NOD2, relative to controls. LPR was associated with significantly increased expression of TLRs 1, 2, 6-8, relative to controls. There was significantly more expression of TLRs 1, 4, 6-10 and NOD2 in SNA dogs than in LPR dogs. The significance of these differences in the pathogenesis of these diseases is yet to be determined.
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Kvarnhammar AM, Rydberg C, Järnkrants M, Eriksson M, Uddman R, Benson M, Cardell LO. Diminished levels of nasal S100A7 (psoriasin) in seasonal allergic rhinitis: an effect mediated by Th2 cytokines. Respir Res 2012; 13:2. [PMID: 22230654 PMCID: PMC3287248 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-13-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND S100A7 is an antimicrobial peptide involved in several inflammatory diseases. The aim of the present study was to explore the expression and regulation of S100A7 in seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR). METHODS Nasal lavage (NAL) fluid was obtained from healthy controls before and after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) provocation, from SAR patients before and after allergen challenge, and from SAR patients having completed allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT). Nasal biopsies, nasal epithelial cells and blood were acquired from healthy donors. The airway epithelial cell line FaDu was used for in vitro experiments. Real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to determine S100A7 expression in nasal tissue and cells. Release of S100A7 in NAL and culture supernatants was measured by ELISA. The function of recombinant S100A7 was explored in epithelial cells, neutrophils and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). RESULTS Nasal administration of LPS induced S100A7 release in healthy non-allergic subjects. The level of S100A7 was lower in NAL from SAR patients than from healthy controls, and it was further reduced in the SAR group 6 h post allergen provocation. In contrast, ASIT patients displayed higher levels after completed treatment. S100A7 was expressed in the nasal epithelium and in glands, and it was secreted by cultured epithelial cells. Stimulation with IL-4 and histamine repressed the epithelial S100A7 release. Further, recombinant S100A7 induced activation of neutrophils and PBMC. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows an epithelial expression and excretion of S100A7 in the nose after microbial stimulation. The levels are diminished in rhinitis patients and in the presence of an allergic cytokine milieu, suggesting that the antimicrobial defense is compromised in patients with SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Månsson Kvarnhammar
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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Bogefors J, Kvarnhammar AM, Latif L, Petterson T, Uddman R, Cardell LO. Retinoic acid-inducible gene 1-like receptors in the upper respiratory tract. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2011; 25:e262-7. [PMID: 22185736 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2011.25.3712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoic acid-inducible gene 1-like receptors (RLRs) are a novel family of pattern recognition receptors that include retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-1), melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA-5), and laboratory of genomics and physiology 2 (LGP-2). The knowledge of RLRs and their function in the human airway is limited. This study explores the role of RLRs in the upper respiratory tract. METHODS Tonsils, adenoids, nasal polyps, and biopsy specimens from the nasal mucosa were examined for the occurrence of the RIG-1, MDA-5, and LGP-2 using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. The nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line FaDu was cultured with the RIG-1/MDA-5 ligand poly(I:C)/LyoVec (Invivogen, San Diego, CA) and analyzed for cytokine release using ELISA. RESULTS RIG-1, MDA-5, and LGP-2 mRNA were found in all tissues tested. The airway epithelium appeared to be their most prominent location. The RIG-1 and MDA-5 mRNA levels were higher in nasal polyps than in normal nasal mucosa, a state that seemed to be reversed by local steroid treatment. Culture of FaDu with poly(I:C)/LyoVec resulted in IL-6 and IL-8 release. No alteration in RLR expression in tonsils was seen on infection. CONCLUSION This study shows the presence and functional activity of RLRs in the human upper airways. It also suggests a role for RLRs in nasal polyposis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Bogefors
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Allergy Research, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Kvarnhammar AM, Petterson T, Cardell LO. NOD-like receptors and RIG-I-like receptors in human eosinophils: activation by NOD1 and NOD2 agonists. Immunology 2011; 134:314-25. [PMID: 21978001 PMCID: PMC3209571 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
NOD-like receptors (NLRs) and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) are newly discovered pattern-recognition receptors. They detect substructures of bacterial peptidoglycan and viral RNA, respectively, thereby initiating an immune response. However, their role in eosinophil activation remains to be explored. The aim of this study was to characterize the expression of a range of NLRs and RLRs in purified human eosinophils and assess their functional importance. Expression of NOD1, NOD2, NLRP3, RIG-I and MDA-5 was investigated using real-time reverse transcription PCR, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. The effects of the corresponding agonists iE-DAP (NOD1), MDP (NOD2), alum (NLRP3) and poly(I:C)/LyoVec (RIG-I/MDA-5) were studied in terms of cytokine secretion, degranulation, survival, expression of adhesion molecules and activation markers, and chemotactic migration. Eosinophils expressed NOD1 and NOD2 mRNA and protein. Low levels of RIG-I and MDA-5 were found, whereas expression of NLRP3 was completely absent. In accordance, stimulation with iE-DAP and MDP was found to induce secretion of interleukin-8, up-regulate expression of CD11b, conversely down-regulate CD62 ligand, increase expression of CD69 and induce migration. The MDP also promoted release of eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, whereas iE-DAP failed to do so. No effects were seen upon stimulation with alum or poly(I:C)/LyoVec. Moreover, the NOD1-induced and NOD2-induced activation was mediated via the nuclear factor-κB signalling pathway and augmented by interleukin-5 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, but not interferon-γ. Taken together, the NLR system represents a novel pathway for eosinophil activation. The responses are enhanced in the presence of cytokines that regulate T helper type 2 immunity, suggesting that the NLRs constitute a link between respiratory infections and exacerbations of allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Månsson Kvarnhammar
- Division of ENT Diseases, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Kumar RK, Siegle JS, Kaiko GE, Herbert C, Mattes JE, Foster PS. Responses of airway epithelium to environmental injury: role in the induction phase of childhood asthma. J Allergy (Cairo) 2011; 2011:257017. [PMID: 22574070 PMCID: PMC3206385 DOI: 10.1155/2011/257017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of allergic asthma in childhood remains poorly understood. Environmental factors which appear to contribute to allergic sensitisation, with development of a Th2-biased immunological response in genetically predisposed individuals, include wheezing lower respiratory viral infections in early life and exposure to airborne environmental pollutants. These may activate pattern recognition receptors and/or cause oxidant injury to airway epithelial cells (AECs). In turn, this may promote Th2 polarisation via a "final common pathway" involving interaction between AEC, dendritic cells, and CD4+ T lymphocytes. Potentially important cytokines produced by AEC include thymic stromal lymphopoietin and interleukin-25. Their role is supported by in vitro studies using human AEC, as well as by experiments in animal models. To date, however, few investigations have employed models of the induction phase of childhood asthma. Further research may help to identify interventions that could reduce the risk of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K. Kumar
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medial Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jessica S. Siegle
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medial Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Gerard E. Kaiko
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, NSW 2300, Australia
| | - Cristan Herbert
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medial Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Joerg E. Mattes
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, NSW 2300, Australia
| | - Paul S. Foster
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, NSW 2300, Australia
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Bal SM, Slütter B, Verheul R, Bouwstra JA, Jiskoot W. Adjuvanted, antigen loaded N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles for nasal and intradermal vaccination: adjuvant- and site-dependent immunogenicity in mice. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 45:475-81. [PMID: 22009113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) nanoparticles have been shown to increase the immunogenicity of subunit antigens after nasal and intradermal administration. This work describes a second generation of TMC nanoparticles containing ovalbumin as a model antigen (TMC/OVA nanoparticles) and an immunopotentiator (TMC/OVA/immunopotentiator nanoparticles). The selection of immunopotentiators included Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands lipopolysaccharide (LPS), PAM(3)CSK(4) (PAM), CpG DNA, the NOD-like receptor 2 ligand muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and the GM1 ganglioside receptor ligand, cholera toxin B subunit (CTB). The TMC/OVA/immunopotentiator nanoparticles were characterised physico-chemically and their immunogenicity was assessed by determining the serum IgG, IgG1, IgG2a titres and secretory IgA levels in nasal washes after intradermal and nasal vaccination in mice. After nasal vaccination, TMC/OVA nanoparticles containing LPS or MDP elicited higher IgG, IgG1 and sIgA levels than non-adjuvanted TMC/OVA particles, whereas nanoparticles containing CTB, PAM or CpG did not. After intradermal vaccination, the TMC/OVA/CpG and TMC/OVA/LPS nanoparticles provoked higher IgG titres than plain TMC/OVA particles. Altogether, our results show that co-encapsulation of an additional immunopotentiator with the antigen into TMC nanoparticles can further improve the immunogenicity of the vaccine. However, the strength and quality of the response depends on the immunopotentiator as well as the route of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Bal
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Månsson A, Bogefors J, Cervin A, Uddman R, Cardell LO. NOD-like receptors in the human upper airways: a potential role in nasal polyposis. Allergy 2011; 66:621-8. [PMID: 21241317 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are newly discovered cytosolic receptors belonging to the pattern-recognition receptor family. They detect various pathogen-associated molecular patterns, triggering an immune response. The knowledge about these receptors, and their role in health and disease, is limited. The aim of the present study was to characterize the expression of NOD1, NOD2, and NALP3 in the human upper airways. METHODS Surgical samples were obtained from patients with tonsillar disease (n = 151), hypertrophic adenoids (n = 9), and nasal polyposis (n = 24). Nasal biopsies were obtained from healthy volunteers (n = 10). The expression of NOD1, NOD2, and NALP3 was analyzed using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Expression of NOD1, NOD2, and NALP3 mRNA and protein were seen in all tissue specimens. The NLR mRNA was found to be higher in nasal polyps than in normal nasal mucosa, and local steroid treatment reduced the NLR expression in polyps. In contrast, tonsillar infection with Streptococcus pyogenes or Haemophilus influenzae did not affect the NLR expression. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates the presence of NLRs in several upper airway tissues and highlights a potential role of NLRs in chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Månsson
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Petterson T, Månsson A, Riesbeck K, Cardell LO. Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptors and retinoic acid inducible gene-like receptors in human tonsillar T lymphocytes. Immunology 2011; 133:84-93. [PMID: 21342182 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) and retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-like receptors (RLRs) are recently discovered cytosolic pattern-recognition receptors sensing mainly bacterial components and viral RNA, respectively. Their importance in various cells and disorders is becoming better understood, but their role in human tonsil-derived T lymphocytes remains to be elucidated. In this study, we evaluated expression and functional relevance of NLRs and RLRs in human tonsillar CD3(+) T lymphocytes. Immunohistochemistry, real-time RT-PCR and flow cytometry revealed expression of NOD1, NOD2, NALP1, NALP3, NAIP, IPAF, RIG-1, MDA-5 and LGP-2 at mRNA and protein levels. Because of the limited number of ligands (iE-DAP, MDP, Alum, Poly(I:C)/LyoVec), functional evaluation was restricted to NOD1, NOD2, NALP3 and RIG-1/MDA-5, respectively. Stimulation with the agonists alone was not enough to induce activation but upon triggering via CD3 and CD28, a profound induction of proliferation was seen in purified CD3(+) T cells. However, the proliferative response was not further enhanced by the cognate ligands. Nonetheless, in tonsillar mononuclear cells iE-DAP, MDP and Poly(I:C)/LyoVec were found to augment the CD3/CD28-induced proliferation of tonsillar mononuclear cells. Also, iE-DAP and MDP were found to promote secretion of interleukins 2 and 10 as well as to up-regulate CD69. This study demonstrates for the first time a broad range of NLRs and RLRs in human tonsillar T cells and that NOD1, NOD2 and RIG-1/MDA-5 act synergistically with αCD3 and αCD28 to induce proliferation of human T cells. Hence, these results suggest that these receptors have a role in T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terese Petterson
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
The airway epithelium represents the first point of contact for inhaled foreign organisms. The protective arsenal of the airway epithelium is provided in the form of physical barriers and a vast array of receptors and antimicrobial compounds that constitute the innate immune system. Many of the known innate immune receptors, including the Toll-like receptors and nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptors, are expressed by the airway epithelium, which leads to the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines that affect microorganisms directly and recruit immune cells, such as neutrophils and T cells, to the site of infection. The airway epithelium also produces a number of resident antimicrobial proteins, such as lysozyme, lactoferrin, and mucins, as well as a swathe of cationic proteins. Dysregulation of the airway epithelial innate immune system is associated with a number of medical conditions that can result in compromised immunity and chronic inflammation of the lung. This review focuses on the innate immune capabilities of the airway epithelium and its role in protecting the lung from infection as well as the outcomes when its function is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane Parker
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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