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Abarkan M, Fois GR, Vouillac-Mendoza C, Ahmed SH, Guillem K. Altered neuronal activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex drives nicotine intake escalation. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:887-896. [PMID: 36042320 PMCID: PMC10156690 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine addiction develops after prolonged drug use and escalation of drug intake. However, because of difficulties in demonstrating escalation of nicotine use in rats, its underlying neuroadaptations still remain poorly understood. Here we report that access to unusually high doses of nicotine (i.e., from 30 µg to 240 µg/kg/injection) for self-administration precipitated a rapid and robust escalation of nicotine intake and increased the motivation for the drug in rats. This nicotine intake escalation also induced long-lasting changes in vmPFC neuronal activity both before and during nicotine self-administration. Specifically, after escalation of nicotine intake, basal vmPFC neuronal activity increased above pre-escalation and control activity levels, while ongoing nicotine self-administration restored these neuronal changes. Finally, simulation of the restoring effects of nicotine with in vivo optogenetic inhibition of vmPFC neurons caused a selective de-escalation of nicotine self-administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Abarkan
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et Nano-objets, UMR, 5248, Pessac, France
| | - Giulia R Fois
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Serge H Ahmed
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Karine Guillem
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
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2
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İlhan SÖ, Fincan GSÖ, Okçay Y, Koç DS, Aşkın Cİ, Kibar AK, Vural İM, Sarıoğlu Y. Enhancing effect of nicotine on electrical field stimulation elicited contractile responses in isolated rabbit bladder straight muscle; the role of cannabinoid and vanilloid receptors. Turk J Med Sci 2022; 52:1814-1820. [PMID: 36945969 PMCID: PMC10390188 DOI: 10.55730/1300-0144.5527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine acts as an agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). These receptors belong to a superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels. We previously demonstrated that nicotine increased electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced contractile or relaxation responses, possibly by facilitating neurotransmitter release from nerve terminals in various rabbit tissues. Studies have shown that there is an interaction between the endocannabinoid and nicotinic systems. This study aimed to investigate the interaction between nicotine and the endocannabinoid system in the rabbit urine bladder and also investigate the enhancing effect of nicotine on EFS-induced contractile responses in rabbit isolated bladder smooth muscle and its interaction with the endocannabinoid system. METHODS The New Zealand albino male adult rabbits were used for this study. Following scarification, the urine bladder was rapidly excised, and then uniform strips were prepared. Each strip was mounted under 1 g isometric resting tension in an organ bath containing 20 mL of Krebs-Henseleit solution. After obtaining EFS-induced contractile responses, 10-4 M concentrations of nicotine were applied to the preparations, and EFS was stopped after 5 stimulations. Following washing, the same experimental procedure was performed with the same tissue in the presence of AM251 (a cannabinoid CB1R antagonist, 10-6 M), AM630 (a cannabinoid CB2R antagonist, 10-6 M), and capsazepine (a vanilloid receptor antagonist, 3 × 10-6 M). RESULTS Nicotine enhanced the EFS-induced contraction responses by 17.16% ± 2.81% at a 4-Hz stimulation frequency. Cannabinoid receptor antagonists AM251 and AM630 reduced this increasing effect of nicotine although it was not significant and vanilloid receptor antagonist capsazepine did not significantly alter the nicotines' effect. DISCUSSION These results show that enhancing effect of nicotine in the smooth muscle of the rabbit bladder, even though it was not significant endocannabinoid system possibly have a role in nicotines' effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevil Özger İlhan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Yağmur Okçay
- Department of Pharmacology, Gülhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Derya Sebile Koç
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Celil İlker Aşkın
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Kübra Kibar
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İsmail Mert Vural
- Department of Pharmacology, Gülhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Sarıoğlu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, İstinye University, İstanbul, Turkey
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3
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Vallés AS, Barrantes FJ. Interactions between the Nicotinic and Endocannabinoid Receptors at the Plasma Membrane. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:812. [PMID: 36005727 PMCID: PMC9414690 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12080812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Compartmentalization, together with transbilayer and lateral asymmetries, provide the structural foundation for functional specializations at the cell surface, including the active role of the lipid microenvironment in the modulation of membrane-bound proteins. The chemical synapse, the site where neurotransmitter-coded signals are decoded by neurotransmitter receptors, adds another layer of complexity to the plasma membrane architectural intricacy, mainly due to the need to accommodate a sizeable number of molecules in a minute subcellular compartment with dimensions barely reaching the micrometer. In this review, we discuss how nature has developed suitable adjustments to accommodate different types of membrane-bound receptors and scaffolding proteins via membrane microdomains, and how this "effort-sharing" mechanism has evolved to optimize crosstalk, separation, or coupling, where/when appropriate. We focus on a fast ligand-gated neurotransmitter receptor, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, and a second-messenger G-protein coupled receptor, the cannabinoid receptor, as a paradigmatic example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofía Vallés
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina
| | - Francisco J. Barrantes
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biomedical Research (BIOMED), UCA-CONICET, Av. Alicia Moreau de Justo 1600, Buenos Aires C1107AFF, Argentina
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The Influence of CB2-Receptor Ligands on the Memory-Related Responses in Connection with Cholinergic Pathways in Mice in the Passive Avoidance Test. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134252. [PMID: 35807499 PMCID: PMC9268103 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dysfunction of the cholinergic system is associated with the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). One of the new possible strategies for the pharmacological modulation of memory-related problems typical of AD, is connected with the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and the cannabinoid (CB: CB1 and CB2) receptors. Methods: The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the selective CB2 receptor ligands: agonist (JWH 133) and antagonist (AM 630) on different stages of memory and learning in mice, in the context of their interaction with cholinergic pathways. To assess and understand the memory-related effects in mice we used the passive avoidance (PA) test. Results: We revealed that co-administration of non-effective dose of JWH 133 (0.25 mg) or AM 630 (0.25 mg/kg) with the non-effective dose of cholinergic receptor agonist - nicotine (0.05 mg/kg) enhanced cognition in the PA test in mice; however, an acute injection of JWH 133 (0.25 mg/kg) or AM 630 (0.25 mg/kg) had no influence on memory enhancement induced by the effective dose of nicotine (0.1 mg/kg). Co-administration of JWH 133 (0.25 mg) or AM 630 (0.25 mg/kg) with the effective dose of the cholinergic receptor antagonist scopolamine (1 mg/kg) attenuated the scopolamine-induced memory impairment in the PA test in mice. Conclusion: Our experiments have shown that CB2 receptors participate in the modulation of memory-related responses, especially those in which cholinergic pathways are implicated.
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Weinberger AH, Wyka K, Kim JH, Smart R, Mangold M, Schanzer E, Wu M, Goodwin RD. A difference-in-difference approach to examining the impact of cannabis legalization on disparities in the use of cigarettes and cannabis in the United States, 2004-17. Addiction 2022; 117:1768-1777. [PMID: 34985165 DOI: 10.1111/add.15795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To estimate the impact of recreational and medical cannabis laws (RCL, MCL) on the use of cannabis and cigarettes in the United States. DESIGN A difference-in-difference approach was applied to data from the 2004-17 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). SETTING United States. PARTICIPANTS Nationally representative cross-sectional survey of Americans aged 12 years and older (combined analytical sample for 2004-17, n = 783 663). MEASUREMENTS Data on past-month use of (1) cigarettes and (2) cannabis were used to classify respondents into four groups: cigarette and cannabis co-use, cigarette-only use, cannabis-only use or no cigarette or cannabis use. State of residence was measured by self-report. MCL/RCL status came from state government websites. FINDINGS Difference-in-difference analyses suggest that MCL was associated with an increase in cigarette-cannabis co-use overall [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.09; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02-1.16], with the greatest increases among those aged 50 years and above (aOR = 1.60; CI = 1.39-1.84), married (aOR = 1.19; CI = 1.07-1.31), non-Hispanic (NH) black (aOR = 1.14; CI = 1.02-1.07) and with a college degree or above (aOR = 1.15; CI = 1.06-1.24). MCL was associated with increases in cigarette-only use among those aged 50 years and above (aOR = 1.07; CI = 1.01-1.14) and NH black (aOR = 1.16; CI = 1.06-1.27) and increases in cannabis-only use among those aged 50 years and above (aOR = 1.24; CI = 1.07-1.44) and widowed/divorced/separated (aOR = 1.18; CI = 1.01-1.37). RCL was associated with an increase in cannabis-only use overall (aOR = 1.21; 95% CI = 1.09-1.34), a decline in cigarette-only use overall (aOR = 0.89; 95% CI = 0.81-0.97) and increases in co-use among those who were married (aOR = 1.24; CI = 1.02-1.50) and aged 50 years and above (aOR = 1.37; CI = 1.03-1.84). CONCLUSIONS Recreational and medical cannabis legalization have had a varying impact on the use, and co-use, of cannabis and cigarettes in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea H Weinberger
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Yeshiva University Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Katarzyna Wyka
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - June H Kim
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Michael Mangold
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ellen Schanzer
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Melody Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Renee D Goodwin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Ortiz YT, McMahon LR, Wilkerson JL. Medicinal Cannabis and Central Nervous System Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:881810. [PMID: 35529444 PMCID: PMC9070567 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.881810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids, including those found in cannabis, have shown promise as potential therapeutics for numerous health issues, including pathological pain and diseases that produce an impact on neurological processing and function. Thus, cannabis use for medicinal purposes has become accepted by a growing majority. However, clinical trials yielding satisfactory endpoints and unequivocal proof that medicinal cannabis should be considered a frontline therapeutic for most examined central nervous system indications remains largely elusive. Although cannabis contains over 100 + compounds, most preclinical and clinical research with well-controlled dosing and delivery methods utilize the various formulations of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), the two most abundant compounds in cannabis. These controlled dosing and delivery methods are in stark contrast to most clinical studies using whole plant cannabis products, as few clinical studies using whole plant cannabis profile the exact composition, including percentages of all compounds present within the studied product. This review will examine both preclinical and clinical evidence that supports or refutes the therapeutic utility of medicinal cannabis for the treatment of pathological pain, neurodegeneration, substance use disorders, as well as anxiety-related disorders. We will predominately focus on purified THC and CBD, as well as other compounds isolated from cannabis for the aforementioned reasons but will also include discussion over those studies where whole plant cannabis has been used. In this review we also consider the current challenges associated with the advancement of medicinal cannabis and its derived potential therapeutics into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma T. Ortiz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Lance R. McMahon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, United States
| | - Jenny L. Wilkerson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Jenny L. Wilkerson,
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7
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Abstract
Cannabinoids, including those found in cannabis, have shown promise as potential therapeutics for numerous health issues, including pathological pain and diseases that produce an impact on neurological processing and function. Thus, cannabis use for medicinal purposes has become accepted by a growing majority. However, clinical trials yielding satisfactory endpoints and unequivocal proof that medicinal cannabis should be considered a frontline therapeutic for most examined central nervous system indications remains largely elusive. Although cannabis contains over 100 + compounds, most preclinical and clinical research with well-controlled dosing and delivery methods utilize the various formulations of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), the two most abundant compounds in cannabis. These controlled dosing and delivery methods are in stark contrast to most clinical studies using whole plant cannabis products, as few clinical studies using whole plant cannabis profile the exact composition, including percentages of all compounds present within the studied product. This review will examine both preclinical and clinical evidence that supports or refutes the therapeutic utility of medicinal cannabis for the treatment of pathological pain, neurodegeneration, substance use disorders, as well as anxiety-related disorders. We will predominately focus on purified THC and CBD, as well as other compounds isolated from cannabis for the aforementioned reasons but will also include discussion over those studies where whole plant cannabis has been used. In this review we also consider the current challenges associated with the advancement of medicinal cannabis and its derived potential therapeutics into clinical applications.
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8
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Saravia R, Ten-Blanco M, Pereda-Pérez I, Berrendero F. New Insights in the Involvement of the Endocannabinoid System and Natural Cannabinoids in Nicotine Dependence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13316. [PMID: 34948106 PMCID: PMC8715672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine, the main psychoactive component in tobacco smoke, plays a major role in tobacco addiction, producing a high morbidity and mortality in the world. A great amount of research has been developed to elucidate the neural pathways and neurotransmitter systems involved in such a complex addictive behavior. The endocannabinoid system, which has been reported to participate in the addictive properties of most of the prototypical drugs of abuse, is also implicated in nicotine dependence. This review summarizes and updates the main behavioral and biochemical data involving the endocannabinoid system in the rewarding properties of nicotine as well as in nicotine withdrawal and relapse to nicotine-seeking behavior. Promising results from preclinical studies suggest that manipulation of the endocannabinoid system could be a potential therapeutic strategy for treating nicotine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Saravia
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Marc Ten-Blanco
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, UFV, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.T.-B.); (I.P.-P.)
| | - Inmaculada Pereda-Pérez
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, UFV, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.T.-B.); (I.P.-P.)
| | - Fernando Berrendero
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, UFV, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.T.-B.); (I.P.-P.)
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Vallés AS, Barrantes FJ. Nanoscale Sub-Compartmentalization of the Dendritic Spine Compartment. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1697. [PMID: 34827695 PMCID: PMC8615865 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Compartmentalization of the membrane is essential for cells to perform highly specific tasks and spatially constrained biochemical functions in topographically defined areas. These membrane lateral heterogeneities range from nanoscopic dimensions, often involving only a few molecular constituents, to micron-sized mesoscopic domains resulting from the coalescence of nanodomains. Short-lived domains lasting for a few milliseconds coexist with more stable platforms lasting from minutes to days. This panoply of lateral domains subserves the great variety of demands of cell physiology, particularly high for those implicated in signaling. The dendritic spine, a subcellular structure of neurons at the receiving (postsynaptic) end of central nervous system excitatory synapses, exploits this compartmentalization principle. In its most frequent adult morphology, the mushroom-shaped spine harbors neurotransmitter receptors, enzymes, and scaffolding proteins tightly packed in a volume of a few femtoliters. In addition to constituting a mesoscopic lateral heterogeneity of the dendritic arborization, the dendritic spine postsynaptic membrane is further compartmentalized into spatially delimited nanodomains that execute separate functions in the synapse. This review discusses the functional relevance of compartmentalization and nanodomain organization in synaptic transmission and plasticity and exemplifies the importance of this parcelization in various neurotransmitter signaling systems operating at dendritic spines, using two fast ligand-gated ionotropic receptors, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and the glutamatergic receptor, and a second-messenger G-protein coupled receptor, the cannabinoid receptor, as paradigmatic examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofía Vallés
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina;
| | - Francisco J. Barrantes
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biomedical Research (BIOMED), UCA-CONICET, Av. Alicia Moreau de Justo 1600, Buenos Aires C1107AFF, Argentina
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Varani AP, Pedrón VT, Aon AJ, Canero EM, Balerio GN. GABA B receptors blockage modulates somatic and aversive manifestations induced by nicotine withdrawal. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111786. [PMID: 34144406 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is substantial evidence that GABAB agonist, baclofen, prevents somatic and motivational responses induced by nicotine withdrawal and may target drug cue vulnerabilities in humans. In this context, we explored different aspects associated with the possible mechanisms whereby the GABAB receptors might influence nicotine withdrawal. Male mice received nicotine (2.5 mg/kg, s.c.) 4 times daily, for 7 consecutive days. Nicotine-treated mice received the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, mecamylamine (MEC, 2 or 3.5 mg/kg, s.c.), to precipitate the withdrawal state. A second group of dependent mice received 2-hydroxysaclofen (GABAB receptor antagonist, 1 mg/kg, s.c.) before MEC-precipitated abstinence. Somatic signs of nicotine withdrawal were measured for 30 min. Anxiogenic-like response associated to nicotine withdrawal was assessed by the elevated plus maze test. The dysphoric/aversive effect induced by nicotine withdrawal was evaluated using conditioned place aversion paradigm. Dopamine, serotonin and its metabolites concentrations were determined by HPLC in the striatum, cortex and hippocampus. Finally, α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor density was determined in several brain regions using autoradiography assays. The results showed that MEC-precipitated nicotine withdrawal induced somatic manifestations, anxiogenic-like response and dysphoric/aversive effect, and 2-hydroxysaclofen potentiated these behavioral responses. Additionally, 2-hydroxysaclofen was able to change striatal dopamine levels and α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor density, both altered by MEC-precipitated nicotine withdrawal. These findings provide important contributions to elucidate neurobiological mechanisms implicated in nicotine withdrawal. We suggest that GABAB receptor activity is necessary to control alterations induced by nicotine withdrawal, which supports the idea of targeting GABAB receptors to treat tobacco addiction in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Varani
- CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Junín 956, 5° Piso, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - V T Pedrón
- CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Junín 956, 5° Piso, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - A J Aon
- CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Junín 956, 5° Piso, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - E M Canero
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica (FFYB), Cátedra de Farmacología, Junín 956, 5° Piso, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Junín 956, 5° Piso, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - G N Balerio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica (FFYB), Cátedra de Farmacología, Junín 956, 5° Piso, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Junín 956, 5° Piso, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina.
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11
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Gibula-Tarlowska E, Kotlinska JH. Crosstalk between Opioid and Anti-Opioid Systems: An Overview and Its Possible Therapeutic Significance. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1376. [PMID: 32998249 PMCID: PMC7599993 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid peptides and receptors are broadly expressed throughout peripheral and central nervous systems and have been the subject of intense long-term investigations. Such studies indicate that some endogenous neuropeptides, called anti-opioids, participate in a homeostatic system that tends to reduce the effects of endogenous and exogenous opioids. Anti-opioid properties have been attributed to various peptides, including melanocyte inhibiting factor (MIF)-related peptides, cholecystokinin (CCK), nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ), and neuropeptide FF (NPFF). These peptides counteract some of the acute effects of opioids, and therefore, they are involved in the development of opioid tolerance and addiction. In this work, the anti-opioid profile of endogenous peptides was described, mainly taking into account their inhibitory influence on opioid-induced effects. However, the anti-opioid peptides demonstrated complex properties and could show opioid-like as well as anti-opioid effects. The aim of this review is to detail the phenomenon of crosstalk taking place between opioid and anti-opioid systems at the in vivo pharmacological level and to propose a cellular and molecular basis for these interactions. A better knowledge of these mechanisms has potential therapeutic interest for the control of opioid functions, notably for alleviating pain and/or for the treatment of opioid abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Gibula-Tarlowska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, 20-059 Lublin, Poland;
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12
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Muldoon PP, Akinola LS, Schlosburg JE, Lichtman AH, Sim-Selley LJ, Mahadevan A, Cravatt BF, Damaj MI. Inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase reduces nicotine reward in the conditioned place preference test in male mice. Neuropharmacology 2020; 176:108170. [PMID: 32479813 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine, the primary psychoactive component in tobacco, plays a major role in the initiation and maintenance of tobacco dependence and addiction, a leading cause of preventable death worldwide. An essential need thus exists for more effective pharmacotherapies for nicotine-use cessation. Previous reports suggest that pharmacological and genetic blockade of CB1 receptors attenuate nicotine reinforcement and reward; while exogenous agonists enhanced these abuse-related behaviors. In this study, we utilized complementary genetic and pharmacologic approaches to test the hypothesis that increasing the levels of the endocannabinoid 2-arachindonoylglycerol (2-AG), will enhance nicotine reward by stimulating neuronal CB1 receptors. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found that inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), the primary catabolic enzyme of 2-AG, attenuates nicotine conditioned place preference (CPP) in mice, through a non-CB1 receptor-mediated mechanism. MAGL inhibition did not alter palatable food reward or Lithium Chloride (LiCl) aversion. In support of our findings, repeated MAGL inhibition did not induce a reduction in CB1 brain receptor levels or hinder function. To explore the potential mechanism of action, we investigated if MAGL inhibition affected other fatty acid levels in our CPP paradigm. Indeed, MAGL inhibition caused a concomitant decrease in arachidonic acid (AA) levels in various brain regions of interest, suggesting an AA cascade-dependent mechanism. This idea is supported by dose-dependent attenuation of nicotine preference by the selective COX-2 inhibitors valdecoxib and LM-4131. Collectively, these findings, along with our reported studies on nicotine withdrawal, suggest that inhibition of MAGL represents a promising new target for the development of pharmacotherapies to treat nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pretal P Muldoon
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Lois S Akinola
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Joel E Schlosburg
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Aron H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Laura J Sim-Selley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Butler K, Le Foll B. Novel therapeutic and drug development strategies for tobacco use disorder: endocannabinoid modulation. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:1065-1080. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1767581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Butler
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Acute Care Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Miladinovic T, Manwell LA, Raaphorst E, Malecki SL, Rana SA, Mallet PE. Effects of chronic nicotine exposure on Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced locomotor activity and neural activation in male and female adolescent and adult rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 194:172931. [PMID: 32353393 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE High rates of comorbid tobacco and cannabis use in adolescents and young adults may be related to functional interactions between the nicotinic cholinergic and cannabinoid systems in the brain during development. This study examined the effects of chronic exposure to nicotine (the psychoactive component in tobacco) on acute exposure to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (the psychoactive component of cannabis). METHODS Male and female adolescent and adult Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 112) were injected daily with nicotine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle for 14 days, followed by a 14-day drug-free period. On test day, rats were injected with THC (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle, locomotor activity was recorded for 2 h, and brains harvested for c-Fos immunoreactivity (IR). RESULTS Locomotor activity and c-Fos IR changes induced by THC challenge were altered by nicotine pre-exposure and modified by age and sex. THC-induced suppression of locomotor activity was attenuated by nicotine pre-exposure in adult but not adolescent males. THC-induced suppression of locomotor activity was potentiated by nicotine pre-exposure in female adolescents, with no effects of THC or nicotine observed in female adults. THC increased c-Fos IR in the caudate, nucleus accumbens, stria terminalis, septum, amygdala, hypothalamus, and thalamus. Nicotine pre-exposure potentiated this effect in all regions. Several brain regions showed age and sex differences in c-Fos IR such that expression was greater in adults than adolescents and in females than males. CONCLUSIONS Chronic nicotine pre-exposure produces lasting effects on cannabinoid-mediated signalling in the brain and on behaviour that are mediated by age and sex. FUNDING SUPPORT NSERC.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Miladinovic
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L3C5, Canada
| | - L A Manwell
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L3C5, Canada.
| | - E Raaphorst
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L3C5, Canada
| | - S L Malecki
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L3C5, Canada
| | - S A Rana
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L3C5, Canada
| | - P E Mallet
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L3C5, Canada
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Manwell LA, Miladinovic T, Raaphorst E, Rana S, Malecki S, Mallet PE. Chronic nicotine exposure attenuates the effects of Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol on anxiety-related behavior and social interaction in adult male and female rats. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01375. [PMID: 31583843 PMCID: PMC6851810 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anxiogenic and anxiolytic effects of cannabinoids are mediated by different mechanisms, including neural signaling via cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) and nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChRs). This study examined the effects of prior nicotine (the psychoactive component in tobacco) exposure on behavioral sensitivity to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; the psychoactive component of cannabis) challenge in animals. METHODS Male and female adult Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 96) were injected daily with nicotine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle for 14 days, followed by a 14-day drug-free period. On test day, rats were injected with THC (0.5, 2.0, or 5.0 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle and anxiety-related behavior was assessed in the emergence (EM), elevated plus maze (EPM), and social interaction (SI) tests. RESULTS Chronic nicotine pretreatment attenuated some of the anxiogenic effects induced by THC challenge which can be summarized as follows: (a) THC dose-dependently affected locomotor activity, exploratory behavior, and social interaction in the EM, EPM, and SI tests of unconditioned anxiety; (b) these effects of acute THC challenge were greater in females compared with males except for grooming a conspecific; (c) prior nicotine exposure attenuated the effects of acute THC challenge for locomotor activity in the EPM test; and (d) prior nicotine exposure attenuated the effects of THC challenge for direct but not indirect physical interaction in the SI tests. CONCLUSIONS The ability of nicotine prior exposure to produce long-lasting changes that alter the effects of acute THC administration suggests that chronic nicotine may induce neuroplastic changes that influence the subsequent response to novel THC exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elana Raaphorst
- Department of PsychologyWilfrid Laurier UniversityWaterlooONCanada
| | - Shadna Rana
- Department of PsychologyWilfrid Laurier UniversityWaterlooONCanada
| | - Sarah Malecki
- Department of PsychologyWilfrid Laurier UniversityWaterlooONCanada
| | - Paul E. Mallet
- Department of PsychologyWilfrid Laurier UniversityWaterlooONCanada
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16
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Ren M, Lotfipour S. Nicotine Gateway Effects on Adolescent Substance Use. West J Emerg Med 2019; 20:696-709. [PMID: 31539325 PMCID: PMC6754186 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2019.7.41661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the rise in teenage use of electronic nicotine delivery systems ("vaping") in congruence with the increasing numbers of drug-related emergencies, it is critical to expand the knowledge of the physical and behavioral risks associated with developmental nicotine exposure. A further understanding of the molecular and neurochemical underpinnings of nicotine's gateway effects allows emergency clinicians to advise patients and families and adjust treatment accordingly, which may minimize the use of tobacco, nicotine, and future substances. Currently, the growing use of tobacco products and electronic cigarettes among teenagers represents a major public health concern. Adolescent exposure to tobacco or nicotine can lead to subsequent abuse of nicotine and other substances, which is known as the gateway hypothesis. Adolescence is a developmentally sensitive time period when risk-taking behaviors, such as sensation seeking and drug experimentation, often begin. These hallmark behaviors of adolescence are largely due to maturational changes in the brain. The developing brain is particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of drugs of abuse, including tobacco and nicotine products, which activate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Disruption of nAChR development with early nicotine use may influence the function and pharmacology of the receptor subunits and alter the release of reward-related neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, dopamine, GABA, serotonin, and glutamate. In this review, we emphasize that the effects of nicotine are highly dependent on timing of exposure, with a dynamic interaction of nAChRs with dopaminergic, endocannabinoid, and opioidergic systems to enhance general drug reward and reinforcement. We analyzed available literature regarding adolescent substance use and nicotine's impact on the developing brain and behavior using the electronic databases of PubMed and Google Scholar for articles published in English between January 1968 and November 2018. We present a large collection of clinical and preclinical evidence that adolescent nicotine exposure influences long-term molecular, biochemical, and functional changes in the brain that encourage subsequent drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Ren
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irvine, California
| | - Shahrdad Lotfipour
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Emergency Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irvine, California
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Akbar SA, Tomko RL, Salazar CA, Squeglia LM, McClure EA. Tobacco and cannabis co-use and interrelatedness among adults. Addict Behav 2019; 90:354-361. [PMID: 30522075 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis and tobacco co-use is prevalent, but consensus regarding the reasons for co-use among adults and the degree of interrelatedness between these substances is lacking. Reasons for co-use have been explored with younger users, but little data exists for more experienced users with entrenched patterns of co-use. The goal of this study was to examine characteristics and patterns of cannabis-tobacco co-use among adults in the Southeastern United States (US), where there is a legal landscape of generally restrictive cannabis legislation coupled with more permissive tobacco control compared to other US regions. Participants (N = 432) were regular cannabis users recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk. Measures included demographics, patterns of cannabis and tobacco use, and reasons for co-use. Within this sample, 42% were current users of tobacco (n = 182). Cannabis-tobacco co-users were older and had more years of cannabis use than cannabis-only users. Among the co-using sub-sample, there was little consistency in the reasons for co-use, suggesting individual differences in the use of both substances. High levels of cannabis-tobacco interrelatedness (i.e., temporally concurrent use) were associated with smoking more cigarettes (tobacco) per day and greater nicotine dependence scores when compared to users with low levels of interrelatedness. Though these results are limited by a small sample size and generalizability issues, there were individual differences in cannabis-tobacco relatedness, which may be of importance when considering treatment strategies for cannabis, tobacco, or both. With additional research, personalized strategies adapted to cannabis-tobacco relatedness profiles among co-users may be warranted as a treatment strategy.
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18
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Hirvonen J, Zanotti-Fregonara P, Gorelick DA, Lyoo CH, Rallis-Frutos D, Morse C, Zoghbi SS, Pike VW, Volkow ND, Huestis MA, Innis RB. Decreased Cannabinoid CB 1 Receptors in Male Tobacco Smokers Examined With Positron Emission Tomography. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:715-721. [PMID: 30121138 PMCID: PMC6388688 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies showed reduction of brain cannabinoid CB1 receptors in adults with cannabis and alcohol use disorders. Preclinical data suggest that these receptors also contribute to nicotine reward and dependence. Tobacco smoking may confound clinical studies of psychiatric disorders because many patients with such disorders smoke tobacco. Whether human subjects who smoke tobacco but are otherwise healthy have altered CB1 receptor binding in brain is unknown. METHODS We measured CB1 receptors in brains of 18 healthy men who smoke tobacco (frequent chronic cigarette smokers), and 28 healthy men who do not smoke tobacco, using positron emission tomography and [18F]FMPEP-d2, a radioligand for CB1 receptors. We collected arterial blood samples during scanning to calculate the distribution volume (VT), which is nearly proportional to CB1 receptor density. Repeated-measures analysis of variance compared VT between groups in various brain regions. RESULTS Brain CB1 receptor VT was about 20% lower in subjects who smoke tobacco than in subjects who do not. Decreased VT was found in all brain regions, but reduction did not correlate with years of smoking, number of cigarettes smoked per day, or measures of nicotine dependence. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco-smoking healthy men have a widespread reduction of CB1 receptor density in brain. Reduction of CB1 receptors appears to be a common feature of substance use disorders. Future clinical studies on the CB1 receptor should control for tobacco smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Hirvonen
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Radiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Paolo Zanotti-Fregonara
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda,Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - David A. Gorelick
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chul Hyoung Lyoo
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Denise Rallis-Frutos
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Cheryl Morse
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Sami S. Zoghbi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Victor W. Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Nora D. Volkow
- Office of the Director, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health,,Lambert Center for the Study of Medicinal Cannabis and Hemp, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert B. Innis
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
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Baggelaar MP, Maccarrone M, van der Stelt M. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol: A signaling lipid with manifold actions in the brain. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 71:1-17. [PMID: 29751000 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is a signaling lipid in the central nervous system that is a key regulator of neurotransmitter release. 2-AG is an endocannabinoid that activates the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. It is involved in a wide array of (patho)physiological functions, such as emotion, cognition, energy balance, pain sensation and neuroinflammation. In this review, we describe the biosynthetic and metabolic pathways of 2-AG and how chemical and genetic perturbation of these pathways has led to insight in the biological role of this signaling lipid. Finally, we discuss the potential therapeutic benefits of modulating 2-AG levels in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P Baggelaar
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; European Centre for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, via del Fosso del Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands..
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Goodwin RD, Pacek LR, Copeland J, Moeller SJ, Dierker L, Weinberger A, Gbedemah M, Zvolensky MJ, Wall MM, Hasin DS. Trends in Daily Cannabis Use Among Cigarette Smokers: United States, 2002-2014. Am J Public Health 2017; 108:137-142. [PMID: 29161058 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2017.304050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate changes in the prevalence of daily cannabis use among current, former, and never cigarette smokers from 2002 to 2014 in the United States. METHODS The National Survey on Drug Use and Health is a nationally representative cross-sectional study conducted annually among persons aged 12 years and older in the United States. RESULTS Daily cannabis use occurs nearly exclusively among nondaily and daily cigarette smokers compared with former and never smokers (8.03%, 9.01%, 2.79%, 1.05%, respectively). Daily cannabis use increased over the past decade among both nondaily (8.03% [2014] vs 2.85% [2002]; linear trend P < .001) and daily smokers (9.01% [2014]; 4.92% [2002]; linear trend P < .001). Daily cannabis use increased most rapidly among former cigarette smokers (2.79% [2014] vs 0.98% [2002]; linear trend P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Daily cannabis use occurs predominantly among cigarette smokers in the United States. Daily cannabis use increased among current, former, and never smokers over the past decade, with particularly rapid increases among youth and female cigarette smokers. Future research is needed to monitor the observed increase in daily cannabis use, especially among youths and adults who smoke cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee D Goodwin
- Renee D. Goodwin is with the Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, The City University of New York, New York, NY. Lauren R. Pacek is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC. Jan Copeland is with the University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Scott J. Moeller is with the Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY. Lisa Dierker is with the Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT. Andrea Weinberger is with the Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY. Michael J. Zvolensky is with the Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX. Melanie M. Wall is with the Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Deborah S. Hasin is with the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health
| | - Lauren R Pacek
- Renee D. Goodwin is with the Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, The City University of New York, New York, NY. Lauren R. Pacek is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC. Jan Copeland is with the University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Scott J. Moeller is with the Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY. Lisa Dierker is with the Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT. Andrea Weinberger is with the Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY. Michael J. Zvolensky is with the Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX. Melanie M. Wall is with the Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Deborah S. Hasin is with the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health
| | - Jan Copeland
- Renee D. Goodwin is with the Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, The City University of New York, New York, NY. Lauren R. Pacek is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC. Jan Copeland is with the University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Scott J. Moeller is with the Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY. Lisa Dierker is with the Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT. Andrea Weinberger is with the Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY. Michael J. Zvolensky is with the Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX. Melanie M. Wall is with the Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Deborah S. Hasin is with the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health
| | - Scott J Moeller
- Renee D. Goodwin is with the Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, The City University of New York, New York, NY. Lauren R. Pacek is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC. Jan Copeland is with the University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Scott J. Moeller is with the Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY. Lisa Dierker is with the Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT. Andrea Weinberger is with the Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY. Michael J. Zvolensky is with the Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX. Melanie M. Wall is with the Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Deborah S. Hasin is with the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health
| | - Lisa Dierker
- Renee D. Goodwin is with the Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, The City University of New York, New York, NY. Lauren R. Pacek is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC. Jan Copeland is with the University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Scott J. Moeller is with the Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY. Lisa Dierker is with the Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT. Andrea Weinberger is with the Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY. Michael J. Zvolensky is with the Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX. Melanie M. Wall is with the Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Deborah S. Hasin is with the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health
| | - Andrea Weinberger
- Renee D. Goodwin is with the Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, The City University of New York, New York, NY. Lauren R. Pacek is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC. Jan Copeland is with the University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Scott J. Moeller is with the Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY. Lisa Dierker is with the Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT. Andrea Weinberger is with the Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY. Michael J. Zvolensky is with the Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX. Melanie M. Wall is with the Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Deborah S. Hasin is with the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health
| | - Misato Gbedemah
- Renee D. Goodwin is with the Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, The City University of New York, New York, NY. Lauren R. Pacek is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC. Jan Copeland is with the University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Scott J. Moeller is with the Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY. Lisa Dierker is with the Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT. Andrea Weinberger is with the Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY. Michael J. Zvolensky is with the Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX. Melanie M. Wall is with the Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Deborah S. Hasin is with the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health
| | - Michael J Zvolensky
- Renee D. Goodwin is with the Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, The City University of New York, New York, NY. Lauren R. Pacek is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC. Jan Copeland is with the University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Scott J. Moeller is with the Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY. Lisa Dierker is with the Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT. Andrea Weinberger is with the Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY. Michael J. Zvolensky is with the Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX. Melanie M. Wall is with the Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Deborah S. Hasin is with the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health
| | - Melanie M Wall
- Renee D. Goodwin is with the Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, The City University of New York, New York, NY. Lauren R. Pacek is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC. Jan Copeland is with the University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Scott J. Moeller is with the Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY. Lisa Dierker is with the Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT. Andrea Weinberger is with the Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY. Michael J. Zvolensky is with the Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX. Melanie M. Wall is with the Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Deborah S. Hasin is with the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health
| | - Deborah S Hasin
- Renee D. Goodwin is with the Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, The City University of New York, New York, NY. Lauren R. Pacek is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC. Jan Copeland is with the University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Scott J. Moeller is with the Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY. Lisa Dierker is with the Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT. Andrea Weinberger is with the Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY. Michael J. Zvolensky is with the Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX. Melanie M. Wall is with the Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Deborah S. Hasin is with the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health
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21
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Bruijnzeel AW. Neuropeptide systems and new treatments for nicotine addiction. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1419-1437. [PMID: 28028605 PMCID: PMC5420481 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4513-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The mildly euphoric and cognitive enhancing effects of nicotine play a role in the initiation of smoking, while dysphoria and anxiety associated with smoking cessation contribute to relapse. After the acute withdrawal phase, smoking cues, a few cigarettes (i.e., lapse), and stressors can cause relapse. Human and animal studies have shown that neuropeptides play a critical role in nicotine addiction. OBJECTIVES The goal of this paper is to describe the role of neuropeptide systems in the initiation of nicotine intake, nicotine withdrawal, and the reinstatement of extinguished nicotine seeking. RESULTS The reviewed studies indicate that several drugs that target neuropeptide systems diminish the rewarding effects of nicotine by preventing the activation of dopaminergic systems. Other peptide-based drugs diminish the hyperactivity of brain stress systems and diminish withdrawal-associated symptom severity. Blockade of hypocretin-1 and nociceptin receptors and stimulation of galanin and neurotensin receptors diminishes the rewarding effects of nicotine. Both corticotropin-releasing factor type 1 and kappa-opioid receptor antagonists diminish dysphoria and anxiety-like behavior associated with nicotine withdrawal and inhibit stress-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking. Furthermore, blockade of vasopressin 1b receptors diminishes dysphoria during nicotine withdrawal, and melanocortin 4 receptor blockade prevents stress-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking. The role of neuropeptide systems in nicotine-primed and cue-induced reinstatement is largely unexplored, but there is evidence for a role of hypocretin-1 receptors in cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking. CONCLUSION Drugs that target neuropeptide systems might decrease the euphoric effects of smoking and improve relapse rates by diminishing withdrawal symptoms and improving stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan W. Bruijnzeel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA,Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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22
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Pacek LR, Vandrey R, Dermody SS, Denlinger-Apte RL, Lemieux A, Tidey JW, McClernon FJ, Bangdiwala AS, Drobes DJ, al'Absi M, Strasser AA, Koopmeiners JS, Hatsukami DK, Donny EC. Evaluation of a reduced nicotine product standard: Moderating effects of and impact on cannabis use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 167:228-32. [PMID: 27590743 PMCID: PMC5037041 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act authorized the FDA to reduce the nicotine content in cigarettes. Research is needed to guide proposed regulations, including evaluation of consequences to public health. This study evaluated how a reduced nicotine product standard might be moderated by and impact cannabis use. METHODS Secondary analysis of a controlled clinical trial examining the effects of nicotine content in cigarettes in adult daily smokers. Linear regression assessed whether baseline cannabis use moderated behavioral, subjective, or physiological effects of smoking very low nicotine content (VLNC) versus normal nicotine content (NNC) cigarettes. Repeated measures analysis of associations between nicotine condition and prevalence and frequency of cannabis use was completed using generalized estimating equations (GEE). RESULTS Cannabis use did not moderate most of the following effects of VLNC cigarettes: Among cannabis users and non-users, smokers randomized to VLNC cigarettes reported lower nicotine dependence, cigarettes per day, biomarkers of nicotine exposure, and craving compared to smokers randomized to NNC cigarettes. Non-cannabis using smokers randomized to VLNC cigarettes also reported lower smoking dependence motives and had lower tobacco-specific nitrosamine exposure and total puff volume versus smokers randomized to NNC cigarettes. For cannabis users, smokers randomized to VLNC cigarettes reported decreased positive affect. VLNC cigarette use did not impact the prevalence or frequency of cannabis use. DISCUSSION Findings provide evidence that nicotine reduction in cigarettes could have beneficial effects on cigarette smoking regardless of cannabis use. Results suggest that transitioning to VLNC cigarettes is unlikely to alter current rates of cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Pacek
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27705, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Ryan Vandrey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | | | | | - Andrine Lemieux
- Department of Biobehavioral Health and Population Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Jennifer W Tidey
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - F Joseph McClernon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Ananta S Bangdiwala
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Core, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - David J Drobes
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa FL, 33612, USA
| | - Mustafa al'Absi
- Department of Biobehavioral Health and Population Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Andrew A Strasser
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Joseph S Koopmeiners
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, 15260, USA
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23
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Kohut SJ. Interactions between nicotine and drugs of abuse: a review of preclinical findings. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2016; 43:155-170. [PMID: 27589579 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2016.1209513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Polysubstance abuse is common among substance-use disorder patients, and nicotine is one of the most commonly co-used substances. Epidemiological and clinical laboratory studies suggest that nicotine, when combined with other drugs of abuse, increases intake of one or both substances. This review focuses on the preclinical literature regarding nicotine's interaction with alcohol, stimulants (i.e., cocaine, amphetamines), opioids (i.e., morphine, heroin), and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The current understanding of how these various classes of abused drugs may interact with nicotine on behavioral, physiological, and pharmacological indices that may be important in maintaining co-use of one or both substances in human populations are highlighted. Suggestions as to future areas of research and gaps in knowledge are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Kohut
- a McLean Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School , Belmont , MA , USA
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24
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Schuster RM, Mermelstein RJ, Hedeker D. Ecological momentary assessment of working memory under conditions of simultaneous marijuana and tobacco use. Addiction 2016; 111:1466-76. [PMID: 26857917 PMCID: PMC4940223 DOI: 10.1111/add.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The neuropsychological correlates of simultaneous marijuana and tobacco use are largely unknown, which is surprising as both substances have similar neural substrates and have opposing influences on working memory (WM). This study examined the effects of marijuana alone, tobacco alone and simultaneous marijuana and tobacco use on WM. DESIGN Primary aims were tested using a within-subject design, controlling for multiple subject- and momentary-level confounds via ecological momentary assessment (EMA). SETTING Data collection occurred in the Chicago, USA area in participants' natural environments. PARTICIPANTS Participants were 287 community young adults from a larger natural history study, oversampled for ever smoking, all of whom event-recorded at least one substance use occasion during the study week. MEASUREMENTS Momentary tobacco, marijuana and alcohol use were recorded during multiple EMA across 1 week of data capture. WM was assessed at the end of each EMA assessment. Contextual variables that may influence WM were recorded via EMA. FINDINGS There were main effects for marijuana and tobacco: WM was poorer with marijuana [odds ratio (OR) = 0.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.84-0.99] and better with tobacco (OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.04-1.18). These effects were not qualified by an interaction (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.84-1.26). Alcohol also reduced WM (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.79-0.95), and the tobacco × alcohol interaction was significant (OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.66-0.99), indicating that the facilitative effect of tobacco disappeared with concurrent alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS Relative to when individuals did not use these substances, working memory decreased with acute marijuana and alcohol use and increased with acute tobacco use. However, the putative effect of marijuana on working memory and the facilitative effect of tobacco on working memory were no longer present when used simultaneously with tobacco and alcohol, respectively. Data suggest that tobacco use may compensate for working memory decrements from marijuana among young adults and highlight the importance of investigating further the negative impact of alcohol use on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi Melissa Schuster
- Center for Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Robin J. Mermelstein
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois,Institute for Health Research and Policy, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Donald Hedeker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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25
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Scherma M, Muntoni AL, Melis M, Fattore L, Fadda P, Fratta W, Pistis M. Interactions between the endocannabinoid and nicotinic cholinergic systems: preclinical evidence and therapeutic perspectives. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:1765-77. [PMID: 26728894 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4196-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Several lines of evidence suggest that endocannabinoid and nicotinic cholinergic systems are implicated in the regulation of different physiological processes, including reward, and in the neuropathological mechanisms of psychiatric diseases, such as addiction. A crosstalk between these two systems is substantiated by the overlapping distribution of cannabinoid and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in many brain structures. OBJECTIVE We will review recent preclinical data showing how the endocannabinoid and nicotinic cholinergic systems interact bidirectionally at the level of the brain reward pathways, and how this interaction plays a key role in modulating nicotine and cannabinoid intake and dependence. RESULTS Many behavioral and neurochemical effects of nicotine that are related to its addictive potential are reduced by pharmacological blockade or genetic deletion of type-1 cannabinoid receptors, inhibition of endocannabinoid uptake or metabolic degradation, and activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated-receptor-α. On the other hand, cholinergic antagonists at α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as well as endogenous negative allosteric modulators of these receptors are effective in blocking dependence-related effects of cannabinoids. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacological manipulation of the endocannabinoid system and endocannabinoid-like neuromodulators shows promise in the treatment of nicotine dependence and in relapse prevention. Likewise, drugs acting at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors might prove useful in the therapy of cannabinoid dependence. Research by Steven R. Goldberg has significantly contributed to the progress in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Scherma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato (CA), 09042, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Muntoni
- Neuroscience Institute, section of Cagliari, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy
- Centre of Excellence "Neurobiology of Dependence", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Miriam Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato (CA), 09042, Italy
| | - Liana Fattore
- Neuroscience Institute, section of Cagliari, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy
- Centre of Excellence "Neurobiology of Dependence", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paola Fadda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato (CA), 09042, Italy
- Centre of Excellence "Neurobiology of Dependence", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Walter Fratta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato (CA), 09042, Italy
- Centre of Excellence "Neurobiology of Dependence", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Pistis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato (CA), 09042, Italy.
- Neuroscience Institute, section of Cagliari, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy.
- Centre of Excellence "Neurobiology of Dependence", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
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26
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Cannabinoid CB2 Receptor Mediates Nicotine-Induced Anti-Inflammation in N9 Microglial Cells Exposed to β Amyloid via Protein Kinase C. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:4854378. [PMID: 26884647 PMCID: PMC4738711 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4854378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Reducing β amyloid- (Aβ-) induced microglial activation is considered to be effective in treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nicotine attenuates Aβ-induced microglial activation; the mechanism, however, is still elusive. Microglia could be activated into classic activated state (M1 state) or alternative activated state (M2 state); the former is cytotoxic and the latter is neurotrophic. In this investigation, we hypothesized that nicotine attenuates Aβ-induced microglial activation by shifting microglial M1 to M2 state, and cannabinoid CB2 receptor and protein kinase C mediate the process. Methods. We used Aβ1–42 to activate N9 microglial cells and observed nicotine-induced effects on microglial M1 and M2 biomarkers by using western blot, immunocytochemistry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results. We found that nicotine reduced the levels of M1 state markers, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin- (IL-) 6 releases; meanwhile, it increased the levels of M2 state markers, including arginase-1 (Arg-1) expression and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) release, in the Aβ-stimulated microglia. Coadministration of cannabinoid CB2 receptor antagonist or protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor partially abolished the nicotine-induced effects. Conclusion. These findings indicated that cannabinoid CB2 receptor mediates nicotine-induced anti-inflammation in microglia exposed to Aβ via PKC.
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27
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Neuroscience of nicotine for addiction medicine: novel targets for smoking cessation medications. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 223:191-214. [PMID: 26806777 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality associated with tobacco smoking constitutes a significant burden on healthcare budgets all over the world. Therefore, promoting smoking cessation is an important goal of health professionals and policy makers throughout the world. Nicotine is a major psychoactive component in tobacco that is largely responsible for the widespread addiction to tobacco. A majority of the currently available FDA-approved smoking cessation medications act via neuronal nicotinic receptors. These medications are effective in approximately half of all the smokers, who want to quit and relapse among abstinent smokers continues to be high. In addition to relapse among abstinent smokers, unpleasant effects associated with nicotine withdrawal are a major motivational factor in continued tobacco smoking. Over the last two decades, animal studies have helped in identifying several neural substrates that are involved in nicotine-dependent behaviors including those associated with nicotine withdrawal and relapse to tobacco smoking. In this review, first the role of specific brain regions/circuits that are involved in nicotine dependence will be discussed. Next, the review will describe the role of specific nicotinic receptor subunits in nicotine dependence. Finally, the review will discuss the role of classical neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline, glutamate, and γ-aminobutyric acid) as well as endogenous opioid and endocannabinoid signaling in nicotine dependence. The nicotinic and nonnicotinic neural substrates involved in nicotine-dependent behaviors can serve as possible targets for future smoking cessation medications.
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28
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Rabin RA, George TP. A review of co‐morbid tobacco and cannabis use disorders: Possible mechanisms to explain high rates of co‐use. Am J Addict 2015; 24:105-116. [DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Allison Rabin
- Institute of Medical Science (IMS)Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Schizophrenia DivisionCentre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH)TorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Tony Peter George
- Institute of Medical Science (IMS)Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Schizophrenia DivisionCentre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH)TorontoOntarioCanada
- Division of Brain and TherapeuticsDepartment of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
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29
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Muldoon PP, Chen J, Harenza JL, Abdullah RA, Sim-Selley LJ, Cravatt BF, Miles MF, Chen X, Lichtman AH, Damaj MI. Inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase reduces nicotine withdrawal. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:869-82. [PMID: 25258021 PMCID: PMC4301695 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Abrupt discontinuation of nicotine, the main psychoactive component in tobacco, induces a withdrawal syndrome in nicotine-dependent animals, consisting of somatic and affective signs, avoidance of which contributes to drug maintenance. While blockade of fatty acid amide hydrolase, the primary catabolic enzyme of the endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide), exacerbates withdrawal responses in nicotine-dependent mice, the role of monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), the main hydrolytic enzyme of a second endocannabinoid 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG), in nicotine withdrawal remains unexplored. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH To evaluate the role of MAGL enzyme inhibition in nicotine withdrawal, we initially performed a genetic correlation approach using the BXD recombinant inbred mouse panel. We then assessed nicotine withdrawal intensity in the mouse after treatment with the selective MAGL inhibitor, JZL184, and after genetic deletion of the enzyme. Lastly, we assessed the association between genotypes and smoking withdrawal phenotypes in two human data sets. KEY RESULTS BXD mice displayed significant positive correlations between basal MAGL mRNA expression and nicotine withdrawal responses, consistent with the idea that increased 2-AG brain levels may attenuate withdrawal responses. Strikingly, the MAGL inhibitor, JZL184, dose-dependently reduced somatic and aversive withdrawal signs, which was blocked by rimonabant, indicating a CB1 receptor-dependent mechanism. MAGL-knockout mice also showed attenuated nicotine withdrawal. Lastly, genetic analyses in humans revealed associations of the MAGL gene with smoking withdrawal in humans. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Overall, our findings suggest that MAGL inhibition maybe a promising target for treatment of nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Muldoon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA, USA
| | - J Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA, USA
| | - J L Harenza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA, USA
| | - R A Abdullah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA, USA
| | - L J Sim-Selley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA, USA
| | - B F Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research InstituteLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M F Miles
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA, USA
| | - X Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA, USA
| | - A H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA, USA
| | - M I Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA, USA
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30
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Gamaleddin IH, Trigo JM, Gueye AB, Zvonok A, Makriyannis A, Goldberg SR, Le Foll B. Role of the endogenous cannabinoid system in nicotine addiction: novel insights. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:41. [PMID: 25859226 PMCID: PMC4373509 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence have shown that the endogenous cannabinoids are implicated in several neuropsychiatric diseases. Notably, preclinical and human clinical studies have shown a pivotal role of the cannabinoid system in nicotine addiction. The CB1 receptor inverse agonist/antagonist rimonabant (also known as SR141716) was effective to decrease nicotine-taking and nicotine-seeking in rodents, as well as the elevation of dopamine induced by nicotine in brain reward area. Rimonabant has been shown to improve the ability of smokers to quit smoking in randomized clinical trials. However, rimonabant was removed from the market due to increased risk of psychiatric side-effects observed in humans. Recently, other components of the endogenous cannabinoid system have been explored. Here, we present the recent advances on the understanding of the role of the different components of the cannabinoid system on nicotine's effects. Those recent findings suggest possible alternative ways of modulating the cannabinoid system that could have implication for nicotine dependence treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Hany Gamaleddin
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Directorate of Poison Control and Forensic Chemistry, Ministry of Health , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Jose M Trigo
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - Aliou B Gueye
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - Alexander Zvonok
- Center for Drug Discovery, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Steven R Goldberg
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Alcohol Research and Treatment Clinic, Addiction Medicine Services, Ambulatory Care and Structured Treatments, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada
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31
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Varani AP, Pedrón VT, Machado LM, Antonelli MC, Bettler B, Balerio GN. Lack of GABAB receptors modifies behavioural and biochemical alterations induced by precipitated nicotine withdrawal. Neuropharmacology 2014; 90:90-101. [PMID: 25479464 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The nicotine (NIC) withdrawal syndrome is considered to be a major cause of the high relapse rate among individuals undergoing smoking cessation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a possible role of GABAB receptors in NIC withdrawal, by comparing GABAB1 knockout mice and their wild-type littermates. We analysed the time course of the global withdrawal score, the anxiety-like effects, monoamine concentrations, the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, the corticosterone plasmatic levels and [(3)H]epibatidine binding sites during NIC withdrawal precipitated by mecamylamine, a nicotinic receptor antagonist (MEC). In NIC withdrawn wild-type mice, we observed a global withdrawal score, an anxiety-like effect in the elevated plus maze, a decrease of the striatal dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations, an increase of corticosterone plasma levels, a reduction of BDNF expression in several brain areas and an increase of [(3)H]epibatidine binding sites in specific brain regions. Interestingly, the effects found in NIC withdrawn wild-type mice were absent in GABAB1 knockout mice, suggesting that GABAB1 subunit of the GABAB receptor is involved in the regulation of the behavioural and biochemical alterations induced by NIC withdrawal in mice. These results reveal an interaction between the GABAB receptors and the neurochemical systems through which NIC exerts its long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés P Varani
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (CONICET), Junín 956, 5° Piso, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Valeria T Pedrón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (CONICET), Junín 956, 5° Piso, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Lirane Moutinho Machado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (CONICET), Junín 956, 5° Piso, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Marta C Antonelli
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bernhard Bettler
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Physiology, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Graciela N Balerio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (CONICET), Junín 956, 5° Piso, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 5° Piso, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina.
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32
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Jackson KJ, Muldoon PP, De Biasi M, Damaj MI. New mechanisms and perspectives in nicotine withdrawal. Neuropharmacology 2014; 96:223-34. [PMID: 25433149 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diseases associated with tobacco use constitute a major health problem worldwide. Upon cessation of tobacco use, an unpleasant withdrawal syndrome occurs in dependent individuals. Avoidance of the negative state produced by nicotine withdrawal represents a motivational component that promotes continued tobacco use and relapse after smoking cessation. With the modest success rate of currently available smoking cessation therapies, understanding mechanisms involved in the nicotine withdrawal syndrome are crucial for developing successful treatments. Animal models provide a useful tool for examining neuroadaptative mechanisms and factors influencing nicotine withdrawal, including sex, age, and genetic factors. Such research has also identified an important role for nicotinic receptor subtypes in different aspects of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome (e.g., physical vs. affective signs). In addition to nicotinic receptors, the opioid and endocannabinoid systems, various signal transduction pathways, neurotransmitters, and neuropeptides have been implicated in the nicotine withdrawal syndrome. Animal studies have informed human studies of genetic variants and potential targets for smoking cessation therapies. Overall, the available literature indicates that the nicotine withdrawal syndrome is complex, and involves a range of neurobiological mechanisms. As research in nicotine withdrawal progresses, new pharmacological options for smokers attempting to quit can be identified, and treatments with fewer side effects that are better tailored to the unique characteristics of patients may become available. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'The Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor: From Molecular Biology to Cognition'.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Jackson
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh St., Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - P P Muldoon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1220 E. Marshall St., Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - M De Biasi
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - M I Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1220 E. Marshall St., Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
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33
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Varani AP, Moutinho Machado L, Balerio GN. Baclofen prevented the changes in c-Fos and brain-derived neutrophic factor expressions during mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine withdrawal in mice. Synapse 2014; 68:508-17. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés P. Varani
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (UBA-CONICET); Junín 956, 5° piso, (C1113AAD) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Lirane Moutinho Machado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (UBA-CONICET); Junín 956, 5° piso, (C1113AAD) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Graciela N. Balerio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (UBA-CONICET); Junín 956, 5° piso, (C1113AAD) Buenos Aires Argentina
- Cátedra de Farmacología; Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Junín 956 5° Piso, (C1113AAD) Buenos Aires Argentina
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Varani AP, Aso E, Moutinho LM, Maldonado R, Balerio GN. Attenuation by baclofen of nicotine rewarding properties and nicotine withdrawal manifestations. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:3031-40. [PMID: 24553576 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3469-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Nicotine is a major active ingredient in tobacco and plays a major role in tobacco addiction. In rodents, repeated nicotine administration produces behavioral responses related to its addictive properties, such as reinforcing effects and physical dependence. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible role of GABAB receptor in responses induced by repeated nicotine administration in Swiss Webster mice. RESULTS Nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) administration induced rewarding properties in the conditioning place preference test. The GABAB receptor agonist, baclofen (3 mg/kg, i.p.) abolished the rewarding properties induced by nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.). In addition, naloxone-precipitated nicotine withdrawal induced somatic manifestations, anxiety-like effects in the elevated plus maze test and dysphoric manifestations in the conditioned place aversion paradigm. Baclofen (2 and 3 mg/kg, i.p.) prevented the somatic manifestations and the anxiety-like effects associated with naloxone-precipitated nicotine withdrawal but not the dysphoric manifestations. CONCLUSIONS These results showed that nicotine rewarding properties and negative aspects of nicotine withdrawal, such as anxiety-like effects and somatic manifestations, can be modulated by the GABAB receptor activity. This study now reveals a novel possible application of baclofen to develop new therapeutic strategies to achieve smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés P Varani
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (CONICET), Junín 956 5° Piso, Buenos Aires, C1113AAD, Argentina
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Role of CB2 cannabinoid receptors in the rewarding, reinforcing, and physical effects of nicotine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:2515-24. [PMID: 23817165 PMCID: PMC3799072 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed to evaluate the involvement of CB2 cannabinoid receptors (CB2r) in the rewarding, reinforcing and motivational effects of nicotine. Conditioned place preference (CPP) and intravenous self-administration experiments were carried out in knockout mice lacking CB2r (CB2KO) and wild-type (WT) littermates treated with the CB2r antagonist AM630 (1 and 3 mg/kg). Gene expression analyses of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and α3- and α4-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits (nAChRs) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and immunohistochemical studies to elucidate whether CB2r colocalized with α3- and α4-nAChRs in the nucleus accumbens and VTA were performed. Mecamylamine-precipitated withdrawal syndrome after chronic nicotine exposure was evaluated in CB2KO mice and WT mice treated with AM630 (1 and 3 mg/kg). CB2KO mice did not show nicotine-induced place conditioning and self-administered significantly less nicotine. In addition, AM630 was able to block (3 mg/kg) nicotine-induced CPP and reduce (1 and 3 mg/kg) nicotine self-administration. Under baseline conditions, TH, α3-nAChR, and α4-nAChR mRNA levels in the VTA of CB2KO mice were significantly lower compared with WT mice. Confocal microscopy images revealed that CB2r colocalized with α3- and α4-nAChRs. Somatic signs of nicotine withdrawal (rearings, groomings, scratches, teeth chattering, and body tremors) increased significantly in WT but were absent in CB2KO mice. Interestingly, the administration of AM630 blocked the nicotine withdrawal syndrome and failed to alter basal behavior in saline-treated WT mice. These results suggest that CB2r play a relevant role in the rewarding, reinforcing, and motivational effects of nicotine. Pharmacological manipulation of this receptor deserves further consideration as a potential new valuable target for the treatment of nicotine dependence.
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Raffa RB, Baron S, Bhandal JS, Brown T, Song K, Tallarida CS, Rawls SM. Opioid receptor types involved in the development of nicotine physical dependence in an invertebrate (Planaria) model. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 112:9-14. [PMID: 24084318 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent data suggest that opioid receptors are involved in the development of nicotine physical dependence in mammals. Evidence in support of a similar involvement in an invertebrate (Planaria) is presented using the selective opioid receptor antagonist naloxone, and the more receptor subtype-selective antagonists CTAP (D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Arg-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2) (μ, MOR), naltrindole (δ, DOR), and nor-BNI (norbinaltorphimine) (κ, KOR). Induction of physical dependence was achieved by 60-min pre-exposure of planarians to nicotine and was quantified by abstinence-induced withdrawal (reduction in spontaneous locomotor activity). Known MOR and DOR subtype-selective opioid receptor antagonists attenuated the withdrawal, as did the non-selective antagonist naloxone, but a KOR subtype-selective antagonist did not. An involvement of MOR and DOR, but not KOR, in the development of nicotine physical dependence or in abstinence-induced withdrawal was thus demonstrated in a sensitive and facile invertebrate model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Raffa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Alijanpour S, Rezayof A. Involvement of dorsal hippocampal and medial septal nicotinic receptors in cross state-dependent memory between WIN55, 212-2 and nicotine or ethanol in mice. Neuroscience 2013; 245:61-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Varani AP, Antonelli MC, Balerio GN. Mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine withdrawal syndrome and its prevention with baclofen: an autoradiographic study of α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 44:217-25. [PMID: 23500668 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A previous study from our laboratory showed that baclofen (BAC, GABAB receptor agonist) was able to prevent the behavioral expression of nicotine (NIC) withdrawal syndrome. To further investigate the mechanisms underlying this effect, we conducted this study, with the aims of analyzing α4β2 nicotinic receptor density during NIC withdrawal and, in case we found any changes, of determining whether they could be prevented by pretreatment with BAC. Swiss Webster albino mice received NIC (2.5 mg/kg, s.c.) 4 times daily, for 7 days. On the 8th day, NIC-treated mice received the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine (MEC; 2 mg/kg, i.p.) 1 h after the last dose of NIC. A second group of NIC-treated mice received BAC (2 mg/kg, i.p.) prior to MEC administration. Thirty minutes after MEC, mice were sacrificed and brain autoradiography with [(3)H]epibatidine was carried out at five different anatomical levels. Autoradiographic mapping showed a significant increase of α4β2 nicotinic receptor labeling during NIC withdrawal in the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh), medial habenular nucleus (HbM), thalamic nuclei, dorsal lateral geniculate (DLG) nucleus, fasciculus retroflexus (fr), ventral tegmental area, interpeduncular nucleus and superior colliculus. BAC pretreatment prevented the increased α4β2 nicotinic receptor binding sites in the AcbSh, MHb, thalamic nuclei, DLG nucleus and fr. The present results suggest a relationship between BAC's preventive effect of the expression of NIC withdrawal signs, and its ability to restore the changes in α4β2 nicotinic receptor labeling, evidenced in specific brain areas in NIC withdrawn animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés P Varani
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (UBA-CONICET), Junín 956, 5° Piso, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Cohen A, George O. Animal models of nicotine exposure: relevance to second-hand smoking, electronic cigarette use, and compulsive smoking. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:41. [PMID: 23761766 PMCID: PMC3671664 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Much evidence indicates that individuals use tobacco primarily to experience the psychopharmacological properties of nicotine and that a large proportion of smokers eventually become dependent on nicotine. In humans, nicotine acutely produces positive reinforcing effects, including mild euphoria, whereas a nicotine abstinence syndrome with both somatic and affective components is observed after chronic nicotine exposure. Animal models of nicotine self-administration and chronic exposure to nicotine have been critical in unveiling the neurobiological substrates that mediate the acute reinforcing effects of nicotine and emergence of a withdrawal syndrome during abstinence. However, important aspects of the transition from nicotine abuse to nicotine dependence, such as the emergence of increased motivation and compulsive nicotine intake following repeated exposure to the drug, have only recently begun to be modeled in animals. Thus, the neurobiological mechanisms that are involved in these important aspects of nicotine addiction remain largely unknown. In this review, we describe the different animal models available to date and discuss recent advances in animal models of nicotine exposure and nicotine dependence. This review demonstrates that novel animal models of nicotine vapor exposure and escalation of nicotine intake provide a unique opportunity to investigate the neurobiological effects of second-hand nicotine exposure, electronic cigarette use, and the mechanisms that underlie the transition from nicotine use to compulsive nicotine intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Cohen
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Olivier George
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Muldoon PP, Lichtman AH, Parsons LH, Damaj MI. The role of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition in nicotine reward and dependence. Life Sci 2013; 92:458-62. [PMID: 22705310 PMCID: PMC3477273 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous cannabinoid anandamide (AEA) exerts the majority of its effects at CB1 and CB2 receptors and is degraded by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). FAAH KO mice and animals treated with FAAH inhibitors are impaired in their ability to hydrolyze AEA and other non-cannabinoid lipid signaling molecules, such as oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA). AEA and these other substrates activate non-cannabinoid receptor systems, including TRPV1 and PPAR-α receptors. In this mini review, we describe the functional consequences of FAAH inhibition on nicotine reward and dependence as well as the underlying endocannabinoid and non-cannabinoid receptor systems mediating these effects. Interestingly, FAAH inhibition seems to mediate nicotine dependence differently in mice and rats. Indeed, pharmacological and genetic FAAH disruption in mice enhances nicotine reward and withdrawal. However, in rats, pharmacological blockade of FAAH significantly inhibits nicotine reward and has no effect in nicotine withdrawal. Studies suggest that non-cannabinoid mechanisms may play a role in these species differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pretal P Muldoon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1217 E Marshall St, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Predictors of marijuana relapse in the human laboratory: robust impact of tobacco cigarette smoking status. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:242-8. [PMID: 22939992 PMCID: PMC3522776 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few marijuana smokers in treatment achieve sustained abstinence, yet factors contributing to high relapse rates are unknown. METHODS Study 1: data from five inpatient laboratory studies assessing marijuana intoxication, withdrawal, and relapse were combined to assess factors predicting the likelihood and severity of relapse. Daily, nontreatment-seeking marijuana smokers (n = 51; 10 ± 5 marijuana cigarettes/day) were enrolled. Study 2: to isolate the effects of cigarette smoking, marijuana intoxication, withdrawal, and relapse were assessed in daily marijuana and cigarette smokers (n = 15) under two within-subject, counter-balanced conditions: while smoking tobacco cigarettes as usual (SAU), and after at least 5 days without cigarettes (Quit). RESULTS Study 1: 49% of participants relapsed the first day active marijuana became available. Tobacco cigarette smokers (75%), who were not abstaining from cigarettes, were far more likely to relapse than non-cigarette smokers (odds ratio: 19, p < .01). Individuals experiencing more positive subjective effects (i.e., feeling "high") after marijuana administration and those with more negative affect and sleep disruption during marijuana withdrawal were more likely to have severe relapse episodes (p < .05). Study 2: most participants (>87%) relapsed to marijuana whether in the SAU or Quit phase. Tobacco cigarette smoking did not significantly influence relapse, nor did it affect marijuana intoxication or most symptoms of withdrawal relative to tobacco cessation. CONCLUSIONS Daily marijuana smokers who also smoke cigarettes have high rates of marijuana relapse, and cigarette smoking versus recent abstinence does not directly influence this association. These data indicate that current cigarette smoking is a clinically important marker for increased risk of marijuana relapse.
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Varani AP, Moutinho LM, Bettler B, Balerio GN. Acute behavioural responses to nicotine and nicotine withdrawal syndrome are modified in GABA(B1) knockout mice. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:863-72. [PMID: 22727822 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine is the main active component of tobacco, and has both acute and chronic pharmacological effects that can contribute to its abuse potential in humans. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a possible role of GABA(B) receptors in acute and chronic responses to nicotine administration, by comparing GABA(B1) knockout mice and their wild-type littermates. In wild-type mice, acute nicotine administration (0.5, 1, 3 and 6 mg/kg, sc) dose-dependently decreased locomotor activity, and induced antinociceptive responses in the tail-immersion and hot-plate tests. In GABA(B1) knockout mice, the hypolocomotive effect was observed only with the highest dose of nicotine, and the antinociceptive responses in both tests were significantly reduced in GABA(B1) knockout mice compared to their wild-type littermate. Additionally, nicotine elicited anxiolytic- (0.05 mg/kg) and anxiogenic-like (0.8 mg/kg) responses in the elevated plus-maze test in wild-type mice, while selectively the anxiolytic-like effect was abolished in GABA(B1) knockout mice. We further investigated nicotine withdrawal in mice chronically treated with nicotine (25 mg/kg/day, sc). Mecamylamine (1 mg/kg, sc) precipitated several somatic signs of nicotine withdrawal in wild-type mice. However, signs of nicotine withdrawal were missing in GABA(B1) knockout mice. Finally, there was a decreased immunoreactivity of Fos-positive nuclei in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, basolateral amygdaloid nucleus and hippocampal dentate gyrus in abstinent wild-type but not in GABA(B1) knockout mice. These results reveal an interaction between the GABA(B) system and the neurochemical systems through which nicotine exerts its acute and long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés P Varani
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas-CONICET, Junín 956, 5° Piso, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
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Abstract
Multiple studies in animal models and humans suggest that the endogenous opioid system is an important neurobiological substrate for nicotine addictive properties. In this study, we evaluated the participation of δ-opioid receptors in different behavioral responses of nicotine by using δ-opioid receptor knockout mice. Acute nicotine administration induced hypolocomotion and antinociception in wild-type mice, which were similar in knockout animals. The development of tolerance to nicotine-induced antinociception was also similar in both genotypes. In agreement, the expression and functional activity of δ-opioid receptors were not modified in the different layers of the spinal cord and brain areas evaluated after chronic nicotine treatment. The somatic manifestation of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome precipitated by mecamylamine was also similar in wild-type and δ-opioid receptor knockout mice. In contrast, nicotine induced a conditioned place preference in wild-type animals that was abolished in knockout mice. Moreover, a lower percentage of acquisition of intravenous nicotine self-administration was observed in mice lacking δ-opioid receptors as well as in wild-type mice treated with the selective δ-opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole. Accordingly, in-vivo microdialysis studies revealed that the enhancement in dopamine extracellular levels induced by nicotine in the nucleus accumbens was reduced in mutant mice. In summary, the present results show that δ-opioid receptors are involved in the modulation of nicotine rewarding effects. However, this opioid receptor does not participate either in several acute effects of nicotine or in the development of tolerance and physical dependence induced by chronic nicotine administration.
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Stoker AK, Olivier B, Markou A. Involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in brain reward deficits associated with cocaine and nicotine withdrawal and somatic signs of nicotine withdrawal. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 221:317-27. [PMID: 22147259 PMCID: PMC4010095 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2578-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The involvement of metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptors has been suggested in the reinforcing effects of psychostimulants. However, little is known about the role of these receptors in psychostimulant withdrawal. OBJECTIVES The role of mGlu5 receptors was assessed in the anhedonic and somatic aspects of psychostimulant withdrawal. METHODS Anhedonia was assessed with the discrete-trial current-intensity intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) procedure after the termination of cocaine (180 mg kg(-1) day(-1), salt, 3 days, i.p.) or nicotine (40 mg kg(-1) day(-1), base, 28 days, s.c.) administration via osmotic minipumps in mGlu5 receptor knockout (mGluR5(-/-)) and wild-type (mGluR5(+/+)) mice. Somatic signs were assessed during nicotine withdrawal. The effects of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist mecamylamine on ICSS thresholds were assessed during chronic nicotine administration. RESULTS Nicotine-treated mGluR5(+/+) and mGluR5(-/-) mice demonstrated similar threshold elevations during mecamylamine-precipitated withdrawal compared with their saline-treated counterparts. During spontaneous nicotine and cocaine withdrawal, thresholds in drug-withdrawing mGluR5(+/+), but not mGluR5(-/-), mice were elevated up to 72 h of nicotine/cocaine withdrawal and then returned to baseline, indicating attenuation of withdrawal-induced anhedonia in mGluR5(-/-) mice. Nicotine-withdrawing mGluR5(+/+), but not mGluR5(-/-), mice showed increases in somatic signs compared with saline-treated counterparts. CONCLUSIONS mGlu5 receptor null mutation attenuates the anhedonic and somatic effects of psychostimulant withdrawal. This attenuated withdrawal in mGluR5(-/-) mice may result from the lack of drug-induced adaptations in mGlu5 receptor function that may occur in mGluR5(+/+) mice with chronic drug administration. Thus, these results suggest the involvement of mGlu5 receptors in psychostimulant dependence and the mediation of the anhedonic and somatic signs of psychostimulant withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid K. Stoker
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Berend Olivier
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Athina Markou
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA,Athina Markou, Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry, M/C 0603, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0603, USA; tel: 858-534-1572; fax: 858-534-9917;
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Gamaleddin I, Wertheim C, Zhu AZX, Coen KM, Vemuri K, Makryannis A, Goldberg SR, Le Foll B. Cannabinoid receptor stimulation increases motivation for nicotine and nicotine seeking. Addict Biol 2012; 17:47-61. [PMID: 21521420 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cannabinoid system appears to play a critical facilitative role in mediating the reinforcing effects of nicotine and relapse to nicotine-seeking behaviour in abstinent subjects based on the actions of cannabinoid (CB) receptor antagonists. However, the effects of CB receptor stimulation on nicotine self-administration and reinstatement have not been systematically studied. Here, we studied the effects of WIN 55,212-2, a CB1/2 agonist, on intravenous nicotine self-administration under fixed-ratio (FR) and progressive-ratio (PR) schedules of reinforcement in rats. The effects of WIN 55,212-2 on responding for food under similar schedules were also studied. In addition, the effects of WIN 55,212-2 on nicotine- and cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking were also studied, as well as the effects of WIN 55,212-2 on nicotine discrimination. WIN 55,212-2 decreased nicotine self-administration under the FR schedule. However, co-administration of WIN 55,212-2 with nicotine decreased responding for food, which suggests that this effect was non-selective. In contrast, WIN 55,212-2 increased both nicotine self-administration and responding for food under the PR schedule, produced dose-dependent reinstatement of nicotine seeking, and enhanced the reinstatement effects of nicotine-associated cues. Some of these effects were reversed by the CB1 antagonist rimonabant, but not by the CB2 antagonist AM630. In the drug discrimination tests between saline and 0.4 mg/kg nicotine, WIN 55,212-2 produced no nicotine-like discriminative effects but significantly potentiated discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine at the low dose through a CB1-receptor-dependent mechanism. These findings indicate that cannabinoid CB1-receptor stimulation increases the reinforcing effects of nicotine and precipitates relapse to nicotine-seeking behaviour in abstinent subjects. Thus, modulating CB1-receptor signalling might have therapeutic value for treating nicotine dependence.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Behavior, Addictive/chemically induced
- Behavior, Animal
- Benzoxazines/pharmacology
- Conditioning, Operant/drug effects
- Cues
- Discrimination, Psychological/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Extinction, Psychological/drug effects
- Feeding Behavior/drug effects
- Male
- Morpholines/pharmacology
- Motivation/drug effects
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Naphthalenes/pharmacology
- Nicotine/administration & dosage
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Long-Evans
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Reinforcement, Psychology
- Rimonabant
- Self Administration/statistics & numerical data
- Tobacco Use Disorder
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Gamaleddin
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Canada
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Marijuana use and tobacco smoking cessation among heavy alcohol drinkers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2011; 119:194-200. [PMID: 21724341 PMCID: PMC3199036 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whereas problem drinking impedes smoking cessation, less is known whether marijuana use affects smoking cessation outcomes and whether smoking cessation treatment leads to changes in marijuana smoking. METHODS In a randomized clinical trial that recruited 236 heavy drinkers seeking smoking cessation treatment, we examined whether current marijuana smokers (n=57) differed from the rest of the sample in tobacco smoking and alcohol use outcomes and whether the patterns of marijuana use changed during treatment. RESULTS Half of the marijuana users reported smoking marijuana at least weekly (an average of 42% of possible smoking days), the other half used infrequently, an average of 5% of possible days. There were no significant differences between the marijuana use groups and non-users on smoking outcomes and marijuana use did not predict smoking lapses. All participants made large reductions in weekly alcohol consumption during the trial, with weekly marijuana users reducing their drinking by 47% and at a faster rate than non-marijuana users after the 8-week follow-up. Weekly marijuana smokers also steadily decreased their marijuana use over the course of the study (at 8-, 16-, and 26-week follow-ups) by more than 24%. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that frequent marijuana smokers may benefit from smoking cessation interventions, even when marijuana use is not explicitly discussed. These individuals do not show any more difficulty than other cigarette smokers in making efforts to reduce tobacco smoking and in fact, make meaningful changes in marijuana use and heavy drinking. Future clinical trials should examine whether smoking cessation treatment that addresses both marijuana and tobacco smoking leads to substantial reductions in marijuana use.
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Varani AP, Moutinho LM, Calvo M, Balerio GN. Ability of baclofen to prevent somatic manifestations and neurochemical changes during nicotine withdrawal. Drug Alcohol Depend 2011; 119:e5-12. [PMID: 21733642 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine (NIC), the major active component of tobacco, is critical in the maintenance of the smoking habit. The aims of the present study were to analyze the behavioural and neurochemical variations during NIC withdrawal syndrome in mice, and whether they are prevented with baclofen (BAC, GABA(B) receptor agonist). METHODS Swiss-Webster albino mice received NIC (2.5 mg/kg, s.c.) 4 times daily, for 7 consecutive days. On day 8 (the day of the experiment), NIC-treated mice received the nicotine antagonist mecamylamine (MEC, 2 mg/kg, i.p.) 1h after the last dose of NIC. A second group of dependent mice received BAC (2mg/kg, i.p.) before MEC-precipitated abstinence. The somatic signs were measured for 30 min. Dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) and its metabolites concentrations were determined by HPLC in the striatum, cortex and hippocampus. RESULTS The global score was greater in the abstinent group compared to the control group. Moreover, the global score time course showed a higher increase at 10 min compared to the global score at 5 min or 30 min after MEC-precipitated NIC withdrawal. In addition, the global score was attenuated by BAC. The DA and dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid (DOPAC) cortical levels decreased in the abstinent group, while BAC reestablished these levels 10 min after NIC withdrawal. Furthermore, DA and 5-HT striatal levels decreased during NIC withdrawal, and BAC reverted this decrease. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the prevention of NIC withdrawal signs by BAC could be related to changes in dopaminergic and serotonergic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés P Varani
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Piso, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
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Cippitelli A, Astarita G, Duranti A, Caprioli G, Ubaldi M, Stopponi S, Kallupi M, Sagratini G, Rodrìguez de Fonseca F, Piomelli D, Ciccocioppo R. Endocannabinoid regulation of acute and protracted nicotine withdrawal: effect of FAAH inhibition. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28142. [PMID: 22140525 PMCID: PMC3227620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence shows that the endocannabinoid system modulates the addictive properties of nicotine. In the present study, we hypothesized that spontaneous withdrawal resulting from removal of chronically implanted transdermal nicotine patches is regulated by the endocannabinoid system. A 7-day nicotine dependence procedure (5.2 mg/rat/day) elicited occurrence of reliable nicotine abstinence symptoms in Wistar rats. Somatic and affective withdrawal signs were observed at 16 and 34 hours following removal of nicotine patches, respectively. Further behavioral manifestations including decrease in locomotor activity and increased weight gain also occurred during withdrawal. Expression of spontaneous nicotine withdrawal was accompanied by fluctuation in levels of the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) in several brain structures including the amygdala, the hippocampus, the hypothalamus and the prefrontal cortex. Conversely, levels of 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol were not significantly altered. Pharmacological inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the enzyme responsible for the intracellular degradation of AEA, by URB597 (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg, i.p.), reduced withdrawal-induced anxiety as assessed by the elevated plus maze test and the shock-probe defensive burying paradigm, but did not prevent the occurrence of somatic signs. Together, the results indicate that pharmacological strategies aimed at enhancing endocannabinoid signaling may offer therapeutic advantages to treat the negative affective state produced by nicotine withdrawal, which is critical for the maintenance of tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cippitelli
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
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Role of α7- and β4-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the affective and somatic aspects of nicotine withdrawal: studies in knockout mice. Behav Genet 2011; 42:423-36. [PMID: 22009521 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-011-9511-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
To assess which nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are involved in the aversive aspects of nicotine withdrawal, brain reward function and the somatic signs of nicotine withdrawal were assessed in mice that lack α7 and β4 nAChR subunits. Brain reward function was assessed with the intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) procedure, in which elevations in ICSS thresholds reflect an anhedonic mood state. At 3-6 h of spontaneous nicotine/saline withdrawal, thresholds were elevated in nicotine-withdrawing α7(+/+) and β4(+/+), but not α7(-/-) or β4(-/-), mice compared with saline-withdrawing mice, indicating a delay in the onset of withdrawal in the knockout mice. From 8 to 100 h of withdrawal, thresholds in α7(+/+) and α7(-/-) mice were equally elevated, whereas thresholds in β4(+/+) and β4(-/-) mice returned to baseline levels. Somatic signs were attenuated in nicotine-withdrawing β4(-/-), but not α7(-/-), mice. Administration of a low dose of the nAChR antagonist mecamylamine induced threshold elevations in α7(-/-), but not α7(+/+), mice, whereas the highest dose tested only elevated thresholds in α7(+/+) mice. Mecamylamine-induced threshold elevations were similar in β4(-/-) and β4(+/+) mice. In conclusion, null mutation of the α7 and β4 nAChR subunits resulted in a delayed onset of the anhedonic aspects of the spontaneous nicotine withdrawal syndrome. Previous findings of attenuated somatic signs of nicotine withdrawal in β4(-/-), but not α7(-/-), mice were confirmed in the present study, indicating an important role for β4-containing nAChRs in the somatic signs of nicotine withdrawal. The mecamylamine-precipitated withdrawal data suggest that compensatory adaptations may occur in constitutive α7(-/-) mice or that mecamylamine may interact with other receptors besides nAChRs in these mice. In summary, the present results indicate an important role for α7 and β4-containing nAChRs in the anhedonic or somatic signs of nicotine withdrawal.
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Mannucci C, Navarra M, Pieratti A, Russo GA, Caputi AP, Calapai G. Interactions between endocannabinoid and serotonergic systems in mood disorders caused by nicotine withdrawal. Nicotine Tob Res 2011; 13:239-47. [PMID: 21324836 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntq242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endocannabinoid and serotonin systems are implicated in mechanisms underlying depression-like symptoms. Involvement of serotonin in mood disorders occurring after smoking cessation has been observed. We studied the interactions between endocannabinoid and serotonergic systems in mood and behavioral disorders caused by nicotine cessation. The effects of the endocannabinoid transport inhibitor AM404 and the cannabinoid receptor 1 antagonist AM251 in a nicotine-dependent rodent model were investigated. METHODS Dependence was induced by subcutaneous injections of nicotine (2 mg/kg, 4 injections daily) for 15 consecutive days in mice. Animals treated with AM404 or AM251 were tested for locomotor activity and abstinence signs 24 hr after nicotine withdrawal and in forced swimming test (FST) at different times: immediately after last nicotine injection (t = 0) and 15 and 30 days after nicotine withdrawal. In nicotine-dependent mice treated with AM404 or AM251, expression of diencephalic serotonin receptor 1(A) (5-HT1(A)) was also measured. Effects of AM404, AM251, and WAY 100635 (5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist) in mice subjected to FST were evaluated. RESULTS A decrease in diencephalic 5-HT(1A) levels was observed in mice previously injected with nicotine. In the same animals, AM251 caused (0.5-2 mg/kg) a significant decrease of abstinence signs and AM404 (0.5-2 mg/kg) provoked a significant dose-dependent reduction in immobility time in the FST. Either AM251 or WAY 100635 antagonized anti-immobility effects of AM404. CONCLUSIONS Data indicate the existence of a link between serotonergic and endocannabinoid systems in the mechanisms underlying mood disorders caused by nicotine abstinence and suggest that these interactions are potential targets for pharmacological aid in smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Mannucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 5, Messina, Italy
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