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Jaykumar AB, Binns D, Taylor CA, Anselmo A, Birnbaum SG, Huber KM, Cobb MH. WNKs regulate mouse behavior and alter central nervous system glucose uptake and insulin signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.09.598125. [PMID: 38915673 PMCID: PMC11195145 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.09.598125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Certain areas of the brain involved in episodic memory and behavior, such as the hippocampus, express high levels of insulin receptors and glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) and are responsive to insulin. Insulin and neuronal glucose metabolism improve cognitive functions and regulate mood in humans. Insulin-dependent GLUT4 trafficking has been extensively studied in muscle and adipose tissue, but little work has demonstrated either how it is controlled in insulin-responsive brain regions or its mechanistic connection to cognitive functions. In this study, we demonstrate that inhibition of WNK (With-No-lysine (K)) kinases improves learning and memory in mice. Neuronal inhibition of WNK enhances in vivo hippocampal glucose uptake. Inhibition of WNK enhances insulin signaling output and insulin-dependent GLUT4 trafficking to the plasma membrane in mice primary neuronal cultures and hippocampal slices. Therefore, we propose that the extent of neuronal WNK kinase activity has an important influence on learning, memory and anxiety-related behaviors, in part, by modulation of neuronal insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita B. Jaykumar
- Departments of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Derk Binns
- Departments of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Clinton A. Taylor
- Departments of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Anthony Anselmo
- Departments of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Shari G. Birnbaum
- Departments of Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute and Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | | | - Melanie H. Cobb
- Departments of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
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Zamolodchikova TS, Tolpygo SM, Kotov AV. Insulin in the regulation of the renin-angiotensin system: a new perspective on the mechanism of insulin resistance and diabetic complications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1293221. [PMID: 38323106 PMCID: PMC10844507 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1293221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
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Villapol S, Janatpour ZC, Affram KO, Symes AJ. The Renin Angiotensin System as a Therapeutic Target in Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:1565-1591. [PMID: 37759139 PMCID: PMC10684482 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health problem, with limited pharmacological options available beyond symptomatic relief. The renin angiotensin system (RAS) is primarily known as a systemic endocrine regulatory system, with major roles controlling blood pressure and fluid homeostasis. Drugs that target the RAS are used to treat hypertension, heart failure and kidney disorders. They have now been used chronically by millions of people and have a favorable safety profile. In addition to the systemic RAS, it is now appreciated that many different organ systems, including the brain, have their own local RAS. The major ligand of the classic RAS, Angiotensin II (Ang II) acts predominantly through the Ang II Type 1 receptor (AT1R), leading to vasoconstriction, inflammation, and heightened oxidative stress. These processes can exacerbate brain injuries. Ang II receptor blockers (ARBs) are AT1R antagonists. They have been shown in several preclinical studies to enhance recovery from TBI in rodents through improvements in molecular, cellular and behavioral correlates of injury. ARBs are now under consideration for clinical trials in TBI. Several different RAS peptides that signal through receptors distinct from the AT1R, are also potential therapeutic targets for TBI. The counter regulatory RAS pathway has actions that oppose those stimulated by AT1R signaling. This alternative pathway has many beneficial effects on cells in the central nervous system, bringing about vasodilation, and having anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress actions. Stimulation of this pathway also has potential therapeutic value for the treatment of TBI. This comprehensive review will provide an overview of the various components of the RAS, with a focus on their direct relevance to TBI pathology. It will explore different therapeutic agents that modulate this system and assess their potential efficacy in treating TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Villapol
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zachary C Janatpour
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Kwame O Affram
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Aviva J Symes
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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Zhang L, Zhou X, Chen H, You L, Zhang T, Cheng M, Yao Y, Pan X, Yang X. Mulberry extract ameliorates T2DM-related symptoms via AMPK pathway in STZ-HFD-induced C57BL/6J mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 313:116475. [PMID: 37120060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Mulberry (Morus alba L.) is not only a tasty food but also a beneficial medicinal substance that has been historically used to treat diabetes, as recorded in Tang Ben Cao. Recent research on animal models has shown that the ethyl acetate extract of Morus alba L. fruits (EMF) has hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties. However, there is a lack of documentation on the specific mechanisms through which EMF exerts its hypoglycemic effects. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the impact of EMF on L6 cells and C57/BL6J mice and to elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying its effects. The findings of this study can contribute to the existing evidence for the application of EMF as a therapeutic drug or dietary supplement in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). MATERIALS AND METHODS The UPLC-Q-TOF-MS technique was utilized to gather MS data. Masslynx 4.1 software in conjunction with the SciFinder database and other relevant references were used to analyze and identify the chemical composition of EMF. A series of in vitro investigations including MTT assay, glucose uptake assay and Western blot analysis were performed using an L6 cell model stably expressing IRAP-mOrange after EMF treatment. In vivo investigations were performed on a STZ-HFD co-induced T2DM mouse model, which included assessments of body composition, biochemical tests, histopathological analysis, and Western blot analysis. RESULTS MTT results revealed that EMF had no toxic effects on the cells at various concentrations. When EMF was administered to L6 cells, there was an increase in glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) translocation activity and a significant dose-dependent enhancement of glucose uptake by L6 myotubes. EMF treatment led to a marked increase in P-AMPK levels and GLUT4 expression in the cells, but these effects were reversed by an AMPK inhibitor (Compound C). In diabetic mice with STZ-HFD-induced diabetes, EMF treatment improved oral glucose tolerance, hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia. Furthermore, EMF supplementation significantly reduced insulin resistance (IR) in diabetic mice, as evaluated using a steady-state model of the insulin resistance index. Histopathological sections demonstrated that acute EMF treatment reduced hepatic steatosis, pancreatic damage, and adipocyte hypertrophy. Western blot analysis demonstrated that EMF treatment also reduced abnormally high PPARγ expression, elevated the level of p-AMPK and p-ACC, and augmented the abundance of GLUT4 in insulin-sensitive peripheral tissues. SUMMARY The results suggest that EMF may exert beneficial effects on T2DM through the AMPK/GLUT4 and AMPK/ACC pathways, as well as by regulating PPARγ expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, 182 Min-Zu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiuteng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Huijian Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, 182 Min-Zu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Liangzhen You
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, 182 Min-Zu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Meng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yudi Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, 182 Min-Zu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xin Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, 182 Min-Zu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Xinzhou Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, 182 Min-Zu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Villaseca P, Cisternas P, Inestrosa NC. Menopause and development of Alzheimer's disease: Roles of neural glucose metabolism and Wnt signaling. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1021796. [PMID: 36339406 PMCID: PMC9627150 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1021796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Late onset Alzheimer´s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with gender differences in its onset and progression, being the prevalence predominant in women and at an earlier age than in men. The pathophysiology of the menopausal condition has been associated to this dementia, playing major roles regarding both endocrine and glucose metabolism changes, amongst other mechanisms. In the current review we address the role of estrogen deficiency in the processes involved in the development of AD, including amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing to form senile plaques, Tau phosphorylation forming neurofibrillary tangles, Wnt signaling and AD neuropathology, the role of glucose brain metabolism, Wnt signaling and glucose transport in the brain, and our research contribution to these topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Villaseca
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Pedro Cisternas
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O´Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C. Inestrosa
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE UC), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Nibaldo C. Inestrosa,
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Gamba P, Giannelli S, Staurenghi E, Testa G, Sottero B, Biasi F, Poli G, Leonarduzzi G. The Controversial Role of 24-S-Hydroxycholesterol in Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050740. [PMID: 34067119 PMCID: PMC8151638 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is influenced by several events, among which the dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism in the brain plays a major role. Maintenance of brain cholesterol homeostasis is essential for neuronal functioning and brain development. To maintain the steady-state level, excess brain cholesterol is converted into the more hydrophilic metabolite 24-S-hydroxycholesterol (24-OHC), also called cerebrosterol, by the neuron-specific enzyme CYP46A1. A growing bulk of evidence suggests that cholesterol oxidation products, named oxysterols, are the link connecting altered cholesterol metabolism to AD. It has been shown that the levels of some oxysterols, including 27-hydroxycholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol, significantly increase in AD brains contributing to disease progression. In contrast, 24-OHC levels decrease, likely due to neuronal loss. Among the different brain oxysterols, 24-OHC is certainly the one whose role is most controversial. It is the dominant oxysterol in the brain and evidence shows that it represents a signaling molecule of great importance for brain function. However, numerous studies highlighted the potential role of 24-OHC in favoring AD development, since it promotes neuroinflammation, amyloid β (Aβ) peptide production, oxidative stress and cell death. In parallel, 24-OHC has been shown to exert several beneficial effects against AD progression, such as preventing tau hyperphosphorylation and Aβ production. In this review we focus on the current knowledge of the controversial role of 24-OHC in AD pathogenesis, reporting a detailed overview of the findings about its levels in different AD biological samples and its noxious or neuroprotective effects in the brain. Given the relevant role of 24-OHC in AD pathophysiology, its targeting could be useful for disease prevention or slowing down its progression.
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Chai SY, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H, Stratikos E. Editorial: Physiological, Pathological Roles and Pharmacology of Insulin Regulated Aminopeptidase. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:685101. [PMID: 33968999 PMCID: PMC8102722 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.685101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Siew Yeen Chai
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Efstratios Stratikos
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Role of insulin receptor substance-1 modulating PI3K/Akt insulin signaling pathway in Alzheimer's disease. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:179. [PMID: 33927970 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02738-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, also regarded as "type 3 diabetes" for the last few years because of the brain insulin resistance (IR) and dysregulation of insulin signaling in the brain, which can further promote pathological progression of AD. IRS-1/PI3K/Akt insulin signaling pathway disorder and its downstream cascade reaction are responsible for cognitive decline in the brain. In recent years, a growing number of studies has documented that dysregulation of insulin signaling is a key feature of AD and has crucial correlations with serine/tyrosine (Ser/Tyr) phosphorylation of insulin receptor substance-1(IRS-1). Phosphorylation of this protein has been identified as an important molecule involved in the process of amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition into senile plaques (SPs) and tau hyperphosphorylation into neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). In this paper, we review the links between IRS-1 and the PI3K/Akt insulin signaling pathway, and highlight phosphorylated IRS-1 which negatively regulated by downstream effector of Akt such as mTOR, S6K, and JNK, among others in AD. Furthermore, anti-diabetic drugs including metformin, thiazolidinediones, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue could modulate IRS-1 phosphorylation, brain IR, PI3K/Akt insulin signaling pathway, and other pathologic processes of AD. The above suggest that anti-diabetic drugs may be promising strategies for AD disease-modifying treatments.
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Ramírez-Expósito MJ, Carrera-González MP, Martínez-Martos JM. Sex differences exist in brain renin-angiotensin system-regulating aminopeptidase activities in transplacental ethyl-nitrosourea-induced gliomas. Brain Res Bull 2021; 168:1-7. [PMID: 33359638 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The renin angiotensin system (RAS) is emerging as an important target for the treatment of glioma. We had described that the local RAS is involved in vivo in tumor growth in the rat model of experimental C6 glioma implanted at the subcutaneous region, through the modification of several proteolytic regulatory enzymes of aminopeptidase type. METHODS We analyze RAS-regulating aminopeptidase activities in plasma and brain tissue of control male and female rats and rats with transplacental ethylnitrosourea-induced gliomas. RESULTS No differences were found either the mean total number of tumors per animal or the tumor volume between male and female animals. However, we have found increased levels in aspartyl aminopeptidase in both males and females and of aminopeptidase B only in males. On the contrary, decreased levels were found in aminopeptidase N and insulin-regulated aminopeptidase activities in both males and females, whereas aminopeptidase A only decreased in females. Decreased levels of aminopeptidase N, aminopeptidase B and insulin-regulated aminopeptidase were also shown in plasma of only female rats. CONCLUSIONS Under the complexity of RAS cascade, the changes found suggest the predominant actions of angiotensin III against a decreased action of angiotensin II and angiotensin IV. We conclude that angiotensin peptides are involved in tumor growth in this rat model of glioma and that their role in tumor growth can be analyzed through their corresponding proteolytic regulatory enzymes, which make them new and attractive therapeutic targets beyond the use or angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs).
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Ramírez-Expósito
- Experimental and Clinical Physiopathology Research Group CTS-1039, Department of Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - M P Carrera-González
- Experimental and Clinical Physiopathology Research Group CTS-1039, Department of Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain; Department of Nursing, Pharmacology and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba. IMIBIC, Córdoba, Spain
| | - J M Martínez-Martos
- Experimental and Clinical Physiopathology Research Group CTS-1039, Department of Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain.
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Ramírez-Expósito MJ, Dueñas-Rodríguez B, Carrera-González MP, Navarro-Cecilia J, Martínez-Martos JM. Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase in Women with Breast Cancer: A Role beyond the Regulation of Oxytocin and Vasopressin. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113252. [PMID: 33158090 PMCID: PMC7694176 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is a well-known enzyme involved mainly in the regulation of the peptide hormones, oxytocin and vasopressin. However, this enzyme activity has hardly been analyzed in breast cancer patients. Additionally, the influence of both the hormonal status (pre or postmenopause) and the administration of neoadjuvant chemotherapy have rarely been studied. We show that there is a weak association between IRAP activity and the circulating levels of peptide hormones with variations depending on the hormonal status and the neoadjuvant treatment, and propose a role beyond oxytocin and vasopressin regulation that is related to the local mammary renin-angiotensin system and glucose transportation to the cells. Abstract Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is the only enzyme known to cleave oxytocin and vasopressin; however, it is also the high-affinity binding site for angiotensin IV (AngIV) receptor type 4 (AT4) ligands and it is related to insulin-dependent glucose transporters through the translocation of the glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4). Previous studies have demonstrated an association between IRAP activity and the number and size of mammary tumors in an animal model of breast cancer (BC). Also, a highly significant increase in IRAP activity has been found in BC tissue from women patients. Here, we found no changes in circulating IRAP in premenopausal (preMP) women, but it increased significantly in postmenopausal (postMP) women not treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACH). However, in women treated with NACH, IRAP activity increased in both preMP and postMP women. Two years of follow-up indicated lower levels of IRAP activity in untreated preMP women, but a return to control levels in untreated postMP women, while IRAP activity returned to control levels in women treated with NACH. Circulating oxytocin decreased in both preMP and postMP women during the follow-up period. Differences in Oxytocin appeared between preMP and postMP women treated with NACH, but not in women who were not treated with NACH. On the contrary, circulating vasopressin increased in untreated and treated preMP and postMP women, with most of the differences related to the hormonal status as well as the neoadjuvant treatment during the two year follow-up We propose that IRAP is involved in mechanisms related not only to oxytocin and/or vasopressin regulation, but also to the local mammary RAS through AngIV and its role in glucose transportation through the IRAP/GLUT4 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Ramírez-Expósito
- Experimental and Clinical Physiopathology Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, School of Experimental and Health Sciences, University of Jaén, E-23071 Jaén, Spain; (M.J.R.-E.); (B.D.-R.); (M.P.C.-G.); (J.N.-C.)
| | - Basilio Dueñas-Rodríguez
- Experimental and Clinical Physiopathology Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, School of Experimental and Health Sciences, University of Jaén, E-23071 Jaén, Spain; (M.J.R.-E.); (B.D.-R.); (M.P.C.-G.); (J.N.-C.)
- Unit of Breast Pathology, Complejo Hospitalario de Jaén, E-23007 Jaén, Spain
| | - María Pilar Carrera-González
- Experimental and Clinical Physiopathology Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, School of Experimental and Health Sciences, University of Jaén, E-23071 Jaén, Spain; (M.J.R.-E.); (B.D.-R.); (M.P.C.-G.); (J.N.-C.)
- Department of Nursing, Pharmacology and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, University of Cordoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Joaquín Navarro-Cecilia
- Experimental and Clinical Physiopathology Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, School of Experimental and Health Sciences, University of Jaén, E-23071 Jaén, Spain; (M.J.R.-E.); (B.D.-R.); (M.P.C.-G.); (J.N.-C.)
- Unit of Breast Pathology, Complejo Hospitalario de Jaén, E-23007 Jaén, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Martínez-Martos
- Experimental and Clinical Physiopathology Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, School of Experimental and Health Sciences, University of Jaén, E-23071 Jaén, Spain; (M.J.R.-E.); (B.D.-R.); (M.P.C.-G.); (J.N.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-953-212-600; Fax: +34-953-212-943
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Cosarderelioglu C, Nidadavolu LS, George CJ, Oh ES, Bennett DA, Walston JD, Abadir PM. Brain Renin-Angiotensin System at the Intersect of Physical and Cognitive Frailty. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:586314. [PMID: 33117127 PMCID: PMC7561440 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.586314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) was initially considered to be part of the endocrine system regulating water and electrolyte balance, systemic vascular resistance, blood pressure, and cardiovascular homeostasis. It was later discovered that intracrine and local forms of RAS exist in the brain apart from the endocrine RAS. This brain-specific RAS plays essential roles in brain homeostasis by acting mainly through four angiotensin receptor subtypes; AT1R, AT2R, MasR, and AT4R. These receptors have opposing effects; AT1R promotes vasoconstriction, proliferation, inflammation, and oxidative stress while AT2R and MasR counteract the effects of AT1R. AT4R is critical for dopamine and acetylcholine release and mediates learning and memory consolidation. Consequently, aging-associated dysregulation of the angiotensin receptor subtypes may lead to adverse clinical outcomes such as Alzheimer’s disease and frailty via excessive oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, endothelial dysfunction, microglial polarization, and alterations in neurotransmitter secretion. In this article, we review the brain RAS from this standpoint. After discussing the functions of individual brain RAS components and their intracellular and intracranial locations, we focus on the relationships among brain RAS, aging, frailty, and specific neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and vascular cognitive impairment, through oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and vascular dysfunction. Finally, we discuss the effects of RAS-modulating drugs on the brain RAS and their use in novel treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Cosarderelioglu
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.,Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lolita S Nidadavolu
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Claudene J George
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Esther S Oh
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jeremy D Walston
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Peter M Abadir
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Suresh J, Khor IW, Kaur P, Heng HL, Torta F, Dawe GS, Tai ES, Tolwinski NS. Shared signaling pathways in Alzheimer’s and metabolic disease may point to new treatment approaches. FEBS J 2020; 288:3855-3873. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ing Wei Khor
- Department of Medicine Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of Singapore
| | - Prameet Kaur
- Science Division Yale‐ NUS College Singapore Singapore
| | - Hui Li Heng
- Department of Pharmacology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore, and Neurobiology Programme
- Life Sciences Institute National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Federico Torta
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator Department of Biochemistry Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Gavin S. Dawe
- Department of Pharmacology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore, and Neurobiology Programme
- Life Sciences Institute National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Department of Medicine Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of Singapore
- Division of Endocrinology National University HospitalNational University Health System
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Griffith CM, Macklin LN, Cai Y, Sharp AA, Yan XX, Reagan LP, Strader AD, Rose GM, Patrylo PR. Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Reduced Plasma Insulin Precede Decreased AKT Phosphorylation and GLUT3 Translocation in the Hippocampus of Old 3xTg-AD Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 68:809-837. [PMID: 30775979 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) can exhibit impaired peripheral glucose tolerance. Further, in the APP/PS1 mouse model, this is observed prior to the appearance of AD-related neuropathology (e.g., amyloid-β plaques; Aβ) or cognitive impairment. In the current study, we examined whether impaired glucose tolerance also preceded AD-like changes in the triple transgenic model of AD (3xTg-AD). Glucose tolerance testing (GTT), insulin ELISAs, and insulin tolerance testing (ITT) were performed at ages prior to (1-3 months and 6-8 months old) and post-pathology (16-18 months old). Additionally, we examined for altered insulin signaling in the hippocampus. Western blots were used to evaluate the two-primary insulin signaling pathways: PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK. Since the PI3K/AKT pathway affects several downstream targets associated with metabolism (e.g., GSK3, glucose transporters), western blots were used to examine possible alterations in the expression, translocation, or activation of these targets. We found that 3xTg-AD mice display impaired glucose tolerance as early as 1 month of age, concomitant with a decrease in plasma insulin levels well prior to the detection of plaques (∼14 months old), aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau (∼18 months old), and cognitive decline (≥18 months old). These alterations in peripheral metabolism were seen at all time points examined. In comparison, PI3K/AKT, but not MAPK/ERK, signaling was altered in the hippocampus only in 18-20-month-old 3xTg-AD mice, a time point at which there was a reduction in GLUT3 translocation to the plasma membrane. Taken together, our results provide further evidence that disruptions in energy metabolism may represent a foundational step in the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea M Griffith
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA.,Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Lauren N Macklin
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA.,Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Yan Cai
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Andrew A Sharp
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA.,Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lawrence P Reagan
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.,WJB Dorn Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - April D Strader
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA.,Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Gregory M Rose
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA.,Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Peter R Patrylo
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA.,Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
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14
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Building GLUT4 Vesicles: CHC22 Clathrin's Human Touch. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:705-719. [PMID: 32620516 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Insulin stimulates glucose transport by triggering regulated delivery of intracellular vesicles containing the GLUT4 glucose transporter to the plasma membrane. This process is defective in diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2DM). While studies in rodent cells have been invaluable in understanding GLUT4 traffic, evolutionary plasticity must be considered when extrapolating these findings to humans. Recent work has identified species-specific distinctions in GLUT4 traffic, notably the participation of a novel clathrin isoform, CHC22, in humans but not rodents. Here, we discuss GLUT4 sorting in different species and how studies of CHC22 have identified new routes for GLUT4 trafficking. We further consider how different sorting-protein complexes relate to these routes and discuss other implications of these pathways in cell biology and disease.
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15
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Segarra AB, Prieto I, Banegas I, Martínez-Cañamero M, de Gasparo M, Vanderheyden P, Zorad S, Ramírez-Sánchez M. The Type of Fat in the Diet Influences the Behavior and the Relationship Between Cystinyl and Alanyl Aminopeptidase Activities in Frontal Cortex, Liver, and Plasma. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:94. [PMID: 32500082 PMCID: PMC7242642 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP, cystinyl aminopeptidase, CysAP) and aminopeptidase M (alanyl aminopeptidase, AlaAP) are closely related enzymes involved in cognitive, metabolic, and cardiovascular functions. These functions may be modulated by the type of fat used in the diet. In order to analyze a possible coordinated response of both enzymes we determined simultaneously their activities in frontal cortex, liver, and plasma of adult male rats fed diets enriched with fats differing in their percentages of saturated, mono or polyunsaturated fatty acids such as sesame, sunflower, fish, olive, Iberian lard, and coconut. The systolic blood pressure, food intake, body and liver weight as well as glucose and total cholesterol levels in plasma were measured. The type of fat in the diet influences the enzymatic activities depending on the enzyme and its location. These results suggest cognitive improvement properties for diets with predominance of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Physiological parameters such as systolic blood pressure, food intake, and biochemical factors such as cholesterol and glucose in plasma were also modified depending on the type of diet, supporting beneficial properties for diets rich in mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Inter-tissue correlations between the analyzed parameters were also modified depending on the type of diet. If the type of fat used in the diet modifies the behavior and relationship between CysAP and AlaAP in and between frontal cortex, liver and plasma, the functions in which they are involved could also be modified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel Prieto
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | | | | | - Marc de Gasparo
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Syndrome Adviser, Rossemaison, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Vanderheyden
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Zorad
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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16
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Ali A, Alzeyoudi SAR, Almutawa SA, Alnajjar AN, Vijayan R. Molecular basis of the therapeutic properties of hemorphins. Pharmacol Res 2020; 158:104855. [PMID: 32438036 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hemorphins are endogenous peptides, 4-10 amino acids long, belonging to the family of atypical opioid peptides released during the sequential cleavage of hemoglobin protein. Hemorphins have been shown to exhibit diverse therapeutic effects in both human and animal models. However, the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in such effects remain elusive. In this review, we summarize and propose potential mechanisms based on studies that investigated the biological activity of hemorphins of different lengths on multiple therapeutic targets. Special emphasis is given to molecular events related to renin-angiotensin system (RAS), opioid receptors and insulin-regulated aminopeptidase receptor (IRAP). This review provides a comprehensive coverage of the molecular mechanisms that underpin the therapeutic potential of hemorphins. Furthermore, it highlights the role of various hemorphin residues in pathological conditions, which could be explored further for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanat Ali
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Shamma Abdulla Almutawa
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Alya Nasir Alnajjar
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ranjit Vijayan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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17
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Interleukin-6 Treatment Results in GLUT4 Translocation and AMPK Phosphorylation in Neuronal SH-SY5Y Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051114. [PMID: 32365859 PMCID: PMC7290332 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that can be released from the brain during prolonged exercise. In peripheral tissues, exercise induced IL-6 can result in GLUT4 translocation and increased glucose uptake through AMPK activation. GLUT4 is expressed in the brain and can be recruited to axonal plasma membranes with neuronal activity through AMPK activation. The aim of this study is to examine if IL-6 treatment: (1) results in AMPK activation in neuronal cells, (2) increases the activation of proteins involved in GLUT4 translocation, and (3) increases neuronal glucose uptake. Retinoic acid was used to differentiate SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. Treatment with 100 nM of insulin increased the phosphorylation of Akt and AS160 (p < 0.05). Treatment with 20 ng/mL of IL-6 resulted in the phosphorylation of STAT3 at Tyr705 (p ≤ 0.05) as well as AS160 (p < 0.05). Fluorescent Glut4GFP imaging revealed treatment with 20ng/mL of IL-6 resulted in a significant mobilization towards the plasma membrane after 5 min until 30 min. There was no difference in GLUT4 mobilization between the insulin and IL-6 treated groups. Importantly, IL-6 treatment increased glucose uptake. Our findings demonstrate that IL-6 and insulin can phosphorylate AS160 via different signaling pathways (AMPK and PI3K/Akt, respectively) and promote GLUT4 translocation towards the neuronal plasma membrane, resulting in increased neuronal glucose uptake in SH-SY5Y cells.
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18
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Insulin signaling pathway and related molecules: Role in neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2020; 135:104707. [PMID: 32092326 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Its major pathological hallmarks, neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), and amyloid-β plaques can result from dysfunctional insulin signaling. Insulin is an important growth factor that regulates cell growth, energy utilization, mitochondrial function, autophagy, oxidative stress, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive function. Insulin and its downstream signaling molecules are located majorly in the regions of cortex and hippocampus. The major molecules involved in impaired insulin signaling include IRS, PI3K, Akt, and GSK-3β. Activation or inactivation of these major molecules through increased or decreased phosphorylation plays a role in insulin signaling abnormalities or insulin resistance. Insulin resistance, therefore, is considered as a major culprit in generating the hallmarks of AD arising from neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, etc. Moreover, caspases, Nrf2, and NF-κB influence this pathway in an indirect way. Various studies also suggest a strong link between Diabetes Mellitus and AD due to the impairment of insulin signaling pathway. Moreover, studies also depict a strong correlation of other neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease with insulin resistance. Hence this review will provide an insight into the role of insulin signaling pathway and related molecules as therapeutic targets in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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19
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McNay EC, Pearson-Leary J. GluT4: A central player in hippocampal memory and brain insulin resistance. Exp Neurol 2020; 323:113076. [PMID: 31614121 PMCID: PMC6936336 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is now well-established as playing multiple roles within the brain, and specifically as regulating hippocampal cognitive processes and metabolism. Impairments to insulin signaling, such as those seen in type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease, are associated with brain hypometabolism and cognitive impairment, but the mechanisms of insulin's central effects are not determined. Several lines of research converge to suggest that the insulin-responsive glucose transporter GluT4 plays a central role in hippocampal memory processes, and that reduced activation of this transporter may underpin the cognitive impairments seen as a consequence of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan C McNay
- Behavioral Neuroscience, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - Jiah Pearson-Leary
- Department of Anesthesiology, Abramson Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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20
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Seyer B, Diwakarla S, Burns P, Hallberg A, Grӧnbladh A, Hallberg M, Chai SY. Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase inhibitor-mediated increases in dendritic spine density are facilitated by glucose uptake. J Neurochem 2019; 153:485-494. [PMID: 31556456 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ethyl2-acetylamino-7-hydroxy-4-pyridin-3-yl-4H-chromene-3-carboxylate (HFI-419), the benzopyran-based inhibitor of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP), has previously been shown to improve spatial working and recognition memory in rodents. However, the mechanism of its cognitive-enhancing effect remains unknown. There is a close correlation between dendritic spine density and learning in vivo and several studies suggest that increases in neuronal glucose uptake and/or alterations to the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may improve memory and increase dendritic spine density. We aimed to identify the potential mechanism by which HFI-419 enhances memory by utilizing rat primary cultures of hippocampal cells. Alterations to dendritic spine density were assessed in the presence of varying concentrations of HFI-419 at different stages of hippocampal cell development. In addition, glucose uptake and changes to spine density were assessed in the presence of indinavir, an inhibitor of the glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4 ), or the matrix metalloprotease inhibitor CAS 204140-01-2. We confirmed that inhibition of IRAP activity with HFI-419 enhanced spatial working memory in rats, and determined that this enhancement may be driven by GLUT4 -mediated changes to dendritic spine density. We observed that IRAP inhibition increased dendritic spine density prior to peak dendritic growth in hippocampal neurons, and that spine formation was inhibited when GLUT4 -mediated glucose uptake was blocked. In addition, during the peak phase of dendritic spine growth, the effect of IRAP inhibition on enhancement of dendritic spine density resulted specifically in an increase in the proportion of mushroom/stubby-like spines, a morphology associated with memory and learning. Moreover, these spines were deemed to be functional based on their expression of the pre-synaptic markers vesicular glutamate transporter 1 and synapsin. Overall, or findings suggest that IRAP inhibitors may facilitate memory by increasing hippocampal dendritic spine density via a GLUT4 -mediated mechanism. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14745.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Seyer
- Faculty of Biomedical and Psychological Sciences, Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Shanti Diwakarla
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peta Burns
- Faculty of Biomedical and Psychological Sciences, Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alfhild Grӧnbladh
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Siew Yeen Chai
- Faculty of Biomedical and Psychological Sciences, Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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21
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Piri R, Naghavi-Behzad M, Gerke O, Høilund-Carlsen PF, Vafaee MS. Investigations of possible links between Alzheimer’s disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus by positron emission tomography: a systematic review. Clin Transl Imaging 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40336-019-00339-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Short-term westernized (HFFD) diet fed in adolescent rats: Effect on glucose homeostasis, hippocampal insulin signaling, apoptosis and related cognitive and recognition memory function. Behav Brain Res 2019; 361:113-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Ou Y, Wilson RE, Weber SG. Methods of Measuring Enzyme Activity Ex Vivo and In Vivo. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2018; 11:509-533. [PMID: 29505726 PMCID: PMC6147230 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-125619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes catalyze a variety of biochemical reactions in the body and, in conjunction with transporters and receptors, control virtually all physiological processes. There is great value in measuring enzyme activity ex vivo and in vivo. Spatial and temporal differences or changes in enzyme activity can be related to a variety of natural and pathological processes. Several analytical approaches have been developed to meet this need. They can be classified broadly as methods either based on artificial substrates, with the goal of creating images of diseased tissue, or based on natural substrates, with the goal of understanding natural processes. This review covers a selection of these methods, including optical, magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, and physical sampling approaches, with a focus on creative chemistry and method development that make ex vivo and in vivo measurements of enzyme activity possible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachael E Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA;
| | - Stephen G Weber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA;
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24
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Farag E, Sessler DI, Ebrahim Z, Kurz A, Morgan J, Ahuja S, Maheshwari K, John Doyle D. The renin angiotensin system and the brain: New developments. J Clin Neurosci 2017; 46:1-8. [PMID: 28890045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2017.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The traditional renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is indispensable system in adjusting sodium homeostasis, body fluid volume, and controlling arterial blood pressure. The key elements are renin splitting inactive angiotensinogen to yield angiotensin (Ang-I). Ang-1 is then changed by angiotensin-1 converting enzyme (ACE) into angiotensin II (Ang-II). Using PubMed, Google Scholar, and other means, we searched the peer-reviewed literature from 1990 to 2013 for articles on newly discovered findings related to the RAS, especially focusing on how the system influences the central nervous system (CNS). The classical RAS is now considered to be only part of the picture; the discovery of additional RAS pathways in the brain and elsewhere has yielded a vastly improved understanding of how the RAS influences the CNS. Newly discovered effects of the RAS on brain tissue include neuroprotection, cognition, and cerebral vasodilation. A number of brain biochemical pathways are influenced by the brain RAS. Within various pathways, there are potential opportunities for classical pharmacologic interventions as well as the possibility of controlling gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Farag
- Department of Outcomes Research, Anaesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of General Anaesthesiology, Anaesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. http://www.OR.org/
| | - Daniel I Sessler
- Department of Outcomes Research, Anaesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Zeyd Ebrahim
- Department of General Anaesthesiology, Anaesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Andrea Kurz
- Department of Outcomes Research, Anaesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of General Anaesthesiology, Anaesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Joseph Morgan
- Department of General Anaesthesiology, Anaesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sanchit Ahuja
- Department of Outcomes Research, Anaesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of General Anaesthesiology, Anaesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kamal Maheshwari
- Department of Outcomes Research, Anaesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of General Anaesthesiology, Anaesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - D John Doyle
- Department of General Anaesthesiology, Anaesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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25
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Novel Roles for the Insulin-Regulated Glucose Transporter-4 in Hippocampally Dependent Memory. J Neurosci 2017; 36:11851-11864. [PMID: 27881773 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1700-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-regulated glucose transporter-4 (GluT4) is critical for insulin- and contractile-mediated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. GluT4 is also expressed in some hippocampal neurons, but its functional role in the brain is unclear. Several established molecular modulators of memory processing regulate hippocampal GluT4 trafficking and hippocampal memory formation is limited by both glucose metabolism and insulin signaling. Therefore, we hypothesized that hippocampal GluT4 might be involved in memory processes. Here, we show that, in male rats, hippocampal GluT4 translocates to the plasma membrane after memory training and that acute, selective intrahippocampal inhibition of GluT4-mediated glucose transport impaired memory acquisition, but not memory retrieval. Other studies have shown that prolonged systemic GluT4 blockade causes insulin resistance. Unexpectedly, we found that prolonged hippocampal blockade of glucose transport through GluT4-upregulated markers of hippocampal insulin signaling prevented task-associated depletion of hippocampal glucose and enhanced both working and short-term memory while also impairing long-term memory. These effects were accompanied by increased expression of hippocampal AMPA GluR1 subunits and the neuronal GluT3, but decreased expression of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor, consistent with impaired ability to form long-term memories. Our findings are the first to show the cognitive impact of brain GluT4 modulation. They identify GluT4 as a key regulator of hippocampal memory processing and also suggest differential regulation of GluT4 in the hippocampus from that in peripheral tissues. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The role of insulin-regulated glucose transporter-4 (GluT4) in the brain is unclear. In the current study, we demonstrate that GluT4 is a critical component of hippocampal memory processes. Memory training increased hippocampal GluT4 translocation and memory acquisition was impaired by GluT4 blockade. Unexpectedly, whereas long-term inhibition of GluT4 impaired long-term memory, short-term memory was enhanced. These data further our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of memory and have particular significance for type 2 diabetes (in which GluT4 activity in the periphery is impaired) and Alzheimer's disease (which is linked to impaired brain insulin signaling and for which type 2 diabetes is a key risk factor). Both diseases cause marked impairment of hippocampal memory linked to hippocampal hypometabolism, suggesting the possibility that brain GluT4 dysregulation may be one cause of cognitive impairment in these disease states.
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26
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Bernstein HG, Müller S, Dobrowolny H, Wolke C, Lendeckel U, Bukowska A, Keilhoff G, Becker A, Trübner K, Steiner J, Bogerts B. Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase immunoreactivity is abundantly present in human hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland, with reduced expression in paraventricular and suprachiasmatic neurons in chronic schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 267:427-443. [PMID: 28035472 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-016-0757-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The vasopressin- and oxytocin-degrading enzyme insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is expressed in various organs including the brain. However, knowledge about its presence in human hypothalamus is fragmentary. Functionally, for a number of reasons (genetic linkage, hydrolysis of oxytocin and vasopressin, its role as angiotensin IV receptor in learning and memory and others) IRAP might play a role in schizophrenia. We studied the regional and cellular localization of IRAP in normal human brain with special emphasis on the hypothalamus and determined numerical densities of IRAP-expressing cells in the paraventricular, supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei in schizophrenia patients and controls. By using immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis, IRAP was immunolocalized in postmortem human brains. Cell countings were performed to estimate numbers and numerical densities of IRAP immunoreactive hypothalamic neurons in schizophrenia patients and control cases. Shape, size and regional distribution of IRAP-expressing cells, as well the lack of co-localization with the glia marker glutamine synthetase, show that IRAP is expressed in neurons. IRAP immunoreactive cells were observed in the hippocampal formation, cerebral cortex, thalamus, amygdala and, abundantly, hypothalamus. Double labeling experiments (IRAP and oxytocin/neurophysin 1, IRAP with vasopressin/neurophysin 2) revealed that IRAP is present in oxytocinergic and in vasopressinergic neurons. In schizophrenia patients, the numerical density of IRAP-expressing neurons in the paraventricular and the suprachiasmatic nuclei is significantly reduced, which might be associated with the reduction in neurophysin-containing neurons in these nuclei in schizophrenia. The pathophysiological role of lowered hypothalamic IRAP expression in schizophrenia remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Gert Bernstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Susan Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Dobrowolny
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Carmen Wolke
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Lendeckel
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alicja Bukowska
- EUTRAF Working Group, Molecular Electrophysiology, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gerburg Keilhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Magdeburg, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Axel Becker
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Magdeburg, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kurt Trübner
- Department for Legal Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Bogerts
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
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Zilberter Y, Zilberter M. The vicious circle of hypometabolism in neurodegenerative diseases: Ways and mechanisms of metabolic correction. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:2217-2235. [PMID: 28463438 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypometabolism, characterized by decreased brain glucose consumption, is a common feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. Initial hypometabolic brain state, created by characteristic risk factors, may predispose the brain to acquired epilepsy and sporadic Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, which are the focus of this review. Analysis of available data suggests that deficient glucose metabolism is likely a primary initiating factor for these diseases, and that resulting neuronal dysfunction further promotes the metabolic imbalance, establishing an effective positive feedback loop and a downward spiral of disease progression. Therefore, metabolic correction leading to the normalization of abnormalities in glucose metabolism may be an efficient tool to treat the neurological disorders by counteracting their primary pathological mechanisms. Published and preliminary experimental results on this approach for treating Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy models support the efficacy of metabolic correction, confirming the highly promising nature of the strategy. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Zilberter
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM UMR1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France
| | - Misha Zilberter
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
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28
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Albiston AL, Cacador M, Sinnayah P, Burns P, Chai SY. Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase inhibitors do not alter glucose handling in normal and diabetic rats. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 58:193-198. [PMID: 28356324 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) co-localizes with the glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in GLUT4 storage vesicles (GSV) in insulin-responsive cells. In response to insulin, IRAP is the only transmembrane enzyme known to translocate together with GLUT4 to the plasma membrane in adipocytes and muscle cells. Although the intracellular region of IRAP is associated with GLUT4 vesicle trafficking, the role of the aminopeptidase activity in insulin-responsive cells has not been elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the inhibition of the aminopeptidase activity of IRAP facilitates glucose uptake in insulin-responsive cells. In both in vitro and in vivo studies, inhibition of IRAP aminopeptidase activity with the specific inhibitor, HFI-419, did not modulate glucose uptake. IRAP inhibition in the L6GLUT4myc cell line did not alter glucose uptake in both basal and insulin-stimulated state. In keeping with these results, HFI419 did not affect peripheral, whole-body glucose handling after an oral glucose challenge, neither in normal rats nor in the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced experimental rat model of diabetes mellitus (DM). Therefore, acute inhibition of IRAP aminopeptidase activity does not affect glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Albiston
- College of Health and BiomedicineVictoria University St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mauricio Cacador
- College of Health and BiomedicineVictoria University St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Puspha Sinnayah
- College of Health and BiomedicineVictoria University St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peta Burns
- Department of PhysiologyBiomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Siew Yeen Chai
- Department of PhysiologyBiomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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29
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Reno CM, Puente EC, Sheng Z, Daphna-Iken D, Bree AJ, Routh VH, Kahn BB, Fisher SJ. Brain GLUT4 Knockout Mice Have Impaired Glucose Tolerance, Decreased Insulin Sensitivity, and Impaired Hypoglycemic Counterregulation. Diabetes 2017; 66:587-597. [PMID: 27797912 PMCID: PMC5319720 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
GLUT4 in muscle and adipose tissue is important in maintaining glucose homeostasis. However, the role of insulin-responsive GLUT4 in the central nervous system has not been well characterized. To assess its importance, a selective knockout of brain GLUT4 (BG4KO) was generated by crossing Nestin-Cre mice with GLUT4-floxed mice. BG4KO mice had a 99% reduction in GLUT4 protein expression throughout the brain. Despite normal feeding and fasting glycemia, BG4KO mice were glucose intolerant, demonstrated hepatic insulin resistance, and had reduced glucose uptake in the brain. In response to hypoglycemia, BG4KO mice had impaired glucose sensing, noted by impaired epinephrine and glucagon responses and impaired c-fos activation in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Moreover, in vitro glucose sensing of glucose-inhibitory neurons from the ventromedial hypothalamus was impaired in BG4KO mice. In summary, BG4KO mice are glucose intolerant, insulin resistant, and have impaired glucose sensing, indicating a critical role for brain GLUT4 in sensing and responding to changes in blood glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace M Reno
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Erwin C Puente
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Zhenyu Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Dorit Daphna-Iken
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Adam J Bree
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Vanessa H Routh
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Barbara B Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Simon J Fisher
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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30
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Ismail MAM, Mateos L, Maioli S, Merino-Serrais P, Ali Z, Lodeiro M, Westman E, Leitersdorf E, Gulyás B, Olof-Wahlund L, Winblad B, Savitcheva I, Björkhem I, Cedazo-Mínguez A. 27-Hydroxycholesterol impairs neuronal glucose uptake through an IRAP/GLUT4 system dysregulation. J Exp Med 2017; 214:699-717. [PMID: 28213512 PMCID: PMC5339669 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ismail et al. show that 27-hydroxycholesterol, a peripheral cholesterol metabolite capable of passing the blood–brain barrier, reduces brain glucose uptake by upregulating the renin-angiotensin system and inhibiting GLUT4. This alteration affects memory processes and is likely to have implications on neurodegenerative diseases. Hypercholesterolemia is associated with cognitively deteriorated states. Here, we show that excess 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OH), a cholesterol metabolite passing from the circulation into the brain, reduced in vivo brain glucose uptake, GLUT4 expression, and spatial memory. Furthermore, patients exhibiting higher 27-OH levels had reduced 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake. This interplay between 27-OH and glucose uptake revealed the engagement of the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP). 27-OH increased the levels and activity of IRAP, countered the IRAP antagonist angiotensin IV (AngIV)–mediated glucose uptake, and enhanced the levels of the AngIV-degrading enzyme aminopeptidase N (AP-N). These effects were mediated by liver X receptors. Our results reveal a molecular link between cholesterol, brain glucose, and the brain renin-angiotensin system, all of which are affected in some neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, reducing 27-OH levels or inhibiting AP-N maybe a useful strategy in the prevention of the altered glucose metabolism and memory decline in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad-Al-Mustafa Ismail
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Mateos
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Silvia Maioli
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paula Merino-Serrais
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zeina Ali
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Maria Lodeiro
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric Westman
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eran Leitersdorf
- Center for Research, Prevention, and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Balázs Gulyás
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Olof-Wahlund
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Winblad
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irina Savitcheva
- Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Angel Cedazo-Mínguez
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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31
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GLUT4 Mobilization Supports Energetic Demands of Active Synapses. Neuron 2017; 93:606-615.e3. [PMID: 28111082 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The brain is highly sensitive to proper fuel availability as evidenced by the rapid decline in neuronal function during ischemic attacks and acute severe hypoglycemia. We previously showed that sustained presynaptic function requires activity-driven glycolysis. Here, we provide strong evidence that during action potential (AP) firing, nerve terminals rely on the glucose transporter GLUT4 as a glycolytic regulatory system to meet the activity-driven increase in energy demands. Activity at synapses triggers insertion of GLUT4 into the axonal plasma membrane driven by activation of the metabolic sensor AMP kinase. Furthermore, we show that genetic ablation of GLUT4 leads to an arrest of synaptic vesicle recycling during sustained AP firing, similar to what is observed during acute glucose deprivation. The reliance on this biochemical regulatory system for "exercising" synapses is reminiscent of that occurring in exercising muscle to sustain cellular function and identifies nerve terminals as critical sites of proper metabolic control.
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32
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Mascolo A, Sessa M, Scavone C, De Angelis A, Vitale C, Berrino L, Rossi F, Rosano G, Capuano A. New and old roles of the peripheral and brain renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS): Focus on cardiovascular and neurological diseases. Int J Cardiol 2016; 227:734-742. [PMID: 27823897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is commonly accepted that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a cardiovascular circulating hormonal system that plays also an important role in the modulation of several patterns in the brain. The pathway of the RAAS can be divided into two classes: the traditional pathway of RAAS, also named classic RAAS, and the non-classic RAAS. Both pathways play a role in both cardiovascular and neurological diseases through a peripheral or central control. In this regard, renewed interest is growing in the last years for the consideration that the brain RAAS could represent a new important therapeutic target to regulate not only the blood pressure via central nervous control, but also neurological diseases. However, the development of compounds able to cross the blood-brain barrier and to act on the brain RAAS is challenging, especially if the metabolic stability and the half-life are taken into consideration. To date, two drug classes (aminopeptidase type A inhibitors and angiotensin IV analogues) acting on the brain RAAS are in development in pre-clinical or clinical stages. In this article, we will present an overview of the biological functions played by peripheral and brain classic and non-classic pathways of the RAAS in several clinical conditions, focusing on the brain RAAS and on the new pharmacological targets of the RAAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mascolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
| | - M Sessa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - C Scavone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - A De Angelis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - C Vitale
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - L Berrino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - F Rossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - G Rosano
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy; Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - A Capuano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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33
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Yeatman HR, Albiston AL, Burns P, Chai SY. Forebrain neurone-specific deletion of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase causes age related deficits in memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 136:174-182. [PMID: 27713012 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Central infusion of Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase (IRAP) inhibitors improves memory in both normal rodents and in models of memory deficit. However, in contrast, the global IRAP knockout mice (KO) demonstrate age-accelerated spatial memory deficits and no improvements in performance in any memory tasks. Potentially, the observed memory deficit could be due to the absence of IRAP in the developing brain. We therefore generated a postnatal forebrain neuron-specific IRAP knockout mouse line (CamKIIalphaCre; IRAPlox/lox). Unexpectedly, we demonstrated that postnatal deletion of IRAP in the brain results in significant deficits in both spatial reference and object recognition memory at three months of age, although spatial working memory remained intact. These results indicate a significant role for IRAP in postnatal brain development and normal function of the hippocampus in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly R Yeatman
- Florey Neuroscience Institutes and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Anthony L Albiston
- College of Health and Biomedicine, VU St Albans, Victoria 3021, Australia
| | - Peta Burns
- Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Siew Yeen Chai
- Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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34
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Hölscher C. Glucagon-like peptide 1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide analogues as novel treatments for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Cardiovasc Endocrinol 2016. [DOI: 10.1097/xce.0000000000000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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35
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Varshney P, Dey CS. P21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2) regulates glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity in neuronal cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 429:50-61. [PMID: 27040307 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
P21-activated kinases (PAKs) are recently reported as important players of insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis in tissues like muscle, pancreas and liver. However, their role in neuronal insulin signaling is still unknown. Present study reports the involvement of PAK2 in neuronal insulin signaling, glucose uptake and insulin resistance. Irrespective of insulin sensitivity, insulin stimulation decreased PAK2 activity. PAK2 downregulation displayed marked enhancement of GLUT4 translocation with increase in glucose uptake whereas PAK2 over-expression showed its reduction. Treatment with Akti-1/2 and wortmannin suggested that Akt and PI3K are mediators of insulin effect on PAK2 and glucose uptake. Rac1 inhibition demonstrated decreased PAK2 activity while inhibition of PP2A resulted in increased PAK2 activity, with corresponding changes in glucose uptake. Taken together, present study demonstrates an inhibitory role of insulin signaling (via PI3K-Akt) and PP2A on PAK2 activity and establishes PAK2 as a Rac1-dependent negative regulator of neuronal glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Varshney
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Chinmoy Sankar Dey
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
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36
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Diwakarla S, Nylander E, Grönbladh A, Vanga SR, Khan YS, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H, Ng L, Pham V, Sävmarker J, Lundbäck T, Jenmalm-Jensen A, Andersson H, Engen K, Rosenström U, Larhed M, Åqvist J, Chai SY, Hallberg M. Binding to and Inhibition of Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase by Macrocyclic Disulfides Enhances Spine Density. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 89:413-24. [PMID: 26769413 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.102533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin IV (Ang IV) and related peptide analogs, as well as nonpeptide inhibitors of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP), have previously been shown to enhance memory and cognition in animal models. Furthermore, the endogenous IRAP substrates oxytocin and vasopressin are known to facilitate learning and memory. In this study, the two recently synthesized 13-membered macrocyclic competitive IRAP inhibitors HA08 and HA09, which were designed to mimic the N terminus of oxytocin and vasopressin, were assessed and compared based on their ability to bind to the IRAP active site, and alter dendritic spine density in rat hippocampal primary cultures. The binding modes of the IRAP inhibitors HA08, HA09, and of Ang IV in either the extended or γ-turn conformation at the C terminus to human IRAP were predicted by docking and molecular dynamics simulations. The binding free energies calculated with the linear interaction energy method, which are in excellent agreement with experimental data and simulations, have been used to explain the differences in activities of the IRAP inhibitors, both of which are structurally very similar, but differ only with regard to one stereogenic center. In addition, we show that HA08, which is 100-fold more potent than the epimer HA09, can enhance dendritic spine number and alter morphology, a process associated with memory facilitation. Therefore, HA08, one of the most potent IRAP inhibitors known today, may serve as a suitable starting point for medicinal chemistry programs aided by MD simulations aimed at discovering more drug-like cognitive enhancers acting via augmenting synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanti Diwakarla
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Erik Nylander
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alfhild Grönbladh
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sudarsana Reddy Vanga
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yasmin Shamsudin Khan
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hugo Gutiérrez-de-Terán
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Leelee Ng
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vi Pham
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jonas Sävmarker
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thomas Lundbäck
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Annika Jenmalm-Jensen
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hanna Andersson
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karin Engen
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ulrika Rosenström
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mats Larhed
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Johan Åqvist
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Siew Yeen Chai
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence (S.D., E.N., A.G., M.H.), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.R.V., Y.S.K., H.G.T., J.A.), The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (J.S.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (H.A., K.E., U.R.), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry (M.L.), BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Biophysics (T.L., A.J.), Karolinska Institute, Sweden; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology (L.N., V.P., S.Y.C.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Trans-Modulation of the Somatostatin Type 2A Receptor Trafficking by Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase Decreases Limbic Seizures. J Neurosci 2015; 35:11960-75. [PMID: 26311777 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0476-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Within the hippocampus, the major somatostatin (SRIF) receptor subtype, the sst2A receptor, is localized at postsynaptic sites of the principal neurons where it modulates neuronal activity. Following agonist exposure, this receptor rapidly internalizes and recycles slowly through the trans-Golgi network. In epilepsy, a high and chronic release of somatostatin occurs, which provokes, in both rat and human tissue, a decrease in the density of this inhibitory receptor at the cell surface. The insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is involved in vesicular trafficking and shares common regional distribution with the sst2A receptor. In addition, IRAP ligands display anticonvulsive properties. We therefore sought to assess by in vitro and in vivo experiments in hippocampal rat tissue whether IRAP ligands could regulate the trafficking of the sst2A receptor and, consequently, modulate limbic seizures. Using pharmacological and cell biological approaches, we demonstrate that IRAP ligands accelerate the recycling of the sst2A receptor that has internalized in neurons in vitro or in vivo. Most importantly, because IRAP ligands increase the density of this inhibitory receptor at the plasma membrane, they also potentiate the neuropeptide SRIF inhibitory effects on seizure activity. Our results further demonstrate that IRAP is a therapeutic target for the treatment of limbic seizures and possibly for other neurological conditions in which downregulation of G-protein-coupled receptors occurs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The somatostatin type 2A receptor (sst2A) is localized on principal hippocampal neurons and displays anticonvulsant properties. Following agonist exposure, however, this receptor rapidly internalizes and recycles slowly. The insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is involved in vesicular trafficking and shares common regional distribution with the sst2A receptor. We therefore assessed by in vitro and in vivo experiments whether IRAP could regulate the trafficking of this receptor. We demonstrate that IRAP ligands accelerate sst2A recycling in hippocampal neurons. Because IRAP ligands increase the density of sst2A receptors at the plasma membrane, they also potentiate the effects of this inhibitory receptor on seizure activity. Our results further demonstrate that IRAP is a therapeutic target for the treatment of limbic seizures.
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Chow LH, Tao PL, Chen YH, Lin YH, Huang EYK. Angiotensin IV possibly acts through PKMzeta in the hippocampus to regulate cognitive memory in rats. Neuropeptides 2015; 53:1-10. [PMID: 26412453 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ang IV is an endogenous peptide generated from the degradation of angiotensin II. Ang IV was found to enhance learning and memory in CNS. PKMzeta was identified to be a fragment of PKCzeta (protein kinase Czeta). Its continuous activation was demonstrated to be correlated with the formation of memory in the hippocampus. Therefore, we investigated whether PKMzeta participates in the effects of Ang IV on memory. We first examined the effect of Ang IV on non-spatial memory/cognition in modified object recognition test in rats. Our data showed that Ang IV could increase the exploration time on novel object. The co-administration of ZIP (PKMzeta inhibitor) with Ang IV significantly blocked the effect by Ang IV. The effects of Ang IV on hippocampal LTP at the CA1 region were also evaluated. Ang IV significantly increased the amplitude and slope of the EPSPs, which was consistent with other reports. Surprisingly, instead of potentiating LTP, Ang IV caused a failed maintenance of LTP. Moreover, there was no quantitative change in PKMzeta induced by Ang IV and/or ZIP after behavioral experiments. Taken together, our data re-confirmed the finding of the positive effect of Ang IV to enhance memory/cognition. The increased strength of EPSPs with Ang IV could also have certain functional relevance. Since the behavioral results suggested the involvement of PKMzeta, we hypothesized that the enhancement of memory/cognition by Ang IV may rely on an increase in PKMzeta activity. Overall, the present study provided important advances in our understanding of the action of Ang IV in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok-Hi Chow
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Nei-Hu, 114 Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pao-Luh Tao
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yuan-Hao Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Nei-Hu, 114 Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Hui Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Nei-Hu, 114 Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Eagle Yi-Kung Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Nei-Hu, 114 Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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Karnik SS, Unal H, Kemp JR, Tirupula KC, Eguchi S, Vanderheyden PML, Thomas WG. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCIX. Angiotensin Receptors: Interpreters of Pathophysiological Angiotensinergic Stimuli [corrected]. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:754-819. [PMID: 26315714 PMCID: PMC4630565 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.010454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin angiotensin system (RAS) produced hormone peptides regulate many vital body functions. Dysfunctional signaling by receptors for RAS peptides leads to pathologic states. Nearly half of humanity today would likely benefit from modern drugs targeting these receptors. The receptors for RAS peptides consist of three G-protein-coupled receptors—the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1 receptor), the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2 receptor), the MAS receptor—and a type II trans-membrane zinc protein—the candidate angiotensin IV receptor (AngIV binding site). The prorenin receptor is a relatively new contender for consideration, but is not included here because the role of prorenin receptor as an independent endocrine mediator is presently unclear. The full spectrum of biologic characteristics of these receptors is still evolving, but there is evidence establishing unique roles of each receptor in cardiovascular, hemodynamic, neurologic, renal, and endothelial functions, as well as in cell proliferation, survival, matrix-cell interaction, and inflammation. Therapeutic agents targeted to these receptors are either in active use in clinical intervention of major common diseases or under evaluation for repurposing in many other disorders. Broad-spectrum influence these receptors produce in complex pathophysiological context in our body highlights their role as precise interpreters of distinctive angiotensinergic peptide cues. This review article summarizes findings published in the last 15 years on the structure, pharmacology, signaling, physiology, and disease states related to angiotensin receptors. We also discuss the challenges the pharmacologist presently faces in formally accepting newer members as established angiotensin receptors and emphasize necessary future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadashiva S Karnik
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Hamiyet Unal
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Jacqueline R Kemp
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Kalyan C Tirupula
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Patrick M L Vanderheyden
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Walter G Thomas
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
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Prieto I, Villarejo AB, Segarra AB, Wangensteen R, Banegas I, de Gasparo M, Vanderheyden P, Zorad S, Vives F, Ramírez-Sánchez M. Tissue distribution of CysAP activity and its relationship to blood pressure and water balance. Life Sci 2015; 134:73-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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McCarthy CA, Facey LJ, Widdop RE. The protective arms of the renin-angiontensin system in stroke. Curr Hypertens Rep 2015; 16:440. [PMID: 24816974 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-014-0440-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
It is quite well established that activation of the so-called protective arms of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), involving both AT2 and Mas receptors, provides a counter-regulatory role to AT1 receptor overactivity that may drive pathological changes in the cardiovascular system. In this brief review, we will focus on recent evidence that identifies at least three different pathways that may be effective in the setting of stroke and may be complementary with AT1 receptor blockade. Such mechanisms include AT2 receptor stimulation, Mas receptor stimulation and insulin-regulated aminopeptidase blockade. This report highlights recent data demonstrating striking neuroprotective effects in preclinical models of stroke targeting each of these pathways, which may pave the way for translational opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A McCarthy
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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Hermans SJ, Ascher DB, Hancock NC, Holien JK, Michell BJ, Chai SY, Morton CJ, Parker MW. Crystal structure of human insulin-regulated aminopeptidase with specificity for cyclic peptides. Protein Sci 2014; 24:190-9. [PMID: 25408552 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP or oxytocinase) is a membrane-bound zinc-metallopeptidase that cleaves neuroactive peptides in the brain and produces memory enhancing effects when inhibited. We have determined the crystal structure of human IRAP revealing a closed, four domain arrangement with a large, mostly buried cavity abutting the active site. The structure reveals that the GAMEN exopeptidase loop adopts a very different conformation from other aminopeptidases, thus explaining IRAP's unique specificity for cyclic peptides such as oxytocin and vasopressin. Computational docking of a series of IRAP-specific cognitive enhancers into the crystal structure provides a molecular basis for their structure-activity relationships and demonstrates that the structure will be a powerful tool in the development of new classes of cognitive enhancers for treating a variety of memory disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan J Hermans
- ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Melbourne, Victoria, 3065, Australia
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Wright JW, Kawas LH, Harding JW. The development of small molecule angiotensin IV analogs to treat Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 125:26-46. [PMID: 25455861 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases are neurodegenerative diseases presently without effective drug treatments. AD is characterized by general cognitive impairment, difficulties with memory consolidation and retrieval, and with advanced stages episodes of agitation and anger. AD is increasing in frequency as life expectancy increases. Present FDA approved medications do little to slow disease progression and none address the underlying progressive loss of synaptic connections and neurons. New drug design approaches are needed beyond cholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists. Patients with PD experience the symptomatic triad of bradykinesis, tremor-at-rest, and rigidity with the possibility of additional non-motor symptoms including sleep disturbances, depression, dementia, and autonomic nervous system failure. This review summarizes available information regarding the role of the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in learning and memory and motor functions, with particular emphasis on research results suggesting a link between angiotensin IV (AngIV) interacting with the AT4 receptor subtype. Currently there is controversy over the identity of this AT4 receptor protein. Albiston and colleagues have offered convincing evidence that it is the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP). Recently members of our laboratory have presented evidence that the brain AngIV/AT4 receptor system coincides with the brain hepatocyte growth factor/c-Met receptor system. In an effort to resolve this issue we have synthesized a number of small molecule AngIV-based compounds that are metabolically stable, penetrate the blood-brain barrier, and facilitate compromised memory and motor systems. These research efforts are described along with details concerning a recently synthesized molecule, Dihexa that shows promise in overcoming memory and motor dysfunctions by augmenting synaptic connectivity via the formation of new functional synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Wright
- Departments of Psychology, Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience and Program in Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4820, USA; M3 Biotechnology, Inc., 4000 Mason Rd Suite 300, Box 352141, Seattle, WA 98195-2141, USA.
| | - Leen H Kawas
- Departments of Psychology, Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience and Program in Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4820, USA; M3 Biotechnology, Inc., 4000 Mason Rd Suite 300, Box 352141, Seattle, WA 98195-2141, USA
| | - Joseph W Harding
- Departments of Psychology, Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience and Program in Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4820, USA; M3 Biotechnology, Inc., 4000 Mason Rd Suite 300, Box 352141, Seattle, WA 98195-2141, USA
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Ongali B, Nicolakakis N, Tong XK, Aboulkassim T, Papadopoulos P, Rosa-Neto P, Lecrux C, Imboden H, Hamel E. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker losartan prevents and rescues cerebrovascular, neuropathological and cognitive deficits in an Alzheimer's disease model. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 68:126-36. [PMID: 24807206 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (AngII) receptor blockers that bind selectively AngII type 1 (AT1) receptors may protect from Alzheimer's disease (AD). We studied the ability of the AT1 receptor antagonist losartan to cure or prevent AD hallmarks in aged (~18months at endpoint, 3months treatment) or adult (~12months at endpoint, 10months treatment) human amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice. We tested learning and memory with the Morris water maze, and evaluated neurometabolic and neurovascular coupling using [(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-PET and laser Doppler flowmetry responses to whisker stimulation. Cerebrovascular reactivity was assessed with on-line videomicroscopy. We measured protein levels of oxidative stress enzymes (superoxide dismutases SOD1, SOD2 and NADPH oxidase subunit p67phox), and quantified soluble and deposited amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), AngII receptors AT1 and AT2, angiotensin IV receptor AT4, and cortical cholinergic innervation. In aged APP mice, losartan did not improve learning but it consolidated memory acquisition and recall, and rescued neurovascular and neurometabolic coupling and cerebrovascular dilatory capacity. Losartan normalized cerebrovascular p67phox and SOD2 protein levels and up-regulated those of SOD1. Losartan attenuated astrogliosis, normalized AT1 and AT4 receptor levels, but failed to rescue the cholinergic deficit and the Aβ pathology. Given preventively, losartan protected cognitive function, cerebrovascular reactivity, and AT4 receptor levels. Like in aged APP mice, these benefits occurred without a decrease in soluble Aβ species or plaque load. We conclude that losartan exerts potent preventive and restorative effects on AD hallmarks, possibly by mitigating AT1-initiated oxidative stress and normalizing memory-related AT4 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Ongali
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Nektaria Nicolakakis
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Xin-Kang Tong
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Tahar Aboulkassim
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | | | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Douglas Hospital Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Clotilde Lecrux
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Hans Imboden
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Edith Hamel
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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Cura AJ, Carruthers A. Role of monosaccharide transport proteins in carbohydrate assimilation, distribution, metabolism, and homeostasis. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:863-914. [PMID: 22943001 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c110024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The facilitated diffusion of glucose, galactose, fructose, urate, myoinositol, and dehydroascorbicacid in mammals is catalyzed by a family of 14 monosaccharide transport proteins called GLUTs. These transporters may be divided into three classes according to sequence similarity and function/substrate specificity. GLUT1 appears to be highly expressed in glycolytically active cells and has been coopted in vitamin C auxotrophs to maintain the redox state of the blood through transport of dehydroascorbate. Several GLUTs are definitive glucose/galactose transporters, GLUT2 and GLUT5 are physiologically important fructose transporters, GLUT9 appears to be a urate transporter while GLUT13 is a proton/myoinositol cotransporter. The physiologic substrates of some GLUTs remain to be established. The GLUTs are expressed in a tissue specific manner where affinity, specificity, and capacity for substrate transport are paramount for tissue function. Although great strides have been made in characterizing GLUT-catalyzed monosaccharide transport and mapping GLUT membrane topography and determinants of substrate specificity, a unifying model for GLUT structure and function remains elusive. The GLUTs play a major role in carbohydrate homeostasis and the redistribution of sugar-derived carbons among the various organ systems. This is accomplished through a multiplicity of GLUT-dependent glucose sensing and effector mechanisms that regulate monosaccharide ingestion, absorption,distribution, cellular transport and metabolism, and recovery/retention. Glucose transport and metabolism have coevolved in mammals to support cerebral glucose utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Cura
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Angiotensin IV upregulates the activity of protein phosphatase 1α in Neura-2A cells. Protein Cell 2013; 4:520-8. [PMID: 23744339 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-013-3005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptide angiotensin IV (Ang IV) is a derivative of angiotensin II. While insulin regulated amino peptidase (IRAP) has been proposed as a potential receptor for Ang IV, the signalling pathways of Ang IV through IRAP remain elusive. We applied high-resolution mass spectrometry to perform a systemic quantitative phosphoproteome of Neura-2A (N2A) cells treated with and without Ang IV using sta ble-isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC), and identified a reduction in the phosphorylation of a major Ser/Thr protein phosphorylase 1 (PP1) upon Ang IV treatment. In addition, spinophilin (spn), a PP1 regulatory protein that plays important functions in the neural system, was expressed at higher levels. Immunoblotting revealed decreased phosphorylation of p70S6 kinase (p70(S6K)) and the major cell cycle modulator retinoblastoma protein (pRB). These changes are consistent with an observed decrease in cell proliferation. Taken together, our study suggests that Ang IV functions via regulating the activity of PP1.
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Discovery of inhibitors of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase as cognitive enhancers. Int J Hypertens 2012; 2012:789671. [PMID: 23304452 PMCID: PMC3529497 DOI: 10.1155/2012/789671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hexapeptide angiotensin IV (Ang IV) is a metabolite of angiotensin II (Ang II) and plays a central role in the brain. It was reported more than two decades ago that intracerebroventricular injection of Ang IV improved memory and learning in the rat. Several hypotheses have been put forward to explain the positive effects of Ang IV and related analogues on cognition. It has been proposed that the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is the main target of Ang IV. This paper discusses progress in the discovery of inhibitors of IRAP as potential enhancers of cognitive functions. Very potent inhibitors of the protease have been synthesised, but pharmacokinetic issues (including problems associated with crossing the blood-brain barrier) remain to be solved. The paper also briefly presents an overview of the status in the discovery of inhibitors of ACE and renin, and of AT1R antagonists and AT2R agonists, in order to enable other discovery processes within the RAS system to be compared. The paper focuses on the relationship between binding affinities/inhibition capacity and the structures of the ligands that interact with the target proteins.
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Talbot K, Wang HY, Kazi H, Han LY, Bakshi KP, Stucky A, Fuino RL, Kawaguchi KR, Samoyedny AJ, Wilson RS, Arvanitakis Z, Schneider JA, Wolf BA, Bennett DA, Trojanowski JQ, Arnold SE. Demonstrated brain insulin resistance in Alzheimer's disease patients is associated with IGF-1 resistance, IRS-1 dysregulation, and cognitive decline. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:1316-38. [PMID: 22476197 DOI: 10.1172/jci59903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1287] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While a potential causal factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD), brain insulin resistance has not been demonstrated directly in that disorder. We provide such a demonstration here by showing that the hippocampal formation (HF) and, to a lesser degree, the cerebellar cortex in AD cases without diabetes exhibit markedly reduced responses to insulin signaling in the IR→IRS-1→PI3K signaling pathway with greatly reduced responses to IGF-1 in the IGF-1R→IRS-2→PI3K signaling pathway. Reduced insulin responses were maximal at the level of IRS-1 and were consistently associated with basal elevations in IRS-1 phosphorylated at serine 616 (IRS-1 pS⁶¹⁶) and IRS-1 pS⁶³⁶/⁶³⁹. In the HF, these candidate biomarkers of brain insulin resistance increased commonly and progressively from normal cases to mild cognitively impaired cases to AD cases regardless of diabetes or APOE ε4 status. Levels of IRS-1 pS⁶¹⁶ and IRS-1 pS⁶³⁶/⁶³⁹ and their activated kinases correlated positively with those of oligomeric Aβ plaques and were negatively associated with episodic and working memory, even after adjusting for Aβ plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and APOE ε4. Brain insulin resistance thus appears to be an early and common feature of AD, a phenomenon accompanied by IGF-1 resistance and closely associated with IRS-1 dysfunction potentially triggered by Aβ oligomers and yet promoting cognitive decline independent of classic AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Talbot
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-3403, USA.
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Petrova M, Prokopenko S, Pronina E, Mozheyko E. Response letter to the manuscript “Diminution of hemoglobin-derived hemorphin: An underlying risk factor for cognitive deficit in diabetes” for Journal of the Neurological Sciences. J Neurol Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Gard PR, Naylor C, Ali S, Partington C. Blockade of pro-cognitive effects of angiotensin IV and physostigmine in mice by oxytocin antagonism. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 683:155-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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