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van den Bosch M, Bartolomeu ML, Williams S, Basnou C, Hamilton I, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Pino J, Tonne C. A scoping review of human health co-benefits of forest-based climate change mitigation in Europe. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 186:108593. [PMID: 38531235 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is a pressing global challenge with profound implications for human health. Forest-based climate change mitigation strategies, such as afforestation, reforestation, and sustainable forest management, offer promising solutions to mitigate climate change and simultaneously yield substantial co-benefits for human health. The objective of this scoping review was to examine research trends related to the interdisciplinary nexus between forests as carbon sinks and human health co-benefits. We developed a conceptual framework model, supporting the inclusion of exposure pathways, such as recreational opportunities or aesthetic experiences, in the co-benefit context. We used a scoping review methodology to identify the proportion of European research on forest-based mitigation strategies that acknowledge the interconnection between mitigation strategies and human impacts. We also aimed to assess whether synergies and trade-offs between forest-based carbon sink capacity and human co-benefits has been analysed and quantified. From the initial 4,062 records retrieved, 349 reports analysed European forest management principles and factors related to climate change mitigation capacity. Of those, 97 studies acknowledged human co-benefits and 13 studies quantified the impacts on exposure pathways or health co-benefits and were included for full review. Our analysis demonstrates that there is potential for synergies related to optimising carbon sink capacity together with human co-benefits, but there is currently a lack of holistic research approaches assessing these interrelationships. We suggest enhanced interdisciplinary efforts, using for example multideterminant modelling approaches, to advance evidence and understanding of the forest and health nexus in the context of climate change mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda van den Bosch
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología Y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; European Forest Institute, Biocities Facility Rome, Italy.
| | - María Lucía Bartolomeu
- Dirección Nacional de Epidemiología del Ministerio de Salud de La Nación, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sarah Williams
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología Y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ian Hamilton
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología Y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Cathryn Tonne
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología Y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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2
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Lu Y, Duan M, Li Y, Zhang S, Hu X, Liu L. Altitude-associated trends in bacterial communities in ultrahigh-altitude residences. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 185:108503. [PMID: 38377724 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoor bacterial communities may change with altitude because their major contributors, outdoor bacterial communities, vary with altitude. People's health effects from bacteria inhalation exposure can also vary with altitude because human respiratory physiology changes with oxygen content in air. Accordingly, adjusting indoor bacterial communities may help to acclimate newcomers from low-altitude environments to ultrahigh-altitude environments. To lay the groundwork for further research, we aimed to first elucidate the bacterial communities in ultrahigh-altitude residences and the effects of altitude on these communities. We collected 187 environmental samples from residential communities at ultrahigh altitudes of 3811-4651 m in Ngari, China and sequenced bacterial 16S rRNA genes. RESULTS On one hand, when abundant genera in ultrahigh-altitude residences and those reported by previous studies on low-altitude residences were compared, nine genera were shared, whereas other five genera were abundant only at ultrahigh altitudes. On the other hand, when the bacterial communities of residences at different ultrahigh altitudes were further compared, the bacterial composition in indoor surface samples varied significantly with altitude. The relative abundance of five bacterial genera in indoor air samples and 10 genera and three phyla in indoor surface samples varied monotonically with altitude. CONCLUSIONS Altitude may be a long-neglected factor that shapes residential bacterial communities and thus warrants attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Lu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Eco-Planning & Green Building, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mengjie Duan
- Laboratory of Eco-Planning & Green Building, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yifan Li
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Eco-Planning & Green Building, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shengyu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaomin Hu
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Eco-Planning & Green Building, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Chawla H, Anand P, Garg K, Bhagat N, Varmani SG, Bansal T, McBain AJ, Marwah RG. A comprehensive review of microbial contamination in the indoor environment: sources, sampling, health risks, and mitigation strategies. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1285393. [PMID: 38074709 PMCID: PMC10701447 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1285393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The quality of the indoor environment significantly impacts human health and productivity, especially given the amount of time individuals spend indoors globally. While chemical pollutants have been a focus of indoor air quality research, microbial contaminants also have a significant bearing on indoor air quality. This review provides a comprehensive overview of microbial contamination in built environments, covering sources, sampling strategies, and analysis methods. Microbial contamination has various origins, including human occupants, pets, and the outdoor environment. Sampling strategies for indoor microbial contamination include air, surface, and dust sampling, and various analysis methods are used to assess microbial diversity and complexity in indoor environments. The review also discusses the health risks associated with microbial contaminants, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, and their products in indoor air, highlighting the need for evidence-based studies that can relate to specific health conditions. The importance of indoor air quality is emphasized from the perspective of the COVID-19 pandemic. A section of the review highlights the knowledge gap related to microbiological burden in indoor environments in developing countries, using India as a representative example. Finally, potential mitigation strategies to improve microbiological indoor air quality are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitikk Chawla
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Purnima Anand
- Department of Microbiology, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Kritika Garg
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Neeru Bhagat
- Department of Microbiology, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Shivani G. Varmani
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Tanu Bansal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Andrew J. McBain
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ruchi Gulati Marwah
- Department of Microbiology, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Xu L, Li K, Zhang M, Guo J, Jia W, Bai X, Tian X, Huang Y. Plastic substrate and residual time of microplastics in the urban river shape the composition and structure of bacterial communities in plastisphere. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118710. [PMID: 37536136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The widespread secondary microplastics (MPs) in urban freshwater, originating from plastic wastes, have created a new habitat called plastisphere for microorganisms. The factors influencing the structure and ecological risks of the microbial community within the plastisphere are not yet fully understood. We conducted an in-site incubation experiment in an urban river, using MPs from garbage bags (GB), shopping bags (SB), and plastic bottles (PB). Bacterial communities in water and plastisphere incubated for 2 and 4 weeks were analyzed by 16S high-throughput sequencing. The results showed the bacterial composition of the plastisphere, especially the PB, exhibited enrichment of plastic-degrading and photoautotrophic taxa. Diversity declined in GB and PB but increased in SB plastisphere. Abundance analysis revealed distinct bacterial species that were enriched or depleted in each type of plastisphere. As the succession progressed, the differences in community structure was more pronounced, and the decline in the complexity of bacterial community within each plastisphere suggested increasing specialization. All the plastisphere exhibited elevated pathogenicity at the second or forth week, compared to bacterial communities related to natural particles. These findings highlighted the continually evolving plastisphere in urban rivers was influenced by the plastic substrates, and attention should be paid to fragile plastic wastes due to the rapidly increasing pathogenicity of the bacterial community attached to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Kang Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Mengjun Zhang
- Peking University Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China; PKU-HKUST Shenzhen-Hongkong Institution, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China
| | - Jiabao Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Weiqian Jia
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xinyi Bai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xudong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control of Zhejiang, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
| | - Yi Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Haahtela T, Alenius H, Auvinen P, Fyhrquist N, von Hertzen L, Jousilahti P, Karisola P, Laatikainen T, Lehtimäki J, Paalanen L, Ruokolainen L, Saarinen K, Valovirta E, Vasankari T, Vlasoff T, Erhola M, Bousquet J, Vartiainen E, Mäkelä MJ. A short history from Karelia study to biodiversity and public health interventions. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 4:1152927. [PMID: 36998574 PMCID: PMC10043497 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1152927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Contact with natural environments enriches the human microbiome, promotes immune balance and protects against allergies and inflammatory disorders. In Finland, the allergy & asthma epidemic became slowly visible in mid 1960s. After the World War II, Karelia was split into Finnish and Soviet Union (now Russia) territories. This led to more marked environmental and lifestyle changes in the Finnish compared with Russian Karelia. The Karelia Allergy Study 2002–2022 showed that allergic conditions were much more common on the Finnish side. The Russians had richer gene-microbe network and interaction than the Finns, which associated with better balanced immune regulatory circuits and lower allergy prevalence. In the Finnish adolescents, a biodiverse natural environment around the homes associated with lower occurrence of allergies. Overall, the plausible explanation of the allergy disparity was the prominent change in environment and lifestyle in the Finnish Karelia from 1940s to 1980s. The nationwide Finnish Allergy Programme 2008–2018 implemented the biodiversity hypothesis into practice by endorsing immune tolerance, nature contacts, and allergy health with favorable results. A regional health and environment programme, Nature Step to Health 2022–2032, has been initiated in the City of Lahti, EU Green Capital 2021. The programme integrates prevention of chronic diseases (asthma, diabetes, obesity, depression), nature loss, and climate crisis in the spirit of Planetary Health. Allergic diseases exemplify inappropriate immunological responses to natural environment. Successful management of the epidemics of allergy and other non-communicable diseases may pave the way to improve human and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tari Haahtela
- Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: Tari Haahtela
| | - Harri Alenius
- Human Microbiome Research (HUMI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petri Auvinen
- DNA Sequencing and GenomicsLaboratory, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nanna Fyhrquist
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Pekka Jousilahti
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Piia Karisola
- Human Microbiome Research (HUMI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Laatikainen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Laura Paalanen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lasse Ruokolainen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Erkka Valovirta
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Clinical Allergology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Allergy Clinic, Terveystalo, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuula Vasankari
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Clinical Allergology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Finnish Lung Health Association (FILHA), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Vlasoff
- North Karelia Centre for Public Health, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Marina Erhola
- Pirkanmaa Joint Authority for Health Services and Social Welfare, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jean Bousquet
- Institute of Allergology, Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
- University Hospital Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Erkki Vartiainen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika J. Mäkelä
- Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Arnold HK, Hanselmann R, Duke SM, Sharpton TJ, Beechler BR. Chronic clinical signs of upper respiratory tract disease associate with gut and respiratory microbiomes in a cohort of domestic felines. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268730. [PMID: 36454958 PMCID: PMC9714858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline upper respiratory tract disease (FURTD), often caused by infections etiologies, is a multifactorial syndrome affecting feline populations worldwide. Because of its highly transmissible nature, infectious FURTD is most prevalent anywhere cats are housed in groups such as animal shelters, and is associated with negative consequences such as decreasing adoption rates, intensifying care costs, and increasing euthanasia rates. Understanding the etiology and pathophysiology of FURTD is thus essential to best mitigate the negative consequences of this disease. Clinical signs of FURTD include acute respiratory disease, with a small fraction of cats developing chronic sequelae. It is thought that nasal mucosal microbiome changes play an active role in the development of acute clinical signs, but it remains unknown if the microbiome may play a role in the development and progression of chronic clinical disease. To address the knowledge gap surrounding how microbiomes link to chronic FURTD, we asked if microbial community structure of upper respiratory and gut microbiomes differed between cats with chronic FURTD signs and clinically normal cats. We selected 8 households with at least one cat exhibiting chronic clinical FURTD, and simultaneously collected samples from cohabitating clinically normal cats. Microbial community structure was assessed via 16S rDNA sequencing of both gut and nasal microbiome communities. Using a previously described ecophylogenetic method, we identified 136 and 89 microbial features within gut and nasal microbiomes respectively that significantly associated with presence of active FURTD clinical signs in cats with a history of chronic signs. Overall, we find that nasal and gut microbial community members associate with the presence of chronic clinical course, but more research is needed to confirm our observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Kristin Arnold
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Rhea Hanselmann
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah M. Duke
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Sharpton
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Brianna R. Beechler
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
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7
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Amin H, Šantl-Temkiv T, Cramer C, Vestergaard DV, Holst GJ, Elholm G, Finster K, Bertelsen RJ, Schlünssen V, Sigsgaard T, Marshall IPG. Cow Farmers’ Homes Host More Diverse Airborne Bacterial Communities Than Pig Farmers’ Homes and Suburban Homes. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:883991. [PMID: 35847077 PMCID: PMC9278274 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.883991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Living on a farm has been linked to a lower risk of immunoregulatory disorders, such as asthma, allergy, and inflammatory bowel disease. It is hypothesized that a decrease in the diversity and composition of indoor microbial communities is a sensible explanation for the upsurge in immunoregulatory diseases, with airborne bacteria contributing to this protective effect. However, the composition of this potentially beneficial microbial community in various farm and suburban indoor environments is still to be characterized. We collected settled airborne dust from stables and the associated farmers’ homes and from suburban homes using electrostatic dust collectors (EDCs) over a period of 14 days. Then, quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to assess bacterial abundance. The V3–V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced using Ilumina MiSeq in order to assess microbial diversity. The Divisive Amplicon Denoising Algorithm (DADA2) algorithm was used for the inference of amplicon sequence variants from amplicon data. Airborne bacteria were significantly more abundant in farmers’ indoor environments than in suburban homes (p < 0.001). Cow farmers’ homes had significantly higher bacterial diversity than pig farmers’ and suburban homes (p < 0.001). Bacterial taxa, such as Firmicutes, Prevotellaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Lactobacillus were significantly more abundant in farmers’ homes than suburban homes, and the same was true for beneficial intestinal bacterial species, such as Lactobacillus amylovorus, Eubacterium hallii, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Furthermore, we found a higher similarity between bacterial communities in individual farmers’ homes and their associated cow stables than for pig stables. Our findings contribute with important knowledge on bacterial composition, abundance, and diversity in different environments, which is highly valuable in the discussion on how microbial exposure may contribute to the development of immune-mediated diseases in both children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Amin
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- *Correspondence: Hesham Amin,
| | - Tina Šantl-Temkiv
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christine Cramer
- Department of Public Health, Environment, Work, and Health, Danish Ramazzini Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Danish Ramazzini Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ditte V. Vestergaard
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Environment, Work, and Health, Danish Ramazzini Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gitte J. Holst
- Department of Public Health, Environment, Work, and Health, Danish Ramazzini Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Grethe Elholm
- Department of Public Health, Environment, Work, and Health, Danish Ramazzini Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kai Finster
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Vivi Schlünssen
- Department of Public Health, Environment, Work, and Health, Danish Ramazzini Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The National Research Center for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Sigsgaard
- Department of Public Health, Environment, Work, and Health, Danish Ramazzini Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ian P. G. Marshall
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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8
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Dockx Y, Täubel M, Bijnens EM, Witters K, Valkonen M, Jayaprakash B, Hogervorst J, Nawrot TS, Casas L. Indoor green can modify the indoor dust microbial communities. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13011. [PMID: 35347789 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the potential role of indoor plants in shaping the indoor microbiota. Within the ENVIRONAGE birth cohort, we collected settled dust and performed 16S and ITS amplicon sequencing and qPCR measurements to characterize the indoor microbiota, including bacterial and fungal loads and Chao1 richness, Shannon, and Simpson diversity indices. For 155 households, we obtained information on the number of indoor plants. We performed linear regression models adjusted for several a priori chosen covariables. Overall, an increase in indoor plants and density was associated with increased microbial diversity, but not load. For example, we found an increase of 64 (95%CI:3;125) and 26 (95%CI:4;48) units of bacterial and fungal taxa richness, respectively, in households with more than three plants compared to no plants. Our results support the hypothesis that indoor plants can enrich indoor microbial diversity, while impacts on microbial loads are not obvious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinthe Dockx
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Martin Täubel
- Environmental Health Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Esmée M Bijnens
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Witters
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Maria Valkonen
- Environmental Health Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Janneke Hogervorst
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Center for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leuven University (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lidia Casas
- Center for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leuven University (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
- Social Epidemiology and Health Policy, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute for Environment and Sustainable Development (IMDO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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9
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Aujoulat F, Mazuet C, Criscuolo A, Popoff MR, Enault C, Diancourt L, Jumas-Bilak E, Lavigne JP, Marchandin H. Peptoniphilus nemausensis sp. nov. A new Gram-positive anaerobic coccus isolated from human clinical samples, an emendated description of the genus Peptoniphilus and an evaluation of the taxonomic status of Peptoniphilus species with not validly published names. Syst Appl Microbiol 2021; 44:126235. [PMID: 34385044 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2021.126235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A Gram-positive, anaerobic coccus isolated from a human surgical site infection was previously shown to belong to an unknown species of the genus Peptoniphilus initially proposed as 'Peptoniphilus nemausus' sp. nov., based on both 16S rRNA gene sequence identity of 97.9% with the most closely related species Peptoniphilus coxii and an individualized phylogenetic branching within the genus Peptoniphilus. A polyphasic characterization of the novel species is proposed herein. Whole genome sequence analysis showed an average nucleotide identity value of 84.75% and digital DNA-DNA hybridization value of 28.9% against P. coxii type strain. The strain displayed unique features among members of the genus Peptoniphilus, as it was able to hydrolyze aesculin, and produced acetate as the major metabolic end-product without associated production of butyrate. Growth was observed under microaerophilic conditions. From all these data, the isolate is confirmed as belonging to a new Peptoniphilus species, for which the name Peptoniphilus nemausensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 1804121828T (=LMG 31466T = CECT 9935T). A database survey using a highly polymorphic partial sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of P. nemausensis revealed P. nemausensis to be a particularly rare skin-associated species in humans. An emendated description of the Peptoniphilus genus is proposed based on a review of the characteristics of the 12 new species with validly published names since the genus description in 2001 and of P. nemausensis. Finally, the relationships between members of the genus Peptoniphilus were explored based on whole genome sequence analysis in order to clarify the taxonomic status of not yet validly published species showing that three pairs of species should be considered as synonyms: Peptoniphilus timonensis and 'Peptoniphilus phoceensis', Peptoniphilus lacydonensis and 'Peptoniphilus rhinitidis', Peptoniphilus tyrrelliae and Peptoniphilus senegalensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Aujoulat
- HydroSciences Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Christelle Mazuet
- Centre National de Référence bactéries anaérobies et botulisme, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Criscuolo
- Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique - Département Biologie Computationnelle, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Michel R Popoff
- Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, UMR CNRS 2001, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Cécilia Enault
- Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Laure Diancourt
- Centre National de Référence bactéries anaérobies et botulisme, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Estelle Jumas-Bilak
- HydroSciences Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Département d'Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Lavigne
- VBIC, INSERM U1047, Univ Montpellier, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Hélène Marchandin
- HydroSciences Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France.
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10
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The Domestic Environment and the Lung Mycobiome. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111717. [PMID: 33147738 PMCID: PMC7693370 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzes the relationship between the mycobiome of the Lower Respiratory Tract (LRT) and the fungi in the domestic environment. Samples studied consisted of Broncho-Alveolar Lavage (BAL) from 45 patients who underwent bronchoscopy for different diagnostic purposes, and dust and air from the houses (ENV) of 20 of them (44.4%). Additionally, five bronchoscopes (BS) were also analyzed and negative controls were included for every procedure. All samples were processed for DNA extraction and cultures, which were performed in Sabouraud Dextrose and Potato Dextrose Agar. The fungal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS2) was sequenced by the Solexa/Illumina system and sequences were analyzed by QIIME 1.8.0 and compared with the UNITE Database for identification. The similarity between the two fungal communities (BAL and ENV) for a specific patient was assessed via the percentage of coincidence in the detection of specific operational taxonomic units (OTUs), and about 75% of co-occurrence was detected between the mycobiome of the LRT and the houses. Cultures confirmed the presence of the core mycobiome species. However, the low rate of isolation from BAL suggests that most of its mycobiome corresponds to non-culturable cells. This likely depends on the patient’s immune system activity and inflammatory status.
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11
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Prescott SL. A butterfly flaps its wings: Extinction of biological experience and the origins of allergy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2020; 125:528-534. [PMID: 32474160 PMCID: PMC7256009 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2020.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore links between biodiversity on all scales and allergic disease as a measure of immune dysregulation. DATA SOURCES PubMed and Web of Science were searched using the keywords biodiversity, nature relatedness, allergic disease, microbiome, noncommunicable diseases, coronavirus disease 2019, and associated terms. STUDY SELECTIONS Studies were selected based on relevance to human health and biodiversity. RESULTS Contact with natural environments enriches the human microbiome, promotes regulated immune responses, and protects against allergy and both acute and chronic inflammatory disorders. These important links to ecopsychological constructs of the extinction of experience, which indicates that loss of direct, personal contact with biodiversity (wildlife and the more visible elements of the natural world), might lead to emotional apathy and irresponsible behaviors toward the environment. CONCLUSION The immune system is a useful early barometer of environmental effects and, by means of the microbiome, is a measure of the way in which our current experiences differ from our ancestral past. Although we would benefit from further research, efforts to increase direct, personal contact with biodiversity have clear benefits for multiple aspects of physical and mental health, the skin and gut microbiome, immune function, food choices, sleep, and physical activity and promote environmental responsibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Prescott
- The ORIGINS Project, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Australia; inVIVO Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network, West New York, New Jersey.
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12
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Watts AM, West NP, Zhang P, Smith PK, Cripps AW, Cox AJ. The Gut Microbiome of Adults with Allergic Rhinitis Is Characterised by Reduced Diversity and an Altered Abundance of Key Microbial Taxa Compared to Controls. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2020; 182:94-105. [PMID: 32971520 DOI: 10.1159/000510536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Unique gut microbial colonisation patterns are associated with the onset of allergic disease in infants; however, there is insufficient evidence to determine if aberrant microbial composition patterns persist in adult allergic rhinitis (AR) sufferers. OBJECTIVE To compare the gut microbiome composition between adult AR sufferers and controls. METHODS Gut microbial composition in stool samples was compared between 57 adult AR sufferers (39.06 ± 13.29 years) and 23 controls (CG; 36.55 ± 10.51 years) via next-generation sequencing of the V3-V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Taxonomic classification and identity assignment was performed using a reference-based approach with the NCBI database of 16S rRNA gene sequences. RESULTS Species richness determined via the Shannon index was significantly reduced in the AR cohort compared to the CG (4.35 ± 0.59 in AR vs. 4.65 ± 0.55 in CG, p = 0.037); trends for reductions in operational taxonomic unit (OTU) counts, inverse Simpson, and CHAO1 diversity indices were also noted. Bacteroidetes (p = 0.014) was significantly more abundant in the AR group than in the CG. In contrast, the Firmicutes phylum was significantly less abundant in the AR group than in the CG (p = 0.006). An increased abundance of Parabacteroides (p = 0.008) and a reduced abundance of Oxalobacter (p = 0.001) and Clostridiales (p = 0.005) were also observed in the AR cohort compared to the CG. CONCLUSION Adult AR sufferers have a distinct gut microbiome profile, marked by a reduced microbial diversity and altered abundance of certain microbes compared to controls. The results of this study provide evidence that unique gut microbial patterns occur in AR sufferers in adulthood and warrant further examination in the form of mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle M Watts
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas P West
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ping Zhang
- Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter K Smith
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland Allergy Services, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Allan W Cripps
- Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia, .,School of Medicine, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia,
| | - Amanda J Cox
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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13
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Liu Z, Deng Y, Ma S, He BJ, Cao G. Dust accumulated fungi in air-conditioning system: Findings based on field and laboratory experiments. BUILDING SIMULATION 2020; 14:793-811. [PMID: 32983398 PMCID: PMC7501501 DOI: 10.1007/s12273-020-0693-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzes the growth and reproduction of dust accumulated fungi (DAF) in an air-conditioning system based on field measurement and molecular biology, laboratory experiment and prediction modelling. The field measurement was conducted to collect dust in filter screen, surface cooler and air supply duct of two air handling units (AHUs). The results indicate that dust volume and fungal number in two AHUs generally met the hygienic specification of public buildings, but the cleansing did not fulfil requirements. High-throughput sequencing was conducted, revealing that the dominant fungal species were Alternaria_betae-kenyensis, Cladosporium_delicatulum, Aspergillus_sydowii, Verticillium_dahliae. Laboratory experiment was conducted to analyze the impact of several factors (e.g. growth time, temperature, relative humidity, duct material) and their combination on the DAF growth. The results indicate that fungal growth increased with time, peaking at 4 days or 5 days. Higher relative humidity or temperature was conducive to fungal growth. The orthogonal experiment revealed that the condition of "antibacterial composite, 22 ± 1 °C and 45%-55% RH" had the strongest inhibiting impact on fungal growth. Logistic model, Gompertz model and square-root model were further developed to predict the fungal growth under different conditions. The results show that the Logistic model had high feasibility and accuracy, the Gompertz model was feasible with lower accuracy and the square-root model was feasible with high accuracy. Overall, this study facilitates the understanding of the DAF growth in air-conditioning ducts, which is important for real-time prediction and timely control of the fungal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Liu
- Department of Power Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, Hebei, 071003 China
| | - Yuzhu Deng
- Department of Power Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, Hebei, 071003 China
| | - Shengyuan Ma
- Department of Power Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, Hebei, 071003 China
| | - Bao-Jie He
- Faculty of Built Environment, University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, 2052 Australia
| | - Guoqing Cao
- Institute of Building Environment and Energy, China Academy of Building Research, Beijing, 100013 China
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14
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Ruokolainen L, Fyhrquist N, Laatikainen T, Auvinen P, Fortino V, Scala G, Jousilahti P, Karisola P, Vendelin J, Karkman A, Markelova O, Mäkelä MJ, Lehtimäki S, Ndika J, Ottman N, Paalanen L, Paulin L, Vartiainen E, von Hertzen L, Greco D, Haahtela T, Alenius H. Immune-microbiota interaction in Finnish and Russian Karelia young people with high and low allergy prevalence. Clin Exp Allergy 2020; 50:1148-1158. [PMID: 32865840 PMCID: PMC7589450 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background After the Second World War, the population living in the Karelian region was strictly divided by the “iron curtain” between Finland and Russia. This resulted in different lifestyle, standard of living, and exposure to the environment. Allergic manifestations and sensitization to common allergens have been much more common on the Finnish compared to the Russian side. Objective The remarkable allergy disparity in the Finnish and Russian Karelia calls for immunological explanations. Methods Young people, aged 15‐20 years, in the Finnish (n = 69) and Russian (n = 75) Karelia were studied. The impact of genetic variation on the phenotype was studied by a genome‐wide association analysis. Differences in gene expression (transcriptome) were explored from the blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and related to skin and nasal epithelium microbiota and sensitization. Results The genotype differences between the Finnish and Russian populations did not explain the allergy gap. The network of gene expression and skin and nasal microbiota was richer and more diverse in the Russian subjects. When the function of 261 differentially expressed genes was explored, innate immunity pathways were suppressed among Russians compared to Finns. Differences in the gene expression paralleled the microbiota disparity. High Acinetobacter abundance in Russians correlated with suppression of innate immune response. High‐total IgE was associated with enhanced anti‐viral response in the Finnish but not in the Russian subjects. Conclusions and clinical relevance Young populations living in the Finnish and Russian Karelia show marked differences in genome‐wide gene expression and host contrasting skin and nasal epithelium microbiota. The rich gene‐microbe network in Russians seems to result in a better‐balanced innate immunity and associates with low allergy prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Ruokolainen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nanna Fyhrquist
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Human Microbiome Research (HUMI), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Laatikainen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petri Auvinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vittorio Fortino
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Giovanni Scala
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pekka Jousilahti
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Piia Karisola
- Human Microbiome Research (HUMI), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Vendelin
- Unit of Systems Toxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Karkman
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Mika J Mäkelä
- Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital & University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Lehtimäki
- HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joseph Ndika
- Human Microbiome Research (HUMI), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Noora Ottman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Paalanen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lars Paulin
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erkki Vartiainen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena von Hertzen
- Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital & University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dario Greco
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tari Haahtela
- Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital & University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri Alenius
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Human Microbiome Research (HUMI), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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15
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Shan Y, Guo J, Fan W, Li H, Wu H, Song Y, Jalleh G, Wu W, Zhang G. Modern urbanization has reshaped the bacterial microbiome profiles of house dust in domestic environments. World Allergy Organ J 2020; 13:100452. [PMID: 32884612 PMCID: PMC7451671 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of allergy and other common chronic diseases is higher in developed than developing countries, and higher in urban than rural regions. Urbanization through its modification of environmental microbiomes may play a predominant role in the development of these conditions. However, no studies have been conducted to compare the microbiome in house dust among areas with different urbanization levels. Methods House dust from Xinxiang rural area (XR, n = 74), Xinxiang urban area (XU, n = 33), and Zhengzhou urban area (ZU, n = 32) in central China, and from Australia (AU, n = 58 [with pets AUP, n = 15, without pets AUNP, n = 43]) were collected during a summer season in China and Australia. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rDNA was employed to profile house dust bacterial communities. Results Settled dust collected in China was dominant with 2 bacterial phyla: Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, while floor dust collected in Australia had a higher proportion of phylum Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria. XR dust samples presented higher bacterial richness and diversity compared with XU or ZU samples. Urbanization level (r2 = 0.741 P < 0.001) had a significant correlation with the distribution of house dust bacterial community. At the genus level, there was a positive correlation (r coefficient > 0.5) between urbanization level and bacterial genera Streptococcus, Bartonella, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Bacteroides, Corynebacterium_1,and Enhydrobacter and a negative correlation (r coefficient < −0.5) with Rhodanobacter. Conclusion There was a significant difference in house dust microbiota among different urbanization areas. The areas with a lower urbanization level presented higher dust-borne bacterial richness and diversity. Modern urbanization has a significant influence on the bacterial microbiome profiles of indoor dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Shan
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 4353003, P.R. China
- Henan International Laboratory for Air Pollution Health Effects and Intervention, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 4353003, P.R. China
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Public Health, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Jing Guo
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Wei Fan
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, P.R. China
| | - Huijun Li
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 4353003, P.R. China
- Henan International Laboratory for Air Pollution Health Effects and Intervention, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 4353003, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 4353003, P.R. China
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, P.R. China
- Henan Province General Medical Educations and Research Center, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, P.R. China
| | - Yong Song
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Jalleh
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Weidong Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 4353003, P.R. China
- Henan International Laboratory for Air Pollution Health Effects and Intervention, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 4353003, P.R. China
- Corresponding author. School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, 601 Jinsui Street, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, P.R. China.
| | - Guicheng Zhang
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
- Corresponding author. School of Public Health, Curtin University of Technology, Kent St, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia.
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16
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Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: Impact of environmental dust exposure in modulating microbiome and its association with non-communicable diseases. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2020; 11:545-556. [PMID: 32536356 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174420000549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including obesity, diabetes, and allergy are chronic, multi-factorial conditions that are affected by both genetic and environmental factors. Over the last decade, the microbiome has emerged as a possible contributor to the pathogenesis of NCDs. Microbiome profiles were altered in patients with NCDs, and shift in microbial communities was associated with improvement in these health conditions. Since the genetic component of these diseases cannot be altered, the ability to manipulate the microbiome holds great promise for design of novel therapies in the prevention and treatment of NCDs. Together, the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease concept and the microbial hypothesis propose that early life exposure to environmental stimuli will alter the development and composition of the human microbiome, resulting in health consequences. Recent studies indicated that the environment we are exposed to in early life is instrumental in shaping robust immune development, possibly through modulation of the human microbiome (skin, airway, and gut). Despite much research into human microbiome, the origin of their constituent microbiota remains unclear. Dust (also known as particulate matter) is a key determinant of poor air quality in the modern urban environment. It is ubiquitous and serves as a major source and reservoir of microbial communities that modulates the human microbiome, contributing to health and disease. There are evidence that reported significant associations between environmental dust and NCDs. In this review, we will focus on the impact of dust exposure in shaping the human microbiome and its possible contribution to the development of NCDs.
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17
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Perini L, Gostinčar C, Gunde-Cimerman N. Fungal and bacterial diversity of Svalbard subglacial ice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20230. [PMID: 31882659 PMCID: PMC6934841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56290-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of fungal and bacterial communities in three polythermal glaciers and associated aquatic environments in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard was analysed using a combination of cultivation and amplicon sequencing. 109 fungal strains belonging to 30 mostly basidiomycetous species were isolated from glacial samples with counts up to 103 CFU/100 ml. Glaciozyma-related taxon and Phenoliferia psychrophenolica were the dominant species. Unexpectedly, amplicon sequencing uncovered sequences of Chytridiomycota in all samples and Rozellomycota in sea water, lake water, and tap water. Sequences of Malassezia restricta and of the extremely halotolerant Hortaea werneckii were also found in subglacial habitats for the first time. Overall, the fungal communities within a glacier and among glaciers were diverse and spatially heterogenous. Contrary to this, there was a large overlap between the bacterial communities of different glaciers, with Flavobacterium sp. being the most frequently isolated. In amplicon sequencing Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria sequences were the most abundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Perini
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - C Gostinčar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | - N Gunde-Cimerman
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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18
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Hui N, Parajuli A, Puhakka R, Grönroos M, Roslund MI, Vari HK, Selonen VAO, Yan G, Siter N, Nurminen N, Oikarinen S, Laitinen OH, Rajaniemi J, Hyöty H, Sinkkonen A. Temporal variation in indoor transfer of dirt-associated environmental bacteria in agricultural and urban areas. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 132:105069. [PMID: 31400602 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
An agricultural environment and exposure to diverse environmental microbiota has been suggested to confer protection against immune-mediated disorders. As an agricultural environment may have a protective role, it is crucial to determine whether the limiting factors in the transfer of environmental microbiota indoors are the same in the agricultural and urban environments. We explored how sampling month, garden diversity and animal ownership affected the indoor-transfer of environmental microbial community. We collected litter from standardized doormats used for 2 weeks in June and August 2015 and February 2016 and identified bacterial phylotypes using 16S rRNA Illumina MiSeq sequencing. In February, the diversity and richness of the whole bacterial community and the relative abundance of environment-associated taxa were reduced, whereas human-associated taxa and genera containing opportunistic pathogens were enriched in the doormats. In summer, the relative abundances of several taxa associated previously with beneficial health effects were higher, particularly in agricultural areas. Surprisingly, the importance of vegetation on doormat microbiota was more observable in February, which may have resulted from snow cover that prevented contact with microbes in soil. Animal ownership increased the prevalence of genera Bacteroides and Acinetobacter in rural doormats. These findings underline the roles of season, living environment and lifestyle in the temporal variations in the environmental microbial community carried indoors. As reduced contact with diverse microbiota is a potential reason for immune system dysfunction, the results may have important implications in the etiology of immune-mediated, non-communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hui
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Anirudra Parajuli
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland.
| | - Riikka Puhakka
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Mira Grönroos
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Marja I Roslund
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Heli K Vari
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Ville A O Selonen
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Guoyang Yan
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Nathan Siter
- Faculty of Built Environment, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Noora Nurminen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli H Laitinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juho Rajaniemi
- Faculty of Built Environment, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Aki Sinkkonen
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland.
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19
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Haahtela T. A biodiversity hypothesis. Allergy 2019; 74:1445-1456. [PMID: 30835837 DOI: 10.1111/all.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity hypothesis states that contact with natural environments enriches the human microbiome, promotes immune balance and protects from allergy and inflammatory disorders. We are protected by two nested layers of biodiversity, microbiota of the outer layer (soil, natural waters, plants, animals) and inner layer (gut, skin, airways). The latter inhabits our body and is colonized from the outer layer. Explosion of human populations along with cultural evolution is profoundly changing our environment and lifestyle. Adaptive immunoregulatory circuits and dynamic homeostasis are at stake in the newly emerged urban surroundings. In allergy, and chronic inflammatory disorders in general, exploring the determinants of immunotolerance is the key for prevention and more effective treatment. Loss of immunoprotective factors, derived from nature, is a new kind of health risk poorly acknowledged until recently. The paradigm change has been implemented in the Finnish allergy programme (2008-2018), which emphasized tolerance instead of avoidance. The first results are promising, as allergy burden has started to reduce. The rapidly urbanizing world is facing serious biodiversity loss with global warming, which are interconnected. Biodiversity hypothesis of health and disease has societal impact, for example, on city planning, food and energy production and nature conservation. It has also a message for individuals for health and well-being: take nature close, to touch, eat, breathe, experience and enjoy. Biodiverse natural environments are dependent on planetary health, which should be a priority also among health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tari Haahtela
- Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
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20
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Shan Y, Wu W, Fan W, Haahtela T, Zhang G. House dust microbiome and human health risks. Int Microbiol 2019; 22:297-304. [DOI: 10.1007/s10123-019-00057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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21
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Potential Bacterial Contaminants in the Handles of Car Doors. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.12.4.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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22
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Abstract
This article on exposome and asthma focuses on the interaction of patients and their environments in various parts of their growth, development, and stages of life. Indoor and outdoor environments play a role in pathogenesis via levels and duration of exposure, with genetic susceptibility as a crucial factor that alters the initiation and trajectory of common conditions such as asthma. Knowledge of environmental exposures globally and changes that are occurring is necessary to function effectively as medical professionals and health advocates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahila Subramanian
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, CWRU School of Medicine, 9500 Euclid Avenue/A90, Cleveland, OH 4419, USA
| | - Sumita B Khatri
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, CWRU School of Medicine, 9500 Euclid Avenue/A90, Cleveland, OH 4419, USA.
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23
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van den Bosch M, Brauer M, Burnett R, Davies HW, Davis Z, Guhn M, Jarvis I, Nesbitt L, Oberlander T, Rugel E, Sbihi H, Su JG, Jerrett M. Born to be Wise: a population registry data linkage protocol to assess the impact of modifiable early-life environmental exposures on the health and development of children. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e026954. [PMID: 30552286 PMCID: PMC6303566 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Deficiencies in childhood development is a major global issue and inequalities are large. The influence of environmental exposures on childhood development is currently insufficiently explored. This project will analyse the impact of various modifiable early life environmental exposures on different dimensions of childhood development. METHODS Born to be Wise will study a Canadian cohort of approximately 34 000 children who have completed an early development test at the age of 5. Land use regression models of air pollution and spatially defined noise models will be linked to geocoded data on early development to analyse any harmful effects of these exposures. The potentially beneficial effect on early development of early life exposure to natural environments, as measured by fine-grained remote sensing data and various land use indexes, will also be explored. The project will use data linkages and analyse overall and age-specific impact, including variability depending on cumulative exposure by assigning time-weighted exposure estimates and by studying subsamples who have changed residence and exposure. Potentially moderating effects of natural environments on air pollution or noise exposures will be studied by mediation analyses. A matched case-control design will be applied to study moderating effects of natural environments on the association between low socioeconomic status and early development. The main statistical approach will be mixed effects models, applying a specific software to deal with multilevel random effects of nested data. Extensive confounding control will be achieved by including data on a range of detailed health and sociodemographic variables. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study protocol has been ethically approved by the Behavioural Research Ethics Board at the University of British Columbia. The findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at scholarly conferences. Through stakeholder engagement, the results will also reach policy and a broader audience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda van den Bosch
- The School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- The Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Brauer
- The School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Hugh W Davies
- The School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zoe Davis
- The School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Guhn
- The School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ingrid Jarvis
- The School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lorien Nesbitt
- The School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tim Oberlander
- The School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emily Rugel
- The School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hind Sbihi
- The School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason G Su
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Michael Jerrett
- Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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24
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Loo EXL, Chew LJM, Zulkifli AB, Ta LDH, Kuo IC, Goh A, Teoh OH, Van Bever H, Gluckman PD, Yap F, Tan KH, Chong YS, Lee BW, Shek LPC. Comparison of microbiota and allergen profile in house dust from homes of allergic and non-allergic subjects- results from the GUSTO study. World Allergy Organ J 2018; 11:37. [PMID: 30534340 PMCID: PMC6280478 DOI: 10.1186/s40413-018-0212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of allergic diseases, such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, eczema and food allergy, has been increasing worldwide, as shown in a large number of studies, including the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). However, there is significant variation in the prevalence of these diseases in different regions, suggesting that there may be location-specific factors such as environment and microbial exposure affecting allergic disease prevalence. Hence, in this study we determine if there is a difference in microbiota composition and allergen concentration of household dust collected from the homes of non-allergic and allergic subjects from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) cohort. Methods From the Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) cohort, 25 allergic subjects and 25 non-allergic subjects were selected at the year 5.5 follow up. Definitions of allergic outcomes were standardized in the questionnaires administered at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months to ensure consistency during interviews and home visits. Allergen sensitization was determined by skin prick testing (SPT) at 18, 36 and 60 months. Dust samples were collected from the subject’s bed, sofa, and play area. DNA extraction was carried out and V3-V4 hypervariable regions of bacterial 16S rRNA gene were sequenced. Protein extraction was performed and allergens assayed by using multiplex assay and ELISA. Results The most abundant phyla in house dust were Actinobacteria (29.8%), Firmicutes (27.7%), and Proteobacteria (22.4%). Although there were no differences in bacteria abundance and diversity between house dust samples of allergic and non-allergic subjects, the relative abundance of Anaplasmataceae, Bacteroidaceae, and Leptospiraceae were significantly higher in dust samples of allergic subjects as compared to non-allergic subjects in 2 or more locations. The concentration of Der p 1 was significantly lower in bed dust samples of allergic subjects (Median [Interquartile range], 174 ng/g [115–299 ng/g]) as compared to non-allergic subjects (309 ng/g [201–400 ng/g]; P < 0.05). The concentration of tropomyosin was significantly higher in sofa dust samples of allergic subjects (175 ng/g [145–284 ng/g] as compared to non-allergic subjects (116 ng/g [52.8–170 ng/g]; P < 0.05). Conclusion In conclusion, we found a differential microbiota and allergen profile between homes of allergic and non-allergic subjects. Trial registration NCT01174875 Registered 1 July 2010, retrospectively registered. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40413-018-0212-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Xiu Ling Loo
- 1Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lamony Jian Ming Chew
- 2Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Atiqa Binte Zulkifli
- 2Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Le Duc Huy Ta
- 2Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - I-Chun Kuo
- 2Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anne Goh
- 3Allergy Service, Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Oon Hoe Teoh
- 10Respiratory Medicine Service, Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hugo Van Bever
- 2Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,7Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter D Gluckman
- 5Growth, Development and Metabolism Programme, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore.,6Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fabian Yap
- 9Department of Endocrinology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kok Hian Tan
- 8Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yap Seng Chong
- 1Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore.,4Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bee Wah Lee
- 2Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lynette Pei-Chi Shek
- 1Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore.,2Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,7Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
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25
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Pisi G, Fainardi V, Aiello M, Bertorelli G, Crisafulli E, Chetta A. The role of the microbiome in childhood asthma. Immunotherapy 2018; 9:1295-1304. [PMID: 29130800 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well established that the healthy bronchial tree contains a microbiome distinct from that of the upper respiratory tract and that the lung microbiome may be dysregulated in individuals with a chronic respiratory disease, such as asthma. In addition, after birth, gut microbes interact with the host tissue, especially with the lymphatic tissue, thereby guaranteeing efficient immune activation. This review focuses on the available literature on the relationships between the gut microbiome, immune function and asthma in childhood, as well as the therapeutic strategies aimed at acting on the modulation of the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Pisi
- Cystic Fibrotic Centre, University Hospital, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Marina Aiello
- Respiratory Disease Unit, Department of Medicine & Surgery, University Hospital, Via Gramsci, 14 - 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Bertorelli
- Respiratory Disease Unit, Department of Medicine & Surgery, University Hospital, Via Gramsci, 14 - 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Ernesto Crisafulli
- Respiratory Disease Unit, Department of Medicine & Surgery, University Hospital, Via Gramsci, 14 - 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Alfredo Chetta
- Respiratory Disease Unit, Department of Medicine & Surgery, University Hospital, Via Gramsci, 14 - 43100 Parma, Italy
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26
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Vestergaard DV, Holst GJ, Basinas I, Elholm G, Schlünssen V, Linneberg A, Šantl-Temkiv T, Finster K, Sigsgaard T, Marshall IPG. Pig Farmers' Homes Harbor More Diverse Airborne Bacterial Communities Than Pig Stables or Suburban Homes. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:870. [PMID: 29765370 PMCID: PMC5938556 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Airborne bacterial communities are subject to conditions ill-suited to microbial activity and growth. In spite of this, air is an important transfer medium for bacteria, with the bacteria in indoor air having potentially major consequences for the health of a building’s occupants. A major example is the decreased diversity and altered composition of indoor airborne microbial communities as a proposed explanation for the increasing prevalence of asthma and allergies worldwide. Previous research has shown that living on a farm confers protection against development of asthma and allergies, with airborne bacteria suggested as playing a role in this protective effect. However, the composition of this beneficial microbial community has still not been identified. We sampled settled airborne dust using a passive dust sampler from Danish pig stables, associated farmers’ homes, and from suburban homes (267 samples in total) and carried out quantitative PCR measurements of bacterial abundance and MiSeq sequencing of the V3–V4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA genes found in these samples. Airborne bacteria had a greater diversity and were significantly more abundant in pig stables and farmers’ homes than suburban homes (Wilcoxon rank sum test P < 0.05). Moreover, bacterial taxa previously suggested to contribute to a protective effect had significantly higher relative and absolute abundance in pig stables and farmers’ homes than in suburban homes (ALDEx2 with P < 0.05), including Firmicutes, Peptostreptococcaceae, Prevotellaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Ruminiclostridium, and Lactobacillus. Pig stables had significantly lower airborne bacterial diversity than farmers’ homes, and there was no discernable direct transfer of airborne bacteria from stable to home. This study identifies differences in indoor airborne bacterial communities that may be an important component of this putative protective effect, while showing that pig stables themselves do not appear to directly contribute to the airborne bacterial communities in the homes of farmers. These findings improve our understanding of the role of airborne bacteria in the increasing prevalence of asthma and allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte V Vestergaard
- Section for Environment, Occupation and Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Section for Microbiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gitte J Holst
- Section for Environment, Occupation and Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ioannis Basinas
- Centre for Human Exposure Science, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Grethe Elholm
- Section for Environment, Occupation and Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vivi Schlünssen
- Section for Environment, Occupation and Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Tina Šantl-Temkiv
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kai Finster
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Torben Sigsgaard
- Section for Environment, Occupation and Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ian P G Marshall
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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27
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Roslund MI, Grönroos M, Rantalainen AL, Jumpponen A, Romantschuk M, Parajuli A, Hyöty H, Laitinen O, Sinkkonen A. Half-lives of PAHs and temporal microbiota changes in commonly used urban landscaping materials. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4508. [PMID: 29576975 PMCID: PMC5863720 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) accumulate in urban soils, and PAH contamination can change soil microbial community composition. Environmental microbiota is associated with human commensal microbiota, immune system and health. Therefore, studies investigating the degradation of PAHs, and the consequences of soil pollution on microbial communities in urban landscaping materials, are crucial. Methods Four landscaping materials (organic matter 1, 2, 13 and 56%) were contaminated with PAHs commonly found at urban sites (phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene and benzo(b)fluoranthene) in PAH concentrations that reflect urban soils in Finland (2.4 µg g -1 soil dry weight). PAHs were analyzed initially and after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Half-lives of PAHs were determined based on 12-weeks degradation. Bacterial communities were analyzed at 1 and 12 weeks after contamination using Illumina MiSeq 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding. Results Half-lives ranged from 1.5 to 4.4 weeks for PAHs with relatively low molecular weights (phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene) in landscaping materials containing 1–2% organic matter. In contrast, in materials containing 13% and 56% organic matter, the half-lives ranged from 2.5 to 52 weeks. Shorter half-lives of phenanthrene and fluoranthene were thus associated with low organic matter content. The half-life of pyrene was inversely related to the relative abundance of Beta-, Delta- and Gammaproteobacteria, and diversity of Bacteroidetes and Betaprotebacteria. Compounds with higher molecular weights followed compound-specific patterns. Benzo(b)fluoranthene was resistant to degradation and half-life of chrysene was shorter when the relative abundance of Betaproteobacteria was high. Temporal microbiota changes involved increase in the relative abundance of Deltaproteobacteria and decrease in genera Flavobacterium and Rhodanobacter. Exposure to PAHs seems to adjust microbial community composition, particularly within class Beta- and Deltaproteobacteria. Conclusions In this study, PAH degradation depended on the organic matter content and bacterial community composition of landscaping materials. Contamination seems to alter bacterial community composition in landscaping materials depending on material type. This alteration includes changes in bacterial phyla associated with human health and immune system. This may open new possibilities for managing urban environments by careful selection of landscaping materials, to benefit health and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja I Roslund
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Mira Grönroos
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Anna-Lea Rantalainen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Ari Jumpponen
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Kansas, Manhattan, United States of America
| | - Martin Romantschuk
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Anirudra Parajuli
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli Laitinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Aki Sinkkonen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
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28
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Assessment of Bacterial Aerosol in a Preschool, Primary School and High School in Poland. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9030087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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29
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Parajuli A, Grönroos M, Siter N, Puhakka R, Vari HK, Roslund MI, Jumpponen A, Nurminen N, Laitinen OH, Hyöty H, Rajaniemi J, Sinkkonen A. Urbanization Reduces Transfer of Diverse Environmental Microbiota Indoors. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:84. [PMID: 29467728 PMCID: PMC5808279 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Expanding urbanization is a major factor behind rapidly declining biodiversity. It has been proposed that in urbanized societies, the rarity of contact with diverse environmental microbiota negatively impacts immune function and ultimately increases the risk for allergies and other immune-mediated disorders. Surprisingly, the basic assumption that urbanization reduces exposure to environmental microbiota and its transfer indoors has rarely been examined. We investigated if the land use type around Finnish homes affects the diversity, richness, and abundance of bacterial communities indoors. Debris deposited on standardized doormats was collected in 30 rural and 26 urban households in and near the city of Lahti, Finland, in August 2015. Debris was weighed, bacterial community composition determined by high throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene on the Illumina MiSeq platform, and the percentage of four different land use types (i.e., built area, forest, transitional, and open area) within 200 m and 2000 m radiuses from each household was characterized. The quantity of doormat debris was inversely correlated with coverage of built area. The diversity of total bacterial, Proteobacterial, Actinobacterial, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes communities decreased as the percentage of built area increased. Their richness followed the same pattern except for Firmicutes for which no association was observed. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria and particularly Gammaproteobacteria increased, whereas that of Actinobacteria decreased with increasing built area. Neither Phylum Firmicutes nor Bacteroidetes varied with coverage of built area. Additionally, the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic bacterial families and genera increased as the percentage of built area increased. Interestingly, having domestic animals (including pets) only altered the association between the richness of Gammaproteobacteria and diversity of Firmicutes with the built area coverage suggesting that animal ownership minimally affects transfer of environmental microbiota indoors from the living environment. These results support the hypothesis that people living in densely built areas are less exposed to diverse environmental microbiota than people living in more sparsely built areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudra Parajuli
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Mira Grönroos
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Nathan Siter
- School of Artitechture, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Riikka Puhakka
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Heli K. Vari
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Marja I. Roslund
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Ari Jumpponen
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Noora Nurminen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli H. Laitinen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juho Rajaniemi
- School of Artitechture, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Aki Sinkkonen
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
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30
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Tischer C, Dadvand P, Basagana X, Fuertes E, Bergström A, Gruzieva O, Melen E, Berdel D, Heinrich J, Koletzko S, Markevych I, Standl M, Sugiri D, Cirugeda L, Estarlich M, Fernández-Somoano A, Ferrero A, Ibarlueza J, Lertxundi A, Tardón A, Sunyer J, Anto JM. Urban upbringing and childhood respiratory and allergic conditions: A multi-country holistic study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 161:276-283. [PMID: 29172161 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We integratively assessed the effect of different indoor and outdoor environmental exposures early in life on respiratory and allergic health conditions among children from (sub-) urban areas. METHODS This study included children participating in four ongoing European birth cohorts located in three different geographical regions: INMA (Spain), LISAplus (Germany), GINIplus (Germany) and BAMSE (Sweden). Wheezing, bronchitis, asthma and allergic rhinitis throughout childhood were assessed using parental-completed questionnaires. We designed "environmental scores" corresponding to different indoor, green- and grey-related exposures (main analysis, a-priori-approach). Cohort-specific associations between these environmental scores and the respiratory health outcomes were assessed using random-effects meta-analyses. In addition, a factor analysis was performed based on the same exposure information used to develop the environmental scores (confirmatory analysis, data-driven-approach). RESULTS A higher early exposure to the indoor environmental score increased the risk for wheezing and bronchitis within the first year of life (combined adjusted odds ratio: 1.20 [95% confidence interval: 1.13-1.27] and 1.28 [1.18-1.39], respectively). In contrast, there was an inverse association with allergic rhinitis between 6 and 8 years (0.85 [0.79-0.92]). There were no statistically significant associations for the outdoor related environmental scores in relation to any of the health outcomes tested. The factor analysis conducted confirmed these trends. CONCLUSION Although a higher exposure to indoor related exposure through occupants was associated with an increased risk for wheezing and bronchitis within the 1st year, it might serve as a preventive mechanism against later childhood allergic respiratory outcomes in urbanized environments through enhanced shared contact with microbial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Tischer
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health - Campus MAR, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Payam Dadvand
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health - Campus MAR, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Basagana
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health - Campus MAR, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elaine Fuertes
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health - Campus MAR, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Bergström
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Sweden
| | - Olena Gruzieva
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Sweden
| | - Erik Melen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Sweden; Sachs' Children's Hospital, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dietrich Berdel
- Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Marien-Hospital Wesel, Wesel, Germany
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sibylle Koletzko
- Division of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Germany
| | - Iana Markevych
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marie Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dorothea Sugiri
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lourdes Cirugeda
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health - Campus MAR, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marisa Estarlich
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; FISABIO-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I Joint Research Unit, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Fernández-Somoano
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; IUOPA-Preventive Medicine and Public Health Area, Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Amparo Ferrero
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; FISABIO-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I Joint Research Unit, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesus Ibarlueza
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Health Research Institute, BIODONOSTIA, San Sebastian, Spain; Subdireccion de Salud Publica de Gipuzkoa, San Sebastian, Spain; University of Basque Country, UPV/EH, Leioa, Spain
| | - Aitana Lertxundi
- Health Research Institute, BIODONOSTIA, San Sebastian, Spain; University of Basque Country, UPV/EH, Leioa, Spain
| | - Adonina Tardón
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; IUOPA-Preventive Medicine and Public Health Area, Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health - Campus MAR, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Anto
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health - Campus MAR, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Valkonen M, Täubel M, Pekkanen J, Tischer C, Rintala H, Zock JP, Casas L, Probst-Hensch N, Forsberg B, Holm M, Janson C, Pin I, Gislason T, Jarvis D, Heinrich J, Hyvärinen A. Microbial characteristics in homes of asthmatic and non-asthmatic adults in the ECRHS cohort. INDOOR AIR 2018; 28:16-27. [PMID: 28960492 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial exposures in homes of asthmatic adults have been rarely investigated; specificities and implications for respiratory health are not well understood. The objectives of this study were to investigate associations of microbial levels with asthma status, asthma symptoms, bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), and atopy. Mattress dust samples of 199 asthmatics and 198 control subjects from 7 European countries participating in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey II study were analyzed for fungal and bacterial cell wall components and individual taxa. We observed trends for protective associations of higher levels of mostly bacterial markers. Increased levels of muramic acid, a cell wall component predominant in Gram-positive bacteria, tended to be inversely associated with asthma (OR's for different quartiles: II 0.71 [0.39-1.30], III 0.44 [0.23-0.82], and IV 0.60 [0.31-1.18] P for trend .07) and with asthma score (P for trend .06) and with atopy (P for trend .02). These associations were more pronounced in northern Europe. This study among adults across Europe supports a potential protective effect of Gram-positive bacteria in mattress dust and points out that this may be more pronounced in areas where microbial exposure levels are generally lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Valkonen
- Living Environment and Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M Täubel
- Living Environment and Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - J Pekkanen
- Living Environment and Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - C Tischer
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - H Rintala
- Living Environment and Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - J-P Zock
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Casas
- Centre for Environment and Health - Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - N Probst-Hensch
- Head Department Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Public Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - B Forsberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - M Holm
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C Janson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I Pin
- CHU de Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U 1209, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - T Gislason
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Sleep, Landspitali University Hospital (E7), Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - D Jarvis
- Population Health and Occupational Disease, Imperial College, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - J Heinrich
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximillians University Munich, Member of German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - A Hyvärinen
- Living Environment and Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
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32
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Song Y, Khoo SK, Lee KH, Mäkelä M, Haahtela T, LeSouëf P, Zhang GB. Dual responses of CD14 methylation to distinct environments: a role in asthma and allergy. Eur Respir J 2017; 50:50/6/1701228. [PMID: 29242261 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01228-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Song
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, The University of Western Australia and Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Siew-Kim Khoo
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Khui Hung Lee
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, The University of Western Australia and Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Mika Mäkelä
- Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tari Haahtela
- Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter LeSouëf
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Guicheng Brad Zhang
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia .,Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, The University of Western Australia and Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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33
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Tree Leaf Bacterial Community Structure and Diversity Differ along a Gradient of Urban Intensity. mSystems 2017; 2:mSystems00087-17. [PMID: 29238751 PMCID: PMC5715107 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00087-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In natural forests, tree leaf surfaces host diverse bacterial communities whose structure and composition are primarily driven by host species identity. Tree leaf bacterial diversity has also been shown to influence tree community productivity, a key function of terrestrial ecosystems. However, most urban microbiome studies have focused on the built environment, improving our understanding of indoor microbial communities but leaving much to be understood, especially in the nonbuilt microbiome. Here, we provide the first multiple-species comparison of tree phyllosphere bacterial structures and diversity along a gradient of urban intensity. We demonstrate that urban trees possess characteristic bacterial communities that differ from those seen with trees in nonurban environments, with microbial community structure on trees influenced by host species identity but also by the gradient of urban intensity and by the degree of isolation from other trees. Our results suggest that feedback between human activity and plant microbiomes could shape urban microbiomes. Tree leaf-associated microbiota have been studied in natural ecosystems but less so in urban settings, where anthropogenic pressures on trees could impact microbial communities and modify their interaction with their hosts. Additionally, trees act as vectors spreading bacterial cells in the air in urban environments due to the density of microbial cells on aerial plant surfaces. Characterizing tree leaf bacterial communities along an urban gradient is thus key to understand the impact of anthropogenic pressures on urban tree-bacterium interactions and on the overall urban microbiome. In this study, we aimed (i) to characterize phyllosphere bacterial communities of seven tree species in urban environments and (ii) to describe the changes in tree phyllosphere bacterial community structure and diversity along a gradient of increasing urban intensity and at two degrees of tree isolation. Our results indicate that, as anthropogenic pressures increase, urban leaf bacterial communities show a reduction in the abundance of the dominant class in the natural plant microbiome, the Alphaproteobacteria. Our work in the urban environment here reveals that the structures of leaf bacterial communities differ along the gradient of urban intensity. The diversity of phyllosphere microbial communities increases at higher urban intensity, also displaying a greater number and variety of associated indicator taxa than the low and medium urban gradient sites. In conclusion, we find that urban environments influence tree bacterial community composition, and our results suggest that feedback between human activity and plant microbiomes could shape urban microbiomes. IMPORTANCE In natural forests, tree leaf surfaces host diverse bacterial communities whose structure and composition are primarily driven by host species identity. Tree leaf bacterial diversity has also been shown to influence tree community productivity, a key function of terrestrial ecosystems. However, most urban microbiome studies have focused on the built environment, improving our understanding of indoor microbial communities but leaving much to be understood, especially in the nonbuilt microbiome. Here, we provide the first multiple-species comparison of tree phyllosphere bacterial structures and diversity along a gradient of urban intensity. We demonstrate that urban trees possess characteristic bacterial communities that differ from those seen with trees in nonurban environments, with microbial community structure on trees influenced by host species identity but also by the gradient of urban intensity and by the degree of isolation from other trees. Our results suggest that feedback between human activity and plant microbiomes could shape urban microbiomes.
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34
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Sabar MF, Shahid M, Bano I, Ghani MU, Akram M, Iqbal F, Kousar S, Iqbal Z, Altaf S, Husnain T. rs12603332 is associated with male asthma patients specifically in urban areas of Lahore, Pakistan. J Asthma 2017; 54:887-892. [PMID: 28055272 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2016.1277539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE rs12603332, an important regulatory site variant, is known to alter the regulatory motif E2A that is involved in the maturation of B-lymphocytes. The study was designed to check whether different environmental exposures alter its risk allele association with asthma or not. METHODS 200 Physician-diagnosed asthma patients and 108 healthy individuals were enrolled from hospitals of Lahore. After quantitation of DNA extracted from peripheral blood, amplification of genomic region with rs12603332, followed by single base extension (SBE), was performed. Allele and genotype frequencies were calculated by SHEsis and Haploview software packages. Statistical analyses on PLINK were also performed, taking different factors as covariates. HaploReg analysis was done to predict the effect of risk allele on different regulatory motifs. RESULTS Risk allele for rs12603332 i.e., "C" allele was found to be significantly associated with male patients residing in urban localities. CONCLUSION The finding suggests that on exposure with urban environment, risk allele carriers tend to develop asthma symptoms via epigenetic regulation of motif associated with maturation of B-lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Farooq Sabar
- b Centre for Applied Molecular Biology , University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Mariam Shahid
- a Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology , University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
- b Centre for Applied Molecular Biology , University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Bano
- c The Children's Hospital and The institute of Child Health , Pediatric Pulmonology , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Ghani
- b Centre for Applied Molecular Biology , University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akram
- b Centre for Applied Molecular Biology , University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Farheena Iqbal
- b Centre for Applied Molecular Biology , University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Samra Kousar
- a Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology , University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Zafar Iqbal
- d College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Saba Altaf
- a Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology , University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Tayyab Husnain
- a Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology , University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
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35
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Sabar MF, Shahid M, Bano I, Ghani MU, Akram M, Iqbal F, Kousar S, Iqbal Z, Altaf S, Husnain T. rs12603332 is associated with male asthma patients specifically in urban areas of Lahore, Pakistan. J Asthma 2017. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1080/02770903.2016.1277539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariam Shahid
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Bano
- The Children's Hospital and The institute of Child Health, Pediatric Pulmonology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Ghani
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Farheena Iqbal
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Samra Kousar
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zafar Iqbal
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saba Altaf
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tayyab Husnain
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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36
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Yang IV, Lozupone CA, Schwartz DA. The environment, epigenome, and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:14-23. [PMID: 28673400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Asthma prevalence has been on the increase, especially in North America compared with other continents. However, the prevalence of asthma differs worldwide, and in many countries the prevalence is stable or decreasing. This highlights the influence of environmental exposures, such as allergens, air pollution, and the environmental microbiome, on disease etiology and pathogenesis. The epigenome might provide the unifying mechanism that translates the influence of environmental exposures to changes in gene expression, respiratory epithelial function, and immune cell skewing that are hallmarks of asthma. In this review we will introduce the concept of the environmental epigenome in asthmatic patients, summarize previous publications of relevance to this field, and discuss future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana V Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colo; National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo; Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colo.
| | - Catherine A Lozupone
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colo
| | - David A Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colo; National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo; Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colo
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37
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Tischer C, Gascon M, Fernández-Somoano A, Tardón A, Lertxundi Materola A, Ibarluzea J, Ferrero A, Estarlich M, Cirach M, Vrijheid M, Fuertes E, Dalmau-Bueno A, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Antó JM, Sunyer J, Dadvand P. Urban green and grey space in relation to respiratory health in children. Eur Respir J 2017. [PMID: 28642307 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02112-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the effect of three different indices of urban built environment on allergic and respiratory conditions.This study involved 2472 children participating in the ongoing INMA birth cohort located in two bio-geographic regions (Euro-Siberian and Mediterranean) in Spain. Residential surrounding built environment was characterised as 1) residential surrounding greenness based on satellite-derived normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI), 2) residential proximity to green spaces and 3) residential surrounding greyness based on urban land use patterns. Information on wheezing, bronchitis, asthma and allergic rhinitis up to age 4 years was obtained from parent-completed questionnaires. Logistic regression and generalised estimating equation modelling were performed.Among children from the Euro-Siberian region, higher residential surrounding greenness and higher proximity to green spaces were negatively associated with wheezing. In the Mediterranean region, higher residential proximity to green spaces was associated with a reduced risk for bronchitis. A higher amount of residential surrounding greyness was found to increase the risk for bronchitis in this region.Associations between indices of urban residential greenness and greyness with respiratory diseases differ by region. The pathways underlying these associations require further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Tischer
- Campus MAR, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain .,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mireia Gascon
- Campus MAR, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Fernández-Somoano
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Dept of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Adonina Tardón
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Dept of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Aitana Lertxundi Materola
- Universidad del Pais Vasco (UPV)/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (EHU), Leioa, Spain.,BIODONOSTIA Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jesus Ibarluzea
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,BIODONOSTIA Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain.,Subdireccion de Salud Publica y Adicciones-Gipuzkoa, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Amparo Ferrero
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Joint Research Unit for Epidemiology and Environmental Health, FISABIO-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marisa Estarlich
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Joint Research Unit for Epidemiology and Environmental Health, FISABIO-Universitat de València-Universitat Jaume I, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Cirach
- Campus MAR, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- Campus MAR, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elaine Fuertes
- Campus MAR, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Albert Dalmau-Bueno
- Campus MAR, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen
- Campus MAR, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep M Antó
- Campus MAR, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Campus MAR, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Payam Dadvand
- Campus MAR, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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38
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Patterns in the skin microbiota differ in children and teenagers between rural and urban environments. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45651. [PMID: 28361981 PMCID: PMC5374497 DOI: 10.1038/srep45651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of human microbiota is affected by a multitude of factors. Understanding the dynamics of our microbial communities is important for promoting human health because microbiota has a crucial role in the development of inflammatory diseases, such as allergies. We have studied the skin microbiota of both arms in 275 Finnish children of few months old to teenagers living in contrasting environments. We show that while age is a major factor affecting skin microbial composition, the living environment also discriminates the skin microbiota of rural and urban children. The effect of environment is age-specific; it is most prominent in toddlers but weaker for newborns and non-existent for teenagers. Within-individual variation is also related to age and environment. Surprisingly, variation between arms is smaller in rural subjects in all age groups, except in teenagers. We also collected serum samples from children for characterization of allergic sensitization and found a weak, but significant association between allergic sensitization and microbial composition. We suggest that physiological and behavioral changes, related to age and the amount of contact with environmental microbiota, jointly influence the dynamics of the skin microbiota, and explain why the association between the living environment skin microbiota is lost in teenager.
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39
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Ludwig S, Jimenez-Bush I, Brigham E, Bose S, Diette G, McCormack MC, Matsui EC, Davis MF. Analysis of home dust for Staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcal enterotoxin genes using quantitative PCR. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 581-582:750-755. [PMID: 28063655 PMCID: PMC5587345 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is known to induce allergic inflammatory responses, including through secreted staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) superantigens. To quantify indoor environmental exposures to these potential allergens, which may be associated with worse asthma, we developed a method for the assessment of S. aureus and SE in home dust and applied it to a study of homes of inner-city adults with asthma. METHODS We conducted laboratory experiments to optimize sample processing and real-time PCR methods for detection and quantification of SA (femB) and SEA-D, based on published primers. We applied this method to dust and dust extract from 24 homes. We compared results from real-time PCR to culture-based results from the same homes. RESULTS The bacteremia DNA isolation method provided higher DNA yield than alternative kits. Culture-based results from homes demonstrated 12 of 24 (50%) bedrooms were contaminated with S. aureus, only one of which carried a SE gene (SEC). In contrast, femB was detected in 23 of 24 (96%) bedrooms with a median of 1.1×106 gene copies detected per gram of raw dust. Prevalence and median copy number (shown in parenthesis) of SE gene detection in bedroom dust was: SEA 25% (1.4×102); SEB 63% (1.4×103); SEC 63% (1.1×103); SED 21% (1.3×102). CONCLUSIONS Our culture-independent method to detect S. aureus and SE in home dust was more sensitive than our culture-based method. Prevalence of household exposure to S. aureus and SE allergens may be high among adults with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna Ludwig
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | | - Emily Brigham
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sonali Bose
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Meghan F Davis
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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40
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Sabar MF, Shahid M, Bano I, Ghani MU, Akram M, Iqbal F, Kousar S, Iqbal Z, Altaf S, Husnain T. rs12603332 is associated with male asthma patients specifically in urban areas of Lahore, Pakistan. J Asthma 2017. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02770903.2016.1277539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariam Shahid
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Bano
- The Children's Hospital and The institute of Child Health, Pediatric Pulmonology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Ghani
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Farheena Iqbal
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Samra Kousar
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zafar Iqbal
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saba Altaf
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tayyab Husnain
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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41
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Tischer C, Weikl F, Probst AJ, Standl M, Heinrich J, Pritsch K. Urban Dust Microbiome: Impact on Later Atopy and Wheezing. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:1919-1923. [PMID: 27232328 PMCID: PMC5132631 DOI: 10.1289/ehp158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigations in urban areas have just begun to explore how the indoor dust microbiome may affect the pathogenesis of asthma and allery. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the early fungal and bacterial microbiome in house dust with allergic sensitization and wheezing later in childhood. METHODS Individual dust samples from 189 homes of the LISAplus birth cohort study were collected shortly after birth from living room floors and profiled for fungal and bacterial microbiome. Fungal and bacterial diversity was assessed with terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (tRFLP) and defined by Simpson's Diversity Index. Information on wheezing outcomes and covariates until the age of 10 years was obtained by parent questionnaires. Information on specific allergic sensitization was available at child's age 6 and 10 years. Logistic regression and general estimation equation (GEE) models were used to examine the relationship between microbial diversity and health outcomes. RESULTS Adjusted logistic regression analyses revealed a significantly reduced risk of developing sensitization to aero-allergens at 6 years and ever wheezing until the age of 10 years for exposure to higher fungal diversity [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.26 (95% CI: 0.10, 0.70), and 0.42 (95% CI: 0.18, 0.96), respectively]. The associations were attenuated for the longitudinal analyses (GEE) until the age of 10 years. There was no association between higher exposure to bacterial diversity and the tested health outcomes. CONCLUSION Higher early exposure to fungal diversity might help to prevent a child from developing sensitization to aero-allergens in early childhood, but the reasons for attenuated effects in later childhood require further prospective studies. Citation: Tischer C, Weikl F, Probst AJ, Standl M, Heinrich J, Pritsch K. 2016. Urban dust microbiome: impact on later atopy and wheezing. Environ Health Perspect 124:1919-1923; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP158.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Tischer
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Fabian Weikl
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alexander J. Probst
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Marie Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Pritsch
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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Hoisington A, Maestre JP, Kinney KA, Siegel JA. Characterizing the bacterial communities in retail stores in the United States. INDOOR AIR 2016; 26:857-868. [PMID: 26610179 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The microorganisms present in retail environments have not been studied in detail despite the fact that these environments represent a potentially important location for exposure. In this study, HVAC filter dust samples in 13 US retail stores were collected and analyzed via pyrosequencing to characterize the indoor bacterial communities and to explore potential relationships between these communities and building and environmental parameters. Although retail stores contained a diverse bacterial community of 788 unique genera, over half of the nearly 118K sequences were attributed to the Proteobacteria phylum. Streptophyta, Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter were the most prevalent genera detected. The recovered indoor airborne microbial community was statistically associated with both human oral and skin microbiota, indicating occupants are important contributors, despite a relatively low occupant density per unit volume in retail stores. Bacteria generally associated with outdoor environments were present in the indoor communities with no obvious association with air exchange rate, even when considering relative abundance. No significant association was observed between the indoor bacterial community recovered and store location, store type, or season. However, predictive functional gene profiling showed significant associations between the indoor community and season. The microbiome recovered from multiple samples collected months apart from the same building varied significantly indicating that caution is warranted when trying to characterize the bacterial community with a single sampling event.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hoisington
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - J P Maestre
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - K A Kinney
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - J A Siegel
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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43
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Khoo SK, Mäkelä M, Chandler D, Schultz EN, Jamieson SE, Goldblatt J, Haahtela T, LeSouëf P, Zhang G. No simple answers for the Finnish and Russian Karelia allergy contrast: Methylation of CD14 gene. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2016; 27:721-727. [PMID: 27434019 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Finnish and Russian Karelian children have a highly contrasting occurrence of asthma and allergy. In these two environments, we studied associations between total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) with methylation levels in cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14). METHODS Five hundred Finnish and Russian Karelian children were included in four groups: Finnish children with high IgE (n = 126) and low IgE (n = 124) as well as Russian children with high IgE (n = 125) and low IgE (n = 125). DNA was extracted from whole blood cells and pyrosequenced. Three CpG sites were selected in the promoter region of CD14. RESULTS Methylation levels in two of the three CpG sites were higher in the Finnish compared to Russian Karelian children. In the promoter area of CD14, the Finnish compared to Russian children with low IgE had a significant (p < 0.0001) increase in methylation levels at the Amp5Site 2. Likewise, the Finnish compared to Russian children with high IgE had a significant (p = 0.003) increase in methylation levels at the Amp5Site 3. In Russian children with low vs. high IgE, there were significant differences in methylation levels, but this was not the case on the Finnish side. In the regression analysis, adding the methylation variation of CD14 to the model did not explain the higher asthma and allergy risk in the Finnish children. CONCLUSIONS The methylation levels in the promoter region of CD14 gene were higher in the Finnish compared to Russian Karelian children. However, the methylation variation of this candidate gene did not explain the asthma and allergy contrast between these two areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew-Kim Khoo
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Mika Mäkelä
- Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David Chandler
- Australian Genome Research Facility Ltd, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - En Nee Schultz
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sarra E Jamieson
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jack Goldblatt
- Genetic Services & Familial Cancer Program of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tari Haahtela
- Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter LeSouëf
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Guicheng Zhang
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia. .,Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia. .,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia. .,Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, Curtin University and the University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
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44
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Mahdavinia M, Keshavarzian A, Tobin MC, Landay AL, Schleimer RP. A comprehensive review of the nasal microbiome in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:21-41. [PMID: 26510171 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has been known as a disease with strong infectious and inflammatory components for decades. The recent advancement in methods identifying microbes has helped implicate the airway microbiome in inflammatory respiratory diseases such as asthma and COPD. Such studies support a role of resident microbes in both health and disease of host tissue, especially in the case of inflammatory mucosal diseases. Identifying interactive events between microbes and elements of the immune system can help us to uncover the pathogenic mechanisms underlying CRS. Here we provide a review of the findings on the complex upper respiratory microbiome in CRS in comparison with healthy controls. Furthermore, we have reviewed the defects and alterations of the host immune system that interact with microbes and could be associated with dysbiosis in CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mahdavinia
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A Keshavarzian
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M C Tobin
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A L Landay
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - R P Schleimer
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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45
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Pakpour S, Scott JA, Turvey SE, Brook JR, Takaro TK, Sears MR, Klironomos J. Presence of Archaea in the Indoor Environment and Their Relationships with Housing Characteristics. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2016; 72:305-312. [PMID: 27098176 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0767-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Archaea are widespread and abundant in soils, oceans, or human and animal gastrointestinal (GI) tracts. However, very little is known about the presence of Archaea in indoor environments and factors that can regulate their abundances. Using a quantitative PCR approach, and targeting the archaeal and bacterial 16S rRNA genes in floor dust samples, we found that Archaea are a common part of the indoor microbiota, 5.01 ± 0.14 (log 16S rRNA gene copies/g dust, mean ± SE) in bedrooms and 5.58 ± 0.13 in common rooms, such as living rooms. Their abundance, however, was lower than bacteria: 9.20 ± 0.32 and 9.17 ± 0.32 in bedrooms and common rooms, respectively. In addition, by measuring a broad array of environmental factors, we obtained preliminary insights into how the abundance of total archaeal 16S rRNA gene copies in indoor environment would be associated with building characteristics and occupants' activities. Based on the results, Archaea are not equally distributed within houses, and the areas with greater input of outdoor microbiome and higher traffic and material heterogeneity tend to have a higher abundance of Archaea. Nevertheless, more research is needed to better understand causes and consequences of this microbial group in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Pakpour
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - James A Scott
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jeffrey R Brook
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Timothy K Takaro
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Malcolm R Sears
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - John Klironomos
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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46
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Rintala H, Pitkäranta M, Täubel M. Microbial communities associated with house dust. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 78:75-120. [PMID: 22305094 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394805-2.00004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
House dust is a complex mixture of inorganic and organic material with microbes in abundance. Few microbial species are actually able to grow and proliferate in dust and only if enough moisture is provided. Hence, most of the microbial content originates from sources other than the dust itself. The most important sources of microbes in house dust are outdoor air and other outdoor material tracked into the buildings, occupants of the buildings including pets and microbial growth on moist construction materials. Based on numerous cultivation studies, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, and about 20 other fungal genera are the most commonly isolated genera from house dust. The cultivable bacterial flora is dominated by Gram-positive genera, such as Staplylococcus, Corynebacterium, and Lactococcus. Culture-independent studies have shown that both the fungal and the bacterial flora are far more diverse, with estimates of up to 500-1000 different species being present in house dust. Concentrations of microbes in house dust vary from nondetectable to 10(9) cells g(-1) dust, depending on the dust type, detection method, type of the indoor environment and season, among other factors. Microbial assemblages in different house dust types usually share the same core species; however, alterations in the composition are caused by differing sources of microbes for different dust types. For example, mattress dust is dominated by species originating from the user of the mattress, whereas floor dust reflects rather outdoor sources. Farming homes contain higher microbial load than urban homes and according to a recent study, temperate climate zones show higher dust microbial diversity than tropical zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Rintala
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, Kuopio, Finland.
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47
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Prussin AJ, Marr LC. Sources of airborne microorganisms in the built environment. MICROBIOME 2015; 3:78. [PMID: 26694197 PMCID: PMC4688924 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-015-0144-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Each day people are exposed to millions of bioaerosols, including whole microorganisms, which can have both beneficial and detrimental effects. The next chapter in understanding the airborne microbiome of the built environment is characterizing the various sources of airborne microorganisms and the relative contribution of each. We have identified the following eight major categories of sources of airborne bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the built environment: humans; pets; plants; plumbing systems; heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning systems; mold; dust resuspension; and the outdoor environment. Certain species are associated with certain sources, but the full potential of source characterization and source apportionment has not yet been realized. Ideally, future studies will quantify detailed emission rates of microorganisms from each source and will identify the relative contribution of each source to the indoor air microbiome. This information could then be used to probe fundamental relationships between specific sources and human health, to design interventions to improve building health and human health, or even to provide evidence for forensic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Prussin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Linsey C Marr
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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48
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Abstract
Investigation of the human microbiome has become an important field of research facilitated by advances in sequencing technologies. The lung, which is one of the latest body sites being explored for the characterization of human-associated microbial communities, has a microbiome that is suspected to play a substantial role in health and disease. In this review, we provide an overview of the basics of microbiome studies. Challenges in the study of the lung microbiome are highlighted, and further attention is called to the optimization and standardization of methodologies to explore the role of the lung microbiome in health and disease. We also provide examples of lung microbial communities associated with disease or infection status and discuss the role of fungal species in the lung. Finally, we review studies demonstrating that the environmental microbiome can influence lung health and disease, such as the finding that the diversity of microbial exposure correlates inversely with the development of childhood asthma.
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49
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Weber J, Illi S, Nowak D, Schierl R, Holst O, von Mutius E, Ege MJ. Asthma and the hygiene hypothesis. Does cleanliness matter? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191:522-9. [PMID: 25584716 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201410-1899oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The early hygiene hypothesis explained the development of allergies by a lack of infections; nowadays, the aspect of excessive cleanliness in affluent populations seems to have replaced this concept. Yet, no investigation has shown that home or personal cleanliness relate to allergic diseases. OBJECTIVES To relate personal and home cleanliness to risk of asthma and allergies. METHODS Comprehensive questionnaire information on home or personal cleanliness and allergic health conditions at school age was collected in 399 participants of the urban Perinatale Asthma Umwelt Langzeit Allergie Studie (PAULA) birth cohort. Bacterial markers were assessed in floor and mattress dust and were related to cleanliness and allergic diseases. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Personal cleanliness was inversely related to bacterial compounds on floors and mattresses, whereas home cleanliness effectively reduced dust amount but not microbial markers. Exposure to muramic acid related to a lower prevalence of school-age asthma (adjusted odds ratio, 0.59 [95% confidence interval, 0.39; 0.90]). Mattress endotoxin in the first year of life was inversely associated with atopic sensitization (0.73 [0.56-0.96]) and asthma at school age (0.72 [0.55-0.95]). Despite the associations of dust parameters both with cleanliness and allergic health conditions, the development of allergies was not related to home and personal cleanliness. CONCLUSIONS Bacterial exposure in house dust determined childhood asthma and allergies. Personal cleanliness, such as washing hands, and home cleanliness were objectively reflected by dust parameters in homes. However, neither personal nor home cleanliness was associated with a risk for asthma and allergies. Other microbial components in house dust not affected by personal hygiene are likely to play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Weber
- 1 Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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50
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Tischer C, Zock JP, Valkonen M, Doekes G, Guerra S, Heederik D, Jarvis D, Norbäck D, Olivieri M, Sunyer J, Svanes C, Täubel M, Thiering E, Verlato G, Hyvärinen A, Heinrich J. Predictors of microbial agents in dust and respiratory health in the Ecrhs. BMC Pulm Med 2015; 15:48. [PMID: 25929252 PMCID: PMC4425915 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-015-0042-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dampness and mould exposure have been repeatedly associated with respiratory health. However, less is known about the specific agents provoking or arresting health effects in adult populations. We aimed to assess predictors of microbial agents in mattress dust throughout Europe and to investigate associations between microbial exposures, home characteristics and respiratory health. Methods Seven different fungal and bacterial parameters were assessed in mattress dust from 956 adult ECRHS II participants in addition to interview based home characteristics. Associations between microbial parameters and the asthma score and lung function were examined using mixed negative binomial regression and linear mixed models, respectively. Results Indoor dampness and pet keeping were significant predictors for higher microbial agent concentrations in mattress dust. Current mould and condensation in the bedroom were significantly associated with lung function decline and current mould at home was positively associated with the asthma score. Higher concentrations of muramic acid were associated with higher mean ratios of the asthma score (aMR 1.37, 95%CI 1.17-1.61). There was no evidence for any association between fungal and bacterial components and lung function. Conclusion Indoor dampness was associated with microbial levels in mattress dust which in turn was positively associated with asthma symptoms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12890-015-0042-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Tischer
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1,German Research Centre for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany. .,Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jan-Paul Zock
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain. .,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain. .,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain. .,Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL), Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Maria Valkonen
- Living Environment and Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Gert Doekes
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Stefano Guerra
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain. .,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain. .,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain. .,Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Dick Heederik
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Deborah Jarvis
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health Group, Imperial College London, London, UK. .,MRC-HPA Centre for Environment Health, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Dan Norbäck
- The Department of Medical Science, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mario Olivieri
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain. .,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain. .,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain. .,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cecilie Svanes
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen and , Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Martin Täubel
- Living Environment and Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Elisabeth Thiering
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1,German Research Centre for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany. .,Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Giuseppe Verlato
- Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Anne Hyvärinen
- Living Environment and Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1,German Research Centre for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
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