1
|
Sakuma K, Hamada K, Yamaguchi A, Aoi W. Current Nutritional and Pharmacological Approaches for Attenuating Sarcopenia. Cells 2023; 12:2422. [PMID: 37830636 PMCID: PMC10572610 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is characterized by a gradual slowing of movement due to loss of muscle mass and quality, decreased power and strength, increased risk of injury from falls, and often weakness. This review will focus on recent research trends in nutritional and pharmacological approaches to controlling sarcopenia. Because nutritional studies in humans are fairly limited, this paper includes many results from nutritional studies in mammals. The combination of resistance training with supplements containing amino acids is the gold standard for preventing sarcopenia. Amino acid (HMB) supplementation alone has no significant effect on muscle strength or muscle mass in sarcopenia, but the combination of HMB and exercise (whole body vibration stimulation) is likely to be effective. Tea catechins, soy isoflavones, and ursolic acid are interesting candidates for reducing sarcopenia, but both more detailed basic research on this treatment and clinical studies in humans are needed. Vitamin D supplementation has been shown not to improve sarcopenia in elderly individuals who are not vitamin D-deficient. Myostatin inhibitory drugs have been tried in many neuromuscular diseases, but increases in muscle mass and strength are less likely to be expected. Validation of myostatin inhibitory antibodies in patients with sarcopenia has been positive, but excessive expectations are not warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro Sakuma
- Institute for Liberal Arts, Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan;
| | - Kento Hamada
- Institute for Liberal Arts, Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan;
| | - Akihiko Yamaguchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan;
| | - Wataru Aoi
- Laboratory of Nutrition Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Witham MD, Granic A, Pearson E, Robinson SM, Sayer AA. Repurposing Drugs for Diabetes Mellitus as Potential Pharmacological Treatments for Sarcopenia - A Narrative Review. Drugs Aging 2023:10.1007/s40266-023-01042-4. [PMID: 37486575 PMCID: PMC10371965 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-023-01042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, the age-related loss of muscle strength and mass or quality, is a common condition with major adverse consequences. Although the pathophysiology is incompletely understood, there are common mechanisms between sarcopenia and the phenomenon of accelerated ageing seen in diabetes mellitus. Drugs currently used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus may have mechanisms of action that are relevant to the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia, for those with type 2 diabetes and those without diabetes. This review summarises shared pathophysiology between sarcopenia and diabetes mellitus, including the effects of advanced glycation end products, mitochondrial dysfunction, chronic inflammation and changes to the insulin signalling pathway. Cellular and animal models have generated intriguing, albeit mixed, evidence that supports possible beneficial effects on skeletal muscle function for some classes of drugs used to treat diabetes, including metformin and SGLT2 inhibitors. Most human observational and intervention evidence for the effects of these drugs has been derived from populations with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and there is a need for intervention studies for older people with, and at risk of, sarcopenia to further investigate the balance of benefit and risk in these target populations. Not all diabetes treatments will be safe to use in those without diabetes because of variable side effects across classes. However, some agents [including glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors] have already demonstrated benefits in populations without diabetes, and it is these agents, along with metformin, that hold out the most promise for further investigation in sarcopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Witham
- AGE Research Group, Newcastle University Institute for Translational and Clinical Research, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust and Cumbria, Northumberland and Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Antoneta Granic
- AGE Research Group, Newcastle University Institute for Translational and Clinical Research, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust and Cumbria, Northumberland and Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ewan Pearson
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, Dundee Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Sian M Robinson
- AGE Research Group, Newcastle University Institute for Translational and Clinical Research, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust and Cumbria, Northumberland and Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Avan A Sayer
- AGE Research Group, Newcastle University Institute for Translational and Clinical Research, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust and Cumbria, Northumberland and Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
McFaline-Figueroa J, Schifino AG, Nichenko AS, Lord MN, Hunda ET, Winders EA, Noble EE, Greising SM, Call JA. Pharmaceutical Agents for Contractile-Metabolic Dysfunction After Volumetric Muscle Loss. Tissue Eng Part A 2022; 28:795-806. [PMID: 35620911 PMCID: PMC9634984 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2022.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Volumetric muscle loss (VML) injuries represent a majority of military service member casualties and are common in civilian populations following blunt and/or penetrating traumas. Characterized as a skeletal muscle injury with permanent functional impairments, there is currently no standard for rehabilitation, leading to lifelong disability. Toward developing rehabilitative strategies, previous research demonstrates that the remaining muscle after a VML injury lacks similar levels of plasticity or adaptability as healthy, uninjured skeletal muscle. This may be due, in part, to impaired innervation and vascularization of the remaining muscle, as well as disrupted molecular signaling cascades commonly associated with muscle adaptation. The primary objective of this study was to assess the ability of four pharmacological agents with a strong record of modulating muscle contractile and metabolic function to improve functional deficits in a murine model of VML injury. Male C57BL/6 mice underwent a 15% multimuscle VML injury of the posterior hindlimb and were randomized into drug treatment groups (formoterol [FOR], 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside [AICAR], pioglitazone [PIO], or sildenafil [SIL]) or untreated VML group. At the end of 60 days, the injury model was first validated by comparison to age-matched injury-naive mice. Untreated VML mice had 22% less gastrocnemius muscle mass, 36% less peak-isometric torque, and 27% less maximal mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate compared to uninjured mice (p < 0.01). Experimental drug groups were, then, compared to VML untreated, and there was minimal evidence of efficacy for AICAR, PIO, or SIL in improving contractile and metabolic functional outcomes. However, FOR-treated VML mice had 18% greater peak isometric torque (p < 0.01) and permeabilized muscle fibers had 36% greater State III mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (p < 0.01) compared to VML untreated mice, suggesting an overall improvement in muscle condition. There was minimal evidence that these benefits came from greater mitochondrial biogenesis and/or mitochondrial complex protein content, but could be due to greater enzyme activity levels for complex I and complex II. These findings suggest that FOR treatment is candidate to pair with a rehabilitative approach to maximize functional improvements in VML-injured muscle. Impact statement Volumetric muscle loss (VML) injuries result in deficiencies in strength and mobility, which have a severe impact on patient quality of life. Despite breakthroughs in tissue engineering, there are currently no treatments available that can restore function to the affected limb. Our data show that treatment of VML injuries with clinically available and FDA-approved formoterol (FOR), a beta-agonist, significantly improves strength and metabolism of VML-injured muscle. FOR is therefore a promising candidate for combined therapeutic approaches (i.e., regenerative rehabilitation) such as pairing FOR with structured rehabilitation or cell-seeded biomaterials as it may provide greater functional improvements than either strategy alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer McFaline-Figueroa
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Albino G. Schifino
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Anna S. Nichenko
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Magen N. Lord
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Edward T. Hunda
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Emily E. Noble
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarah M. Greising
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jarrod A. Call
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tomczyk M, Braczko A, Mierzejewska P, Podlacha M, Krol O, Jablonska P, Jedrzejewska A, Pierzynowska K, Wegrzyn G, Slominska EM, Smolenski RT. Rosiglitazone Ameliorates Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction by Correction of Energetics in Huntington’s Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172662. [PMID: 36078070 PMCID: PMC9454785 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a rare neurodegenerative disease that is accompanied by skeletal muscle atrophy and cardiomyopathy. Tissues affected by HD (central nervous system [CNS], skeletal muscle, and heart) are known to suffer from deteriorated cellular energy metabolism that manifests already at presymptomatic stages. This work aimed to test the effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ agonist—rosiglitazone on grip strength and heart function in an experimental HD model—on R6/1 mice and to address the mechanisms. We noted that rosiglitazone treatment lead to improvement of R6/1 mice grip strength and cardiac mechanical function. It was accompanied by an enhancement of the total adenine nucleotides pool, increased glucose oxidation, changes in mitochondrial number (indicated as increased citric synthase activity), and reduction in mitochondrial complex I activity. These metabolic changes were supported by increased total antioxidant status in HD mice injected with rosiglitazone. Correction of energy deficits with rosiglitazone was further indicated by decreased accumulation of nucleotide catabolites in HD mice serum. Thus, rosiglitazone treatment may not only delay neurodegeneration but also may ameliorate cardio- and myopathy linked to HD by improvement of cellular energetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Tomczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (R.T.S.)
| | - Alicja Braczko
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Podlacha
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Oliwia Krol
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Patrycja Jablonska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agata Jedrzejewska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Karolina Pierzynowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Wegrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa M. Slominska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ryszard T. Smolenski
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (R.T.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Avram VF, Merce AP, Hâncu IM, Bătrân AD, Kennedy G, Rosca MG, Muntean DM. Impairment of Mitochondrial Respiration in Metabolic Diseases: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168852. [PMID: 36012137 PMCID: PMC9408127 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has emerged as a central pathomechanism in the setting of obesity and diabetes mellitus, linking these intertwined pathologies that share insulin resistance as a common denominator. High-resolution respirometry (HRR) is a state-of-the-art research method currently used to study mitochondrial respiration and its impairment in health and disease. Tissue samples, cells or isolated mitochondria are exposed to various substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor-titration protocols, which allows the measurement and calculation of several parameters of mitochondrial respiration. In this review, we discuss the alterations of mitochondrial bioenergetics in the main dysfunctional organs that contribute to the development of the obese and diabetic phenotypes in both animal models and human subjects. Herein we review data regarding the impairment of oxidative phosphorylation as integrated mitochondrial function assessed by means of HRR. We acknowledge the critical role of this method in determining the alterations in oxidative phosphorylation occurring in the early stages of metabolic pathologies. We conclude that there is a mutual two-way relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin insensitivity that characterizes these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Florian Avram
- Department VII Internal Medicine—Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
- Center for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Adrian Petru Merce
- Doctoral School Medicine—Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Iasmina Maria Hâncu
- Doctoral School Medicine—Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Alina Doruța Bătrân
- Doctoral School Medicine—Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Gabrielle Kennedy
- Department of Foundational Sciences, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mount Pleasant, MI 48858, USA
| | - Mariana Georgeta Rosca
- Department of Foundational Sciences, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mount Pleasant, MI 48858, USA
- Correspondence: (M.G.R.); (D.M.M.)
| | - Danina Mirela Muntean
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
- Department III Functional Sciences—Pathophysiology, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
- Correspondence: (M.G.R.); (D.M.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Georgiev A, Granata C, Roden M. The role of mitochondria in the pathophysiology and treatment of common metabolic diseases in humans. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C1248-C1259. [PMID: 35508191 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00035.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Common metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality worldwide. They frequently associate with insulin resistance and altered mitochondrial functionality. Insulin-responsive tissues can show changes in mitochondrial features such as oxidative capacity, mitochondrial content and turnover, which do not necessarily reflect abnormalities but rather adaption to a certain metabolic condition. Lifestyle modifications and classic or novel drugs can modify these alterations and help treating these metabolic diseases. This review addresses the role of mitochondria in human metabolic diseases and discusses potential future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asen Georgiev
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German, Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cesare Granata
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German, Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German, Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Buchke S, Sharma M, Bora A, Relekar M, Bhanu P, Kumar J. Mitochondria-Targeted, Nanoparticle-Based Drug-Delivery Systems: Therapeutics for Mitochondrial Disorders. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:657. [PMID: 35629325 PMCID: PMC9144057 DOI: 10.3390/life12050657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apart from ATP generation, mitochondria are involved in a wide range of functions, making them one of the most prominent organelles of the human cell. Mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the pathophysiology of several diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic disorders. This makes it a target for a variety of therapeutics for the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. The use of nanoparticles to target mitochondria has significant importance in modern times because they provide promising ways to deliver drug payloads to the mitochondria by overcoming challenges, such as low solubility and poor bioavailability, and also resolve the issues of the poor biodistribution of drugs and pharmacokinetics with increased specificity. This review assesses nanoparticle-based drug-delivery systems, such as liposomes, DQAsome, MITO-Porters, micelles, polymeric and metal nanocarriers, as well as quantum dots, as mitochondria-targeted strategies and discusses them as a treatment for mitochondrial disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Buchke
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Vanasthali Road, Dist, Tonk 304022, India; (S.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Muskan Sharma
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Vanasthali Road, Dist, Tonk 304022, India; (S.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Anusuiya Bora
- School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore Campus, Tiruvalam Road, Katpadi, Vellore 632014, India;
| | - Maitrali Relekar
- KEM Hospital Research Centre, KEM Hospital, Rasta Peth, Pune 411011, India;
| | - Piyush Bhanu
- Xome Life Sciences, Bangalore Bioinnovation Centre (BBC), Helix Biotech Park, Electronics City Phase 1, Bengaluru 560100, India;
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Bangalore Bioinnovation Centre (BBC), Helix Biotech Park, Electronics City Phase 1, Bengaluru 560100, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Massimino E, Izzo A, Riccardi G, Della Pepa G. The Impact of Glucose-Lowering Drugs on Sarcopenia in Type 2 Diabetes: Current Evidence and Underlying Mechanisms. Cells 2021; 10:1958. [PMID: 34440727 PMCID: PMC8393336 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The age-related decrease in skeletal muscle mass together with the loss of muscle power and function is defined sarcopenia. Mounting evidence suggests that the prevalence of sarcopenia is higher in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and different mechanisms may be responsible for this association such as impaired insulin sensitivity, chronic hyperglycemia, advanced glycosylation end products, subclinical inflammation, microvascular and macrovascular complications. Glucose-lowering drugs prescribed for patients with T2DM might impact on these mechanisms leading to harmful or beneficial effect on skeletal muscle. Importantly, beyond their glucose-lowering effects, glucose-lowering drugs may affect per se the equilibrium between protein anabolism and catabolism through several mechanisms involved in skeletal muscle physiology, contributing to sarcopenia. The aim of this narrative review is to provide an update on the effects of glucose-lowering drugs on sarcopenia in individuals with T2DM, focusing on the parameters used to define sarcopenia: muscle strength (evaluated by handgrip strength), muscle quantity/quality (evaluated by appendicular lean mass or skeletal muscle mass and their indexes), and physical performance (evaluated by gait speed or short physical performance battery). Furthermore, we also describe the plausible mechanisms by which glucose-lowering drugs may impact on sarcopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Della Pepa
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.M.); (A.I.); (G.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Krako Jakovljevic N, Pavlovic K, Jotic A, Lalic K, Stoiljkovic M, Lukic L, Milicic T, Macesic M, Stanarcic Gajovic J, Lalic NM. Targeting Mitochondria in Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6642. [PMID: 34205752 PMCID: PMC8233932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D), one of the most prevalent noncommunicable diseases, is often preceded by insulin resistance (IR), which underlies the inability of tissues to respond to insulin and leads to disturbed metabolic homeostasis. Mitochondria, as a central player in the cellular energy metabolism, are involved in the mechanisms of IR and T2D. Mitochondrial function is affected by insulin resistance in different tissues, among which skeletal muscle and liver have the highest impact on whole-body glucose homeostasis. This review focuses on human studies that assess mitochondrial function in liver, muscle and blood cells in the context of T2D. Furthermore, different interventions targeting mitochondria in IR and T2D are listed, with a selection of studies using respirometry as a measure of mitochondrial function, for better data comparison. Altogether, mitochondrial respiratory capacity appears to be a metabolic indicator since it decreases as the disease progresses but increases after lifestyle (exercise) and pharmacological interventions, together with the improvement in metabolic health. Finally, novel therapeutics developed to target mitochondria have potential for a more integrative therapeutic approach, treating both causative and secondary defects of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nebojsa M. Lalic
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.K.J.); (K.P.); (A.J.); (K.L.); (M.S.); (L.L.); (T.M.); (M.M.); (J.S.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
de Mendonça M, de Sousa É, da Paixão AO, Araújo Dos Santos B, Roveratti Spagnol A, Murata GM, Araújo HN, Imamura de Lima T, Passos Simões Fróes Guimarães DS, Silveira LR, Rodrigues AC. MicroRNA miR-222 mediates pioglitazone beneficial effects on skeletal muscle of diet-induced obese mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 501:110661. [PMID: 31770568 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Pioglitazone belongs to the class of drugs thiazolidinediones (TZDs) and is an oral hypoglycemic drug, used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, which improves insulin sensitivity in target tissues. Adipose tissue is the main target of pioglitazone, a PPARg and PPARa agonist; however, studies also point to skeletal muscle as a target. Non-PPAR targets of TZDs have been described, thus we aimed to study the direct effects of pioglitazone on skeletal muscle and the possible role of microRNAs as targets of this drug. Pioglitazone treatment of obese mice increased insulin-mediated glucose transport as a result of increased fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial activity. PPARg blockage by treatment with GW9662 nullified pioglitazone's effect on systemic and muscle insulin sensitivity and citrate synthase activity of obese mice. After eight weeks of high-fat diet, miR-221-3p expression in soleus muscle was similar among the groups and miR-23b-3p and miR-222-3p were up-regulated in obese mice compared to the control group, and treatment with pioglitazone was able to reverse this condition. In vitro studies in C2C12 cells suggest that inhibition of miR-222-3p protects C2C12 cells from insulin resistance and increased non-mitochondrial respiration induced by palmitate. Together, these data demonstrate a role of pioglitazone in the downregulation of microRNAs that is not dependent on PPARg. Moreover, miR-222 may be a novel PPARg-independent mechanism through which pioglitazone improves insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue/metabolism
- Animals
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Glucose/metabolism
- Glucose Tolerance Test
- Hypoglycemic Agents
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin Resistance/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Obese
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Obesity/drug therapy
- Obesity/metabolism
- PPAR alpha/metabolism
- PPAR gamma/metabolism
- Palmitates/pharmacology
- Pioglitazone/pharmacology
- Thiazolidinediones/pharmacology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Érica de Sousa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ailma O da Paixão
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gilson M Murata
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hygor N Araújo
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tanes Imamura de Lima
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dimitrius Santiago Passos Simões Fróes Guimarães
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo R Silveira
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alice C Rodrigues
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Djouadi F, Bastin J. Mitochondrial Genetic Disorders: Cell Signaling and Pharmacological Therapies. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040289. [PMID: 30925787 PMCID: PMC6523966 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and respiratory chain (RC) defects form a large group of inherited monogenic disorders sharing many common clinical and pathophysiological features, including disruption of mitochondrial bioenergetics, but also, for example, oxidative stress and accumulation of noxious metabolites. Interestingly, several transcription factors or co-activators exert transcriptional control on both FAO and RC genes, and can be activated by small molecules, opening to possibly common therapeutic approaches for FAO and RC deficiencies. Here, we review recent data on the potential of various drugs or small molecules targeting pivotal metabolic regulators: peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and protein kinase A (PKA)) or interacting with reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling, to alleviate or to correct inborn FAO or RC deficiencies in cellular or animal models. The possible molecular mechanisms involved, in particular the contribution of mitochondrial biogenesis, are discussed. Applications of these pharmacological approaches as a function of genotype/phenotype are also addressed, which clearly orient toward personalized therapy. Finally, we propose that beyond the identification of individual candidate drugs/molecules, future pharmacological approaches should consider their combination, which could produce additive or synergistic effects that may further enhance their therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Djouadi
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | - Jean Bastin
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, F-75006 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kalaitzoglou E, Fowlkes JL, Popescu I, Thrailkill KM. Diabetes pharmacotherapy and effects on the musculoskeletal system. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2019; 35:e3100. [PMID: 30467957 PMCID: PMC6358500 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Persons with type 1 or type 2 diabetes have a significantly higher fracture risk than age-matched persons without diabetes, attributed to disease-specific deficits in the microarchitecture and material properties of bone tissue. Therefore, independent effects of diabetes drugs on skeletal integrity are vitally important. Studies of incretin-based therapies have shown divergent effects of different agents on fracture risk, including detrimental, beneficial, and neutral effects. The sulfonylurea class of drugs, owing to its hypoglycemic potential, is thought to amplify the risk of fall-related fractures, particularly in the elderly. Other agents such as the biguanides may, in fact, be osteo-anabolic. In contrast, despite similarly expected anabolic properties of insulin, data suggests that insulin pharmacotherapy itself, particularly in type 2 diabetes, may be a risk factor for fracture, negatively associated with determinants of bone quality and bone strength. Finally, sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors have been associated with an increased risk of atypical fractures in select populations, and possibly with an increase in lower extremity amputation with specific SGLT2I drugs. The role of skeletal muscle, as a potential mediator and determinant of bone quality, is also a relevant area of exploration. Currently, data regarding the impact of glucose lowering medications on diabetes-related muscle atrophy is more limited, although preclinical studies suggest that various hypoglycemic agents may have either aggravating (sulfonylureas, glinides) or repairing (thiazolidinediones, biguanides, incretins) effects on skeletal muscle atrophy, thereby influencing bone quality. Hence, the therapeutic efficacy of each hypoglycemic agent must also be evaluated in light of its impact, alone or in combination, on musculoskeletal health, when determining an individualized treatment approach. Moreover, the effect of newer medications (potentially seeking expanded clinical indication into the pediatric age range) on the growing skeleton is largely unknown. Herein, we review the available literature regarding effects of diabetes pharmacotherapy, by drug class and/or by clinical indication, on the musculoskeletal health of persons with diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Kalaitzoglou
- University of Kentucky Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - John L Fowlkes
- University of Kentucky Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Iuliana Popescu
- University of Kentucky Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kathryn M Thrailkill
- University of Kentucky Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lim S, Kim KM, Kim SG, Kim DM, Woo JT, Chung CH, Ko KS, Park JH, Park Y, Kim SJ, Jang HC, Choi DS. Effects of Lobeglitazone, a Novel Thiazolidinedione, on Bone Mineral Density in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus over 52 Weeks. Diabetes Metab J 2017; 41:377-385. [PMID: 29086536 PMCID: PMC5663677 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2017.41.5.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this multicenter, randomized, double-blind study was to examine the effect of lobeglitazone, a novel thiazolidinedione, on the changes in bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS A 24-week, double-blinded phase was followed by a 28-week, open-label phase, in which the placebo group also started to receive lobeglitazone. A total of 170 patients aged 34 to 76 years were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive lobeglitazone 0.5 mg or a matching placebo orally, once daily. BMD was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at week 24 and at the end of the study (week 52). RESULTS During the double-blinded phase, the femur neck BMD showed decreasing patterns in both groups, without statistical significance (-0.85%±0.36% and -0.78%±0.46% in the lobeglitazone and placebo groups, respectively). The treatment difference between the groups was 0.07%, which was also not statistically significant. Further, minimal, nonsignificant decreases were observed in both groups in the total hip BMD compared to values at baseline, and these differences also did not significantly differ between the groups. During the open-label phase, the BMD was further decreased, but not significantly, by -0.32% at the femur neck and by -0.60% at the total hip in the lobeglitazone group, and these changes did not significantly differ compared with the original placebo group switched to lobeglitazone. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that treatment with lobeglitazone 0.5 mg over 52 weeks showed no detrimental effect on the BMD compared to the placebo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Kyoung Min Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sin Gon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Doo Man Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Taek Woo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choon Hee Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Kyung Soo Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Yongsoo Park
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Korea
| | - Sang Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soon Chun Hyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soon Chun Hyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Hak Chul Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Dong Seop Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Boulinguiez A, Staels B, Duez H, Lancel S. Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum: Targets for a better insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:901-916. [PMID: 28529179 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and its associated metabolic disorders represent a major health burden, with economic and social consequences. Although adapted lifestyle and bariatric surgery are effective in reducing body weight, obesity prevalence is still rising. Obese individuals often become insulin-resistant. Obesity impacts on insulin responsive organs, such as the liver, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, and increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes and cancer. In this review, we discuss the effects of obesity and insulin resistance on skeletal muscle, an important organ for the control of postprandial glucose. The roles of mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum in insulin signaling are highlighted and potential innovative research and treatment perspectives are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Boulinguiez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Bart Staels
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Hélène Duez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Steve Lancel
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000, Lille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bajpeyi S, Pasarica M, Conley KE, Newcomer BR, Jubrias SA, Gamboa C, Murray K, Sereda O, Sparks LM, Smith SR. Pioglitazone-induced improvements in insulin sensitivity occur without concomitant changes in muscle mitochondrial function. Metabolism 2017; 69:24-32. [PMID: 28285649 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Pioglitazone (Pio) is known to improve insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. However, the role of Pio in skeletal muscle lipid metabolism and skeletal muscle oxidative capacity is not clear. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of chronic Pio treatment on skeletal muscle mitochondrial activity in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four participants with T2D (13M/11F 53.38±2.1years; BMI 36.47±1.1kg/m2) were randomized to either a placebo (CON, n=8) or a pioglitazone (PIO, n=16) group. Following 12weeks of treatment, we measured insulin sensitivity by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (clamp), metabolic flexibility by calculating the change in respiratory quotient (ΔRQ) during the steady state of the clamp, intra- and extra-myocellular lipid content (IMCL and EMCL, respectively) by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) and muscle maximal ATP synthetic capacity (ATPmax) by 31P-MRS. RESULTS Following 12weeks of PIO treatment, insulin sensitivity (p<0.0005 vs. baseline) and metabolic flexibility (p<0.05 vs. CON) significantly increased. PIO treatment significantly decreased IMCL content and increased EMCL content in gastrocnemius, soleus and tibialis anterior muscles. ATPmax was unaffected by PIO treatment. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that 12weeks of pioglitazone treatment improves insulin sensitivity, metabolic flexibility and myocellular lipid distribution without any effect on maximal ATP synthetic capacity in skeletal muscle. Consequently, pioglitazone-induced enhancements in insulin responsiveness and fuel utilization are independent of mitochondrial function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Bajpeyi
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA; Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas in El Paso, 500 University Ave, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Magdalena Pasarica
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - Kevin E Conley
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Bradley R Newcomer
- Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Sharon A Jubrias
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Cecilia Gamboa
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas in El Paso, 500 University Ave, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Kori Murray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Olga Sereda
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Lauren M Sparks
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL 32804, USA; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Steven R Smith
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL 32804, USA; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sunny NE, Bril F, Cusi K. Mitochondrial Adaptation in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Novel Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:250-260. [PMID: 27986466 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is prevalent in patients with obesity or type 2 diabetes. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), encompassing steatosis with inflammation, hepatocyte injury, and fibrosis, predisposes to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and even cardiovascular disease. In rodent models and humans with NAFLD/NASH, maladaptation of mitochondrial oxidative flux is a central feature of simple steatosis to NASH transition. Induction of hepatic tricarboxylic acid cycle closely mirrors the severity of oxidative stress and inflammation in NASH. Reactive oxygen species generation and inflammation are driven by upregulated, but inefficient oxidative flux and accumulating lipotoxic intermediates. Successful therapies for NASH (weight loss alone or with incretin therapy, or pioglitazone) likely attenuate mitochondrial oxidative flux and halt hepatocellular injury. Agents targeting mitochondrial dysfunction may provide a novel treatment strategy for NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nishanth E Sunny
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Room H-2, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Fernando Bril
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Room H-2, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kenneth Cusi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Room H-2, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Malcom Randall Veterans Administration Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yokota T, Kinugawa S, Hirabayashi K, Suga T, Takada S, Omokawa M, Kadoguchi T, Takahashi M, Fukushima A, Matsushima S, Yamato M, Okita K, Tsutsui H. Pioglitazone improves whole-body aerobic capacity and skeletal muscle energy metabolism in patients with metabolic syndrome. J Diabetes Investig 2017; 8:535-541. [PMID: 27930876 PMCID: PMC5497029 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction Low aerobic capacity is a strong and independent predictor of all‐cause mortality in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Here, we investigated the effects of pioglitazone treatment on whole‐body aerobic capacity and skeletal muscle energy metabolism in MetS patients. Materials and Methods A total of 14 male patients with MetS received oral pioglitazone 15 mg/day for 4 months. To assess whole‐body aerobic capacity, exercise testing with a bicycle ergometer was carried out before and after pioglitazone treatment. To assess skeletal muscle energy metabolism, intramyocellular lipid in the resting leg and high‐energy phosphates in the calf muscle during plantar‐flexion exercise were measured using 1proton‐ and 31phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy, respectively. Results Pioglitazone significantly increased peak oxygen uptake (25.1 ± 4.9 mL/kg/min pretreatment vs 27.2 ± 3.9 mL/kg/min post‐ treatment, P < 0.05) and anaerobic threshold (12.7 ± 1.9 mL/kg/min pretreatment vs 13.6 ± 1.6 mL/kg/min post‐treatment, P < 0.05), although daily physical activity was comparable before and after the treatment. Intramyocellular lipid content was significantly reduced after pioglitazone treatment by 26%, indicating improved skeletal muscle fatty acid metabolism. Pioglitazone also significantly decreased the muscle phosphocreatine loss during exercise by 13%, indicating improved skeletal muscle high‐energy phosphate metabolism. Notably, the increase in anaerobic threshold; that is, submaximal aerobic capacity, closely correlated with the decrease in intramyocellular lipid content after pioglitazone treatment. Conclusions Pioglitazone significantly improved the MetS patients’ whole‐body aerobic capacity and skeletal muscle energy metabolism. The beneficial effect of pioglitazone on whole‐body aerobic capacity might be at least in part through improved fatty acid metabolism in the skeletal muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yokota
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kinugawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kagami Hirabayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Suga
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shingo Takada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masashi Omokawa
- Department of Sports Education, Hokusho University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Kadoguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masashige Takahashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Arata Fukushima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shouji Matsushima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Yamato
- Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyusyu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Okita
- Department of Sports Education, Hokusho University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsutsui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Pioglitazone is an inexpensive and effective oral drug for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. It addresses insulin resistance, one of the core pathophysiological defects in Type 2 diabetes, at both the adipose tissue and skeletal muscle level. As a majority of Type 2 diabetics classically exhibit higher insulin resistance, pioglitazone may strike exactly at the Achilles heel in this core pathogenesis. However, with the emerging association of bladder cancer with pioglitazone, French and German regulators were the first to ban or restrict pioglitazone use in 2011. The Indian regulators also suspended pioglitazone, although this ban was revoked within a month. Recently, a 10-year longitudinal study commissioned by US FDA found no association between bladder cancer and pioglitazone. Nevertheless, this controversy created a huge outcry in the medical fraternity. This review article is an overview of the development of this topic and an attempt to provide perspective on this contemporary issue.
Collapse
|
19
|
Kalyani RR, Metter EJ, Egan J, Golden SH, Ferrucci L. Hyperglycemia predicts persistently lower muscle strength with aging. Diabetes Care 2015; 38:82-90. [PMID: 25392294 PMCID: PMC4274779 DOI: 10.2337/dc14-1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Persons with diabetes have accelerated muscle loss compared with their counterparts. The relationship of hyperglycemia per se to declines in muscle function has not been explored yet has implications for developing appropriate intervention strategies to prevent muscle loss. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We examined 984 participants aged 25-96 years in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (2003-2011) with HbA1c, knee extensor strength (isokinetic dynamometer), and lean body mass (DEXA) measured at baseline. Participants had repeated measurements up to 7.5 years later. Muscle quality was defined as knee extensor strength/leg lean mass. Participants were categorized by HbA1c quartile (<5.5, 5.5-5.79, 5.8-6.09, and ≥6.1% or <37, 37-40, 40-43, and ≥43 mmol/mol). Mixed-effects regression models were used to examine the regression of muscle outcomes on HbA1c. RESULTS Muscle strength and quality were significantly lower across HbA1c quartiles (both P < 0.001), without differences in muscle mass at baseline. Comparing highest versus lowest HbA1c quartiles and adjusting for age, race, sex, weight, and height, strength was significantly lower (-4.70 ± 2.30 N · m; P value trend = 0.02) and results were unchanged after adjustment for physical activity (P value trend = 0.045) but of borderline significance after additional adjustment for peripheral neuropathy (P value trend = 0.05). Adjusting for demographics, muscle quality was significantly lower (-0.32 ± 0.15 N · m/kg; P value trend = 0.02) in the highest versus lowest HbA1c quartiles, but differences were attenuated after adjusting for weight and height (-0.25 ± 0.15 N · m/kg; P value trend = 0.07). Muscle mass measures were similar across HbA1c quartiles. CONCLUSIONS Hyperglycemia is associated with persistently lower muscle strength with aging, but this effect may be mediated, at least in part, by peripheral neuropathy. Future studies should explore if better glycemic control can preserve muscle function in diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rastogi Kalyani
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - E Jeffrey Metter
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD
| | - Josephine Egan
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sherita H Golden
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wessels B, Ciapaite J, van den Broek NMA, Houten SM, Nicolay K, Prompers JJ. Pioglitazone treatment restores in vivo muscle oxidative capacity in a rat model of diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015; 17:52-60. [PMID: 25200673 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the effect of pioglitazone treatment on in vivo and ex vivo muscle mitochondrial function in a rat model of diabetes. METHODS Both the lean, healthy rats and the obese, diabetic rats are Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats. The homozygous fa/fa ZDF rats are obese and diabetic. The heterozygous fa/+ ZDF rats are lean and healthy. Diabetic Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats were treated with either pioglitazone (30 mg/kg/day) or water as a control (n = 6 per group), for 2 weeks. In vivo ¹H and ³¹P magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed on skeletal muscle to assess intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content and muscle oxidative capacity, respectively. Ex vivo muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity was evaluated using high-resolution respirometry. In addition, several markers of mitochondrial content were determined. RESULTS IMCL content was 14-fold higher and in vivo muscle oxidative capacity was 26% lower in diabetic rats compared with lean rats, which was, however, not caused by impairments of ex vivo mitochondrial respiratory capacity or a lower mitochondrial content. Pioglitazone treatment restored in vivo muscle oxidative capacity in diabetic rats to the level of lean controls. This amelioration was not accompanied by an increase in mitochondrial content or ex vivo mitochondrial respiratory capacity, but rather was paralleled by an improvement in lipid homeostasis, that is lowering of plasma triglycerides and muscle lipid and long-chain acylcarnitine content. CONCLUSION Diminished in vivo muscle oxidative capacity in diabetic rats results from mitochondrial lipid overload and can be alleviated by redirecting the lipids from the muscle into adipose tissue using pioglitazone treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Wessels
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical NMR, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Aleo MD, Luo Y, Swiss R, Bonin PD, Potter DM, Will Y. Human drug-induced liver injury severity is highly associated with dual inhibition of liver mitochondrial function and bile salt export pump. Hepatology 2014; 60:1015-22. [PMID: 24799086 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) accounts for 20-40% of all instances of clinical hepatic failure and is a common reason for withdrawal of an approved drug or discontinuation of a potentially new drug from clinical/nonclinical development. Numerous individual risk factors contribute to the susceptibility to human DILI and its severity that are either compound- and/or patient-specific. Compound-specific primary mechanisms linked to DILI include: cytotoxicity, reactive metabolite formation, inhibition of bile salt export pump (BSEP), and mitochondrial dysfunction. Since BSEP is an energy-dependent protein responsible for the efflux of bile acids from hepatocytes, it was hypothesized that humans exposed to drugs that impair both mitochondrial energetics and BSEP functional activity are more sensitive to more severe manifestations of DILI than drugs that only have a single liability factor. As annotated in the United States National Center for Toxicological Research Liver Toxicity Knowledge Base (NCTR-LTKB), the inhibitory properties of 24 Most-DILI-, 28 Less-DILI-, and 20 No-DILI-concern drugs were investigated. Drug potency for inhibiting BSEP or mitochondrial activity was generally correlated across human DILI concern categories. However, drugs with dual potency as mitochondrial and BSEP inhibitors were highly associated with more severe human DILI, more restrictive product safety labeling related to liver injury, and appear more sensitive to the drug exposure (Cmax) where more restrictive labeling occurs. CONCLUSION These data affirm that severe manifestations of human DILI are multifactorial, highly associated with combinations of drug potency specifically related to known mechanisms of DILI (like mitochondrial and BSEP inhibition), and, along with patient-specific factors, lead to differences in the severity and exposure thresholds associated with clinical DILI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Aleo
- Investigative Toxicology, Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cummings BP, Bettaieb A, Graham JL, Stanhope K, Haj FG, Havel PJ. Administration of pioglitazone alone or with alogliptin delays diabetes onset in UCD-T2DM rats. J Endocrinol 2014; 221:133-44. [PMID: 24627447 PMCID: PMC4457365 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is a need to identify strategies for type 2 diabetes prevention. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy of pioglitazone and alogliptin alone and in combination to prevent type 2 diabetes onset in UCD-T2DM rats, a model of polygenic obese type 2 diabetes. At 2 months of age, rats were divided into four groups: control, alogliptin (20 mg/kg per day), pioglitazone (2.5 mg/kg per day), and alogliptin+pioglitazone. Non-fasting blood glucose was measured weekly to determine diabetes onset. Pioglitazone alone and in combination with alogliptin lead to a 5-month delay in diabetes onset despite promoting increased food intake and body weight (BW). Alogliptin alone did not delay diabetes onset or affect food intake or BW relative to controls. Fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and lipid concentrations were lower and adiponectin concentrations were threefold higher in groups treated with pioglitazone. All treatment groups demonstrated improvements in glucose tolerance and insulin secretion during an oral glucose tolerance test with an additive improvement observed with alogliptin+pioglitazone. Islet histology revealed an improvement of islet morphology in all treatment groups compared with control. Pioglitazone treatment also resulted in increased expression of markers of mitochondrial biogenesis in brown adipose tissue and white adipose tissue, with mild elevations observed in animals treated with alogliptin alone. Pioglitazone markedly delays the onset of type 2 diabetes in UCD-T2DM rats through improvements of glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, islet function, and markers of adipose mitochondrial biogenesis; however, addition of alogliptin at a dose of 20 mg/kg per day to pioglitazone treatment does not enhance the prevention/delay of diabetes onset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bethany P Cummings
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, T7 022A Veterinary Research Tower (Box 17), Ithaca, New York 14850, USA Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
He H, Tao H, Xiong H, Duan SZ, McGowan FX, Mortensen RM, Balschi JA. Rosiglitazone causes cardiotoxicity via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ-independent mitochondrial oxidative stress in mouse hearts. Toxicol Sci 2014; 138:468-81. [PMID: 24449420 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to test the hypothesis that thiazolidinedione rosiglitazone (RSG), a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist, causes cardiotoxicity independently of PPARγ. Energy metabolism and mitochondrial function were measured in perfused hearts isolated from C57BL/6, cardiomyocyte-specific PPARγ-deficient mice, and their littermates. Cardiac function and mitochondrial oxidative stress were measured in both in vitro and in vivo settings. Treatment of isolated hearts with RSG at the supratherapeutic concentrations of 10 and 30 μM caused myocardial energy deficiency as evidenced by the decreases in [PCr], [ATP], ATP/ADP ratio, energy charge with a concomitant cardiac dysfunction as indicated by the decreases in left ventricular systolic pressure, rates of tension development and relaxation, and by an increase in end-diastolic pressure. When incubated with tissue homogenate or isolated mitochondria at these same concentrations, RSG caused mitochondrial dysfunction as evidenced by the decreases in respiration rate, substrate oxidation rates, and activities of complexes I and IV. RSG also increased complexes I- and III-dependent O₂⁻ production, decreased glutathione content, inhibited superoxide dismutase, and increased the levels of malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine in mitochondria, consistent with oxidative stress. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) 20 mM prevented RSG-induced above toxicity at those in vitro settings. Cardiomyocyte-specific PPARγ deletion and PPARγ antagonist GW9662 did not prevent the observed cardiotoxicity. Intravenous injection of 10 mg/kg RSG also caused cardiac dysfunction and oxidative stress, 600 mg/kg NAC antagonized these adverse effects. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that RSG at supratherapeutic concentrations causes cardiotoxicity via a PPARγ-independent mechanism involving oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in mouse hearts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huamei He
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance affect a substantial proportion of older adults. Abnormal glucose metabolism is not a necessary component of aging. Older adults with diabetes and altered glucose status likely represent a subset of the population at high risk for complications and adverse geriatric syndromes. Goals for treatment of diabetes in the elderly include control of hyperglycemia, prevention and treatment of diabetic complications, avoidance of hypoglycemia, and preservation of quality of life. Research exploring associations of dysglycemia and insulin resistance with the development of adverse outcomes in the elderly may ultimately inform use of future glucose-lowering therapies in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rastogi Kalyani
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ahmadian M, Suh JM, Hah N, Liddle C, Atkins AR, Downes M, Evans RM. PPARγ signaling and metabolism: the good, the bad and the future. Nat Med 2013; 19:557-66. [PMID: 23652116 PMCID: PMC3870016 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1555] [Impact Index Per Article: 141.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are potent insulin sensitizers that act through the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and are highly effective oral medications for type 2 diabetes. However, their unique benefits are shadowed by the risk for fluid retention, weight gain, bone loss and congestive heart failure. This raises the question as to whether it is possible to build a safer generation of PPARγ-specific drugs that evoke fewer side effects while preserving insulin-sensitizing potential. Recent studies that have supported the continuing physiologic and therapeutic relevance of the PPARγ pathway also provide opportunities to develop newer classes of molecules that reduce or eliminate adverse effects. This review highlights key advances in understanding PPARγ signaling in energy homeostasis and metabolic disease and also provides new explanations for adverse events linked to TZD-based therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ahmadian
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kalyani RR, Tra Y, Yeh HC, Egan JM, Ferrucci L, Brancati FL. Quadriceps strength, quadriceps power, and gait speed in older U.S. adults with diabetes mellitus: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2002. J Am Geriatr Soc 2013; 61:769-75. [PMID: 23617584 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the independent association between diabetes mellitus (and its duration and severity) and quadriceps strength, quadriceps power, and gait speed in a national population of older adults. DESIGN Cross-sectional nationally representative survey. SETTING United States. PARTICIPANTS Two thousand five hundred seventy-three adults aged 50 and older in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002 who had assessment of quadriceps strength. METHODS Diabetes mellitus was ascertained according to questionnaire. Measurement of isokinetic knee extensor (quadriceps) strength was performed at 60º/s. Gait speed was assessed using a 20-foot walk test. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to assess the association between diabetes mellitus status and outcomes, adjusting for potential confounders or mediators. RESULTS Older U.S. adults with diabetes mellitus had significantly slower gait speed (0.96 ± 0.02 m/s) than those without (1.08 ± 0.01 m/s; P < .001). After adjusting for demographic characteristics, weight, and height, diabetes mellitus was also associated with significantly lower quadriceps strength (-4.6 ± 1.9 Nm; P = .02) and power (-4.9 ± 2.0 W; P = .02) and slower gait speed (-0.05 ± 0.02 m/s; P = .002). Associations remained significant after adjusting for physical activity and C-reactive protein. After accounting for comorbidities (cardiovascular disease, peripheral neuropathy, amputation, cancer, arthritis, fracture, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), diabetes mellitus was independently associated only with gait speed (-0.04 ± 0.02 m/s; P = .02). Diabetes mellitus duration in men and women was negatively associated with age-adjusted quadriceps strength (-5.7 and -3.5 Nm/decade of diabetes mellitus, respectively) and power (-6.1 and -3.8 W/decade of diabetes mellitus, respectively) (all P ≤ .001, no significant interactions according to sex). Glycosylated hemoglobin was not associated with outcomes after accounting for body weight. CONCLUSION Older U.S. adults with diabetes mellitus have lower quadriceps strength and quadriceps power that is related to the presence of comorbidities and walk slower than those without diabetes mellitus. Future studies should investigate the relationship between hyperglycemia and subsequent declines in leg muscle function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rastogi Kalyani
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Masciopinto F, Di Pietro N, Corona C, Bomba M, Pipino C, Curcio M, Di Castelnuovo A, Ciavardelli D, Silvestri E, Canzoniero LMT, Sekler I, Pandolfi A, Sensi SL. Effects of long-term treatment with pioglitazone on cognition and glucose metabolism of PS1-KI, 3xTg-AD, and wild-type mice. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e448. [PMID: 23254291 PMCID: PMC3542623 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of long-term (9-month) treatment with pioglitazone (PIO; 20 mg/kg/d) in two animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related neural dysfunction and pathology: the PS1-KI(M146V) (human presenilin-1 (M146V) knock-in mouse) and 3xTg-AD (triple transgenic mouse carrying AD-linked mutations) mice. We also investigated the effects on wild-type (WT) mice. Mice were monitored for body mass changes, fasting glycemia, glucose tolerance, and studied for changes in brain mitochondrial enzyme activity (complexes I and IV) as well as energy metabolism (lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)). Cognitive effects were investigated with the Morris water maze (MWM) test and the object recognition task (ORT). Behavioral analysis revealed that PIO treatment promoted positive cognitive effects in PS1-KI female mice. These effects were associated with normalization of peripheral gluco-regulatory abnormalities that were found in untreated PS1-KI females. PIO-treated PS1-KI females also showed no statistically significant alterations in brain mitochondrial enzyme activity but significantly increased reverse LDH activity.PIO treatment produced no effects on cognition, glucose metabolism, or mitochondrial functioning in 3xTg-AD mice. Finally, PIO treatment promoted enhanced short-term memory performance in WT male mice, a group that did not show deregulation of glucose metabolism but that showed decreased activity of complex I in hippocampal and cortical mitochondria. Overall, these results indicate metabolically driven cognitive-enhancing effects of PIO that are differentially gender-related among specific genotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Masciopinto
- Molecular Neurology Unit-Center of Excellence on Aging (Ce.S.I.), University ‘G. d'Annunzio', Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University ‘G. d'Annunzio', Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - N Di Pietro
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University ‘G. d'Annunzio' and Ce.S.I., Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - C Corona
- Molecular Neurology Unit-Center of Excellence on Aging (Ce.S.I.), University ‘G. d'Annunzio', Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University ‘G. d'Annunzio', Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - M Bomba
- Molecular Neurology Unit-Center of Excellence on Aging (Ce.S.I.), University ‘G. d'Annunzio', Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University ‘G. d'Annunzio', Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - C Pipino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University ‘G. d'Annunzio' and Ce.S.I., Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - M Curcio
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - A Di Castelnuovo
- Environmental and genetic epidemiology laboratory, Research Laboratories, FRC ‘Giovanni Paolo II', Campobasso, Italy
| | - D Ciavardelli
- Molecular Neurology Unit-Center of Excellence on Aging (Ce.S.I.), University ‘G. d'Annunzio', Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- School of Engineering, Architecture, and Motor Science, ‘Kore' University, Enna, Italy
| | - E Silvestri
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - L MT Canzoniero
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - I Sekler
- Department of Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - A Pandolfi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University ‘G. d'Annunzio' and Ce.S.I., Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - S L Sensi
- Molecular Neurology Unit-Center of Excellence on Aging (Ce.S.I.), University ‘G. d'Annunzio', Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University ‘G. d'Annunzio', Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Departments of Neurology and Pharmacology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Salem AF, Whitaker-Menezes D, Howell A, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP. Mitochondrial biogenesis in epithelial cancer cells promotes breast cancer tumor growth and confers autophagy resistance. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:4174-80. [PMID: 23070475 DOI: 10.4161/cc.22376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we set out to test the novel hypothesis that increased mitochondrial biogenesis in epithelial cancer cells would "fuel" enhanced tumor growth. For this purpose, we generated MDA-MB-231 cells (a triple-negative human breast cancer cell line) overexpressing PGC-1α and MitoNEET, which are established molecules that drive mitochondrial biogenesis and increased mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Interestingly, both PGC-1α and MitoNEET increased the abundance of OXPHOS protein complexes, conferred autophagy resistance under conditions of starvation and increased tumor growth by up to ~3-fold. However, this increase in tumor growth was independent of neo-angiogenesis, as assessed by immunostaining and quantitation of vessel density using CD31 antibodies. Quantitatively similar increases in tumor growth were also observed by overexpression of PGC-1β and POLRMT in MDA-MB-231 cells, which are also responsible for mediating increased mitochondrial biogenesis. Thus, we propose that increased mitochondrial "power" in epithelial cancer cells oncogenically promotes tumor growth by conferring autophagy resistance. As such, PGC-1α, PGC-1β, mitoNEET and POLRMT should all be considered as tumor promoters or "metabolic oncogenes." Our results are consistent with numerous previous clinical studies showing that metformin (a weak mitochondrial "poison") prevents the onset of nearly all types of human cancers in diabetic patients. Therefore, metformin (a complex I inhibitor) and other mitochondrial inhibitors should be developed as novel anticancer therapies, targeting mitochondrial metabolism in cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed F Salem
- The Jefferson Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hoffmann BR, El-Mansy MF, Sem DS, Greene AS. Chemical proteomics-based analysis of off-target binding profiles for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone: clues for assessing potential for cardiotoxicity. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8260-71. [PMID: 22970990 PMCID: PMC4113394 DOI: 10.1021/jm301204r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Drugs exert desired and undesired effects based on their binding interactions with protein target(s) and off-target(s), providing evidence for drug efficacy and toxicity. Pioglitazone and rosiglitazone possess a common functional core, glitazone, which is considered a privileged scaffold upon which to build a drug selective for a given target--in this case, PPARγ. Herein, we report a retrospective analysis of two variants of the glitazone scaffold, pioglitazone and rosiglitazone, in an effort to identify off-target binding events in the rat heart to explain recently reported cardiovascular risk associated with these drugs. Our results suggest that glitazone has affinity for dehydrogenases, consistent with known binding preferences for related rhodanine cores. Both drugs bound ion channels and modulators, with implications in congestive heart failure, arrhythmia, and peripheral edema. Additional proteins involved in glucose homeostasis, synaptic transduction, and mitochondrial energy production were detected and potentially contribute to drug efficacy and cardiotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. Hoffmann
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Mohamed F. El-Mansy
- Chemical Proteomics Facility at Marquette, Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201
| | - Daniel S. Sem
- Chemical Proteomics Facility at Marquette, Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201
| | - Andrew S. Greene
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Insulin resistance and mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 45:11-5. [PMID: 23036788 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism(s) behind the decreased ability of insulin to facilitate glucose uptake in insulin sensitive tissues as seen in type 2 diabetes is not resolved. With the rapidly increasing prevalence of this disease world-wide, and the many complications that follow the disease, large resources are used in the attempt to resolve the mechanisms of insulin resistance. In this context, a dysfunction of mitochondria in the skeletal muscle has been suggested to play a pivotal role. It has been postulated that a decrease in the content of mitochondria in the skeletal muscle can explain the insulin resistance. Complementary to this also specific defects of components in the respiratory chain in the mitochondria have been suggested to play a role in insulin resistance. A key element in these mechanistic suggestions is inability to handle substrate fluxes and subsequently an accumulation of ectopic intramyocellular lipids, interfering with insulin signaling. In this review we will present the prevailing view-points and argue for the unlikelihood of this scenario being instrumental in human insulin resistance. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Bioenergetic dysfunction.
Collapse
|
31
|
Lim EL, Hollingsworth KG, Smith FE, Thelwall PE, Taylor R. Effects of raising muscle glycogen synthesis rate on skeletal muscle ATP turnover rate in type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301:E1155-62. [PMID: 21917633 PMCID: PMC3233777 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00278.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that any impairment in insulin-stimulated muscle ATP production could merely reflect the lower rates of muscle glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis, rather than cause it. If this is correct, muscle ATP turnover rates in type 2 diabetes could be increased if glycogen synthesis rates were normalized by the mass-action effect of hyperglycemia. Isoglycemic- and hyperglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps were performed on type 2 diabetic subjects and matched controls, with muscle ATP turnover and glycogen synthesis rates measured using (31)P- and (13)C-magnetic resonance spectroscopy, respectively. In diabetic subjects, hyperglycemia increased muscle glycogen synthesis rates to the level observed in controls at isoglycemia [from 19 ± 9 to 41 ± 12 μmol·l(-1)·min(-1) (P = 0.012) vs. 40 ± 7 μmol·l(-1)·min(-1) in controls]. This was accompanied by a modest increase in muscle ATP turnover rates (7.1 ± 0.5 vs. 8.6 ± 0.7 μmol·l(-1)·min(-1), P = 0.04). In controls, hyperglycemia brought about a 2.5-fold increase in glycogen synthesis rates (100 ± 24 vs. 40 ± 7 μmol·l(-1)·min(-1), P = 0.028) and a 23% increase in ATP turnover rates (8.1 ± 0.9 vs. 10.0 ± 0.9 μmol·l(-1)·min(-1), P = 0.025) from basal state. Muscle ATP turnover rates correlated positively with glycogen synthesis rates (r(s) = 0.46, P = 0.005). Changing the rate of muscle glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetic subjects alters demand for ATP synthesis at rest. In type 2 diabetes, skeletal muscle ATP turnover rates reflect the rate of glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis, rather than any primary mitochondrial defect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ee L Lim
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle Magnetic Resonance Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kus V, Flachs P, Kuda O, Bardova K, Janovska P, Svobodova M, Jilkova ZM, Rossmeisl M, Wang-Sattler R, Yu Z, Illig T, Kopecky J. Unmasking differential effects of rosiglitazone and pioglitazone in the combination treatment with n-3 fatty acids in mice fed a high-fat diet. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27126. [PMID: 22073272 PMCID: PMC3207833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining pharmacological treatments and life style interventions is necessary for effective therapy of major diseases associated with obesity, which are clustered in the metabolic syndrome. Acting via multiple mechanisms, combination treatments may reduce dose requirements and, therefore, lower the risk of adverse side effects, which are usually associated with long-term pharmacological interventions. Our previous study in mice fed high-fat diet indicated additivity in preservation of insulin sensitivity and in amelioration of major metabolic syndrome phenotypes by the combination treatment using n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) and rosiglitazone, i.e. an anti-diabetic drug of the thiazolidinedione (TZD) family. We investigated here whether pioglitazone, a TZD-drug in clinical use, could elicit the additive beneficial effects when combined with n-3 LC-PUFA. Adult male mice (C57BL/6N) were fed an obesogenic corn oil-based high-fat diet (cHF) for 8 weeks, or randomly assigned to various dietary treatments (i) cHF+F, cHF with n-3 LC-PUFA concentrate replacing 15% of dietary lipids; (ii) cHF+ROSI, cHF with 10 mg rosiglitazone/kg diet; (iii) cHF+F+ROSI; (iv) cHF+PIO, cHF with 50 mg pioglitazone/kg diet; and (v) cHF+F+PIO, or chow-fed. Plasma concentrations of 163 metabolites were evaluated using a targeted metabolomics approach. Both TZDs preserved glucose homeostasis and normal plasma lipid levels while inducing adiponectin, with pioglitazone showing better effectiveness. The beneficial effects of TZDs were further augmented by the combination treatments. cHF+F+ROSI but not cHF+F+PIO counteracted development of obesity, in correlation with inducibility of fatty acid β-oxidation, as revealed by the metabolomic analysis. By contrast, only cHF+F+PIO eliminated hepatic steatosis and this treatment also reversed insulin resistance in dietary obese mice. Our results reveal differential effects of rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, unmasked in the combination treatment with n-3 LC-PUFA, and support the notion that n-3 LC-PUFA could be used as add-on treatment to TZDs in order to improve diabetic patient's therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Kus
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Flachs
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Bardova
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Janovska
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Svobodova
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Macek Jilkova
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Rossmeisl
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rui Wang-Sattler
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Zhonghao Yu
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rabøl R, Svendsen PF, Skovbro M, Boushel R, Schjerling P, Nilas L, Madsbad S, Dela F. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 2011; 165:631-7. [PMID: 21798960 DOI: 10.1530/eje-11-0419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is associated with skeletal muscle insulin resistance (IR), which has been linked to decreased mitochondrial function. We measured mitochondrial respiration in lean and obese women with and without PCOS using high-resolution respirometry. METHODS Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps (40 mU/min per m(2)) and muscle biopsies were performed on 23 women with PCOS (nine lean (body mass index (BMI) <25 kg/m(2)) and 14 obese (BMI >25 kg/m(2))) and 17 age- and weight-matched controls (six lean and 11 obese). Western blotting and high-resolution respirometry was used to determine mitochondrial function. RESULTS Insulin sensitivity decreased with PCOS and increasing body weight. Mitochondrial respiration with substrates for complex I and complex I+II were similar in all groups, and PCOS was not associated with a decrease in mitochondrial content as measured by mitochondrial DNA/genomic DNA. We found no correlation between mitochondrial function and indices of insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to previous reports, we found no evidence that skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration is reduced in skeletal muscle of women with PCOS compared with control subjects. Furthermore, mitochondrial content did not differ between our control and PCOS groups. These results question the causal relationship between reduced mitochondrial function and skeletal muscle IR in PCOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Rabøl
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yang ZH, Miyahara H, Mori T, Doisaki N, Hatanaka A. Beneficial effects of dietary fish-oil-derived monounsaturated fatty acids on metabolic syndrome risk factors and insulin resistance in mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:7482-7489. [PMID: 21627145 DOI: 10.1021/jf201496h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of fish-oil-derived monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) containing large amounts of C20:1 and C22:1 isomers on metabolic disorders in mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a 32% lard diet (control) or a 27% lard plus 5% saury-oil-derived MUFA diet for 6 weeks. Dietary MUFA improved insulin resistance and alleviated metabolic syndrome risk factors by reducing blood glucose and lipids. These favorable changes may be attributed to an improved adipocytokine profile. MUFA ingestion resulted in favorable changes in mRNA expression of genes involved in glucose/lipid metabolism (SCD-1, CPT1a, UCPs, and CS) as well as inflammation (MAC1, MMP3, and SAA3) and alterations in fatty acid composition. Our data suggest that marine MUFA improved glucose/lipid homeostasis and hindered the development of metabolic syndrome in obese mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hong Yang
- Central Research Laboratory, Tokyo Innovation Center, Nippon Suisan Kaisha, Ltd., Tokyo 192-0991, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Larsen S, Stride N, Hey-Mogensen M, Hansen CN, Andersen JL, Madsbad S, Worm D, Helge JW, Dela F. Increased mitochondrial substrate sensitivity in skeletal muscle of patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2011; 54:1427-36. [PMID: 21424396 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Mitochondrial respiration has been linked to insulin resistance. We studied mitochondrial respiratory capacity and substrate sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes (patients), and obese and lean control participants. METHODS Mitochondrial respiration was measured in permeabilised muscle fibres by respirometry. Protocols for respirometry included titration of substrates for complex I (glutamate), complex II (succinate) and both (octanoyl-carnitine). Myosin heavy chain (MHC) composition, antioxidant capacity (manganese superoxide dismutase [MnSOD]), citrate synthase activity and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2) were also determined. Insulin sensitivity was determined with the isoglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp technique. RESULTS Insulin sensitivity was different (p < 0.05) between the groups (patients<obese controls<lean controls). MnSOD was lower in patients than in lean controls. MHC I content was lowest in patients (37 ± 11% [mean ± SE] vs 53 ± 6% and 56 ± 4%) vs obese controls and lean controls, respectively. VO2 was highest in lean controls (40 ± 3 ml min(-1) kg(-1) [mean ± SE]) compared with patients (25 ± 2) and obese controls (27 ± 2). Mitochondrial content (citrate synthase) was higher (p < 0.05) in lean controls than in patients and obese controls. When normalised for mitochondrial content by citrate synthase, mitochondrial respiratory capacity was similar in all groups. However, the half maximal substrate concentration (C(50)) for complex I was significantly lower (p = 0.03) in patients (1.1 ± 0.2 mmol/l [mean ± SE]) than in obese (2.0 ± 0.3) and lean (1.8 ± 0.3) controls. Likewise, C(50) for complex II was lower (p = 0.02) in patients (3.5 ± 0.2 mmol/l [mean ± SE]) than in obese controls (4.1 ± 0.2), but did not differ from that in lean controls (3.8 ± 0.4). Substrate sensitivity for octanoyl-carnitine did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Increased mitochondrial substrate sensitivity is seen in skeletal muscle from type 2 diabetic patients and is confined to non-lipid substrates. Respiratory capacity per mitochondrion is not decreased with insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Larsen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen University, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhao Y, He X, Huang C, Fu X, Shi X, Wu Y, Han Y, Li N, Wu Y, Heng CK. The impacts of thiazolidinediones on circulating C-reactive protein levels in different diseases: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010; 90:279-87. [PMID: 20926154 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), including rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, are widely used as antidiabetic agents. Here we present an updated meta-analysis of the respective effects of rosiglitazone and pioglitazone on the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a biomarker and predictor of CAD risks. METHODS AND RESULTS PubMed and EMBASE were systematically searched using the terms "C-reactive protein" and "rosiglitazone" or "pioglitazone" or "thiazolidinedione". A total of 59 rosiglitazone studies and 36 pioglitazone studies were included for evaluation. These were classified as 2-group studies and 1-group studies according to their study design. Standard mean difference (SMD) of CRP and 95% CI were calculated to evaluate the effect of TZDs on CRP. The overall SMD for rosiglitazone treatment is -0.392 (95% CI, [-0.446, -0.338]) in 2-group studies and -0.424 (95% CI, [-0.501, -0.346]) in 1-group studies. The overall SMD for pioglitazone treatment is -0.577 (95% CI, [-0.732, -0.421]) in 2-group studies and -0.327 (95% CI, [-0.439, -0.216]) in 1-group studies. Moreover, TZDs were found to significantly reduce CRP levels in both diabetes mellitus (DM) and non-DM patients. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis suggested that both rosiglitazone and pioglitazone significantly decrease serum CRP levels. TZDs presented their CRP-lowering effect in both DM and non-DM patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Zhao
- Advanced Institute of NBIC Integrated Drug Discovery and Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai City 200062, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|