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Plett KL, Wojtalewicz D, Anderson IC, Plett JM. Fungal metabolism and free amino acid content may predict nitrogen transfer to the host plant in the ectomycorrhizal relationship between Pisolithus spp. and Eucalyptus grandis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1589-1602. [PMID: 37974494 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are crucial for tree nitrogen (N) nutrition; however, mechanisms governing N transfer from fungal tissues to the host plant are not well understood. ECM fungal isolates, even from the same species, vary considerably in their ability to support tree N nutrition, resulting in a range of often unpredictable symbiotic outcomes. In this study, we used isotopic labelling to quantify the transfer of N to the plant host by isolates from the ECM genus Pisolithus, known to have significant variability in colonisation and transfer of nutrients to a host. We considered the metabolic fate of N acquired by the fungi and found that the percentage of plant N acquired through symbiosis significantly correlated to the concentration of free amino acids in ECM extra-radical mycelium. Transcriptomic analyses complemented these findings with isolates having high amino acid content and N transfer showing increased expression of genes related to amino acid transport and catabolic pathways. These results suggest that fungal N metabolism impacts N transfer to the host plant in this interaction and that relative N transfer may be possible to predict through basic biochemical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista L Plett
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
| | - Dominika Wojtalewicz
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Ian C Anderson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
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2
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Fan X, Xie H, Huang X, Zhang S, Nie Y, Chen H, Xie X, Tang M. A module centered on the transcription factor Msn2 from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis regulates drought stress tolerance in the host plant. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:1497-1518. [PMID: 37370253 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can form mutualistic endosymbiosis with > 70% of land plants for obtaining fatty acids and sugars, in return, AM fungi promote plant nutrients and water acquisition to enhance plant fitness. However, how AM fungi orchestrate its own signaling components in response to drought stress remains elusive. Here, we identify a transcription factor containing C2H2 zinc finger domains, RiMsn2 from Rhizophagus irregularis. To characterize the RiMsn2, we combined heterologous expression, subcellular localization in yeasts, and biochemical and molecular studies with reverse genetics approaches during the in planta phase. The results indicate that RiMsn2 is highly conserved across AM fungal species and induced during the early stages of symbiosis. It is significantly upregulated in mycorrhizal roots under severe drought conditions. The nucleus-localized RiMsn2 regulates osmotic homeostasis and trehalose contents of yeasts. Importantly, gene silencing analyses indicate that RiMsn2 is essential for arbuscule formation and enhances plant tolerance to drought stress. Results from yeasts and biochemical experiments suggest that the RiHog1-RiMsn2-STREs module controls the drought stress-responsive genes in AM fungal symbiont. In conclusion, our findings reveal that a module centered on the transcriptional activator RiMsn2 from AM fungus regulates drought stress tolerance in host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hongyun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xinru Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shuyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yuying Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xianan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ming Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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3
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Sun X, Zhao Y, Ding G. Morphogenesis and metabolomics reveal the compatible relationship among Suillus bovinus, Phialocephala fortinii, and their co-host, Pinus massoniana. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0145323. [PMID: 37676026 PMCID: PMC10580909 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01453-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi and dark septate endophytes (DSEs) can both form a symbiotic relationship with the same host plant. However, the interactions that occur among these two types of fungi and their co-hosts are largely unknown. Here, we investigated interactions that occur among the ECM fungus Suillus bovinus, the DSE Phialocephala fortinii, and their co-host Pinus massoniana. We used both scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy to characterize the morphogenesis of the two symbionts and employed the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technique to assess the effects of fungal inoculation on the root metabolome. Under pure culture conditions, no synergistic or antagonistic effects were observed between Phi. fortinii and S. bovinus. Generally, S. bovinus and Phi. fortinii can simultaneously colonize P. massoniana roots without affecting each other's symbiotic processes. S. bovinus can colonize the root locus where Phi. fortinii has already invaded but not vice versa, which may be due to the physical barrier effect of the mantle. Both fungi can significantly promote the growth of P. massoniana, and they have a synergistic effect on host N and K uptake. Metabolite accumulation patterns in roots inoculated with Phi. fortinii and/or S. bovinus were greatly altered, especially with respect to organic acids, flavonoids, lipids, and phenolic acids. S. bovinus inoculation significantly enhanced root flavonoid biosynthesis, whereas Phi. fortinii and dual-inoculation treatments mainly induced phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. These findings reveal compatible relationships among P. massoniana, S. bovinus, and Phi. fortinii, and suggest a theoretical basis for ECM fungi and DSE co-application when cultivating seedlings. IMPORTANCE The prevalence of both ectomycorrhizal fungi and dark septate endophytes in the roots of a wide spectrum of tree species is well recognized. In this study, we investigated the interactions that occur among the ECM fungus S. bovinus, the DSE Phi. fortinii, and their co-host, P. massoniana. The two fungi can simultaneously colonize P. massoniana roots without affecting each other's symbiotic processes. S. bovinus appears to be superior to Phi. fortinii in microniche competition, which may be due to the physical barrier effect of the mantle. The two fungi have different effects on root metabolite accumulation patterns. S. bovinus inoculation significantly enhanced root flavonoid biosynthesis, whereas Phi. fortinii and dual-inoculation treatments mainly induced phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. This is the first study revealing the morphological and metabolic mechanisms that contribute to the compatible relationship among ECM fungi, DSEs, and their co-host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueguang Sun
- Institute for Forest Resources & Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yanzhen Zhao
- Institute for Forest Resources & Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Guijie Ding
- Institute for Forest Resources & Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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4
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Feng W, Sun X, Ding G. Morphological and Transcriptional Characteristics of the Symbiotic Interaction between Pinus massoniana and Suillus bovinus. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1162. [PMID: 36354929 PMCID: PMC9699607 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectomycorrhiza (ECM) function has been well studied; however, there is little detailed information regarding the establishment of ECM symbioses. We investigated the morphological and transcriptional changes that occur during the establishment of the Pinus massoniana-Suillus bovinus ECM. S. bovinus promoted the growth of P. massoniana via the release of volatile organic compounds and exudates during the pre-symbiotic stage. Exudate-induced effects showed host plant specificity. At seven days post-inoculation (dpi), the mycelium started to penetrate P. massoniana roots. At 28 dpi, the Hartig net and mantle formed. At the pre-symbiotic stage, most differentially expressed genes in P. massoniana roots were mapped to the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, signal transduction, and carbohydrate metabolism. At the symbiotic stage, S. bovinus colonization induced the reprogramming of pathways involved in genetic information processing in P. massoniana, particularly at the Hartig net and mantle formation stage. Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis was present at all stages and was regulated via S. bovinus colonization. Enzyme inhibitor tests suggested that hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate/quinate transferase is involved in the development of the Hartig net. Our findings outline the mechanism involved in the P. massoniana-S. bovinus ECM. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in ECM formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyan Feng
- Institute for Forest Resources & Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xueguang Sun
- Institute for Forest Resources & Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Guijie Ding
- Institute for Forest Resources & Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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5
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Sakamoto Y, Sato S, Takizawa M, Narimatsu M. Identification of up-regulated genes in Tricholoma matsutake mycorrhiza. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2022; 369:6678003. [PMID: 36029515 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnac085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plant roots associate with fungi to form mycorrhizae; tree roots especially associate with ectomycorrhizal fungi, such as Tricholoma species. Tricholoma matsutake is an economically important fungus in Asian countries and usually inhabits forests primarily composed of Pinus densiflora (Japanese red pine). In this study, to understand the mycorrhizal association between T. matsutake and P. densiflora, genes specifically expressed in mycorrhiza compared with those expressed in mycelia and fruiting bodies were identified by RNA-seq. This revealed that genes for chromatin, proteasomes, signal transduction, pheromones, cell surface receptors, cytoskeleton, RNA processing, and transporters from T. matsutake were highly expressed in mycorrhiza. It also identified 35 mycorrhiza-induced small secreted protein (MiSSPs) that were highly expressed in mycorrhiza. Meanwhile, genes for proteases, defence-related proteins, cell-wall degradation, signal transduction, pinene synthesis, plant hormones, and transporters from P. densiflora were highly expressed in mycorrhiza. These genes may be involved in mycorrhizal formation and maintenance. A MiSSP, 1 460 819, was highly expressed in mycorrhiza, and this expression was maintained for 24 months. These results provide insight into the mycorrhizal association between T. matsutake and P. densiflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Sakamoto
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami-shi, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Shiho Sato
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami-shi, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Miyuki Takizawa
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami-shi, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Maki Narimatsu
- Iwate Prefectural Forest Technology Center, 560-11 Kemuyama, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3623, Japan
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6
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Plett KL, Snijders F, Castañeda-Gómez L, Wong-Bajracharya JWH, Anderson IC, Carrillo Y, Plett JM. Nitrogen fertilization differentially affects the symbiotic capacity of two co-occurring ectomycorrhizal species. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:309-323. [PMID: 35023254 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Forest trees rely on ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi to obtain growth-limiting nutrients. While addition of nitrogen (N) has the potential to disrupt these critical relationships, there is conflicting evidence as to the mechanism by which ECM:host mutualism may be affected. We evaluated how N fertilization altered host interactions and gene transcription between Eucalyptus grandis and Pisolithus microcarpus or Pisolithus albus, two closely related ECM species that typically co-occur within the same ecosystem. Our investigation demonstrated species-specific responses to elevated N: P. microcarpus maintained its ability to transport microbially sourced N to its host but had a reduced ability to penetrate into root tissues, while P. albus maintained its colonization ability but reduced delivery of N to its host. Transcriptomic analysis suggests that regulation of different suites of N-transporters may be responsible for these species-specific differences. In addition to N-dependent responses, we were also able to define a conserved 'core' transcriptomic response of Eucalyptus grandis to mycorrhization that was independent of abiotic conditions. Our results demonstrate that even between closely related ECM species, responses to N fertilization can vary considerably, suggesting that a better understanding of the breadth and mechanisms of their responses is needed to support forest ecosystems into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista L Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia.,Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, 2568, Australia
| | - Fridtjof Snijders
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Laura Castañeda-Gómez
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia.,Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Johanna W-H Wong-Bajracharya
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia.,Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, 2568, Australia
| | - Ian C Anderson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Yolima Carrillo
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
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7
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Hill RA, Wong-Bajracharya J, Anwar S, Coles D, Wang M, Lipzen A, Ng V, Grigoriev IV, Martin F, Anderson IC, Cazzonelli CI, Jeffries T, Plett KL, Plett JM. Abscisic acid supports colonization of Eucalyptus grandis roots by the mutualistic ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus microcarpus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:966-982. [PMID: 34699614 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The pathways regulated in ectomycorrhizal (EcM) plant hosts during the establishment of symbiosis are not as well understood when compared to the functional stages of this mutualistic interaction. Our study used the EcM host Eucalyptus grandis to elucidate symbiosis-regulated pathways across the three phases of this interaction. Using a combination of RNA sequencing and metabolomics we studied both stage-specific and core responses of E. grandis during colonization by Pisolithus microcarpus. Using exogenous manipulation of the abscisic acid (ABA), we studied the role of this pathway during symbiosis establishment. Despite the mutualistic nature of this symbiosis, a large number of disease signalling TIR-NBS-LRR genes were induced. The transcriptional regulation in E. grandis was found to be dynamic across colonization with a small core of genes consistently regulated at all stages. Genes associated to the carotenoid/ABA pathway were found within this core and ABA concentrations increased during fungal integration into the root. Supplementation of ABA led to improved accommodation of P. microcarpus into E. grandis roots. The carotenoid pathway is a core response of an EcM host to its symbiont and highlights the need to understand the role of the stress hormone ABA in controlling host-EcM fungal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Hill
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Johanna Wong-Bajracharya
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
| | - Sidra Anwar
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Donovin Coles
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Mei Wang
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Anna Lipzen
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Vivian Ng
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Francis Martin
- INRAE, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE, INRAE GrandEst-Nancy, Université de Lorraine, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Ian C Anderson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Christopher I Cazzonelli
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Thomas Jeffries
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Krista L Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
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A Transcriptomic Atlas of the Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Laccaria bicolor. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122612. [PMID: 34946213 PMCID: PMC8708209 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Trees are able to colonize, establish and survive in a wide range of soils through associations with ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi. Proper functioning of EcM fungi implies the differentiation of structures within the fungal colony. A symbiotic structure is dedicated to nutrient exchange and the extramatricular mycelium explores soil for nutrients. Eventually, basidiocarps develop to assure last stages of sexual reproduction. The aim of this study is to understand how an EcM fungus uses its gene set to support functional differentiation and development of specialized morphological structures. We examined the transcriptomes of Laccaria bicolor under a series of experimental setups, including the growth with Populus tremula x alba at different developmental stages, basidiocarps and free-living mycelium, under various conditions of N, P and C supply. In particular, N supply induced global transcriptional changes, whereas responses to P supply seemed to be independent from it. Symbiosis development with poplar is characterized by transcriptional waves. Basidiocarp development shares transcriptional signatures with other basidiomycetes. Overlaps in transcriptional responses of L. bicolor hyphae to a host plant and N/C supply next to co-regulation of genes in basidiocarps and mature mycorrhiza were detected. Few genes are induced in a single condition only, but functional and morphological differentiation rather involves fine tuning of larger gene sets. Overall, this transcriptomic atlas builds a reference to study the function and stability of EcM symbiosis in distinct conditions using L. bicolor as a model and indicates both similarities and differences with other ectomycorrhizal fungi, allowing researchers to distinguish conserved processes such as basidiocarp development from nutrient homeostasis.
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Novel Microdialysis Technique Reveals a Dramatic Shift in Metabolite Secretion during the Early Stages of the Interaction between the Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Pisolithus microcarpus and Its Host Eucalyptus grandis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091817. [PMID: 34576712 PMCID: PMC8465077 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The colonisation of tree roots by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi is the result of numerous signalling exchanges between organisms, many of which occur before physical contact. However, information is lacking about these exchanges and the compounds that are secreted by each organism before contact. This is in part due to a lack of low disturbance sampling methods with sufficient temporal and spatial resolution to capture these exchanges. Using a novel in situ microdialysis approach, we sampled metabolites released from Eucalyptus grandis and Pisolithus microcarpus independently and during indirect contact over a 48-h time-course using UPLC-MS. A total of 560 and 1530 molecular features (MFs; ESI- and ESI+ respectively) were identified with significant differential abundance from control treatments. We observed that indirect contact between organisms altered the secretion of MFs to produce a distinct metabolomic profile compared to either organism independently. Many of these MFs were produced within the first hour of contact and included several phenylpropanoids, fatty acids and organic acids. These findings show that the secreted metabolome, particularly of the ECM fungus, can rapidly shift during the early stages of pre-symbiotic contact and highlight the importance of observing these early interactions in greater detail. We present microdialysis as a useful tool for examining plant–fungal signalling with high temporal resolution and with minimal experimental disturbance.
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Pb Stress and Ectomycorrhizas: Strong Protective Proteomic Responses in Poplar Roots Inoculated with Paxillus involutus Isolate and Characterized by Low Root Colonization Intensity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094300. [PMID: 33919023 PMCID: PMC8122328 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The commonly observed increased heavy metal tolerance of ectomycorrhized plants is usually linked with the protective role of the fungal hyphae covering colonized plant root tips. However, the molecular tolerance mechanisms in heavy metal stressed low-colonized ectormyocrrhizal plants characterized by an ectomycorrhiza-triggered increases in growth are unknown. Here, we examined Populus × canescens microcuttings inoculated with the Paxillus involutus isolate, which triggered an increase in poplar growth despite successful colonization of only 1.9% ± 0.8 of root tips. The analyzed plants, lacking a mantle—a protective fungal biofilter—were grown for 6 weeks in agar medium enriched with 0.75 mM Pb(NO3)2. In minimally colonized ‘bare’ roots, the proteome response to Pb was similar to that in noninoculated plants (e.g., higher abundances of PM- and V-type H+ ATPases and lower abundance of ribosomal proteins). However, the more intensive activation of molecular processes leading to Pb sequestration or redirection of the root metabolic flux into amino acid and Pb chelate (phenolics and citrate) biosynthesis coexisted with lower Pb uptake compared to that in controls. The molecular Pb response of inoculated roots was more intense and effective than that of noninoculated roots in poplars.
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11
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Dreischhoff S, Das IS, Jakobi M, Kasper K, Polle A. Local Responses and Systemic Induced Resistance Mediated by Ectomycorrhizal Fungi. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:590063. [PMID: 33381131 PMCID: PMC7767828 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.590063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) grow as saprotrophs in soil and interact with plants, forming mutualistic associations with roots of many economically and ecologically important forest tree genera. EMF ensheath the root tips and produce an extensive extramatrical mycelium for nutrient uptake from the soil. In contrast to other mycorrhizal fungal symbioses, EMF do not invade plant cells but form an interface for nutrient exchange adjacent to the cortex cells. The interaction of roots and EMF affects host stress resistance but uncovering the underlying molecular mechanisms is an emerging topic. Here, we focused on local and systemic effects of EMF modulating defenses against insects or pathogens in aboveground tissues in comparison with arbuscular mycorrhizal induced systemic resistance. Molecular studies indicate a role of chitin in defense activation by EMF in local tissues and an immune response that is induced by yet unknown signals in aboveground tissues. Volatile organic compounds may be involved in long-distance communication between below- and aboveground tissues, in addition to metabolite signals in the xylem or phloem. In leaves of EMF-colonized plants, jasmonate signaling is involved in transcriptional re-wiring, leading to metabolic shifts in the secondary and nitrogen-based defense metabolism but cross talk with salicylate-related signaling is likely. Ectomycorrhizal-induced plant immunity shares commonalities with systemic acquired resistance and induced systemic resistance. We highlight novel developments and provide a guide to future research directions in EMF-induced resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Andrea Polle
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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12
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Martins Alves AM, Pereira Menezes Reis S, Peres Gramacho K, Micheli F. The glutathione peroxidase family of Theobroma cacao: Involvement in the oxidative stress during witches' broom disease. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:3698-3708. [PMID: 32882281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The glutathione peroxidases (GPXs) are enzymes which are part of the cell antioxidant system inhibiting the ROS-induced damages of membranes and proteins. In cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) genome, five GPX genes were identified. Cysteine insertion codons (UGU) were found in TcPHGPX, TcGPX2, TcGPX4, TcGPX6 and tryptophan insertion codon (UGG) in TcGPX8. Multiple alignments revealed conserved domains between TcGPXs and other plants and human GPXs. Homology modeling was performed using the Populus trichocarpa GPX5 structure as template, and the molecular modeling showed that TcGPXs have affinity with selenometionine in their active site. In silico analysis of the TcGPXs promoter region revealed the presence of conserved cis-elements related to biotic stresses and hormone responsiveness. The expression analysis of TcGPXs in cacao plantlet meristems infected by M. perniciosa showed that TcGPXs are most expressed in susceptible variety than in resistant one, mainly in disease stages in which oxidative stress and programmed cell death occurred. This data, associated with phylogenetic and location analysis suggested that TcGPXs may play a role in protecting cells from oxidative stress as a try of disease progression reduction. To our knowledge, this is the first study of the overall GPX family from T. cacao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akyla Maria Martins Alves
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Sara Pereira Menezes Reis
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Fabienne Micheli
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil; CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France.
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13
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Plett KL, Kohler A, Lebel T, Singan VR, Bauer D, He G, Ng V, Grigoriev IV, Martin F, Plett JM, Anderson IC. Intra-species genetic variability drives carbon metabolism and symbiotic host interactions in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus microcarpus. Environ Microbiol 2020; 23:2004-2020. [PMID: 33185936 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are integral to boreal and temperate forest ecosystem functioning and nutrient cycling. ECM fungi, however, originate from diverse saprotrophic lineages and the impacts of genetic variation across species, and especially within a given ECM species, on function and interactions with the environment is not well understood. Here, we explore the extent of intra-species variation between four isolates of the ECM fungus Pisolithus microcarpus, in terms of gene regulation, carbon metabolism and growth, and interactions with a host, Eucalyptus grandis. We demonstrate that, while a core response to the host is maintained by all of the isolates tested, they have distinct patterns of gene expression and carbon metabolism, resulting in the differential expression of isolate-specific response pathways in the host plant. Together, these results highlight the importance of using a wider range of individuals within a species to understand the broader ecological roles of ECM fungi and their host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista L Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Annegret Kohler
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE, INRAE GrandEst-Nancy, Champenoux, 54280, France
| | - Teresa Lebel
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Botanic Gardens and State Herbarium of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Vasanth R Singan
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Diane Bauer
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Guifen He
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Vivian Ng
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Francis Martin
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE, INRAE GrandEst-Nancy, Champenoux, 54280, France
| | - Jonathan M Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Ian C Anderson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
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14
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Genre A, Lanfranco L, Perotto S, Bonfante P. Unique and common traits in mycorrhizal symbioses. Nat Rev Microbiol 2020; 18:649-660. [PMID: 32694620 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-0402-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycorrhizas are among the most important biological interkingdom interactions, as they involve ~340,000 land plants and ~50,000 taxa of soil fungi. In these mutually beneficial interactions, fungi receive photosynthesis-derived carbon and provide the host plant with mineral nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen in exchange. More than 150 years of research on mycorrhizas has raised awareness of their biology, biodiversity and ecological impact. In this Review, we focus on recent phylogenomic, molecular and cell biology studies to present the current state of knowledge of the origin of mycorrhizal fungi and the evolutionary history of their relationship with land plants. As mycorrhizas feature a variety of phenotypes, depending on partner taxonomy, physiology and cellular interactions, we explore similarities and differences between mycorrhizal types. During evolution, mycorrhizal fungi have refined their biotrophic capabilities to take advantage of their hosts as food sources and protective niches, while plants have developed multiple strategies to accommodate diverse fungal symbionts. Intimate associations with pervasive ecological success have originated at the crossroads between these two evolutionary pathways. Our understanding of the biological processes underlying these symbioses, where fungi act as biofertilizers and bioprotectors, provides the tools to design biotechnological applications addressing environmental and agricultural challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Genre
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Luisa Lanfranco
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Perotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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15
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Szuba A, Marczak Ł, Ratajczak I, Kasprowicz-Maluśki A, Mucha J. Integrated proteomic and metabolomic analyses revealed molecular adjustments in Populus × canescens colonized with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus, which limited plant host growth. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:3754-3771. [PMID: 32608104 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizae (ECMs) are a highly context-dependent interactions that are not always beneficial for the plant host, sometimes leading to a decrease in plant growth. However, the molecular status of these plants remains unknown. We studied Populus × canescens microcuttings characterized by impaired growth in response to colonization by a Paxillus involutus strain via integrative proteomics-metabolomics analyses. The analysed strain was characterized by low compatibility and formed only mantles, not a Hartig net, in the majority of root tips. The increased abundance of photosynthetic proteins and foliar carbohydrates co-occurred with signals of intensified resource exchange via the stems of colonized plants. In the roots, intensified C metabolism resulted in the biosynthesis of secondary C compounds unavailable to the fungal partner but also C skeletons necessary to increase insufficient N uptake from the hyphae. The stress response was also detected in colonized plants but was similar to that reported previously during mutualistic ECM interactions. In colonized poplar plants, mechanisms to prevent imbalanced C/N trade-offs were activated. Root metabolism strongly depended on features of the whole plant, especially the foliar C/N budget. However, despite ECM-triggered growth impairment and the foliar nutrient status, the fungal partner was recognized to be a symbiotic partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Szuba
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Dendrology, Parkowa 5, Kórnik, PL-62035, Poland
| | - Łukasz Marczak
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Noskowskiego 12/14, Poznań, PL-61704, Poland
| | - Izabela Ratajczak
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, Poznań, PL-60625, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Mucha
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Dendrology, Parkowa 5, Kórnik, PL-62035, Poland
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16
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Bouffaud ML, Herrmann S, Tarkka MT, Bönn M, Feldhahn L, Buscot F. Oak displays common local but specific distant gene regulation responses to different mycorrhizal fungi. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:399. [PMID: 32532205 PMCID: PMC7291512 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations of tree roots with diverse symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi have distinct effects on whole plant functioning. An untested explanation might be that such effect variability is associated with distinct impacts of different fungi on gene expression in local and distant plant organs. Using a large scale transcriptome sequencing approach, we compared the impact of three ectomycorrhizal (EMF) and one orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) on gene regulation in colonized roots (local), non-colonized roots (short distance) and leaves (long distance) of the Quercus robur clone DF159 with reference to the recently published oak genome. Since different mycorrhizal fungi form symbiosis in a different time span and variable extents of apposition structure development, we sampled inoculated but non-mycorrhizal plants, for which however markedly symbiotic effects have been reported. Local root colonization by the fungi was assessed by fungal transcript analysis. RESULTS The EMF induced marked and species specific effects on plant development in the analysed association stage, but the OMF did not. At local level, a common set of plant differentially expressed genes (DEG) was identified with similar patterns of responses to the three EMF, but not to the OMF. Most of these core DEG were down-regulated and correspond to already described but also new functions related to establishment of EMF symbiosis. Analysis of the fungal transcripts of two EMF in highly colonized roots also revealed onset of a symbiosis establishment. In contrast, in the OMF, the DEG were mainly related to plant defence. Already at short distances, high specificities in transcriptomic responses to the four fungi were detected, which were further enhanced at long distance in leaves, where almost no common DEG were found between the treatments. Notably, no correlation between phylogeny of the EMF and gene expression patterns was observed. CONCLUSIONS Use of clonal oaks allowed us to identify a core transcriptional program in roots colonized by three different EMF, supporting the existence of a common EMF symbiotic pathway. Conversely, the specific responses in non-colonized organs were more closely related to the specific impacts of the different of EMF on plant performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Lara Bouffaud
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, D-06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Sylvie Herrmann
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, D-06120, Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Mika T Tarkka
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, D-06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Markus Bönn
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, D-06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Lasse Feldhahn
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, D-06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - François Buscot
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, D-06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
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17
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Chen X, Marszałkowska M, Reinhold-Hurek B. Jasmonic Acid, Not Salicyclic Acid Restricts Endophytic Root Colonization of Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1758. [PMID: 32063914 PMCID: PMC7000620 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Research on the interaction between the non-nodule-forming bacterial endophytes and their host plants is still in its infancy. Especially the understanding of plant control mechanisms which govern endophytic colonization is very limited. The current study sets out to determine which hormonal signaling pathway controls endophytic colonization in rice, and whether the mechanisms deviate for a pathogen. The endophyte Azoarcus olearius BH72-rice model was used to investigate root responses to endophytes in comparison to the recently established pathosystem of rice blight Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae PXO99 (Xoo) in flooded roots. In the rice root transcriptome, 523 or 664 genes were found to be differentially expressed in response to Azoarcus or Xoo colonization, respectively; however, the response was drastically different, with only 6% of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) overlapping. Overall, Xoo infection induced a much stronger defense reaction than Azoarcus colonization, with the latter leading to down-regulation of many defense related DEGs. Endophyte-induced DEGs encoded several enzymes involved in phytoalexin biosynthesis, ROS (reactive oxygen species) production, or pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. Among putative plant markers related to signal transduction pathways modulated exclusively during Azoarcus colonization, none overlapped with previously published DEGs identified for another rice endophyte, Azospirillum sp. B510. This suggests a large variation in responses of individual genotypic combinations. Interestingly, the DEGs related to jasmonate (JA) signaling pathway were found to be consistently activated by both beneficial endophytes. In contrast, the salicylate (SA) pathway was activated only in roots infected by the pathogen. To determine the impact of SA and JA production on root colonization by the endophyte and the pathogen, rice mutants with altered hormonal responses were employed: mutant cpm2 deficient in jasmonate synthesis, and RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown lines of NPR1 decreased in salicylic acid-mediated defense responses (NPR1-kd). Only in cpm2, endophytic colonization of Azoarcus was significantly increased, while Xoo colonization was not affected. Surprisingly, NPR1-kd lines showed slightly decreased colonization by Xoo, contrary to published results for leaves. These outcomes suggest that JA but not SA signaling is involved in controlling the Azoarcus endophyte density in roots and can restrict internal root colonization, thereby shaping the beneficial root microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Barbara Reinhold-Hurek
- Department of Microbe-Plant Interactions, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, CBIB (Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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18
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Campos C, Nobre T, Goss MJ, Faria J, Barrulas P, Carvalho M. Transcriptome Analysis of Wheat Roots Reveals a Differential Regulation of Stress Responses Related to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Soil Disturbance. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8040093. [PMID: 31835704 PMCID: PMC6956056 DOI: 10.3390/biology8040093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Symbioses with soil microorganisms are central in shaping the diversity and productivity of land plants and provide protection against a diversity of stresses, including metal toxicity. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can form extensive extraradical mycelial networks (ERM), which are very efficient in colonizing a new host. We quantified the responses of transcriptomes of wheat and one AMF partner, Rhizoglomus irregulare, to soil disturbance (Undisturbed vs. Disturbed) and to two different preceding mycotrophic species (Ornithopus compressus and Lolium rigidum). Soil disturbance and preceding plant species engender different AMF communities in wheat roots, resulting in a differential tolerance to soil manganese (Mn) toxicity. Soil disturbance negatively impacted wheat growth under manganese toxicity, probably due to the disruption of the ERM, and activated a large number of stress and starvation-related genes. The O. compressus treatment, which induces a greater Mn protection in wheat than L. rigidum, activated processes related to cellular division and growth, and very few related to stress. The L. rigidum treatment mostly induced genes that were related to oxidative stress, disease protection, and metal ion binding. R. irregulare cell division and molecular exchange between nucleus and cytoplasm were increased by O. compressus. These findings are highly relevant for sustainable agricultural systems, when considering a fit-for-purpose symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Campos
- ICAAM—Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora. Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (T.N.); (J.F.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-266-760-885
| | - Tânia Nobre
- ICAAM—Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora. Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (T.N.); (J.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Michael J. Goss
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Jorge Faria
- ICAAM—Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora. Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (T.N.); (J.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Pedro Barrulas
- Laboratório HERCULES, Universidade de Évora, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809 Évora, Portugal;
| | - Mário Carvalho
- ICAAM—Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora. Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (T.N.); (J.F.); (M.C.)
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19
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Plett KL, Raposo AE, Anderson IC, Piller SC, Plett JM. Protein Arginine Methyltransferase Expression Affects Ectomycorrhizal Symbiosis and the Regulation of Hormone Signaling Pathways. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:1291-1302. [PMID: 31216220 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-19-0007-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The genomes of all eukaryotic organisms, from small unicellular yeasts to humans, include members of the protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) family. These enzymes affect gene transcription, cellular signaling, and function through the posttranslational methylation of arginine residues. Mis-regulation of PRMTs results in serious developmental defects, disease, or death, illustrating the importance of these enzymes to cellular processes. Plant genomes encode almost the full complement of PRMTs found in other higher organisms, plus an additional PRMT found uniquely in plants, PRMT10. Here, we investigate the role of these highly conserved PRMTs in a process that is unique to perennial plants-the development of symbiosis with ectomycorrhizal fungi. We show that PRMT expression and arginine methylation is altered in the roots of the model tree Eucalyptus grandis by the presence of its ectomycorrhizal fungal symbiont Pisolithus albus. Further, using transgenic modifications, we demonstrate that E. grandis-encoded PRMT1 and PRMT10 have important but opposing effects in promoting this symbiosis. In particular, the plant-specific EgPRMT10 has a potential role in the expression of plant hormone pathways during the colonization process and its overexpression reduces fungal colonization success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista L Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Anita E Raposo
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Ian C Anderson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Sabine C Piller
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
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20
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Santos Dória M, Silva Guedes M, de Andrade Silva EM, Magalhães de Oliveira T, Pirovani CP, Kupper KC, Bastianel M, Micheli F. Comparative proteomics of two citrus varieties in response to infection by the fungus Alternaria alternata. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 136:410-423. [PMID: 31199975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Alternaria brown spot (ABS) is a disease caused by the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria alternata, which induces necrotic lesions on fruits and young leaves due to the production of the host-specific ACT toxin by the fungus. To better understand the citrus-A. alternata interaction and to identify putative resistance proteins, as well as the receptor of the ACT toxin, citrus plants susceptible ('Minneola' mandarin) and resistant ('Clemenules' tangor) to A. alternata, infected or not (control) with the pathogen were analyzed by proteomics. Protein changes were observed between citrus genotypes after infection, and 150 candidate proteins were obtained. A general scheme of the metabolic processes involved in susceptible and resistant citrus-A. alternata interactions was designed. Susceptible plants presented a high level of proteins involved in stress response at the final stages of the infection, whereas resistant plants presented high level of ROS proteins, metabolic proteins, and proteins involved in the immune system process. Proteins like ferredoxin and cyclophilin are specific to the susceptible variety and may be good candidates as fungal effector-interacting proteins. This is the first citrus-A. alternata proteomics analysis, which has allowed a better understanding of the molecular bases of the citrus response to ABS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Santos Dória
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), BA, Brazil
| | - Meg Silva Guedes
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), BA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), BA, Brazil
| | - Katia Cristina Kupper
- Centro de Citricultura "Sylvio Moreira", Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC), SP, Brazil
| | - Marinês Bastianel
- Centro de Citricultura "Sylvio Moreira", Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC), SP, Brazil
| | - Fabienne Micheli
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), BA, Brazil; CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France.
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21
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Hess J, Skrede I, Chaib De Mares M, Hainaut M, Henrissat B, Pringle A. Rapid Divergence of Genome Architectures Following the Origin of an Ectomycorrhizal Symbiosis in the Genus Amanita. Mol Biol Evol 2018; 35:2786-2804. [PMID: 30239843 PMCID: PMC6231487 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are evolutionary shape shifters and adapt quickly to new environments. Ectomycorrhizal (EM) symbioses are mutualistic associations between fungi and plants and have evolved repeatedly and independently across the fungal tree of life, suggesting lineages frequently reconfigure genome content to take advantage of open ecological niches. To date analyses of genomic mechanisms facilitating EM symbioses have involved comparisons of distantly related species, but here, we use the genomes of three EM and two asymbiotic (AS) fungi from the genus Amanita as well as an AS outgroup to study genome evolution following a single origin of symbiosis. Our aim was to identify the defining features of EM genomes, but our analyses suggest no clear differentiation of genome size, gene repertoire size, or transposable element content between EM and AS species. Phylogenetic inference of gene gains and losses suggests the transition to symbiosis was dominated by the loss of plant cell wall decomposition genes, a confirmation of previous findings. However, the same dynamic defines the AS species A. inopinata, suggesting loss is not strictly associated with origin of symbiosis. Gene expansions in the common ancestor of EM Amanita were modest, but lineage specific and large gene family expansions are found in two of the three EM extant species. Even closely related EM genomes appear to share few common features. The genetic toolkit required for symbiosis appears already encoded in the genomes of saprotrophic species, and this dynamic may explain the pervasive, recurrent evolution of ectomycorrhizal associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Hess
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Skrede
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maryam Chaib De Mares
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthieu Hainaut
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- INRA, USC1408 AFMB, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- INRA, USC1408 AFMB, Marseille, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anne Pringle
- Departments of Botany and Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI
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Hu Y, Liang Y, Zhang M, Tan F, Zhong S, Li X, Gong G, Chang X, Shang J, Tang S, Li T, Luo P. Comparative transcriptome profiling of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici during compatible and incompatible interactions with sister wheat lines carrying and lacking Pm40. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198891. [PMID: 29975700 PMCID: PMC6033381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) is an obligate biotrophic fungus that causes wheat powdery mildew, which is a devastating disease in wheat. However, little is known about the pathogenesis of this fungus, and differences in the pathogenesis of the same pathogen at various resistance levels in hosts have not been determined. In the present study, leaf tissues of both Pm40-expressing hexaploid wheat line L658 and its Pm40-deficient sister line L958 were harvested at 0 (without inoculation), 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours post-inoculation (hpi) with Bgt race 15 and then subjected to RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). In addition, we also observed changes in fungal growth morphology at the aforementioned time points. There was a high correlation between percentage of reads mapped to the Bgt reference genome and biomass of the fungus within the leaf tissue during the growth process. The percentage of mapped reads of Bgt in compatible interactions was significantly higher (at the p<0.05 level) than that of reads in incompatible interactions from 24 to 72 hpi. Further functional annotations indicated that expression levels of genes encoding H+-transporting ATPase, putative secreted effector proteins (PSEPs) and heat shock proteins (HSPs) were significantly up-regulated in compatible interactions compared with these levels in incompatible interactions, particularly at 72 hpi. Moreover, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis suggested that genes involved in the endocytosis pathway were also enriched in compatible interactions. Overall, genes encoding H+-transporting ATPase, PSEPs and HSPs possibly played crucial roles in successfully establishing the pathogenesis of compatible interactions during late stages of inoculation. The study results also indicated that endocytosis is likely to play a potential role in Bgt in establishing compatible interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Hu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yinping Liang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Feiquan Tan
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shengfu Zhong
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Guoshu Gong
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoli Chang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Shang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shengwen Tang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Peigao Luo
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Freire CG, Giachini AJ, Gardin JPP, Rodrigues AC, Vieira RL, Baratto CM, Werner SS, Abreu BH. First record of in vitro formation of ectomycorrhizae in Psidium cattleianum Sabine, a native Myrtaceae of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196984. [PMID: 29738553 PMCID: PMC5940196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Like many other species of trees native to the Brazilian Mata Atlântica (Atlantic Forest), the Myrtaceae, such as the Red Araza (Psidium cattleianum Sabine), are widely cited as arbuscular mycorrhizal formers. Nevertheless, recent studies show evidence that Myrtaceae from different tropical, subtropical and neotropical ecosystems can also prompt the formation of ectomycorrhizae, indicating that this species' ectomycorrhizal status should be further explored. Because of this, this research effort studied the in vitro interaction between the Red Araza and two ectomycorrhizal fungi isolates, belonging to the Pisolithus microcarpus (D17) and Scleroderma citrinum (UFSC-Sc133) species. An analysis was performed to determine the formation of ectomycorrhizal structures, or lack thereof, and the developmental differences between the in vitro mycorrhized and non-mycorrhized plants. The analysis proved that indeed an ectomycorrhizal association was developed between the Red Araza, and the D17 and UFSC-Sc133 isolates, a fact never before registered in the existing literature. After an in vitro period of 110 days, it was confirmed that the D17 and UFSC-Sc133 isolates formed mycorrhizal colonization of 91.6% and 15.7%, respectively. Furthermore, both isolates also promoted root thickening, and the formation of a fungal mantle and a Hartig net. However, when compared to the Control plants, the fungal isolates did not contribute to an increase in the development of the subject plants, possibly due to the specific experimental conditions used, such as a high humidity environment and high availability of nutrients in the symbiotic substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassio Geremia Freire
- Departament of Health and Biology Sciences, University Alto Vale do Rio do Peixe, Caçador, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- * E-mail: (CGF); (AJG)
| | - Admir José Giachini
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- * E-mail: (CGF); (AJG)
| | | | - Ana Claudia Rodrigues
- Department of Fungi, Algae and Plants Biology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Renato Luis Vieira
- Department of Temperate Climate Plants, Agricultural Research and Rural Extension Company of Santa Catarina, Caçador, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - César Milton Baratto
- Departament of Molecular Biology, West University of Santa Catarina, Videira, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Simone Silmara Werner
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Agricultural Research and Rural Extension Company of Santa Catarina, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Haas Abreu
- Department of Applied Microscopy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina–Brazil
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Plett JM, Martin FM. Know your enemy, embrace your friend: using omics to understand how plants respond differently to pathogenic and mutualistic microorganisms. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:729-746. [PMID: 29265527 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms, or 'microbes', have formed intimate associations with plants throughout the length of their evolutionary history. In extant plant systems microbes still remain an integral part of the ecological landscape, impacting plant health, productivity and long-term fitness. Therefore, to properly understand the genetic wiring of plants, we must first determine what perception systems plants have evolved to parse beneficial from commensal from pathogenic microbes. In this review, we consider some of the most recent advances in how plants respond at the molecular level to different microbial lifestyles. Further, we cover some of the means by which microbes are able to manipulate plant signaling pathways through altered destructiveness and nutrient sinks, as well as the use of effector proteins and micro-RNAs (miRNAs). We conclude by highlighting some of the major questions still to be answered in the field of plant-microbe research, and suggest some of the key areas that are in greatest need of further research investment. The results of these proposed studies will have impacts in a wide range of plant research disciplines and will, ultimately, translate into stronger agronomic crops and forestry stock, with immune perception and response systems bred to foster beneficial microbial symbioses while repudiating pathogenic symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Francis M Martin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche, 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'excellence ARBRE, Centre INRA-Grand Est-Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France
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25
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Daguerre Y, Levati E, Ruytinx J, Tisserant E, Morin E, Kohler A, Montanini B, Ottonello S, Brun A, Veneault-Fourrey C, Martin F. Regulatory networks underlying mycorrhizal development delineated by genome-wide expression profiling and functional analysis of the transcription factor repertoire of the plant symbiotic fungus Laccaria bicolor. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:737. [PMID: 28923004 PMCID: PMC5604158 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi develop a mutualistic symbiotic interaction with the roots of their host plants. During this process, they undergo a series of developmental transitions from the running hyphae in the rhizosphere to the coenocytic hyphae forming finger-like structures within the root apoplastic space. These transitions, which involve profound, symbiosis-associated metabolic changes, also entail a substantial transcriptome reprogramming with coordinated waves of differentially expressed genes. To date, little is known about the key transcriptional regulators driving these changes, and the aim of the present study was to delineate and functionally characterize the transcription factor (TF) repertoire of the model ECM fungus Laccaria bicolor. RESULTS We curated the L. bicolor gene models coding for transcription factors and assessed their expression and regulation in Poplar and Douglas fir ectomycorrhizae. We identified 285 TFs, 191 of which share a significant similarity with known transcriptional regulators. Expression profiling of the corresponding transcripts identified TF-encoding fungal genes differentially expressed in the ECM root tips of both host plants. The L. bicolor core set of differentially expressed TFs consists of 12 and 22 genes that are, respectively, upregulated and downregulated in symbiotic tissues. These TFs resemble known fungal regulators involved in the control of fungal invasive growth, fungal cell wall integrity, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, invasive stress response and fruiting-body development. However, this core set of mycorrhiza-regulated TFs seems to be characteristic of L. bicolor and our data suggest that each mycorrhizal fungus has evolved its own set of ECM development regulators. A subset of the above TFs was functionally validated with the use of a heterologous, transcription activation assay in yeast, which also allowed the identification of previously unknown, transcriptionally active yet secreted polypeptides designated as Secreted Transcriptional Activator Proteins (STAPs). CONCLUSIONS Transcriptional regulators required for ECM symbiosis development in L. bicolor have been uncovered and classified through genome-wide analysis. This study also identifies the STAPs as a new class of potential ECM effectors, highly expressed in mycorrhizae, which may be involved in the control of the symbiotic root transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Daguerre
- INRA, UMR 1136, INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, 54280, Champenoux, France
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136, INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-, Nancy, France
- Present address: Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umea, Sweden
| | - E Levati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 23/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - J Ruytinx
- INRA, UMR 1136, INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, 54280, Champenoux, France
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136, INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-, Nancy, France
- Present address: Hasselt University, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Agoralaan building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - E Tisserant
- INRA, UMR 1136, INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, 54280, Champenoux, France
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136, INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-, Nancy, France
| | - E Morin
- INRA, UMR 1136, INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, 54280, Champenoux, France
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136, INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-, Nancy, France
| | - A Kohler
- INRA, UMR 1136, INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, 54280, Champenoux, France
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136, INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-, Nancy, France
| | - B Montanini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 23/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - S Ottonello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 23/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - A Brun
- INRA, UMR 1136, INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, 54280, Champenoux, France
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136, INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-, Nancy, France
| | - C Veneault-Fourrey
- INRA, UMR 1136, INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, 54280, Champenoux, France.
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136, INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-, Nancy, France.
| | - F Martin
- INRA, UMR 1136, INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, 54280, Champenoux, France
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136, INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-, Nancy, France
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Doré J, Kohler A, Dubost A, Hundley H, Singan V, Peng Y, Kuo A, Grigoriev IV, Martin F, Marmeisse R, Gay G. The ectomycorrhizal basidiomyceteHebeloma cylindrosporumundergoes early waves of transcriptional reprogramming prior to symbiotic structures differentiation. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:1338-1354. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Doré
- Ecologie Microbienne; Université de Lyon; F-69622 Lyon France
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5557, INRA, UMR1418; Villeurbanne France
| | - Annegret Kohler
- Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy; INRA, UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine; Champenoux 54280 France
| | - Audrey Dubost
- Ecologie Microbienne; Université de Lyon; F-69622 Lyon France
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5557, INRA, UMR1418; Villeurbanne France
| | - Hope Hundley
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute; Walnut Creek CA 94598 USA
| | - Vasanth Singan
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute; Walnut Creek CA 94598 USA
| | - Yi Peng
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute; Walnut Creek CA 94598 USA
| | - Alan Kuo
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute; Walnut Creek CA 94598 USA
| | - Igor V. Grigoriev
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute; Walnut Creek CA 94598 USA
| | - Francis Martin
- Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy; INRA, UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine; Champenoux 54280 France
| | - Roland Marmeisse
- Ecologie Microbienne; Université de Lyon; F-69622 Lyon France
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5557, INRA, UMR1418; Villeurbanne France
| | - Gilles Gay
- Ecologie Microbienne; Université de Lyon; F-69622 Lyon France
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5557, INRA, UMR1418; Villeurbanne France
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Zhang Y, Sa G, Zhang Y, Zhu Z, Deng S, Sun J, Li N, Li J, Yao J, Zhao N, Zhao R, Ma X, Polle A, Chen S. Paxillus involutus-Facilitated Cd 2+ Influx through Plasma Membrane Ca 2+-Permeable Channels Is Stimulated by H 2O 2 and H +-ATPase in Ectomycorrhizal Populus × canescens under Cadmium Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 7:1975. [PMID: 28111579 PMCID: PMC5216326 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Using a Non-invasive Micro-test Technique, flux profiles of Cd2+, Ca2+, and H+ were investigated in axenically grown cultures of two strains of Paxillus involutus (MAJ and NAU), ectomycorrhizae formed by these fungi with the woody Cd2+-hyperaccumulator, Populus × canescens, and non-mycorrhizal (NM) roots. The influx of Cd2+ increased in fungal mycelia, NM and ectomycorrhizal (EM) roots upon a 40-min shock, after short-term (ST, 24 h), or long-term (LT, 7 days) exposure to a hydroponic environment of 50 μM CdCl2. Cd2+ treatments (shock, ST, and LT) decreased Ca2+ influx in NM and EM roots but led to an enhanced influx of Ca2+ in axenically grown EM cultures of the two P. involutus isolates. The susceptibility of Cd2+ flux to typical Ca2+ channel blockers (LaCl3, GdCl3, verapamil, and TEA) in fungal mycelia and poplar roots indicated that the Cd2+ entry occurred mainly through Ca2+-permeable channels in the plasma membrane (PM). Cd2+ treatment resulted in H2O2 production. H2O2 exposure accelerated the entry of Cd2+ and Ca2+ in NM and EM roots. Cd2+ further stimulated H+ pumping activity benefiting NM and EM roots to maintain an acidic environment, which favored the entry of Cd2+ across the PM. A scavenger of reactive oxygen species, DMTU, and an inhibitor of PM H+-ATPase, orthovanadate, decreased Ca2+ and Cd2+ influx in NM and EM roots, suggesting that the entry of Cd2+ through Ca2+-permeable channels is stimulated by H2O2 and H+ pumps. Compared to NM roots, EM roots exhibited higher Cd2+-fluxes under shock, ST, and LT Cd2+ treatments. We conclude that ectomycorrhizal P. × canescens roots retained a pronounced H2O2 production and a high H+-pumping activity, which activated PM Ca2+ channels and thus facilitated a high influx of Cd2+ under Cd2+ stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Gang Sa
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Yinan Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Zhimei Zhu
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Shurong Deng
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jian Sun
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhou, China
| | - Nianfei Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Henan Polytechnic UniversityJiaozuo, China
| | - Jun Yao
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xujun Ma
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Andrea Polle
- Büsgen-Institut, Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Georg-August-Universität GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Shaoliang Chen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
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Martin F, Kohler A, Murat C, Veneault-Fourrey C, Hibbett DS. Unearthing the roots of ectomycorrhizal symbioses. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016; 14:760-773. [PMID: 27795567 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
During the diversification of Fungi and the rise of conifer-dominated and angiosperm- dominated forests, mutualistic symbioses developed between certain trees and ectomycorrhizal fungi that enabled these trees to colonize boreal and temperate regions. The evolutionary success of these symbioses is evident from phylogenomic analyses that suggest that ectomycorrhizal fungi have arisen in approximately 60 independent saprotrophic lineages, which has led to the wide range of ectomycorrhizal associations that exist today. In this Review, we discuss recent genomic studies that have revealed the adaptations that seem to be fundamental to the convergent evolution of ectomycorrhizal fungi, including the loss of some metabolic functions and the acquisition of effectors that facilitate mutualistic interactions with host plants. Finally, we consider how these insights can be integrated into a model of the development of ectomycorrhizal symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Martin
- Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'excellence Recherches Avancés sur la Biologie de l'Arbre et les Ecosystèmes Forestiers (ARBRE), Centre INRA-Lorraine, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Annegret Kohler
- Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'excellence Recherches Avancés sur la Biologie de l'Arbre et les Ecosystèmes Forestiers (ARBRE), Centre INRA-Lorraine, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Claude Murat
- Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'excellence Recherches Avancés sur la Biologie de l'Arbre et les Ecosystèmes Forestiers (ARBRE), Centre INRA-Lorraine, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Claire Veneault-Fourrey
- Université de Lorraine, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'excellence Recherches Avancées sur la Biologie de l'Arbre et les Ecosystèmes Forestiers (ARBRE), 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - David S Hibbett
- Biology Department, Clark University, Lasry Center for Bioscience, 950 Main Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610, USA
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Liao HL, Chen Y, Vilgalys R. Metatranscriptomic Study of Common and Host-Specific Patterns of Gene Expression between Pines and Their Symbiotic Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in the Genus Suillus. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006348. [PMID: 27736883 PMCID: PMC5065116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) represent one of the major guilds of symbiotic fungi associated with roots of forest trees, where they function to improve plant nutrition and fitness in exchange for plant carbon. Many groups of EMF exhibit preference or specificity for different plant host genera; a good example is the genus Suillus, which grows in association with the conifer family Pinaceae. We investigated genetics of EMF host-specificity by cross-inoculating basidiospores of five species of Suillus onto ten species of Pinus, and screened them for their ability to form ectomycorrhizae. Several Suillus spp. including S. granulatus, S. spraguei, and S. americanus readily formed ectomycorrhizae (compatible reaction) with white pine hosts (subgenus Strobus), but were incompatible with other pine hosts (subgenus Pinus). Metatranscriptomic analysis of inoculated roots reveals that plant and fungus each express unique gene sets during incompatible vs. compatible pairings. The Suillus-Pinus metatranscriptomes utilize highly conserved gene regulatory pathways, including fungal G-protein signaling, secretory pathways, leucine-rich repeat and pathogen resistance proteins that are similar to those associated with host-pathogen interactions in other plant-fungal systems. Metatranscriptomic study of the combined Suillus-Pinus transcriptome has provided new insight into mechanisms of adaptation and coevolution of forest trees with their microbial community, and revealed that genetic regulation of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis utilizes universal gene regulatory pathways used by other types of fungal-plant interactions including pathogenic fungal-host interactions. Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) comprise the dominant group of symbiotic fungi associated with plant roots in temperate and boreal forests. We examined host-specificity and gene-expression of five EMF Suillus species that exhibited strong patterns of mycorrhizal compatibility/incompatibility with either white pines (Pinus subg. Strobus) or hard pines (subg. Pinus). Using RNA-Seq, we identified conserved transcriptomic responses associated with compatible versus incompatible Pinus-Suillus species pairings. Comparative metatranscriptomic analysis of compatible vs. incompatible pairings allowed us to identify unique sets of fungal and plant genes associated with symbiont recognition and specificity. Comparativ transcriptomic study of the Suillus-Pinus system provides insight into the core functions involved in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, and the mechanisms by which host-symbiont pairs recognize one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ling Liao
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yuan Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rytas Vilgalys
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mycelial development preceding basidioma formation in Moniliophthora perniciosa is associated to chitin, sugar and nutrient metabolism alterations involving autophagy. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 86:33-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Henke C, Jung EM, Voit A, Kothe E, Krause K. Dehydrogenase genes in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Tricholoma vaccinum: A role for Ald1 in mycorrhizal symbiosis. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 56:162-74. [PMID: 26344933 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis is important for forest ecosystem functioning with tree-fungal cooperation increasing performance and countering stress conditions. Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are key enzymes for detoxification and thus may play a role in stress response of the symbiotic association. With this focus, eight dehydrogenases, Ald1 through Ald7 and TyrA, of the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Tricholoma vaccinum were characterized and phylogenetically investigated. Functional analysis was performed through differential expression analysis by feeding different, environmentally important substances. A strong effect of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was identified, linking mycorrhiza formation and auxin signaling between the symbiosis partners. We investigated ald1 overexpressing strains for performance in mycorrhiza with the host tree spruce (Picea abies) and observed an increased width of the apoplast, accommodating the Hartig' net hyphae of the T. vaccinum over-expressing transformants. The results support a role for Ald1 in ectomycorrhiza formation and underline functional differentiation within fungal aldehyde dehydrogenases in the family 1 of ALDHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Henke
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Microbial Communication, Jena, Germany
| | - Elke-Martina Jung
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Microbial Communication, Jena, Germany
| | - Annekatrin Voit
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Microbial Communication, Jena, Germany
| | - Erika Kothe
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Microbial Communication, Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Krause
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Microbial Communication, Jena, Germany
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Sengupta D, Naik D, Reddy AR. Plant aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) as multi-tasking soldiers involved in diverse plant metabolic processes and stress defense: A structure-function update. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 179:40-55. [PMID: 25840343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily comprises of a large number of primarily monomeric protein members, which reduce a broad spectrum of substrates ranging from simple sugars to potentially toxic aldehydes. Plant AKRs can be broadly categorized into four important functional groups, which highlight their roles in diverse plant metabolic reactions including reactive aldehyde detoxification, biosynthesis of osmolytes, secondary metabolism and membrane transport. Further, multiple overlapping functional aspects of plant AKRs including biotic and abiotic stress defense, production of commercially important secondary metabolites, iron acquisition from soil, plant-microbe interactions etc. are discussed as subcategories within respective major groups. Owing to the broad substrate specificity and multiple stress tolerance of the well-characterized AKR4C9 from Arabidopsis thaliana, protein sequences of all the homologues of AKR4C9 (A9-like proteins) from forty different plant species (Phytozome database) were analyzed. The analysis revealed that all A9-like proteins possess strictly conserved key catalytic residues (D-47, Y-52 and K-81) and belong to the pfam00248 and cl00470 AKR superfamilies. Based on structural homology of the three flexible loops of AKR4C9 (Loop A, B and C) responsible for broad substrate specificity, A9-like proteins found in Brassica rapa, Phaseolus vulgaris, Cucumis sativus, Populus trichocarpa and Solanum lycopersicum were predicted to have a similar range of substrate specificity. Thus, plant AKRs can be considered as potential breeding targets for developing stress tolerant varieties in the future. The present review provides a consolidated update on the current research status of plant AKRs with an emphasis on important functional aspects as well as their potential future prospects and an insight into the overall structure-function relationships of A9-like proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashree Sengupta
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India; Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Dhiraj Naik
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India
| | - Attipalli R Reddy
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
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Plett JM, Tisserant E, Brun A, Morin E, Grigoriev IV, Kuo A, Martin F, Kohler A. The Mutualist Laccaria bicolor Expresses a Core Gene Regulon During the Colonization of Diverse Host Plants and a Variable Regulon to Counteract Host-Specific Defenses. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:261-73. [PMID: 25338146 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-14-0129-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The coordinated transcriptomic responses of both mutualistic ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi and their hosts during the establishment of symbiosis are not well-understood. This study characterizes the transcriptomic alterations of the ECM fungus Laccaria bicolor during different colonization stages on two hosts (Populus trichocarpa and Pseudotsuga menziesii) and compares this to the transcriptomic variations of P. trichocarpa across the same time-points. A large number of L. bicolor genes (≥ 8,000) were significantly regulated at the transcriptional level in at least one stage of colonization. From our data, we identify 1,249 genes that we hypothesize is the 'core' gene regulon necessary for the mutualistic interaction between L. bicolor and its host plants. We further identify a group of 1,210 genes that are regulated in a host-specific manner. This variable regulon encodes a number of genes coding for proteases and xenobiotic efflux transporters that we hypothesize act to counter chemical-based defenses simultaneously activated at the transcriptomic level in P. trichocarpa. The transcriptional response of the host plant P. trichocarpa consisted of differential waves of gene regulation related to signaling perception and transduction, defense response, and the induction of nutrient transfer in P. trichocarpa tissues. This study, therefore, gives fresh insight into the shifting transcriptomic landscape in both the colonizing fungus and its host and the different strategies employed by both partners in orchestrating a mutualistic interaction.
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Deveau A, Barret M, Diedhiou AG, Leveau J, de Boer W, Martin F, Sarniguet A, Frey-Klett P. Pairwise transcriptomic analysis of the interactions between the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor S238N and three beneficial, neutral and antagonistic soil bacteria. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2015; 69:146-59. [PMID: 25085516 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-014-0445-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi are surrounded by bacterial communities with which they interact physically and metabolically during their life cycle. These bacteria can have positive or negative effects on the formation and the functioning of ectomycorrhizae. However, relatively little is known about the mechanisms by which ectomycorrhizal fungi and associated bacteria interact. To understand how ectomycorrhizal fungi perceive their biotic environment and the mechanisms supporting interactions between ectomycorrhizal fungi and soil bacteria, we analysed the pairwise transcriptomic responses of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor (Basidiomycota: Agaricales) when confronted with beneficial, neutral or detrimental soil bacteria. Comparative analyses of the three transcriptomes indicated that the fungus reacted differently to each bacterial strain. Similarly, each bacterial strain produced a specific and distinct response to the presence of the fungus. Despite these differences in responses observed at the gene level, we found common classes of genes linked to cell-cell interaction, stress response and metabolic processes to be involved in the interaction of the four microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Deveau
- Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, INRA UMR1136, 54280, Champenoux, France,
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Kuo A, Kohler A, Martin FM, Grigoriev IV. Expanding genomics of mycorrhizal symbiosis. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:582. [PMID: 25408690 PMCID: PMC4219462 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycorrhizal symbiosis between soil fungi and plant roots is a ubiquitous mutualism that plays key roles in plant nutrition, soil health, and carbon cycling. The symbiosis evolved repeatedly and independently as multiple morphotypes [e.g., arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM), ectomycorrhizal (ECM)] in multiple fungal clades (e.g., phyla Glomeromycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota). The accessibility and cultivability of many mycorrhizal partners make them ideal models for symbiosis studies. Alongside molecular, physiological, and ecological investigations, sequencing led to the first three mycorrhizal fungal genomes, representing two morphotypes and three phyla. The genome of the ECM basidiomycete Laccaria bicolor showed that the mycorrhizal lifestyle can evolve through loss of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) and expansion of lineage-specific gene families such as short secreted protein (SSP) effectors. The genome of the ECM ascomycete Tuber melanosporum showed that the ECM type can evolve without expansion of families as in Laccaria, and thus a different set of symbiosis genes. The genome of the AM glomeromycete Rhizophagus irregularis showed that despite enormous phylogenetic distance and morphological difference from the other two fungi, symbiosis can involve similar solutions as symbiosis-induced SSPs and loss of PCWDEs. The three genomes provide a solid base for addressing fundamental questions about the nature and role of a vital mutualism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Kuo
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome InstituteWalnut Creek, CA, USA
| | - Annegret Kohler
- UMR, Lab of Excellence for Advanced Research on the Biology of TRee and Forest Ecosystems, Tree-Microbe Interactions, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de LorraineNancy, France
| | - Francis M. Martin
- UMR, Lab of Excellence for Advanced Research on the Biology of TRee and Forest Ecosystems, Tree-Microbe Interactions, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de LorraineNancy, France
| | - Igor V. Grigoriev
- United States Department of Energy Joint Genome InstituteWalnut Creek, CA, USA
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Naidoo S, Külheim C, Zwart L, Mangwanda R, Oates CN, Visser EA, Wilken FE, Mamni TB, Myburg AA. Uncovering the defence responses of Eucalyptus to pests and pathogens in the genomics age. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:931-43. [PMID: 25261123 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Long-lived tree species are subject to attack by various pests and pathogens during their lifetime. This problem is exacerbated by climate change, which may increase the host range for pathogens and extend the period of infestation by pests. Plant defences may involve preformed barriers or induced resistance mechanisms based on recognition of the invader, complex signalling cascades, hormone signalling, activation of transcription factors and production of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins with direct antimicrobial or anti-insect activity. Trees have evolved some unique defence mechanisms compared with well-studied model plants, which are mostly herbaceous annuals. The genome sequence of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden has recently become available and provides a resource to extend our understanding of defence in large woody perennials. This review synthesizes existing knowledge of defence mechanisms in model plants and tree species and features mechanisms that may be important for defence in Eucalyptus, such as anatomical variants and the role of chemicals and proteins. Based on the E. grandis genome sequence, we have identified putative PR proteins based on sequence identity to the previously described plant PR proteins. Putative orthologues for PR-1, PR-2, PR-4, PR-5, PR-6, PR-7, PR-8, PR-9, PR-10, PR-12, PR-14, PR-15 and PR-17 have been identified and compared with their orthologues in Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray ex Hook and Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. The survey of PR genes in Eucalyptus provides a first step in identifying defence gene targets that may be employed for protection of the species in future. Genomic resources available for Eucalyptus are discussed and approaches for improving resistance in these hardwood trees, earmarked as a bioenergy source in future, are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanushka Naidoo
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Research Institute (GRI), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
| | - Carsten Külheim
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Lizahn Zwart
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Research Institute (GRI), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Ronishree Mangwanda
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Research Institute (GRI), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Caryn N Oates
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Research Institute (GRI), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Erik A Visser
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Research Institute (GRI), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Febé E Wilken
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Research Institute (GRI), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Thandekile B Mamni
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Research Institute (GRI), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Alexander A Myburg
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Research Institute (GRI), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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de Freitas Pereira M, Betancourth BML, Teixeira JA, Zubieta MP, de Queiroz MV, Kasuya MCM, Costa MD, de Araújo EF. In vitro Scleroderma laeve and Eucalyptus grandis mycorrhization and analysis of atp6, 17S rDNA, and ras gene expression during ectomycorrhizal formation. J Basic Microbiol 2014; 54:1358-66. [PMID: 25080195 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201400253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between fungi and plants that form ectomycorrhizae (ECM) promotes alterations in the gene expression profiles of both organisms. Fungal genes expression related to metabolism were evaluated at the pre-symbiotic stage and during the ECM development between Scleroderma laeve and Eucalyptus grandis. Partial sequences of ATP synthase (atp6), translation elongation factor (ef1α), the RAS protein (ras), and the 17S rDNA genes were isolated. The expression of the atp6 and 17S rDNA genes during the pre-symbiotic stage showed an approximately threefold increase compared to the control. During ECM development, the expression of the 17S rDNA gene showed a 4.4-fold increase after 3 days of contact, while the expression of the atp6 gene increased 7.23-fold by the 15th day, suggesting that protein synthesis and respiratory chain activities are increased during the formation of the mantle and the Hartig net. The ras gene transcripts were only detected by RT-PCR 30 days after fungus-plant contact, suggesting that RAS-mediated signal transduction pathways are functional during the establishment of symbiosis. The present study demonstrates that alterations in gene expression occur in response to stimuli released by the plant during ECM association and increases the understanding of the association between S. laeve and E. grandis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra de Freitas Pereira
- Department of Microbiology/BIOAGRO, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa-Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil
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Pereira Menezes S, de Andrade Silva EM, Matos Lima E, Oliveira de Sousa A, Silva Andrade B, Santos Lima Lemos L, Peres Gramacho K, da Silva Gesteira A, Pirovani CP, Micheli F. The pathogenesis-related protein PR-4b from Theobroma cacao presents RNase activity, Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) dependent-DNase activity and antifungal action on Moniliophthora perniciosa. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:161. [PMID: 24920373 PMCID: PMC4079191 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production and accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins (PR proteins) in plants in response to biotic or abiotic stresses is well known and is considered as a crucial mechanism for plant defense. A pathogenesis-related protein 4 cDNA was identified from a cacao-Moniliophthora perniciosa interaction cDNA library and named TcPR-4b. RESULTS TcPR-4b presents a Barwin domain with six conserved cysteine residues, but lacks the chitin-binding site. Molecular modeling of TcPR-4b confirmed the importance of the cysteine residues to maintain the protein structure, and of several conserved amino acids for the catalytic activity. In the cacao genome, TcPR-4b belonged to a small multigene family organized mainly on chromosome 5. TcPR-4b RT-qPCR analysis in resistant and susceptible cacao plants infected by M. perniciosa showed an increase of expression at 48 hours after infection (hai) in both cacao genotypes. After the initial stage (24-72 hai), the TcPR-4b expression was observed at all times in the resistant genotypes, while in the susceptible one the expression was concentrated at the final stages of infection (45-90 days after infection). The recombinant TcPR-4b protein showed RNase, and bivalent ions dependent-DNase activity, but no chitinase activity. Moreover, TcPR-4b presented antifungal action against M. perniciosa, and the reduction of M. perniciosa survival was related to ROS production in fungal hyphae. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first report of a PR-4 showing simultaneously RNase, DNase and antifungal properties, but no chitinase activity. Moreover, we showed that the antifungal activity of TcPR-4b is directly related to RNase function. In cacao, TcPR-4b nuclease activities may be related to the establishment and maintenance of resistance, and to the PCD mechanism, in resistant and susceptible cacao genotypes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pereira Menezes
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Edson Mario de Andrade Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Eline Matos Lima
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Aurizângela Oliveira de Sousa
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Bruno Silva Andrade
- Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Av. José Moreira Sobrinho, Jequié, Bahia 45206-190, Brazil
| | | | | | - Abelmon da Silva Gesteira
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Rua Embrapa, s/n°, CEP44380-000 Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Fabienne Micheli
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France
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Balestrini R, Bonfante P. Cell wall remodeling in mycorrhizal symbiosis: a way towards biotrophism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:237. [PMID: 24926297 PMCID: PMC4044974 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls are deeply involved in the molecular talk between partners during plant and microbe interactions, and their role in mycorrhizae, i.e., the widespread symbiotic associations established between plant roots and soil fungi, has been investigated extensively. All mycorrhizal interactions achieve full symbiotic functionality through the development of an extensive contact surface between the plant and fungal cells, where signals and nutrients are exchanged. The exchange of molecules between the fungal and the plant cytoplasm takes place both through their plasma membranes and their cell walls; a functional compartment, known as the symbiotic interface, is thus defined. Among all the symbiotic interfaces, the complex intracellular interface of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis has received a great deal of attention since its first description. Here, in fact, the host plasma membrane invaginates and proliferates around all the developing intracellular fungal structures, and cell wall material is laid down between this membrane and the fungal cell surface. By contrast, in ectomycorrhizae (ECM), where the fungus grows outside and between the root cells, plant and fungal cell walls are always in direct contact and form the interface between the two partners. The organization and composition of cell walls within the interface compartment is a topic that has attracted widespread attention, both in ecto- and endomycorrhizae. The aim of this review is to provide a general overview of the current knowledge on this topic by integrating morphological observations, which have illustrated cell wall features during mycorrhizal interactions, with the current data produced by genomic and transcriptomic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Balestrini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research CouncilTorino, Italy
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of TorinoTorino, Italy
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Sebastiana M, Vieira B, Lino-Neto T, Monteiro F, Figueiredo A, Sousa L, Pais MS, Tavares R, Paulo OS. Oak root response to ectomycorrhizal symbiosis establishment: RNA-Seq derived transcript identification and expression profiling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98376. [PMID: 24859293 PMCID: PMC4032270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis is essential for the life and health of trees in temperate and boreal forests where it plays a major role in nutrient cycling and in functioning of the forest ecosystem. Trees with ectomycorrhizal root tips are more tolerant to environmental stresses, such as drought, and biotic stresses such as root pathogens. Detailed information on these molecular processes is essential for the understanding of symbiotic tissue development in order to optimize the benefits of this natural phenomenon. Next generation sequencing tools allow the analysis of non model ectomycorrhizal plant-fungal interactions that can contribute to find the "symbiosis toolkits" and better define the role of each partner in the mutualistic interaction. By using 454 pyrosequencing we compared ectomycorrhizal cork oak roots with non-symbiotic roots. From the two cDNA libraries sequenced, over 2 million reads were obtained that generated 19,552 cork oak root unique transcripts. A total of 2238 transcripts were found to be differentially expressed when ECM roots were compared with non-symbiotic roots. Identification of up- and down-regulated gens in ectomycorrhizal roots lead to a number of insights into the molecular mechanisms governing this important symbiosis. In cork oak roots, ectomycorrhizal colonization resulted in extensive cell wall remodelling, activation of the secretory pathway, alterations in flavonoid biosynthesis, and expression of genes involved in the recognition of fungal effectors. In addition, we identified genes with putative roles in symbiotic processes such as nutrient exchange with the fungal partner, lateral root formation or root hair decay. These findings provide a global overview of the transcriptome of an ectomycorrhizal host root, and constitute a foundation for future studies on the molecular events controlling this important symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Sebastiana
- Plant Systems Biology Lab, Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bruno Vieira
- Center for Environmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Teresa Lino-Neto
- Plant Functional Biology Centre, Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Filipa Monteiro
- Plant Systems Biology Lab, Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Figueiredo
- Plant Systems Biology Lab, Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lisete Sousa
- Department of Statistics and Operational Research, Center of Statistics and Applications from Lisbon University, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Salomé Pais
- Plant Systems Biology Lab, Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Tavares
- Plant Functional Biology Centre, Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Octávio S. Paulo
- Center for Environmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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41
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Herrera-Martínez A, Ruiz-Medrano R, Galván-Gordillo SV, Toscano-Morales R, Gómez-Silva L, Valdés M, Hinojosa-Moya J, Xoconostle-Cázares B. A 2-component system is involved in the early stages of the Pisolithus tinctorius-Pinus greggii symbiosis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e28604. [PMID: 24704731 PMCID: PMC4091502 DOI: 10.4161/psb.28604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis results in profound morphological and physiological modifications in both plant and fungus. This in turn is the product of differential gene expression in both co-symbionts, giving rise to specialized cell types capable of performing novel functions. During the precolonization stage, chemical signals from root exudates are sensed by the ectomycorrizal fungus, and vice versa, which are in principle responsible for the observed change in the developmental symbionts program. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in the signaling and recognition between ectomycorrhizal fungi and their host plants. In the present work, we characterized a novel lactone, termed pinelactone, and identified a gene encoding for a histidine kinase in Pisolithus tictorius, which function is proposed to be the perception of the aforementioned metabolites. In this study, the use of closantel, a specific inhibitor of histidine kinase phosphorylation, affected the capacity for fungal colonization in the symbiosis between Pisolithus tinctorius and Pinus greggii, indicating that a 2-component system (TCS) may operate in the early events of plant-fungus interaction. Indeed, the metabolites induced the accumulation of Pisolithus tinctorius mRNA for a putative histidine kinase (termed Pthik1). Of note, Pthik1 was able to partially complement a S. cerevisiae histidine kinase mutant, demonstrating its role in the response to the presence of the aforementioned metabolites. Our results indicate a role of a 2-component pathway in the early stages of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis before colonization. Furthermore, a novel lactone from Pinus greggii root exudates may activate a signal transduction pathway that contributes to the establishment of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseneth Herrera-Martínez
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería; Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional; San Pedro Zacatenco, México, D.F
- Facultad de Ingeniería; Universidad Autónoma de Baja California; Mexicali B.C. México
| | - Roberto Ruiz-Medrano
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería; Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional; San Pedro Zacatenco, México, D.F
| | - Santiago Valentín Galván-Gordillo
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería; Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional; San Pedro Zacatenco, México, D.F
| | - Roberto Toscano-Morales
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería; Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional; San Pedro Zacatenco, México, D.F
| | | | - María Valdés
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas; IPN; México D.F
| | - Jesús Hinojosa-Moya
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; Ciudad Universitaria; Puebla, México
| | - Beatriz Xoconostle-Cázares
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería; Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional; San Pedro Zacatenco, México, D.F
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42
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Jourand P, Hannibal L, Majorel C, Mengant S, Ducousso M, Lebrun M. Ectomycorrhizal Pisolithus albus inoculation of Acacia spirorbis and Eucalyptus globulus grown in ultramafic topsoil enhances plant growth and mineral nutrition while limits metal uptake. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:164-72. [PMID: 24331432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) isolates of Pisolithus albus (Cooke and Massee) from nickel-rich ultramafic topsoils in New Caledonia were inoculated onto Acacia spirorbis Labill. (an endemic Fabaceae) and Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (used as a Myrtaceae plant host model). The aim of the study was to analyze the growth of symbiotic ECM plants growing on the ultramafic substrate that is characterized by high and toxic metal concentrations i.e. Co, Cr, Fe, Mn and Ni, deficient concentrations of plant essential nutrients such as N, P, K, and that presents an unbalanced Ca/Mg ratio (1/19). ECM inoculation was successful with a plant level of root mycorrhization up to 6.7%. ECM symbiosis enhanced plant growth as indicated by significant increases in shoot and root biomass. Presence of ECM enhanced uptake of major elements that are deficient in ultramafic substrates; in particular P, K and Ca. On the contrary, the ECM symbioses strongly reduced transfer to plants of element in excess in soils; in particular all metals. ECM-inoculated plants released metal complexing molecules as free thiols and oxalic acid mostly at lower concentrations than in controls. Data showed that ECM symbiosis helped plant growth by supplying uptake of deficient elements while acting as a protective barrier to toxic metals, in particular for plants growing on ultramafic substrate with extreme soil conditions. Isolation of indigenous and stress-adapted beneficial ECM fungi could serve as a potential tool for inoculation of ECM endemic plants for the successful restoration of ultramafic ecosystems degraded by mining activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Jourand
- IRD, UR040 LSTM, TA A-82/J Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Laure Hannibal
- IRD, UR040 LSTM, TA A-82/J Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Clarisse Majorel
- IRD, UR040 LSTM, TA A-82/J Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Stéphane Mengant
- Université de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Laboratoire insulaire du vivant et de l'environnement, B.P. R4, 98851 Nouméa Cedex, New Caledonia
| | - Marc Ducousso
- CIRAD, UR 82 LSTM, TA A-82/J Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Michel Lebrun
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR28 LSTM, TA A-82/J Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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43
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Tarkka MT, Herrmann S, Wubet T, Feldhahn L, Recht S, Kurth F, Mailänder S, Bönn M, Neef M, Angay O, Bacht M, Graf M, Maboreke H, Fleischmann F, Grams TEE, Ruess L, Schädler M, Brandl R, Scheu S, Schrey SD, Grosse I, Buscot F. OakContigDF159.1, a reference library for studying differential gene expression in Quercus robur during controlled biotic interactions: use for quantitative transcriptomic profiling of oak roots in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 199:529-540. [PMID: 23672230 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Oaks (Quercus spp.), which are major forest trees in the northern hemisphere, host many biotic interactions, but molecular investigation of these interactions is limited by fragmentary genome data. To date, only 75 oak expressed sequence tags (ESTs) have been characterized in ectomycorrhizal (EM) symbioses. We synthesized seven beneficial and detrimental biotic interactions between microorganisms and animals and a clone (DF159) of Quercus robur. Sixteen 454 and eight Illumina cDNA libraries from leaves and roots were prepared and merged to establish a reference for RNA-Seq transcriptomic analysis of oak EMs with Piloderma croceum. Using the Mimicking Intelligent Read Assembly (MIRA) and Trinity assembler, the OakContigDF159.1 hybrid assembly, containing 65 712 contigs with a mean length of 1003 bp, was constructed, giving broad coverage of metabolic pathways. This allowed us to identify 3018 oak contigs that were differentially expressed in EMs, with genes encoding proline-rich cell wall proteins and ethylene signalling-related transcription factors showing up-regulation while auxin and defence-related genes were down-regulated. In addition to the first report of remorin expression in EMs, the extensive coverage provided by the study permitted detection of differential regulation within large gene families (nitrogen, phosphorus and sugar transporters, aquaporins). This might indicate specific mechanisms of genome regulation in oak EMs compared with other trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika T Tarkka
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Sylvie Herrmann
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
- Department of Community Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Tesfaye Wubet
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Lasse Feldhahn
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin-Luther University, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 1, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Sabine Recht
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Florence Kurth
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Sarah Mailänder
- IMIT-Physiological Ecology of Plants, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Bönn
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin-Luther University, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 1, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Maren Neef
- IMIT-Physiological Ecology of Plants, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Oguzhan Angay
- Section Pathology of Woody Plants, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
- TEEG: Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Bacht
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Graf
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg August University Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hazel Maboreke
- Ecology Group, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Fleischmann
- Section Pathology of Woody Plants, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Thorsten E E Grams
- TEEG: Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Liliane Ruess
- Ecology Group, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Schädler
- Department of Community Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Roland Brandl
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg August University Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silvia D Schrey
- IMIT-Physiological Ecology of Plants, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Grosse
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin-Luther University, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 1, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - François Buscot
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Flores-Monterroso A, Canales J, de la Torre F, Ávila C, Cánovas FM. Identification of genes differentially expressed in ectomycorrhizal roots during the Pinus pinaster-Laccaria bicolor interaction. PLANTA 2013; 237:1637-1650. [PMID: 23543110 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1874-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal associations are of major ecological importance in temperate and boreal forests. The development of a functional ectomycorrhiza requires many genetic and biochemical changes. In this study, suppressive subtraction hybridization was used to identify differentially expressed genes in the roots of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton) inoculated with Laccaria bicolor, a mycorrhizal fungus. A total number of 200 unigenes were identified as being differentially regulated in maritime pine roots during the development of mycorrhiza. These unigenes were classified into 10 categories according to the function of their homologues in the GenBank database. Approximately, 40 % of the differentially expressed transcripts were genes that coded for unknown proteins in the databases or that had no homology to known genes. A group of these differentially expressed genes was selected to validate the results using quantitative real-time PCR. The transcript levels of the representative genes were compared between the non-inoculated and inoculated plants at 1, 5, 15 and 30 days after inoculation. The observed expression patterns indicate (1) changes in the composition of the wall cell, (2) tight regulation of defence genes during the development of mycorrhiza and (3) changes in carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Ammonium excess or deficiency dramatically affected the stability of ectomycorrhiza and altered gene expression in maritime pine roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranzazu Flores-Monterroso
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain
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45
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Identification of fungal genes involved in the preinfection events between ectomycorrhizal association (Pisolithus tinctorius and Pinus massoniana). Mycol Prog 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-013-0899-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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46
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Hacquard S, Tisserant E, Brun A, Legué V, Martin F, Kohler A. Laser microdissection and microarray analysis of Tuber melanosporum ectomycorrhizas reveal functional heterogeneity between mantle and Hartig net compartments. Environ Microbiol 2013; 15:1853-69. [PMID: 23379715 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis, a mutualistic plant-fungus association, plays a fundamental role in forest ecosystems by enhancing plant growth and by providing host protection from root diseases. The cellular complexity of the symbiotic organ, characterized by the differentiation of structurally specialized tissues (i.e. the fungal mantle and the Hartig net), is the major limitation to study fungal gene expression in such specific compartments. We investigated the transcriptional landscape of the ECM fungus Tuber melanosporum during the major stages of its life cycle and we particularly focused on the complex symbiotic stage by combining the use of laser capture microdissection and microarray gene expression analysis. We isolated the fungal/soil (i.e. the mantle) and the fungal/plant (i.e. the Hartig net) interfaces from transverse sections of T. melanosporum/Corylus avellana ectomycorrhizas and identified the distinct genetic programmes associated with each compartment. Particularly, nitrogen and water acquisition from soil, synthesis of secondary metabolites and detoxification mechanisms appear to be important processes in the fungal mantle. In contrast, transport activity is enhanced in the Hartig net and we identified carbohydrate and nitrogen-derived transporters that might play a key role in the reciprocal resources' transfer between the host and the symbiont.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Hacquard
- UMR 1136 INRA/Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes, INRA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
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47
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Nagy NE, Fossdal CG. Host responses in Norway spruce roots induced to the pathogen Ceratocystis polonica are evaded or suppressed by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2013; 15:99-110. [PMID: 22640005 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The outcome of a compatible mycorrhizal interaction is different from that in a compatible plant-pathogen interaction; however, it is not clear what mechanisms are used to evade or suppress the host defence. The aim of this work is to reveal differences between the interaction of Norway spruce roots to the pathogen Ceratocystis polonica and the ectomycorrhizal Laccaria bicolor, examine if L. bicolor is able to evade inducing host defence responses typically induced by pathogens, and test if prior inoculation with the ectomycorrhizal fungus affects the outcome of a later challenge with the pathogen. The pathogen was able to invade the roots and caused extensive necrosis, leading to seedling death, with or without prior inoculation with L. bicolor. The ectomycorrhizal L. bicolor colonised primary roots of the Norway spruce seedlings by partly covering, displacing and convoluting the cells of the outer root cortex, leaving the seedlings healthy. We detected increased total peroxidase activity, and staining indicating increased lignification in roots as a response to C. polonica. In L. bicolor inoculated roots there was no increase in total peroxidase activity, but an additional highly acidic peroxidase isoform appeared that was not present in healthy roots, or in roots invaded by the pathogen. Increased protease activity was detected in roots colonised by C. polonica, but little protease activity was detected in L. bicolor inoculated roots. These results suggest that the pathogen efficiently invades the roots despite the induced host defence responses, while L. bicolor suppresses or evades inducing such host responses in this experimental system.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Nagy
- Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, Aas, Norway
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48
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Asiimwe T, Krause K, Schlunk I, Kothe E. Modulation of ethanol stress tolerance by aldehyde dehydrogenase in the mycorrhizal fungus Tricholoma vaccinum. MYCORRHIZA 2012; 22:471-484. [PMID: 22159964 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-011-0424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report the first mycorrhizal fungal aldehyde dehydrogenase gene, ald1, which was isolated from the basidiomycete Tricholoma vaccinum. The gene, encoding a protein Ald1 of 502 amino acids, is up-regulated in ectomycorrhiza. Phylogenetic analyses using 53 specific fungal aldehyde dehydrogenases from all major phyla in the kingdom of fungi including Ald1 and two partial sequences of T. vaccinum were performed to get an insight in the evolution of the aldehyde dehydrogenase family. By using competitive and real-time RT-PCR, ald1 is up-regulated in response to alcohol and aldehyde-related stress. Furthermore, heterologous expression of ald1 in Escherichia coli and subsequent in vitro enzyme activity assay demonstrated the oxidation of propionaldehyde and butyraldehyde with different kinetics using either NAD(+) or NADP(+) as cofactors. In addition, overexpression of ald1 in T. vaccinum after Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation increased ethanol stress tolerance. These results demonstrate the ability of Ald1 to circumvent ethanol stress, a critical function in mycorrhizal habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Asiimwe
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Neugasse 25, 07743, Jena, Germany
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49
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da Hora Junior BT, Poloni JDF, Lopes MA, Dias CV, Gramacho KP, Schuster I, Sabau X, Cascardo JCDM, Mauro SMZD, Gesteira ADS, Bonatto D, Micheli F. Transcriptomics and systems biology analysis in identification of specific pathways involved in cacao resistance and susceptibility to witches' broom disease. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:1507-19. [PMID: 22373587 DOI: 10.1039/c2mb05421c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on expression analysis associated with molecular systems biology of cacao-Moniliophthora perniciosa interaction. Gene expression data were obtained for two cacao genotypes (TSH1188, resistant; Catongo, susceptible) challenged or not with the fungus M. perniciosa and collected at three time points through disease. Using expression analysis, we identified 154 and 227 genes that are differentially expressed in TSH1188 and Catongo, respectively. The expression of some of these genes was confirmed by RT-qPCR. Physical protein-protein interaction (PPPI) networks of Arabidopsis thaliana orthologous proteins corresponding to resistant and susceptible interactions were obtained followed by cluster and gene ontology analyses. The integrated analysis of gene expression and systems biology allowed designing a general scheme of major mechanisms associated with witches' broom disease resistance/susceptibility. In this sense, the TSH1188 cultivar shows strong production of ROS and elicitors at the beginning of the interaction with M. perniciosa followed by resistance signal propagation and ROS detoxification. On the other hand, the Catongo genotype displays defense mechanisms that include the synthesis of some defense molecules but without success in regards to elimination of the fungus. This phase is followed by the activation of protein metabolism which is achieved with the production of proteasome associated with autophagy as a precursor mechanism of PCD. This work also identifies candidate genes for further functional studies and for genetic mapping and marker assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braz Tavares da Hora Junior
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética-CBG, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas-DCB, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz-UESC, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus-BA, Brasil
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50
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Plett JM, Gibon J, Kohler A, Duffy K, Hoegger PJ, Velagapudi R, Han J, Kües U, Grigoriev IV, Martin F. Phylogenetic, genomic organization and expression analysis of hydrophobin genes in the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria bicolor. Fungal Genet Biol 2012; 49:199-209. [PMID: 22293303 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobins are morphogenetic, small secreted hydrophobic fungal proteins produced in response to changing development and environmental conditions. These proteins are important in the interaction between certain fungi and their hosts. In mutualistic ectomycorrhizal fungi several hydrophobins form a subclass of mycorrhizal-induced small secreted proteins that are likely to be critical in the formation of the symbiotic interface with host root cells. In this study, two genomes of the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria bicolor strains S238N-H82 (from North America) and 81306 (from Europe) were surveyed to construct a comprehensive genome-wide inventory of hydrophobins and to explore their characteristics and roles during host colonization. The S238N-H82 L. bicolor hydrophobin gene family is composed of 12 genes while the 81306 strain encodes nine hydrophobins, all corresponding to class I hydrophobins. The three extra hydrophobin genes encoded by the S238N-H82 genome likely arose via gene duplication and are bordered by transposon rich regions. Expression profiles of the hydrophobin genes of L. bicolor varied greatly depending on life stage (e.g. free living mycelium vs. root colonization) and on the host root environment. We conclude from this study that the complex diversity and range of expression profiles of the Laccaria hydrophobin multi-gene family have likely been a selective advantage for this mutualist in colonizing a wide range of host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Plett
- INRA, UMR 1136 INRA - University Henri Poincaré, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France.
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