1
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Matthews ML, Burgess SJ. How much could improving photosynthesis increase crop yields? A call for systems-level perspectives to guide engineering strategies. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2024; 88:103144. [PMID: 38815490 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2024.103144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Global yield gaps can be reduced through breeding and improved agronomy. However, signs of yield plateaus from wheat and rice grown in intensively farmed systems indicate a need for new strategies if output is to continue to increase. Approaches to improve photosynthesis are suggested as a solution. Empirical evidence supporting this approach comes from small-scale free-CO2 air enrichment and transgenic studies. However, the likely achievable gains from improving photosynthesis are less understood. Models predict maximum increases in yield of 5.3-19.1% from genetic manipulation depending on crop, environment, and approach, but uncertainty remains in the presence of stress. This review seeks to provide context to the rationale for improving photosynthesis, highlight areas of uncertainty, and identify the steps required to create more accurate projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Matthews
- Carl R Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, United States.
| | - Steven J Burgess
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, United States; Carl R Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, United States.
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2
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Yin X, Amthor JS. Estimating leaf day respiration from conventional gas exchange measurements. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:52-58. [PMID: 37858976 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Leaf day respiration (Rd ) strongly influences carbon-use efficiencies of whole plants and the global terrestrial biosphere. It has long been thought that Rd is slower than respiration in the dark at a given temperature, but measuring Rd by gas exchange remains a challenge because leaves in the light are also photosynthesizing. The Kok method and the Laisk method are widely used to estimate Rd . We highlight theoretical limitations of these popular methods, and recent progress toward their improvement by using additional information from chlorophyll fluorescence and by accounting for the photosynthetic reassimilation of respired CO2 . The latest evidence for daytime CO2 and energy release from the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway in chloroplasts appears to be important to understanding Rd .
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey S Amthor
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
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3
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Zhao W, Ren TH, Huang XY, Xu Z, Zhou YZ, Yin CL, Zhao R, Liu SB, Ning TY, Li G. Leaf shape, planting density, and nitrogen application affect soybean yield by changing direct and diffuse light distribution in the canopy. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 204:108071. [PMID: 37922647 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
When attempting to maximize the crop yield from field-grown soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) by means of improving the light conditions for photosynthesis in the canopy, it is crucial to find the optimal planting density and nitrogen application rate. The soybean plants that were the subject of our experiment were cultivated in N-dense mutual pairs, and included two cultivars with different leaf shapes; one cultivar sported ovate leaves (O-type) and the other lanceolate leaves (L-type). We analyzed the results quantitatively to determine the amount of spatial variation in light distribution and photosynthetic efficiency across the canopy, and to gauge the effect of the experimental parameters on the yield as well as the photosynthetic light and nitrogen use efficiency of the crop. Results indicate that the different leaf shapes were responsible for significant disparities between the photosynthetic utilization of direct and diffuse light. As the nitrogen fertilizer rate and the planting density increased, the soybean plants responded by adjusting leaf morphology in order to maximize the canopy apparent photosynthetic light use efficiency, which in turn affected the leaf nitrogen distribution in the canopy. Despite the fact that the light interception rate of the canopy of the L-type cultivar was lower than that of the canopy of the O-type cultivar, we found its canopy apparent photosynthetic nitrogen and light use efficiency were higher. It was interesting to note, however, that the nitrogen and light use efficiency contributions associated with exposure to diffuse light were greater for the latter than for the former.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Ting-Hu Ren
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Xin-Yang Huang
- Jining Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jining, Shandong, 272075, PR China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Hansha Scientific Instruments Limited, Tai'an, Shandong, 271099, PR China
| | - Yan-Zheng Zhou
- Jining Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jining, Shandong, 272075, PR China
| | - Cheng-Long Yin
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Rui Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Sheng-Bo Liu
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Tang-Yuan Ning
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China.
| | - Geng Li
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China.
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4
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Orsi E, Nikel PI, Nielsen LK, Donati S. Synergistic investigation of natural and synthetic C1-trophic microorganisms to foster a circular carbon economy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6673. [PMID: 37865689 PMCID: PMC10590403 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42166-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A true circular carbon economy must upgrade waste greenhouse gases. C1-based biomanufacturing is an attractive solution, in which one carbon (C1) molecules (e.g. CO2, formate, methanol, etc.) are converted by microbial cell factories into value-added goods (i.e. food, feed, and chemicals). To render C1-based biomanufacturing cost-competitive, we must adapt microbial metabolism to perform chemical conversions at high rates and yields. To this end, the biotechnology community has undertaken two (seemingly opposing) paths: optimizing natural C1-trophic microorganisms versus engineering synthetic C1-assimilation de novo in model microorganisms. Here, we pose how these approaches can instead create synergies for strengthening the competitiveness of C1-based biomanufacturing as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Orsi
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pablo Ivan Nikel
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lars Keld Nielsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, 4072, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stefano Donati
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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5
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Van Gelder K, Oliveira-Filho ER, Messina CD, Venado RE, Wilker J, Rajasekar S, Ané JM, Amthor JS, Hanson AD. Running the numbers on plant synthetic biology solutions to global problems. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 335:111815. [PMID: 37543223 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering promise to deliver sustainable solutions to global problems such as phasing out fossil fuels and replacing industrial nitrogen fixation. While this promise is real, scale matters, and so do knock-on effects of implementing solutions. Both scale and knock-on effects can be estimated by 'Fermi calculations' (aka 'back-of-envelope calculations') that use uncontroversial input data plus simple arithmetic to reach rough but reliable conclusions. Here, we illustrate how this is done and how informative it can be using two cases: oilcane (sugarcane engineered to accumulate triglycerides instead of sugar) as a source of bio-jet fuel, and nitrogen fixation by bacteria in mucilage secreted by maize aerial roots. We estimate that oilcane could meet no more than about 1% of today's U.S. jet fuel demand if grown on all current U.S. sugarcane land and that, if cane land were expanded to meet two-thirds of this demand, the fertilizer and refinery requirements would create a large carbon footprint. Conversely, we estimate that nitrogen fixation in aerial-root mucilage could replace up to 10% of the fertilizer nitrogen applied to U.S. maize, that 2% of plant carbon income used for growth would suffice to fuel the fixation, and that this extra carbon consumption would likely reduce grain yield only slightly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Van Gelder
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | - Carlos D Messina
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Rafael E Venado
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jennifer Wilker
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Shanmugam Rajasekar
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Amthor
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Andrew D Hanson
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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6
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Schaeffer J, Hembree KJ, Shrestha A. Biology, Germination Ecology, and Shade Tolerance of Alkaliweed ( Cressa truxillensis) and Its Response to Common Postemergence Herbicides. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2679. [PMID: 37514293 PMCID: PMC10384926 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Alkaliweed (Cressa truxillensis) is a native perennial plant of the western USA and in California, they are found primarily in saline and alkaline soils. Lately, it has been observed in Central Valley pistachio, olive, and almond orchards as a problematic species. Very little information is available on the effect of environmental factors on germination, shade tolerance, and the response of this species to herbicides. Therefore, studies were conducted to assess the effect of environmental factors (water potential, salinity, and pH) on seed germination, the influence of shade (30% shade 70% shade, and no shade) on aboveground growth, and the response of alkaliweed to common registered post-emergent herbicides. Results showed that the seeds were moderately tolerant to drought but highly adapted to salinity and pH as germination occurred up to an electrical conductivity level of 20 dS m-1 and pH range of 5 to 9. Both shade levels reduced aboveground growth and formation of reproductive structures. None of the postemergence herbicides provided adequate control of the plants. Therefore, an integrated management plan needs to be developed for alkaliweed control in Central Valley orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Schaeffer
- Department of Plant Science, California State University, Fresno, CA 93740, USA
- University of California Cooperative Extension, Fresno, CA 93710, USA
| | - Kurt J Hembree
- University of California Cooperative Extension, Fresno, CA 93710, USA
| | - Anil Shrestha
- Department of Plant Science, California State University, Fresno, CA 93740, USA
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7
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Rosado-Souza L, Yokoyama R, Sonnewald U, Fernie AR. Understanding source-sink interactions: Progress in model plants and translational research to crops. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:96-121. [PMID: 36447435 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture is facing a massive increase in demand per hectare as a result of an ever-expanding population and environmental deterioration. While we have learned much about how environmental conditions and diseases impact crop yield, until recently considerably less was known concerning endogenous factors, including within-plant nutrient allocation. In this review, we discuss studies of source-sink interactions covering both fundamental research in model systems under controlled growth conditions and how the findings are being translated to crop plants in the field. In this respect we detail efforts aimed at improving and/or combining C3, C4, and CAM modes of photosynthesis, altering the chloroplastic electron transport chain, modulating photorespiration, adopting bacterial/algal carbon-concentrating mechanisms, and enhancing nitrogen- and water-use efficiencies. Moreover, we discuss how modulating TCA cycle activities and primary metabolism can result in increased rates of photosynthesis and outline the opportunities that evaluating natural variation in photosynthesis may afford. Although source, transport, and sink functions are all covered in this review, we focus on discussing source functions because the majority of research has been conducted in this field. Nevertheless, considerable recent evidence, alongside the evidence from classical studies, demonstrates that both transport and sink functions are also incredibly important determinants of yield. We thus describe recent evidence supporting this notion and suggest that future strategies for yield improvement should focus on combining improvements in each of these steps to approach yield optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laise Rosado-Souza
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Ryo Yokoyama
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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8
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Fang L, Yin X, van der Putten PEL, Martre P, Struik PC. Drought exerts a greater influence than growth temperature on the temperature response of leaf day respiration in wheat (Triticum aestivum). PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2062-2077. [PMID: 35357701 PMCID: PMC9324871 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We assessed how the temperature response of leaf day respiration (Rd ) in wheat responded to contrasting water regimes and growth temperatures. In Experiment 1, well-watered and drought-stressed conditions were imposed on two genotypes; in Experiment 2, the two water regimes combined with high (HT), medium (MT) and low (LT) growth temperatures were imposed on one of the genotypes. Rd was estimated from simultaneous gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements at six leaf temperatures (Tleaf ) for each treatment, using the Yin method for nonphotorespiratory conditions and the nonrectangular hyperbolic fitting method for photorespiratory conditions. The two genotypes responded similarly to growth and measurement conditions. Estimates of Rd for nonphotorespiratory conditions were generally higher than those for photorespiratory conditions, but their responses to Tleaf were similar. Under well-watered conditions, Rd and its sensitivity to Tleaf slightly acclimated to LT, but did not acclimate to HT. Temperature sensitivities of Rd were considerably suppressed by drought, and the suppression varied among growth temperatures. Thus, it is necessary to quantify interactions between drought and growth temperature for reliably modelling Rd under climate change. Our study also demonstrated that the Kok method, one of the currently popular methods for estimating Rd , underestimated Rd significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Fang
- Department of Plant Sciences, Centre for Crop Systems AnalysisWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Department of Plant Sciences, Centre for Crop Systems AnalysisWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Peter E. L. van der Putten
- Department of Plant Sciences, Centre for Crop Systems AnalysisWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Pierre Martre
- LEPSE, Institut Agro SupAgro, INRAE, Univ MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Paul C. Struik
- Department of Plant Sciences, Centre for Crop Systems AnalysisWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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9
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Yin X, Gu J, Dingkuhn M, Struik PC. A model-guided holistic review of exploiting natural variation of photosynthesis traits in crop improvement. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3173-3188. [PMID: 35323898 PMCID: PMC9126731 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Breeding for improved leaf photosynthesis is considered as a viable approach to increase crop yield. Whether it should be improved in combination with other traits has not been assessed critically. Based on the quantitative crop model GECROS that interconnects various traits to crop productivity, we review natural variation in relevant traits, from biochemical aspects of leaf photosynthesis to morpho-physiological crop characteristics. While large phenotypic variations (sometimes >2-fold) for leaf photosynthesis and its underlying biochemical parameters were reported, few quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified, accounting for a small percentage of phenotypic variation. More QTL were reported for sink size (that feeds back on photosynthesis) or morpho-physiological traits (that affect canopy productivity and duration), together explaining a much greater percentage of their phenotypic variation. Traits for both photosynthetic rate and sustaining it during grain filling were strongly related to nitrogen-related traits. Much of the molecular basis of known photosynthesis QTL thus resides in genes controlling photosynthesis indirectly. Simulation using GECROS demonstrated the overwhelming importance of electron transport parameters, compared with the maximum Rubisco activity that largely determines the commonly studied light-saturated photosynthetic rate. Exploiting photosynthetic natural variation might significantly improve crop yield if nitrogen uptake, sink capacity, and other morpho-physiological traits are co-selected synergistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Junfei Gu
- College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | | | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Moreno-García B, López-Calcagno PE, Raines CA, Sweetlove LJ. Suppression of metabolite shuttles for export of chloroplast and mitochondrial ATP and NADPH increases the cytosolic NADH:NAD + ratio in tobacco leaves in the dark. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 268:153578. [PMID: 34911031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The communication between chloroplasts and mitochondria, which depends on the inter-organellar exchange of carbon skeletons, energy, and reducing equivalents, is essential for maintaining efficient respiratory metabolism and photosynthesis. We devised a multi-transgene approach to manipulate the leaf energy and redox balance in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) while monitoring the in vivo cytosolic redox status of NAD(H) using the biosensor c-Peredox-mCherry. Our strategy involved altering the shuttling capacity of the chloroplast by (1) increasing the chloroplast malate valve capacity by overexpression of the chloroplast malate valve transporter pOMT from Arabidopsis (AtpOMT1) while (2) reducing the activity of the chloroplast triose-phosphate/3-phosphoglycerate shuttle by knocking down the cytosolic NAD-dependent glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NtGAPC). This was accompanied by (3) alterations to the export of reducing equivalents in the mitochondria by knocking down the mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (NtmMDH) and (4) an increased expression of the mitochondrial fission regulator FIS1A from Arabidopsis (AtFIS1A). The multi-transgene tobacco plants were analysed in glasshouse conditions and showed significant increases in the cytosolic NADH:NAD+ in the dark when transcript levels for NtGAPC or NtmMDH were knocked down. In addition, principal component analysis and Spearman correlation analyses showed negative correlations between average transcript levels for the gene targets and parameters related to chlorophyll fluorescence and plant growth. Our results highlight the importance of the shuttling of energy and reducing equivalents from chloroplasts and mitochondria to support photosynthesis and growth and suggest an important role for the dual 2-oxoglutarate/malate and oxaloacetate/malate transporter (pOMT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Moreno-García
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
| | | | - Christine A Raines
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Lee J Sweetlove
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
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11
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Yan S, Ren T, Wan Mahari WA, Feng H, Xu C, Yun F, Waiho K, Wei Y, Lam SS, Liu G. Soil carbon supplementation: Improvement of root-surrounding soil bacterial communities, sugar and starch content in tobacco (N. tabacum). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149835. [PMID: 34461468 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soil carbon supplementation is known to stimulate plant growth by improving soil fertility and plant nutrient uptake. However, the underlying process and chemical mechanism that could explain the interrelationship between soil carbon supplementation, soil micro-ecology, and the growth and quality of plant remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the influence and mechanism of soil carbon supplementation on the bacterial community, chemical cycling, mineral nutrition absorption, growth and properties of tobacco leaves. The soil carbon supplementation increased amino acid, carbohydrates, chemical energy metabolism, and bacterial richness in the soil. This led to increased content of sugar (23.75%), starch (13.25%), and chlorophyll (10.56%) in tobacco leaves. Linear discriminant analysis revealed 49 key phylotypes and significant increment of some of the Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) genera (Bacillus, Novosphingobium, Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas) in the rhizosphere, which can influence the tobacco growth. Partial Least Squares Path Modeling (PLS-PM) showed that soil carbon supplementation positively affected the sugar and starch contents in tobacco leaves by possibly altering the photosynthesis pathway towards increasing the aroma of the leaves, thus contributing to enhanced tobacco flavor. These findings are useful for understanding the influence of soil carbon supplementation on bacterial community for improving the yields and quality of tobacco in industrial plantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Yan
- Tobacco College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan Biochar Technology Engineering Laboratory, 450002, China; Henan Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center, 450002, China; Staff Development Institute of China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Tianbao Ren
- Tobacco College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan Biochar Technology Engineering Laboratory, 450002, China; Henan Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center, 450002, China.
| | - Wan Adibah Wan Mahari
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Huilin Feng
- Tobacco College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Chensheng Xu
- Nanping Branch, Fujian Tobacco Sciences Research Institute, Nanping 353000, China
| | - Fei Yun
- Tobacco College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan Biochar Technology Engineering Laboratory, 450002, China
| | - Khor Waiho
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, 11900 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Yaowei Wei
- Tobacco College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan Biochar Technology Engineering Laboratory, 450002, China; Henan Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center, 450002, China
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Tobacco College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Guoshun Liu
- Tobacco College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Henan Biochar Technology Engineering Laboratory, 450002, China; Henan Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center, 450002, China.
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12
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Paroshy NJ, Doraisami M, Kish R, Martin AR. Carbon concentration in the world's trees across climatic gradients. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:123-133. [PMID: 34185883 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wood carbon (C) concentration is a key wood trait that varies widely among tree species, but our understanding of the factors governing this trait is limited, despite reason to hypothesize that wood C varies systematically across environmental gradients. We compiled a novel database of 1145 geo-referenced wood C observations from 415 species, to elucidate climate correlates of wood C concentrations, and test if these relationships differ across tissue types and major taxonomic divisions (i.e. angiosperms vs gymnosperms). Climate variables, including mean annual temperature (MAT) and precipitation and temperature seasonality, are significantly correlated with wood C concentrations. Relationships between wood C and these variables differ across tissue types and taxonomic divisions, yet there is a negative relationship between wood C and MAT that exists across all tissues and species groups. Wood C concentrations in trees are influenced by climate, with experimental evidence (albeit scant) indicating that climate-driven changes in lignin concentrations likely govern these relationships. Our study presents among the first lines of evidence indicating that wood C concentrations are correlated with environmental conditions, thereby enhancing our understanding of the potential adaptive significance of wood C variation in trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Paroshy
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mahendra Doraisami
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Scarborough, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Rosalyn Kish
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Scarborough, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Adam R Martin
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Scarborough, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
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Designing the Crops for the Future; The CropBooster Program. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070690. [PMID: 34356545 PMCID: PMC8301437 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Our climate is changing and the world population is growing to an estimated 10 billion people by 2050. This may cause serious problems in global food supply, protection of the environment and safeguarding Earth’s biodiversity. To face these challenges, agriculture will have to adapt and a key element in this will be the development of “future-proof” crops. These crops will not only have to be high-yielding, but also should be able to withstand future climate conditions and will have to make very efficient use of scarce resources such as water, phosphorus and minerals. Future crops should not only sustainably give access to sufficient, nutritious, and diverse food to a worldwide growing population, but also support the circular bio-based economy and contribute to a lower atmospheric CO2 concentration to counteract global warming. Future-proofing our crops is an urgent issue and a challenging goal that only can be realized by large-scale, international research cooperation. We call for international action and propose a pan-European research and innovation initiative, the CropBooster Program, to mobilize the European plant research community and all interested actors in agri-food research and innovation to face the challenge. Abstract The realization of the full objectives of international policies targeting global food security and climate change mitigation, including the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals, the Paris Climate Agreement COP21 and the European Green Deal, requires that we (i) sustainably increase the yield, nutritional quality and biodiversity of major crop species, (ii) select climate-ready crops that are adapted to future weather dynamic and (iii) increase the resource use efficiency of crops for sustainably preserving natural resources. Ultimately, the grand challenge to be met by agriculture is to sustainably provide access to sufficient, nutritious and diverse food to a worldwide growing population, and to support the circular bio-based economy. Future-proofing our crops is an urgent issue and a challenging goal, involving a diversity of crop species in differing agricultural regimes and under multiple environmental drivers, providing versatile crop-breeding solutions within wider socio-economic-ecological systems. This goal can only be realized by a large-scale, international research cooperation. We call for international action and propose a pan-European research initiative, the CropBooster Program, to mobilize the European plant research community and interconnect it with the interdisciplinary expertise necessary to face the challenge.
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Cossu M, Sirigu A, Deligios PA, Farci R, Carboni G, Urracci G, Ledda L. Yield Response and Physiological Adaptation of Green Bean to Photovoltaic Greenhouses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:655851. [PMID: 34108978 PMCID: PMC8183827 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.655851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The cultivation of the horticultural crops inside photovoltaic greenhouses (PVG) should be studied in relation to the shading cast by the photovoltaic (PV) panels on the roof. This work evaluated the green bean cultivation inside PVGs with a percentage of the greenhouse area covered with PV panels (PV cover ratio, PV R ) ranging from 25 to 100%. Three dwarf green bean cycles (Phaseolus vulgaris L., cv. Valentino) were conducted inside an iron-plastic PVG with a PV R of 50%. The average yield was 31% lower than a conventional greenhouse. Adverse effects on quality were noticed under the PV roof, including a reduction of pod weight, size, and caliber. Negative net photosynthetic assimilation rates were observed on the plants under the PV roof, which adapted by relocating more resources to the stems, increasing the specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area ratio (LAR), and the radiation use efficiency (RUE). The fresh yield increased by 0.44% for each additional 1% of cumulated PAR. Based on the linear regressions between measured yield and cumulated PAR, a limited yield reduction of 16% was calculated inside a PVG with maximum PV R of 25%, whereas an average yield loss of 52% can occur with a PV R of 100%. The economic trade-off between energy and green bean yield can be achieved with a PV R of 10%. The same experimental approach can be used as a decision support tool to identify other crops suitable for cultivation inside PVGs and assess the agricultural sustainability of the mixed system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cossu
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonella Sirigu
- Agricultural Research Agency of Sardinia (Agris Sardegna), Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Farci
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gianluca Carboni
- Agricultural Research Agency of Sardinia (Agris Sardegna), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giulia Urracci
- Agricultural Research Agency of Sardinia (Agris Sardegna), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luigi Ledda
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Robles-Zazueta CA, Molero G, Pinto F, Foulkes MJ, Reynolds MP, Murchie EH. Field-based remote sensing models predict radiation use efficiency in wheat. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3756-3773. [PMID: 33713415 PMCID: PMC8096595 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Wheat yields are stagnating or declining in many regions, requiring efforts to improve the light conversion efficiency, known as radiation use efficiency (RUE). RUE is a key trait in plant physiology because it links light capture and primary metabolism with biomass accumulation and yield, but its measurement is time consuming and this has limited its use in fundamental research and large-scale physiological breeding. In this study, high-throughput plant phenotyping (HTPP) approaches were used among a population of field-grown wheat with variation in RUE and photosynthetic traits to build predictive models of RUE, biomass, and intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR). Three approaches were used: best combination of sensors; canopy vegetation indices; and partial least squares regression. The use of remote sensing models predicted RUE with up to 70% accuracy compared with ground truth data. Water indices and canopy greenness indices [normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI)] are the better option to predict RUE, biomass, and IPAR, and indices related to gas exchange, non-photochemical quenching [photochemical reflectance index (PRI)] and senescence [structural-insensitive pigment index (SIPI)] are better predictors for these traits at the vegetative and grain-filling stages, respectively. These models will be instrumental to explain canopy processes, improve crop growth and yield modelling, and potentially be used to predict RUE in different crops or ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Robles-Zazueta
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD,UK
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), carretera Mexico-Veracruz km 45, El Batan, Texcoco, Mexico CP
| | - Gemma Molero
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), carretera Mexico-Veracruz km 45, El Batan, Texcoco, Mexico CP
- KWS Momont Recherche, 7 rue de Martinval, 59246 Mons-en-Pevele,France
| | - Francisco Pinto
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), carretera Mexico-Veracruz km 45, El Batan, Texcoco, Mexico CP
| | - M John Foulkes
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD,UK
| | - Matthew P Reynolds
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), carretera Mexico-Veracruz km 45, El Batan, Texcoco, Mexico CP
| | - Erik H Murchie
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD,UK
- Correspondence:
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Cariñanos P, Foyo-Moreno I, Alados I, Guerrero-Rascado JL, Ruiz-Peñuela S, Titos G, Cazorla A, Alados-Arboledas L, Díaz de la Guardia C. Bioaerosols in urban environments: Trends and interactions with pollutants and meteorological variables based on quasi-climatological series. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 282:111963. [PMID: 33465718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.111963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pollen grains emitted by urban vegetation are the main primary biological airborne particles (PBAPs) which alter the biological quality of urban air and have a significant impact on human health. This work analyses the interactions which exist between pollen-type PBAPs, meteorological variables, and air pollutants in the urban atmosphere so that the complex relationships and trends in future scenarios of changing environmental conditions can be assessed. For this study, the 1992-2018 pollen data series from the city of Granada (southeast Spain) was used, in which the dynamics of the total pollen as well as the 8 main pollen types (Cupressaceae, Olea, Pinus, Platanus, Poaceae, Populus, Quercus and Urticaceae) were analysed. The trend analysis showed that all except Urticaceae trended upward throughout the series. Spearman's correlations with meteorological variables showed that, in general, the most influential variables on the pollen concentrations were the daily maximum temperature, relative humidity, water vapor pressure, global radiation, and insolation, with different effects on different pollen types. Parallel analysis by neural networks (ANN) confirmed these variables as the predominant ones, especially global radiation. The correlation with atmospheric pollutants revealed that ozone was the pollutant with the highest influence, although some pollen types also showed correlation with NO2, SO2, CO and PM10. The Generalized Linear Models (GLM) between pollen and pollutants also indicated O3 as the most prominent variable. These results highlight the active role that pollen-type PBAPs have on urban air quality by establishing their interactions with meteorological variables and pollutants, thereby providing information on the behaviour of pollen emissions under changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Cariñanos
- Department of Botany. University of Granada, Spain; Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA). University of Granada, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Foyo-Moreno
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA). University of Granada, Spain; Department of Applied Physics. University of Granada, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Alados
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA). University of Granada, Spain; Department of Applied Physics II, University of Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Guerrero-Rascado
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA). University of Granada, Spain; Department of Applied Physics. University of Granada, Spain
| | - Soledad Ruiz-Peñuela
- Department of Botany. University of Granada, Spain; Department of Applied Physics. University of Granada, Spain
| | - Gloria Titos
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA). University of Granada, Spain; Department of Applied Physics. University of Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto Cazorla
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA). University of Granada, Spain; Department of Applied Physics. University of Granada, Spain
| | - Lucas Alados-Arboledas
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA). University of Granada, Spain; Department of Applied Physics. University of Granada, Spain
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Schmierer M, Brueck H, Asch F, Sauerborn J. Estimating the quantum requirements for plant growth and related electricity demand for LED lighting systems. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-021-01314-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIndoor plant production systems with artificial lighting are considered an emerging technology contributing to biomass-based value webs. The viability of this concept greatly relies on the energy requirements (ER, Watt) for lighting. We estimated the ER for plant growth by calculating the conversion efficiency of electricity to light of solid-state light-emitting diodes (LED) and the quantum requirements for plant growth of a fictional plant stand producing 2500 g of dry weight per m2 of ground during 100 days, representing a high productivity benchmark of field crops. The quantum output (µmol s−1 W−1) of eight LEDs of different colours varied between 0.78 for green and 2.54 for deep red. Uncertainty in the H+ demand for ATP synthesis during photosynthesis, the relative portion of photorespiration and the fraction of light intercepted by plant canopies (fabs) were considered in a pessimistic (PA) and optimistic (OA) approach of calculation of ER. Cumulative ER were 606 and 265 kWh m−2 for the PA and OA scenarios. The energy conversion efficiencies in the PA and OA scenarios were 2.07 and 4.72%. Estimates of energy savings by suppressing photorespiration and increasing fabs vary between 24 and 38%. The peak daily ER were 9.44 and 4.14 kWh in the PA and OA scenarios. Results are discussed in the context of the design of lighting in indoor plant production systems and commercial greenhouses where natural fluctuation in solar radiation could be balanced by dimmable LED panels.
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18
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Zhen S, Bugbee B. Steady-state stomatal responses of C 3 and C 4 species to blue light fraction: Interactions with CO 2 concentration. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1259-1272. [PMID: 32929764 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Blue light induced stomatal opening has been studied by applying a short pulse (~5 to 60 s) of blue light to a background of saturating photosynthetic red photons, but little is known about steady-state stomatal responses. Here we report stomatal responses to blue light at high and low CO2 concentrations. Steady-state stomatal conductance (gs ) of C3 plants increased asymptotically with increasing blue light to a maximum at 20% blue (120 μmol m-2 s-1 ). This response was consistent from 200 to 800 μmol mol-1 atmospheric CO2 (Ca ). In contrast, blue light induced only a transient stomatal opening (~5 min) in C4 species above a Ca of 400 μmol mol-1 . Steady-state gs of C4 plants generally decreased with increasing blue intensity. The net photosynthetic rate of all species decreased above 20% blue because blue photons have lower quantum yield (moles carbon fixed per mole photons absorbed) than red photons. Our findings indicate that photosynthesis, rather than a blue light signal, plays a dominant role in stomatal regulation in C4 species. Additionally, we found that blue light affected only stomata on the illuminated side of the leaf. Contrary to widely held belief, the blue light-induced stomatal opening minimally enhanced photosynthesis and consistently decreased water use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Zhen
- Crop Physiology Laboratory, Department of Plants Soils and Climate, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Bruce Bugbee
- Crop Physiology Laboratory, Department of Plants Soils and Climate, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
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19
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Zhen S, Bugbee B. Substituting Far-Red for Traditionally Defined Photosynthetic Photons Results in Equal Canopy Quantum Yield for CO 2 Fixation and Increased Photon Capture During Long-Term Studies: Implications for Re-Defining PAR. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:581156. [PMID: 33014004 PMCID: PMC7516038 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.581156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Far-red photons regulate shade avoidance responses and can have powerful effects on plant morphology and radiation capture. Recent studies have shown that far-red photons (700 to 750 nm) efficiently drive photosynthesis when added to traditionally defined photosynthetic photons (400-700 nm). But the long-term effects of far-red photons on canopy quantum yield have not yet been determined. We grew lettuce in a four-chamber, steady-state canopy gas-exchange system to separately quantify canopy photon capture, quantum yield for CO2 fixation, and carbon use efficiency. These measurements facilitate a mechanistic understanding of the effect of far-red photons on the components of plant growth. Day-time photosynthesis and night-time respiration of lettuce canopies were continuously monitored from seedling to harvest in five replicate studies. Plants were grown under a background of either red/blue or white light, each background with or without 15% (50 μmol m-2 s-1) of far-red photons substituting for photons between 400 and 700 nm. All four treatments contained 31.5% blue photons, and an equal total photon flux from 400 to 750 nm of 350 μmol m-2 s-1. Both treatments with far-red photons had higher canopy photon capture, increased daily carbon gain (net photosynthesis minus respiration at night), and 29 to 31% more biomass than control treatments. Canopy quantum yield was similar among treatments (0.057 ± 0.002 mol of CO2 fixed in gross photosynthesis per mole of absorbed photons integrated over 400 to 750 nm). Carbon use efficiency (daily carbon gain/gross photosynthesis) was also similar for mature plants (0.61 ± 0.02). Photosynthesis increased linearly with increasing photon capture and had a common slope among all four treatments, which demonstrates that the faster growth with far-red photon substitution was caused by enhanced photon capture through increased leaf expansion. The equivalent canopy quantum yield among treatments indicates that the absorbed far-red photons were equally efficient for photosynthesis when acting synergistically with the 400-700 nm photons.
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20
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Elkins C, van Iersel MW. Longer Photoperiods with the Same Daily Light Integral Increase Daily Electron Transport through Photosystem II in Lettuce. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1172. [PMID: 32927709 PMCID: PMC7570151 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Controlled environment crop production recommendations often use the daily light integral (DLI) to quantify the light requirements of specific crops. Sole-source electric lighting, used in plant factories, and supplemental electric lighting, used in greenhouses, may be required to attain a specific DLI. Electric lighting is wasteful if not provided in a way that promotes efficient photochemistry. The quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII), the fraction of absorbed light used for photochemistry, decreases with increasing photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Thus, we hypothesized that the daily photochemical integral (DPI), the total electron transport through photosystem II (PSII) integrated over 24 h, would increase if the same DLI was provided at a lower PPFD over a longer photoperiod. To test this, ΦPSII and the electron transport rate (ETR) of lettuce (Lactuca sativa 'Green Towers') were measured in a growth chamber at DLIs of 15 and 20 mol m-2 d-1 over photoperiods ranging from 7 to 22 h. This resulted in PPFDs of 189 to 794 μmol m-2 s-1. The ΦPSII decreased from 0.67 to 0.28 and ETR increased from 55 to 99 μmol m-2 s-1 as PPFD increased from 189 to 794 μmol m-2 s-1. The DPI increased linearly as the photoperiod increased, but the magnitude of this response depended on DLI. With a 7-h photoperiod, the DPI was ≈2.7 mol m-2 d-1, regardless of DLI. However, with a 22-h photoperiod, the DPI was 4.54 mol m-2 d-1 with a DLI of 15 mol m-2 d-1 and 5.78 mol m-2 d-1 with a DLI of 20 mol m-2 d-1. Our hypothesis that DPI can be increased by providing the same DLI over longer photoperiods was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc W. van Iersel
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
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21
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Yin X, Niu Y, van der Putten PEL, Struik PC. The Kok effect revisited. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1764-1775. [PMID: 32369617 PMCID: PMC7497127 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The Kok effect refers to the abrupt decrease around the light compensation point in the slope of net photosynthetic rate vs irradiance. Arguably, this switch arises from light inhibition of respiration, allowing the Kok method to estimate day respiration (Rd ). Recent analysis suggests that increasing proportions of photorespiration (quantified as Γ*/Cc , the ratio of CO2 compensation point Γ* to chloroplast CO2 concentration, Cc ) with irradiance explain much of the Kok effect. Also, the Kok method has been modified to account for the decrease in PSII photochemical efficiency (Φ2 ) with irradiance. Using a model that illustrates how varying Rd , Γ*/Cc , Φ2 and proportions of alternative electron transport could engender the Kok effect, we quantified the contribution of these parameters to the Kok effect measured in sunflower across various O2 and CO2 concentrations and various temperatures. Overall, the decreasing Φ2 with irradiance explained c. 12%, and the varying Γ*/Cc explained c. 25%, of the Kok effect. Maximum real light inhibition of Rd was much lower than the inhibition derived from the Kok method, but still increased with photorespiration. Photorespiration had a dual contribution to the Kok effect, one via the varying Γ*/Cc and the other via its participation in light inhibition of Rd .
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems AnalysisDepartment of Plant SciencesWageningen University & ResearchPO Box 430Wageningen6700 AKthe Netherlands
| | - Yuxi Niu
- Centre for Crop Systems AnalysisDepartment of Plant SciencesWageningen University & ResearchPO Box 430Wageningen6700 AKthe Netherlands
| | - Peter E. L. van der Putten
- Centre for Crop Systems AnalysisDepartment of Plant SciencesWageningen University & ResearchPO Box 430Wageningen6700 AKthe Netherlands
| | - Paul C. Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems AnalysisDepartment of Plant SciencesWageningen University & ResearchPO Box 430Wageningen6700 AKthe Netherlands
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Tula S, Shahinnia F, Melzer M, Rutten T, Gómez R, Lodeyro AF, von Wirén N, Carrillo N, Hajirezaei MR. Providing an Additional Electron Sink by the Introduction of Cyanobacterial Flavodiirons Enhances Growth of A. thaliana Under Various Light Intensities. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:902. [PMID: 32670327 PMCID: PMC7330091 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The ability of plants to maintain photosynthesis in a dynamically changing environment is of central importance for their growth. As the photosynthetic machinery is a sensitive and early target of adverse environmental conditions as those typically found in the field, photosynthetic efficiency is not always optimal. Cyanobacteria, algae, mosses, liverworts and gymnosperms produce flavodiiron proteins (Flvs), a class of electron sinks not represented in angiosperms; these proteins act to mitigate the photoinhibition of photosystem I under high or fluctuating light. Here, genes specifying two cyanobacterial Flvs have been expressed in the chloroplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana in an attempt to improve plant growth. Co-expression of Flv1 and Flv3 enhanced the efficiency of light utilization, boosting the plant's capacity to accumulate biomass as the growth light intensity was raised. The Flv1/Flv3 transgenics displayed an increased production of ATP, an acceleration of carbohydrate metabolism and a more pronounced partitioning of sucrose into starch. The results suggest that Flvs are able to establish an efficient electron sink downstream of PSI, thereby ensuring efficient photosynthetic electron transport at moderate to high light intensities. The expression of Flvs thus acts to both protect photosynthesis and to control the ATP/NADPH ratio; together, their presence is beneficial for the plant's growth potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Tula
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Seeland, Germany
| | - Fahimeh Shahinnia
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Seeland, Germany
| | - Michael Melzer
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Seeland, Germany
| | - Twan Rutten
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Seeland, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Gómez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Anabella F. Lodeyro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Seeland, Germany
| | - Néstor Carrillo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Mohammad R. Hajirezaei
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Seeland, Germany
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Vanlerberghe GC, Dahal K, Alber NA, Chadee A. Photosynthesis, respiration and growth: A carbon and energy balancing act for alternative oxidase. Mitochondrion 2020; 52:197-211. [PMID: 32278748 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes knowledge of alternative oxidase, a mitochondrial electron transport chain component that lowers the ATP yield of plant respiration. Analysis of mutant and transgenic plants has established that alternative oxidase activity supports leaf photosynthesis. The interaction of alternative oxidase respiration with chloroplast metabolism is important under conditions that challenge energy and/or carbon balance in the photosynthetic cell. Under such conditions, alternative oxidase provides an extra-chloroplastic means to optimize the status of chloroplast energy pools (ATP, NADPH) and to manage cellular carbohydrate pools in response to changing rates of carbon fixation and carbon demand for growth and maintenance. Transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms ensure that alternative oxidase can respond effectively when carbon and energy balance are being challenged. This function appears particularly significant under abiotic stress conditions such as water deficit, high salinity, or temperature extremes. Under such conditions, alternative oxidase respiration positively affects growth and stress tolerance, despite it lowering the energy yield and carbon use efficiency of respiration. In part, this beneficial effect relates to the ability of alternative oxidase respiration to prevent excessive reactive oxygen species generation in both mitochondria and chloroplasts. Recent evidence suggests that alternative oxidase respiration is an interesting target for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg C Vanlerberghe
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C1A4, Canada.
| | - Keshav Dahal
- Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 850 Lincoln Road, P.O. Box 20280, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B4Z7, Canada
| | - Nicole A Alber
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C1A4, Canada
| | - Avesh Chadee
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C1A4, Canada
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24
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Batista-Silva W, da Fonseca-Pereira P, Martins AO, Zsögön A, Nunes-Nesi A, Araújo WL. Engineering Improved Photosynthesis in the Era of Synthetic Biology. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100032. [PMID: 33367233 PMCID: PMC7747996 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Much attention has been given to the enhancement of photosynthesis as a strategy for the optimization of crop productivity. As traditional plant breeding is most likely reaching a plateau, there is a timely need to accelerate improvements in photosynthetic efficiency by means of novel tools and biotechnological solutions. The emerging field of synthetic biology offers the potential for building completely novel pathways in predictable directions and, thus, addresses the global requirements for higher yields expected to occur in the 21st century. Here, we discuss recent advances and current challenges of engineering improved photosynthesis in the era of synthetic biology toward optimized utilization of solar energy and carbon sources to optimize the production of food, fiber, and fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian Batista-Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Paula da Fonseca-Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | | | - Agustín Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Wagner L. Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
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Walker BJ, Kramer DM, Fisher N, Fu X. Flexibility in the Energy Balancing Network of Photosynthesis Enables Safe Operation under Changing Environmental Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E301. [PMID: 32121540 PMCID: PMC7154899 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Given their ability to harness chemical energy from the sun and generate the organic compounds necessary for life, photosynthetic organisms have the unique capacity to act simultaneously as their own power and manufacturing plant. This dual capacity presents many unique challenges, chiefly that energy supply must be perfectly balanced with energy demand to prevent photodamage and allow for optimal growth. From this perspective, we discuss the energy balancing network using recent studies and a quantitative framework for calculating metabolic ATP and NAD(P)H demand using measured leaf gas exchange and assumptions of metabolic demand. We focus on exploring how the energy balancing network itself is structured to allow safe and flexible energy supply. We discuss when the energy balancing network appears to operate optimally and when it favors high capacity instead. We also present the hypothesis that the energy balancing network itself can adapt over longer time scales to a given metabolic demand and how metabolism itself may participate in this energy balancing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berkley J. Walker
- Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA; (D.M.K.); (N.F.); (X.F.)
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - David M. Kramer
- Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA; (D.M.K.); (N.F.); (X.F.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Nicholas Fisher
- Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA; (D.M.K.); (N.F.); (X.F.)
| | - Xinyu Fu
- Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA; (D.M.K.); (N.F.); (X.F.)
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26
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Marín-Ortiz JC, Gutierrez-Toro N, Botero-Fernández V, Hoyos-Carvajal LM. Linking physiological parameters with visible/near-infrared leaf reflectance in the incubation period of vascular wilt disease. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:88-99. [PMID: 31889822 PMCID: PMC6933213 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The photosynthetic pigments are mainly responsible for absorbing the light intended to promote photosynthesis on the chloroplast of the leaves. Different studies have related the spectral response in the leaves of plants with the biotic stress generated by pathogens. In general, maximum differences in reflectance have been found in the range of 380-750 nm between plants subjected to biotic stress and healthy plants. In this study, it was possible to characterize and relate the spectral variance in leaves of S. lycopersicum infected with F. oxysporum with this physiological variation and pathogen concentration in tomato plants during the asymptomatic period of vascular wilt. Photosynthetic parameters derived from gaseous exchange analysis in the tomato leaves correlated related with four bands in the visible range (Vis). Additionally, five specific bands also present a high correlation with the increase in the concentration of F. oxysporum conidia measured at the root: 448-523 nm, 624-696 nm, 740-960 nm, 973-976 nm, and 992-995 nm. These wavelengths allowed a 100% correct classification of the plants inoculated with F. oxysporum from the plants subjected to hydric stress and the control plants in the asymptomatic period of the disease. The spectral response to biotic and abiotic stress in the measured Vis/NIR range can be explained by the general tendency to change the concentration of chlorophyll and carotene in tomato leaves. These studies also highlight the importance of the implementation of robust multivariate analysis over the multiple univariate analysis used in the applied biological sciences and specifically in the agricultural sciences. These results demonstrate that specific wavelength responses are due to physiological changes in plants subjected to stress, and can be used in indexes and algorithms applied to the early detection of diseases in plants on different pathosystems.
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27
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Alvarez CE, Bovdilova A, Höppner A, Wolff CC, Saigo M, Trajtenberg F, Zhang T, Buschiazzo A, Nagel-Steger L, Drincovich MF, Lercher MJ, Maurino VG. Molecular adaptations of NADP-malic enzyme for its function in C 4 photosynthesis in grasses. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:755-765. [PMID: 31235877 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0451-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In C4 grasses of agronomical interest, malate shuttled into the bundle sheath cells is decarboxylated mainly by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)-malic enzyme (C4-NADP-ME). The activity of C4-NADP-ME was optimized by natural selection to efficiently deliver CO2 to Rubisco. During its evolution from a plastidic non-photosynthetic NADP-ME, C4-NADP-ME acquired increased catalytic efficiency, tetrameric structure and pH-dependent inhibition by its substrate malate. Here, we identified specific amino acids important for these C4 adaptions based on strict differential conservation of amino acids, combined with solving the crystal structures of maize and sorghum C4-NADP-ME. Site-directed mutagenesis and structural analyses show that Q503, L544 and E339 are involved in catalytic efficiency; E339 confers pH-dependent regulation by malate, F140 is critical for the stabilization of the oligomeric structure and the N-terminal region is involved in tetramerization. Together, the identified molecular adaptations form the basis for the efficient catalysis and regulation of one of the central biochemical steps in C4 metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisa E Alvarez
- Centro de Estudios Fotosinteticos y Bioquimicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Anastasiia Bovdilova
- Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology Group, Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Astrid Höppner
- Center for Structural Studies, Hreinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian-Claus Wolff
- Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology Group, Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mariana Saigo
- Centro de Estudios Fotosinteticos y Bioquimicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Felipe Trajtenberg
- Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Microbiology, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institut of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Jülich, Germany
| | - Alejandro Buschiazzo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Microbiology, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Integrative Microbiology of Zoonotic Agents, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Luitgard Nagel-Steger
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institut of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Jülich, Germany
| | - Maria F Drincovich
- Centro de Estudios Fotosinteticos y Bioquimicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Martin J Lercher
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Computer Science and Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Veronica G Maurino
- Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology Group, Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Hanson AD, Amthor JS, Sun J, Niehaus TD, Gregory JF, Bruner SD, Ding Y. Redesigning thiamin synthesis: Prospects and potential payoffs. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 273:92-99. [PMID: 29907313 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Thiamin is essential for plant growth but is short-lived in vivo and energetically very costly to produce - a combination that makes thiamin biosynthesis a prime target for improvement by redesign. Thiamin consists of thiazole and pyrimidine moieties. Its high biosynthetic cost stems from use of the suicide enzyme THI4 to form the thiazole and the near-suicide enzyme THIC to form the pyrimidine. These energetic costs lower biomass yield potential and are likely compounded by environmental stresses that destroy thiamin and hence increase the rate at which it must be made. The energy costs could be slashed by refactoring the thiamin biosynthesis pathway to eliminate the suicidal THI4 and THIC reactions. To substantiate this design concept, we first document the energetic costs of the THI4 and THIC steps in the pathway and explain how cutting these costs could substantially increase crop biomass and grain yields. We then show that a refactored pathway must produce thiamin itself rather than a stripped-down analog because the thiamin molecule cannot be simplified without losing biological activity. Lastly, we consider possible energy-efficient alternatives to the inefficient natural THI4- and THIC-mediated steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Hanson
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | | | - Jiayi Sun
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas D Niehaus
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jesse F Gregory
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Steven D Bruner
- Chemistry Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yousong Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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29
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Yin X, Struik PC. The energy budget in C 4 photosynthesis: insights from a cell-type-specific electron transport model. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:986-998. [PMID: 29520959 PMCID: PMC5947737 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Extra ATP required in C4 photosynthesis for the CO2 -concentrating mechanism probably comes from cyclic electron transport (CET). As metabolic ATP : NADPH requirements in mesophyll (M) and bundle-sheath (BS) cells differ among C4 subtypes, the subtypes may differ in the extent to which CET operates in these cells. We present an analytical model for cell-type-specific CET and linear electron transport. Modelled NADPH and ATP production were compared with requirements. For malic-enzyme (ME) subtypes, c. 50% of electron flux is CET, occurring predominantly in BS cells for standard NADP-ME species, but in a ratio of c. 6 : 4 in BS : M cells for NAD-ME species. Some C4 acids follow a secondary decarboxylation route, which is obligatory, in the form of 'aspartate-malate', for the NADP-ME subtype, but facultative, in the form of phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxykinase (PEP-CK), for the NAD-ME subtype. The percentage for secondary decarboxylation is c. 25% and that for 3-phosphoglycerate reduction in BS cells is c. 40%; but these values vary with species. The 'pure' PEP-CK type is unrealistic because its is impossible to fulfil ATP : NADPH requirements in BS cells. The standard PEP-CK subtype requires negligible CET, and thus has the highest intrinsic quantum yields and deserves further studies in the context of improving canopy productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyou Yin
- Department of Plant SciencesCentre for Crop Systems AnalysisWageningen University & ResearchPO Box 4306700 AKWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Paul C. Struik
- Department of Plant SciencesCentre for Crop Systems AnalysisWageningen University & ResearchPO Box 4306700 AKWageningenthe Netherlands
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30
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Talhelm AF, Smith AMS. Litter moisture adsorption is tied to tissue structure, chemistry, and energy concentration. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alan F. Talhelm
- Idaho Fire Institute for Research and Education (IFIRE) College of Natural Resources University of Idaho Moscow Idaho 83844 USA
| | - Alistair M. S. Smith
- Idaho Fire Institute for Research and Education (IFIRE) College of Natural Resources University of Idaho Moscow Idaho 83844 USA
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31
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Dahal K, Vanlerberghe GC. Improved chloroplast energy balance during water deficit enhances plant growth: more crop per drop. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1183-1197. [PMID: 29281082 PMCID: PMC6018952 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The non-energy-conserving alternative oxidase (AOX) respiration of plant mitochondria is known to interact with chloroplast photosynthesis. This may have consequences for growth, particularly under sub-optimal conditions when energy imbalances can impede photosynthesis. This hypothesis was tested by comparing the metabolism and growth of wild-type Nicotiana tabacum with that of AOX knockdown and overexpression lines during a prolonged steady-state mild to moderate water deficit. Under moderate water deficit, the AOX amount was an important determinant of the rate of both mitochondrial respiration in the light and net photosynthetic CO2 assimilation (A) at the growth irradiance. In particular, AOX respiration was necessary to maintain optimal proton and electron fluxes at the chloroplast thylakoid membrane, which in turn prevented a water-deficit-induced biochemical limitation of photosynthesis. As a result of differences in A, AOX overexpressors gained more biomass and knockdowns gained less biomass than wild-type during moderate water deficit. Biomass partitioning also differed, with the overexpressors having a higher percentage, and the knockdowns having a lower percentage, of total above-ground biomass in reproductive tissue than wild-type. The results establish that improving chloroplast energy balance by using a non-energy-conserving respiratory electron sink can increase photosynthesis and growth during prolonged water deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshav Dahal
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg C Vanlerberghe
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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32
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Heckmann D, Schlüter U, Weber APM. Machine Learning Techniques for Predicting Crop Photosynthetic Capacity from Leaf Reflectance Spectra. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:878-890. [PMID: 28461269 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Harnessing natural variation in photosynthetic capacity is a promising route toward yield increases, but physiological phenotyping is still too laborious for large-scale genetic screens. Here, we evaluate the potential of leaf reflectance spectroscopy to predict parameters of photosynthetic capacity in Brassica oleracea and Zea mays, a C3 and a C4 crop, respectively. To this end, we systematically evaluated properties of reflectance spectra and found that they are surprisingly similar over a wide range of species. We assessed the performance of a wide range of machine learning methods and selected recursive feature elimination on untransformed spectra followed by partial least squares regression as the preferred algorithm that yielded the highest predictive power. Learning curves of this algorithm suggest optimal species-specific sample sizes. Using the Brassica relative Moricandia, we evaluated the model transferability between species and found that cross-species performance cannot be predicted from phylogenetic proximity. The final intra-species models predict crop photosynthetic capacity with high accuracy. Based on the estimated model accuracy, we simulated the use of the models in selective breeding experiments, and showed that high-throughput photosynthetic phenotyping using our method has the potential to greatly improve breeding success. Our results indicate that leaf reflectance phenotyping is an efficient method for improving crop photosynthetic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Heckmann
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Institute for Computer Science, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Urte Schlüter
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS) "From Complex Traits towards Synthetic Modules", 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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33
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Melintescu A, Galeriu D, Diabaté S, Strack S. Preparatory Steps for a Robust Dynamic Model for Organically Bound Tritium Dynamics in Agricultural Crops. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst14-t59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Melintescu
- “Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 30 Reactorului St., POB MG-6, Bucharest – Magurele, RO-077125, Romania
| | - D. Galeriu
- “Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 30 Reactorului St., POB MG-6, Bucharest – Magurele, RO-077125, Romania
| | - S. Diabaté
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - S. Strack
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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34
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Retta M, Yin X, van der Putten PEL, Cantre D, Berghuijs HNC, Ho QT, Verboven P, Struik PC, Nicolaï BM. Impact of anatomical traits of maize (Zea mays L.) leaf as affected by nitrogen supply and leaf age on bundle sheath conductance. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 252:205-214. [PMID: 27717455 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of photosynthesis in C4 crops depends on the archetypal Kranz-anatomy. To examine how the leaf anatomy, as altered by nitrogen supply and leaf age, affects the bundle sheath conductance (gbs), maize (Zea mays L.) plants were grown under three contrasting nitrogen levels. Combined gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements were done on fully grown leaves at two leaf ages. The measured data were analysed using a biochemical model of C4 photosynthesis to estimate gbs. The leaf microstructure and ultrastructure were quantified using images obtained from micro-computed tomography and microscopy. There was a strong positive correlation between gbs and leaf nitrogen content (LNC) while old leaves had lower gbs than young leaves. Leaf thickness, bundle sheath cell wall thickness and surface area of bundle sheath cells per unit leaf area (Sb) correlated well with gbs although they were not significantly affected by LNC. As a result, the increase of gbs with LNC was little explained by the alteration of leaf anatomy. In contrast, the combined effect of LNC and leaf age on Sb was responsible for differences in gbs between young leaves and old leaves. Future investigations should consider changes at the level of plasmodesmata and membranes along the CO2 leakage pathway to unravel LNC and age effects further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moges Retta
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven/Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands; BioSolar Cells, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter E L van der Putten
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands; BioSolar Cells, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Denis Cantre
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven/Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Herman N C Berghuijs
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven/Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands; BioSolar Cells, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Quang Tri Ho
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven/Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Verboven
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven/Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands; BioSolar Cells, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart M Nicolaï
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven/Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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35
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Ishikawa N, Takabayashi A, Sato F, Endo T. Accumulation of the components of cyclic electron flow around photosystem I in C4 plants, with respect to the requirements for ATP. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2016; 129:261-77. [PMID: 27017612 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-016-0251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
By concentrating CO2, C4 photosynthesis can suppress photorespiration and achieve high photosynthetic efficiency, especially under conditions of high light, high temperature, and drought. To concentrate CO2, extra ATP is required, which would also require a change in photosynthetic electron transport in C4 photosynthesis from that in C3 photosynthesis. Several analyses have shown that the accumulation of the components of cyclic electron flow (CEF) around photosystem I, which generates the proton gradient across thylakoid membranes (ΔpH) and functions in ATP production without producing NADPH, is increased in various NAD-malic enzyme and NADP-malic enzyme C4 plants, suggesting that CEF may be enhanced to satisfy the increased need for ATP in C4 photosynthesis. However, in C4 plants, the accumulation patterns of the components of two partially redundant pathways of CEF, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase-like complex and PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION5-PGR5-like1 complex, are not identical, suggesting that these pathways may play different roles in C4 photosynthesis. Accompanying the increase in the amount of NDH, the expression of some genes which encode proteins involved in the assembly of NDH is also increased at the mRNA level in various C4 plants, suggesting that this increase is needed to increase the accumulation of NDH. To better understand the relation between CEF and C4 photosynthesis, a reverse genetic approach to generate C4 transformants with respect to CEF will be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takabayashi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-19, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Sato
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Endo
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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36
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Yamori W, Shikanai T. Physiological Functions of Cyclic Electron Transport Around Photosystem I in Sustaining Photosynthesis and Plant Growth. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 67:81-106. [PMID: 26927905 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-112002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The light reactions in photosynthesis drive both linear and cyclic electron transport around photosystem I (PSI). Linear electron transport generates both ATP and NADPH, whereas PSI cyclic electron transport produces ATP without producing NADPH. PSI cyclic electron transport is thought to be essential for balancing the ATP/NADPH production ratio and for protecting both photosystems from damage caused by stromal overreduction. Two distinct pathways of cyclic electron transport have been proposed in angiosperms: a major pathway that depends on the PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION 5 (PGR5) and PGR5-LIKE PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHENOTYPE 1 (PGRL1) proteins, which are the target site of antimycin A, and a minor pathway mediated by the chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase-like (NDH) complex. Recently, the regulation of PSI cyclic electron transport has been recognized as essential for photosynthesis and plant growth. In this review, we summarize the possible functions and importance of the two pathways of PSI cyclic electron transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Yamori
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) and
| | - Toshiharu Shikanai
- Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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37
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Corrigendum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:1276. [PMID: 26536152 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Yin X, Struik PC. Constraints to the potential efficiency of converting solar radiation into phytoenergy in annual crops: from leaf biochemistry to canopy physiology and crop ecology. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015. [PMID: 26224881 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A new simple framework was proposed to quantify the efficiency of converting incoming solar radiation into phytoenergy in annual crops. It emphasizes the need to account for (i) efficiency gain when scaling up from the leaf level to the canopy level, and (ii) efficiency loss due to incomplete canopy closure during early and late phases of the crop cycle. Equations are given to estimate losses due to the constraints in various biochemical or physiological steps. For a given amount of daily radiation, a longer daytime was shown to increase energy use efficiency, because of the convex shape of the photosynthetic light response. Due to the higher cyclic electron transport, C4 leaves were found to have a lower energy loss via non-photochemical quenching, compared with C3 leaves. This contributes to the more linear light response in C4 than in C3 photosynthesis. Because of this difference in the curvature of the light response, canopy-to-leaf photosynthesis ratio, benefit from the optimum acclimation of the leaf nitrogen profile in the canopy, and productivity gain from future improvements in leaf photosynthetic parameters and canopy architecture were all shown to be higher in C3 than in C4 species. The indicative efficiency of converting incoming solar radiation into phytoenergy is ~2.2 and 3.0% in present C3 and C4 crops, respectively, when grown under well-managed conditions. An achievable efficiency via future genetic improvement was estimated to be as high as 3.6 and 4.1% for C3 and C4 crops, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
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39
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Huang W, Yang YJ, Hu H, Zhang SB. Different roles of cyclic electron flow around photosystem I under sub-saturating and saturating light intensities in tobacco leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:923. [PMID: 26579169 PMCID: PMC4621282 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, the generation of proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane (ΔpH) through cyclic electron flow (CEF) has mainly two functions: (1) to generate ATP and balance the ATP/NADPH energy budget, and (2) to protect photosystems I and II against photoinhibition. The intensity of light under which plants are grown alters both CEF activity and the ATP/NADPH demand for primary metabolic processes. However, it is unclear how the role of CEF is affected by the level of irradiance that is applied during the growth and measurement periods. We studied the role of CEF at different light intensities in leaves from sun- and shade-grown plants. At 849 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1), both types of leaves had nearly the same degree of CEF activation. Modeling of the ATP/NADPH demand revealed that, at this light intensity, the contribution of CEF toward supplying ATP was much higher in the sun leaves. Meanwhile, the shade leaves showed higher levels of non-photochemical quenching and the P700 oxidation ratio. Therefore, at 849 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1), CEF mainly helped in the synthesis of ATP in the sun leaves, but functioned in photoprotection for the shade leaves. When the light intensity increased to 1976 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1), CEF activation was greatly enhanced in the sun leaves, but its contribution to supplying ATP changed slightly. These results indicate that the main role of CEF is altered flexibly in response to light intensity. In particular, CEF mainly contributes to balancing the ATP/NADPH energy budget under sub-saturating light intensities. When exposed to saturating light intensities, CEF mainly protects photosynthetic apparatus against photoinhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant ResourcesKunming, China
| | - Ying-Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant ResourcesKunming, China
| | - Hong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant ResourcesKunming, China
| | - Shi-Bao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant ResourcesKunming, China
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40
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Huang W, Yang YJ, Hu H, Zhang SB. Different roles of cyclic electron flow around photosystem I under sub-saturating and saturating light intensities in tobacco leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:923. [PMID: 26579169 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.015.00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, the generation of proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane (ΔpH) through cyclic electron flow (CEF) has mainly two functions: (1) to generate ATP and balance the ATP/NADPH energy budget, and (2) to protect photosystems I and II against photoinhibition. The intensity of light under which plants are grown alters both CEF activity and the ATP/NADPH demand for primary metabolic processes. However, it is unclear how the role of CEF is affected by the level of irradiance that is applied during the growth and measurement periods. We studied the role of CEF at different light intensities in leaves from sun- and shade-grown plants. At 849 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1), both types of leaves had nearly the same degree of CEF activation. Modeling of the ATP/NADPH demand revealed that, at this light intensity, the contribution of CEF toward supplying ATP was much higher in the sun leaves. Meanwhile, the shade leaves showed higher levels of non-photochemical quenching and the P700 oxidation ratio. Therefore, at 849 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1), CEF mainly helped in the synthesis of ATP in the sun leaves, but functioned in photoprotection for the shade leaves. When the light intensity increased to 1976 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1), CEF activation was greatly enhanced in the sun leaves, but its contribution to supplying ATP changed slightly. These results indicate that the main role of CEF is altered flexibly in response to light intensity. In particular, CEF mainly contributes to balancing the ATP/NADPH energy budget under sub-saturating light intensities. When exposed to saturating light intensities, CEF mainly protects photosynthetic apparatus against photoinhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming, China ; Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources Kunming, China
| | - Ying-Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming, China ; Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources Kunming, China
| | - Hong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming, China ; Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources Kunming, China
| | - Shi-Bao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming, China ; Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources Kunming, China
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41
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Dahal K, Martyn GD, Vanlerberghe GC. Improved photosynthetic performance during severe drought in Nicotiana tabacum overexpressing a nonenergy conserving respiratory electron sink. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:382-95. [PMID: 26032897 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts have means to manage excess reducing power but these mechanisms may become restricted by rates of ATP turnover. Alternative oxidase (AOX) is a mitochondrial terminal oxidase that uncouples the consumption of reducing power from ATP synthesis. Physiological and biochemical analyses were used to compare respiration and photosynthesis of Nicotiana tabacum wild-type (WT) plants with that of transgenic lines overexpressing AOX, under both well-watered and drought stress conditions. With increasing drought severity, AOX overexpression acted to increase respiration in the light (RL ) relative to WT. CO2 and light response curves indicated that overexpression also improved photosynthetic performance relative to WT, as drought severity increased. This was not due to an effect of AOX amount on leaf water status or the development of the diffusive limitations that occur due to drought. Rather, AOX overexpression dampened photosystem stoichiometry adjustments and losses of key photosynthetic components that occurred in WT. The results indicate that AOX amount influences RL , particularly during severe drought, when cytochrome pathway respiration may become increasingly restricted. This impacts the chloroplast redox state, influencing how the photosynthetic apparatus responds to increasing drought severity. In particular, the development of biochemical limitations to photosynthesis are dampened in plants with increased nonenergy conserving RL .
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshav Dahal
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C1A4, Canada
| | - Greg D Martyn
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C1A4, Canada
| | - Greg C Vanlerberghe
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C1A4, Canada
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42
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Perdomo JA, Conesa MÀ, Medrano H, Ribas-Carbó M, Galmés J. Effects of long-term individual and combined water and temperature stress on the growth of rice, wheat and maize: relationship with morphological and physiological acclimation. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 155:149-165. [PMID: 25348109 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the long-term individual and combined effects of high temperature (HT) and water deficit (WD) stress on plant growth, leaf gas-exchange and water use efficiency in cultivars of the three most important crops worldwide, rice, wheat and maize. Total plant biomass (Bt ) accumulation decreased under all treatments, being the combined HT-WD treatment the most detrimental in all three species. Although decreases in Bt correlated with adjustments in biomass allocation patterns (i.e. the leaf area ratio), most of the variation observed in Bt was explained by changes in leaf gas exchange parameters. Thus, integrated values of leaf carbon balance obtained from daily course measurements of photosynthesis and respiration were better predictors of plant growth than the instantaneous measurements of leaf gas exchange. Leaf water use efficiency, assessed both by gas exchange and carbon isotope measurements, was negatively correlated with Bt under WD, but not under the combined WD and HT treatment. A comparative analysis of the negative effects of single and combined stresses on the main parameters showed an additive component for WD and HT in rice and maize, in contrast to wheat. Overall, the results of the specific cultivars included in the study suggest that the species native climate plays a role shaping the species acclimation potential to the applied stresses. In this regard, wheat, originated in a cold climate, was the most affected species, which foretells a higher affectation of this crop due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Alejandro Perdomo
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, 07122, Spain
| | - Miquel À Conesa
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, 07122, Spain
| | - Hipólito Medrano
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, 07122, Spain
| | - Miquel Ribas-Carbó
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, 07122, Spain
| | - Jeroni Galmés
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, 07122, Spain
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43
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Piofczyk T, Jeena G, Pecinka A. Arabidopsis thaliana natural variation reveals connections between UV radiation stress and plant pathogen-like defense responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 93:34-43. [PMID: 25656510 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
UV radiation is a ubiquitous component of solar radiation that affects plant growth and development. Here we studied growth related traits of 345 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions in response to UV radiation stress. We analyzed the genetic basis of this natural variation by genome-wide association studies, which suggested a specific candidate genomic region. RNA-sequencing of three sensitive and three resistant accessions combined with mutant analysis revealed five large effect genes. Mutations in PHE ammonia lyase 1 (PAL1) and putative kinase At1g76360 rendered Arabidopsis hypersensitive to UV stress, while loss of function from putative methyltransferase At4g22530, novel plant snare 12 (NPSN12) and defense gene activated disease resistance 2 (ADR2) conferred higher UV stress resistance. Three sensitive accessions showed strong ADR2 transcriptional activation, accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and dwarf growth upon UV stress, while these phenotypes were much less affected in resistant plants. The phenotype of sensitive accessions resembles autoimmune reactions due to overexpression of defense related genes, and suggests that natural variation in response to UV radiation stress is driven by pathogen-like responses in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piofczyk
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ganga Jeena
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ales Pecinka
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.
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44
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Pilkington SM, Encke B, Krohn N, Höhne M, Stitt M, Pyl ET. Relationship between starch degradation and carbon demand for maintenance and growth in Arabidopsis thaliana in different irradiance and temperature regimes. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:157-71. [PMID: 24905937 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Experiments were designed to compare the relationship between starch degradation and the use of carbon for maintenance and growth in Arabidopsis in source-limited and sink-limited conditions. It is known that starch degradation is regulated by the clock in source-limited plants, which degrade their starch in a linear manner such that it is almost but not completely exhausted at dawn. We asked whether this response is maintained under an extreme carbon deficit. Arabidopsis was subjected to a sudden combination of a day of low irradiance, to decrease starch at dusk, and a warm night. Starch was degraded in a linear manner through the night, even though the plants became acutely carbon starved. We conclude that starch degradation is not increased to meet demand in carbon-limited plants. This network property will allow stringent control of starch turnover in a fluctuating environment. In contrast, in sink-limited plants, which do not completely mobilize their starch during the night, starch degradation was accelerated in warm nights to meet the increased demand for maintenance and growth. Across all conditions, the rate of growth at night depends on the rate of starch degradation, whereas the rate of maintenance respiration decreases only when starch degradation is very slow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Pilkington
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
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45
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Moeller C, Evers JB, Rebetzke G. Canopy architectural and physiological characterization of near-isogenic wheat lines differing in the tiller inhibition gene tin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:617. [PMID: 25520724 PMCID: PMC4251293 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Tillering is a core constituent of plant architecture, and influences light interception to affect plant and crop performance. Near-isogenic lines (NILs) varying for a tiller inhibition (tin) gene and representing two genetic backgrounds were investigated for tillering dynamics, organ size distribution, leaf area, light interception, red: far-red ratio, and chlorophyll content. Tillering ceased earlier in the tin lines to reduce the frequencies of later primary and secondary tillers compared to the free-tillering NILs, and demonstrated the genetically lower tillering plasticity of tin-containing lines. The distribution of organ sizes along shoots varied between NILs contrasting for tin. Internode elongation commenced at a lower phytomer, and the peduncle was shorter in the tin lines. The flag leaves of tin lines were larger, and the longest leaf blades were observed at higher phytomers in the tin than in free-tillering lines. Total leaf area was reduced in tin lines, and non-tin lines invested more leaf area at mid-canopy height. The tiller economy (ratio of seed-bearing shoots to numbers of shoots produced) was 10% greater in the tin lines (0.73-0.76) compared to the free-tillering sisters (0.62-0.63). At maximum tiller number, the red: far-red ratio (light quality stimulus that is thought to induce the cessation of tillering) at the plant-base was 0.18-0.22 in tin lines and 0.09-0.11 in free-tillering lines at levels of photosynthetic active radiation of 49-53% and 30-33%, respectively. The tin lines intercepted less radiation compared to their free-tillering sisters once genotypic differences in tiller numbers had established, and maintained green leaf area in the lower canopy later into the season. Greater light extinction coefficients (k) in tin lines prior to, but reduced k after, spike emergence indicated that differences in light interception between NILs contrasting in tin cannot be explained by leaf area alone but that geometric and optical canopy properties contributed. The careful characterization of specifically-developed NILs is refining the development of a physiology-based model for tillering to improve understanding of the value of architectural traits for use in cereal improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Moeller
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of TasmaniaHobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Jochem B. Evers
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Greg Rebetzke
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Plant Industry, Black Mountain LaboratoriesBlack Mountain, ACT, Australia
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46
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Sherman-Broyles S, Bombarely A, Powell AF, Doyle JL, Egan AN, Coate JE, Doyle JJ. The wild side of a major crop: soybean's perennial cousins from Down Under. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2014; 101:1651-65. [PMID: 25326613 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of over 30 years of basic research on the biology, genetic variation, and evolution of the wild perennial relatives of soybean (Glycine max) provides a foundation to improve cultivated soybean. The cultivated soybean and its wild progenitor, G. soja, have a center of origin in eastern Asia and are the only two species in the annual subgenus Soja. Systematic and evolutionary studies of the ca. 30 perennial species of subgenus Glycine, native to Australia, have benefited from the availability of the G. max genomic sequence. The perennial species harbor many traits of interest to soybean breeders, among them resistance to major soybean pathogens such as cyst nematode and leaf rust. New species in the Australian subgenus continue to be described, due to the collection of new material and to insights gleaned through systematic studies of accessions in germplasm collections. Ongoing studies in perennial species focus on genomic regions that contain genes for key traits relevant to soybean breeding. These comparisons also include the homoeologous regions that are the result of polyploidy in the common ancestor of all Glycine species. Subgenus Glycine includes a complex of recently formed allopolyploids that are the focus of studies aimed at elucidating genomic, transcriptomic, physiological, taxonomic, morphological, developmental, and ecological processes related to polyploid evolution. Here we review what has been learned over the past 30 years and outline ongoing work on photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, and floral biology, much of it drawing on new technologies and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adrian F Powell
- Cornell University, 412 Mann Library Building, Ithaca, New York 14853 USA
| | - Jane L Doyle
- Cornell University, 412 Mann Library Building, Ithaca, New York 14853 USA
| | - Ashley N Egan
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, MRC 166, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. 20013-7012 USA
| | - Jeremy E Coate
- Reed College, Department of Biology, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd., Portland, Oregon 97202 USA
| | - Jeff J Doyle
- Cornell University, 412 Mann Library Building, Ithaca, New York 14853 USA
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47
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DeLucia EH, Gomez-Casanovas N, Greenberg JA, Hudiburg TW, Kantola IB, Long SP, Miller AD, Ort DR, Parton WJ. The theoretical limit to plant productivity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:9471-9477. [PMID: 25069060 DOI: 10.1021/es502348e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Human population and economic growth are accelerating the demand for plant biomass to provide food, fuel, and fiber. The annual increment of biomass to meet these needs is quantified as net primary production (NPP). Here we show that an underlying assumption in some current models may lead to underestimates of the potential production from managed landscapes, particularly of bioenergy crops that have low nitrogen requirements. Using a simple light-use efficiency model and the theoretical maximum efficiency with which plant canopies convert solar radiation to biomass, we provide an upper-envelope NPP unconstrained by resource limitations. This theoretical maximum NPP approached 200 tC ha(-1) yr(-1) at point locations, roughly 2 orders of magnitude higher than most current managed or natural ecosystems. Recalculating the upper envelope estimate of NPP limited by available water reduced it by half or more in 91% of the land area globally. While the high conversion efficiencies observed in some extant plants indicate great potential to increase crop yields without changes to the basic mechanism of photosynthesis, particularly for crops with low nitrogen requirements, realizing such high yields will require improvements in water use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan H DeLucia
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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48
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Koester RP, Skoneczka JA, Cary TR, Diers BW, Ainsworth EA. Historical gains in soybean (Glycine max Merr.) seed yield are driven by linear increases in light interception, energy conversion, and partitioning efficiencies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:3311-21. [PMID: 24790116 PMCID: PMC4071847 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max Merr.) is the world's most widely grown leguminous crop and an important source of protein and oil for food and feed. Soybean yields have increased substantially throughout the past century, with yield gains widely attributed to genetic advances and improved cultivars as well as advances in farming technology and practice. Yet, the physiological mechanisms underlying the historical improvements in soybean yield have not been studied rigorously. In this 2-year experiment, 24 soybean cultivars released between 1923 and 2007 were grown in field trials. Physiological improvements in the efficiencies by which soybean canopies intercepted light (εi), converted light energy into biomass (εc), and partitioned biomass into seed (εp) were examined. Seed yield increased by 26.5kg ha(-1) year(-1), and the increase in seed yield was driven by improvements in all three efficiencies. Although the time to canopy closure did not change in historical soybean cultivars, extended growing seasons and decreased lodging in more modern lines drove improvements in εi. Greater biomass production per unit of absorbed light resulted in improvements in εc. Over 84 years of breeding, soybean seed biomass increased at a rate greater than total aboveground biomass, resulting in an increase in εp. A better understanding of the physiological basis for yield gains will help to identify targets for soybean improvement in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Koester
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 1201W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Skoneczka
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, USDA/ARS, Urbana IL 61801, USA
| | - Troy R Cary
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 1201W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Brian W Diers
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 1201W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Ainsworth
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 1201W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, USDA/ARS, Urbana IL 61801, USA Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 1201W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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49
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Bräutigam A, Schliesky S, Külahoglu C, Osborne CP, Weber APM. Towards an integrative model of C4 photosynthetic subtypes: insights from comparative transcriptome analysis of NAD-ME, NADP-ME, and PEP-CK C4 species. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:3579-93. [PMID: 24642845 PMCID: PMC4085959 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis affords higher photosynthetic carbon conversion efficiency than C3 photosynthesis and it therefore represents an attractive target for engineering efforts aiming to improve crop productivity. To this end, blueprints are required that reflect C4 metabolism as closely as possible. Such blueprints have been derived from comparative transcriptome analyses of C3 species with related C4 species belonging to the NAD-malic enzyme (NAD-ME) and NADP-ME subgroups of C4 photosynthesis. However, a comparison between C3 and the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEP-CK) subtype of C4 photosynthesis is still missing. An integrative analysis of all three C4 subtypes has also not been possible to date, since no comparison has been available for closely related C3 and PEP-CK C4 species. To generate the data, the guinea grass Megathyrsus maximus, which represents a PEP-CK species, was analysed in comparison with a closely related C3 sister species, Dichanthelium clandestinum, and with publicly available sets of RNA-Seq data from C4 species belonging to the NAD-ME and NADP-ME subgroups. The data indicate that the core C4 cycle of the PEP-CK grass M. maximus is quite similar to that of NAD-ME species with only a few exceptions, such as the subcellular location of transfer acid production and the degree and pattern of up-regulation of genes encoding C4 enzymes. One additional mitochondrial transporter protein was associated with the core cycle. The broad comparison identified sucrose and starch synthesis, as well as the prevention of leakage of C4 cycle intermediates to other metabolic pathways, as critical components of C4 metabolism. Estimation of intercellular transport fluxes indicated that flux between cells is increased by at least two orders of magnitude in C4 species compared with C3 species. In contrast to NAD-ME and NADP-ME species, the transcription of photosynthetic electron transfer proteins was unchanged in PEP-CK. In summary, the PEP-CK blueprint of M. maximus appears to be simpler than those of NAD-ME and NADP-ME plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bräutigam
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Simon Schliesky
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Canan Külahoglu
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Colin P Osborne
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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50
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Wang Y, Bräutigam A, Weber APM, Zhu XG. Three distinct biochemical subtypes of C4 photosynthesis? A modelling analysis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:3567-78. [PMID: 24609651 PMCID: PMC4085956 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis has higher light-use, nitrogen-use, and water-use efficiencies than C3 photosynthesis. Historically, most of C4 plants were classified into three subtypes (NADP-malic enzyme (ME), NAD-ME, or phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) subtypes) according to their major decarboxylation enzyme. However, a wealth of historic and recent data indicates that flexibility exists between different decarboxylation pathways in many C4 species, and this flexibility might be controlled by developmental and environmental cues. This work used systems modelling to theoretically explore the significance of flexibility in decarboxylation mechanisms and transfer acids utilization. The results indicate that employing mixed C4 pathways, either the NADP-ME type with the PEPCK type or the NAD-ME type with the PEPCK type, effectively decreases the need to maintain high concentrations and concentration gradients of transport metabolites. Further, maintaining a mixture of C4 pathways robustly affords high photosynthetic efficiency under a broad range of light regimes. A pure PEPCK-type C4 photosynthesis is not beneficial because the energy requirements in bundle sheath cells cannot be fulfilled due to them being shaded by mesophyll cells. Therefore, only two C4 subtypes should be considered as distinct subtypes, the NADP-ME type and NAD-ME types, which both inherently involve a supplementary PEPCK cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Hybrid Rice, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Andrea Bräutigam
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Xin-Guang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Hybrid Rice, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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