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Jiang GF, Qin BT, Pang YK, Qin LL, Pereira L, Roddy AB. Limited effects of xylem anatomy on embolism resistance in cycad leaves. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38898642 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Drought-induced xylem embolism is a primary cause of plant mortality. Although c. 70% of cycads are threatened by extinction and extant cycads diversified during a period of increasing aridification, the vulnerability of cycads to embolism spread has been overlooked. We quantified the vulnerability to drought-induced embolism, pressure-volume curves, in situ water potentials, and a suite of xylem anatomical traits of leaf pinnae and rachises for 20 cycad species. We tested whether anatomical traits were linked to hydraulic safety in cycads. Compared with other major vascular plant clades, cycads exhibited similar embolism resistance to angiosperms and pteridophytes but were more vulnerable to embolism than noncycad gymnosperms. All 20 cycads had both tracheids and vessels, the proportions of which were unrelated to embolism resistance. Only vessel pit membrane fraction was positively correlated to embolism resistance, contrary to angiosperms. Water potential at turgor loss was significantly correlated to embolism resistance among cycads. Our results show that cycads exhibit low resistance to xylem embolism and that xylem anatomical traits - particularly vessels - may influence embolism resistance together with tracheids. This study highlights the importance of understanding the mechanisms of drought resistance in evolutionarily unique and threatened lineages like the cycads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Feng Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory for Cultivation and Utilization of Subtropical Forest Plantation, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Bo-Tao Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory for Cultivation and Utilization of Subtropical Forest Plantation, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Yu-Kun Pang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory for Cultivation and Utilization of Subtropical Forest Plantation, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Lan-Li Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory for Cultivation and Utilization of Subtropical Forest Plantation, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hechi University, Yizhou, Guangxi, 546300, China
| | - Luciano Pereira
- Institute of Botany, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Adam B Roddy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
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Anfodillo T, Olson ME. Stretched sapwood, ultra-widening permeability and ditching da Vinci: revising models of plant form and function. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 134:19-42. [PMID: 38634673 PMCID: PMC11161570 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms leading to dieback and death of trees under drought remain unclear. To gain an understanding of these mechanisms, addressing major empirical gaps regarding tree structure-function relations remains essential. SCOPE We give reasons to think that a central factor shaping plant form and function is selection simultaneously favouring constant leaf-specific conductance with height growth and isometric (1:1) scaling between leaf area and the volume of metabolically active sink tissues ('sapwood'). Sapwood volume-leaf area isometry implies that per-leaf area sapwood volumes become transversely narrower with height growth; we call this 'stretching'. Stretching means that selection must favour increases in permeability above and beyond that afforded by tip-to-base conduit widening ("ultra-widening permeability"), via fewer and wider vessels or tracheids with larger pits or larger margo openings. Leaf area-metabolically active sink tissue isometry would mean that it is unlikely that larger trees die during drought because of carbon starvation due to greater sink-source relationships as compared to shorter plants. Instead, an increase in permeability is most plausibly associated with greater risk of embolism, and this seems a more probable explanation of the preferential vulnerability of larger trees to climate change-induced drought. Other implications of selection favouring constant per-leaf area sapwood construction and maintenance costs are departure from the da Vinci rule expectation of similar sapwood areas across branching orders, and that extensive conduit furcation in the stem seems unlikely. CONCLUSIONS Because all these considerations impact the likelihood of vulnerability to hydraulic failure versus carbon starvation, both implicated as key suspects in forest mortality, we suggest that these predictions represent essential priorities for empirical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Anfodillo
- Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, University of Padova, Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy
| | - Mark E Olson
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito sn de Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
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Plavcová L, Jandová V, Altman J, Liancourt P, Korznikov K, Doležal J. Variations in wood anatomy in Afrotropical trees with a particular emphasis on radial and axial parenchyma. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 134:151-162. [PMID: 38525918 PMCID: PMC11161563 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Understanding anatomical variations across plant phylogenies and environmental gradients is vital for comprehending plant evolution and adaptation. Previous studies on tropical woody plants have paid limited attention to quantitative differences in major xylem tissues, which serve specific roles in mechanical support (fibres), carbohydrate storage and radial conduction (radial parenchyma, rays), wood capacitance (axial parenchyma) and water transport (vessels). To address this gap, we investigate xylem fractions in 173 tropical tree species spanning 134 genera and 53 families along a 2200-m elevational gradient on Mount Cameroon, West Africa. METHODS We determined how elevation, stem height and wood density affect interspecific differences in vessel, fibre, and specific axial (AP) and radial (RP) parenchyma fractions. We focus on quantifying distinct subcategories of homogeneous or heterogeneous rays and apotracheal, paratracheal and banded axial parenchyma. KEY RESULTS Elevation-related cooling correlated with reduced AP fractions and vessel diameters, while fibre fractions increased. Lower elevations exhibited elevated AP fractions due to abundant paratracheal and wide-banded parenchyma in tall trees from coastal and lowland forests. Vasicentric and aliform AP were predominantly associated with greater tree height and wider vessels, which might help cope with high evaporative demands via elastic wood capacitance. In contrast, montane trees featured a higher fibre proportion, scarce axial parenchyma, smaller vessel diameters and higher vessel densities. The lack of AP in montane trees was often compensated for by extended uniseriate ray sections with upright or squared ray cells or the presence of living fibres. CONCLUSIONS Elevation gradient influenced specific xylem fractions, with lower elevations showing elevated AP due to abundant paratracheal and wide-banded parenchyma, securing greater vessel-to-parenchyma connectivity and lower embolism risk. Montane trees featured a higher fibre proportion and smaller vessel diameters, which may aid survival under greater environmental seasonality and fire risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Plavcová
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, Hradec Králové 500 03, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Jandová
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, 37901, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Altman
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, 37901, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Pierre Liancourt
- Botany Department, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kirill Korznikov
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, 37901, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Doležal
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, 37901, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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4
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Jacobsen AL, Venturas MD, Hacke UG, Pratt RB. Sap flow through partially embolized xylem vessel networks. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 38826042 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Sap is transported through numerous conduits in the xylem of woody plants along the path from the soil to the leaves. When all conduits are functional, vessel lumen diameter is a strong predictor of hydraulic conductivity. As vessels become embolized, sap movement becomes increasingly affected by factors operating at scales beyond individual conduits, creating resistances that result in hydraulic conductivity diverging from diameter-based estimates. These effects include pit resistances, connectivity, path length, network topology, and vessel or sector isolation. The impact of these factors varies with the level and distribution of emboli within the network, and manifest as alterations in the relationship between the number and diameter of embolized vessels with measured declines in hydraulic conductivity across vulnerability to embolism curves. Divergences between measured conductivity and diameter-based estimates reveal functional differences that arise because of species- and tissue-specific vessel network structures. Such divergences are not uniform, and xylem tissues may diverge in different ways and to differing degrees. Plants regularly operate under nonoptimal conditions and contain numerous embolized conduits. Understanding the hydraulic implications of emboli within a network and the function of partially embolized networks are critical gaps in our understanding of plants occurring within natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Jacobsen
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, California, USA
| | - Martin D Venturas
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Uwe G Hacke
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robert Brandon Pratt
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, California, USA
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Rodriguez-Zaccaro FD, Lieberman M, Groover A. A systems genetic analysis identifies putative mechanisms and candidate genes regulating vessel traits in poplar wood. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1375506. [PMID: 38867883 PMCID: PMC11167656 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1375506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Wood is the water conducting tissue of tree stems. Like most angiosperm trees, poplar wood contains water-conducting vessel elements whose functional properties affect water transport and growth rates, as well as susceptibility to embolism and hydraulic failure during water stress and drought. Here we used a unique hybrid poplar pedigree carrying genomically characterized chromosomal insertions and deletions to undertake a systems genomics analysis of vessel traits. We assayed gene expression in wood forming tissues from clonal replicates of genotypes covering dosage quantitative trait loci with insertions and deletions, genotypes with extreme vessel trait phenotypes, and control genotypes. A gene co-expression analysis was used to assign genes to modules, which were then used in integrative analyses to identify modules associated with traits, to identify putative molecular and cellular processes associated with each module, and finally to identify candidate genes using multiple criteria including dosage responsiveness. These analyses identified known processes associated with vessel traits including stress response, abscisic acid and cell wall biosynthesis, and in addition identified previously unexplored processes including cell cycle and protein ubiquitination. We discuss our findings relative to component processes contributing to vessel trait variation including signaling, cell cycle, cell expansion, and cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meric Lieberman
- University of California Davis, Genome Center, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Andrew Groover
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, CA, United States
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Burlington, VT, United States
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6
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Miranda MT, Pires GS, Pereira L, de Lima RF, da Silva SF, Mayer JLS, Azevedo FA, Machado EC, Jansen S, Ribeiro RV. Rootstocks affect the vulnerability to embolism and pit membrane thickness in Citrus scions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 38660960 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Embolism resistance of xylem tissue varies among species and is an important trait related to drought resistance, with anatomical attributes like pit membrane thickness playing an important role in avoiding embolism spread. Grafted Citrus trees are commonly grown in orchards, with the rootstock being able to affect the drought resistance of the whole plant. Here, we evaluated how rootstocks affect the vulnerability to embolism resistance of the scion using several rootstock/scion combinations. Scions of 'Tahiti' acid lime, 'Hamlin', 'Pera' and 'Valencia' oranges grafted on a 'Rangpur' lime rootstock exhibit similar vulnerability to embolism. In field-grown trees, measurements of leaf water potential did not suggest significant embolism formation during the dry season, while stomata of Citrus trees presented an isohydric response to declining water availability. When 'Valencia' orange scions were grafted on 'Rangpur' lime, 'IAC 1710' citrandarin, 'Sunki Tropical' mandarin or 'Swingle' citrumelo rootstocks, variation in intervessel pit membrane thickness of the scion was found. The 'Rangpur' lime rootstock, which is known for its drought resistance, induced thicker pit membranes in the scion, resulting in higher embolism resistance than the other rootstocks. Similarly, the rootstock 'IAC 1710' citrandarin generated increased embolism resistance of the scion, which is highly relevant for citriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela T Miranda
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology 'Coaracy M. Franco', Center of Agricultural and Post-Harvest Biosystems, Agronomic Institute (IAC), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Institute of Botany, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gabriel S Pires
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology (LCroP), Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo F de Lima
- Laboratory of Plant Anatomy, Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Simone F da Silva
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology (LCroP), Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana L S Mayer
- Laboratory of Plant Anatomy, Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando A Azevedo
- Center of Citriculture Sylvio Moreira, Agronomic Institute (IAC), Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo C Machado
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology 'Coaracy M. Franco', Center of Agricultural and Post-Harvest Biosystems, Agronomic Institute (IAC), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael V Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology (LCroP), Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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7
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Zhang Y, Pereira L, Kaack L, Liu J, Jansen S. Gold perfusion experiments support the multi-layered, mesoporous nature of intervessel pit membranes in angiosperm xylem. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:493-506. [PMID: 38404029 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Fluid transport across intervessel pit membranes of angiosperm xylem plays a major role in plant transpiration, with transport resistance largely depending on pore constriction sizes. Traditionally, fluid particles traversing pit membranes are assumed to cross a single instead of multiple pore constrictions. We tested a multi-layered pit membrane model in xylem of eight angiosperm species by estimating the size frequency of pore constrictions in relation to pit membrane thickness and compared modelled data with perfusion characteristics of nanoscale gold particles based on transmission electron microscopy. The size frequency of modelled pore constrictions showed similar patterns to the measured number of perfused particle sizes inside pit membranes, although frequency values measured were 10-50 times below modelled data. Small particles enter pit membranes most easily, especially when injected in thin pit membranes. The trapping of gold particles by pore constrictions becomes more likely with increasing pore constriction number and pit membrane thickness. While quantitative differences between modelled and experimental data are due to various practical limitations, their qualitative agreement supports a multi-layered pit membrane model with multiple pore constrictions. Pore constrictions between 5 and 50 nm are realistic, and confirm the mesoporous nature of pit membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Beijingzhong Road 2, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Luciano Pereira
- Institute of Botany, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, D-89081, Germany
| | - Lucian Kaack
- Institute of Botany, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, D-89081, Germany
| | - Jiabao Liu
- College of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Beijingzhong Road 2, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Botany, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, D-89081, Germany
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Grossman JJ, Coe HB, Fey O, Fraser N, Salaam M, Semper C, Williamson CG. Temperate woody species across the angiosperm phylogeny acquire tolerance to water deficit stress during the growing season. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38511237 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the capacity of temperate trees to acclimate to limited soil water has become essential in the face of increasing drought risk due to climate change. We documented seasonal - or phenological - patterns in acclimation to water deficit stress in stems and leaves of tree species spanning the angiosperm phylogeny. Over 3 yr of field observations carried out in two US arboreta, we measured stem vulnerability to embolism (36 individuals of 7 Species) and turgor loss point (119 individuals of 27 species) over the growing season. We also conducted a growth chamber experiment on 20 individuals of one species to assess the mechanistic relationship between soil water restriction and acclimation. In three-quarters of species measured, plants became less vulnerable to embolism and/or loss of turgor over the growing season. We were able to stimulate this acclimatory effect by withholding water in the growth chamber experiment. Temperate angiosperms are capable of acclimation to soil water deficit stress, showing maximum vulnerability to soil water deficits following budbreak and becoming more resilient to damage over the course of the growing season or in response to simulated drought. The species-specific tempo and extent of this acclimatory potential constitutes preadaptive climate change resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake J Grossman
- Biology Department & Environmental Studies Department, St. Olaf College, 1520 St Olaf Ave, Northfield, MN, 55057, USA
| | - Henry B Coe
- Environmental Permitting and Planning Group, Hazen and Sawyer 498 Seventh Ave #11, New York, NY, 10018, USA
| | - Olivia Fey
- Biology Department, Swarthmore College, 500 College Ave, Swarthmore, PA, 19081, USA
| | - Natalie Fraser
- Biology Department, Swarthmore College, 500 College Ave, Swarthmore, PA, 19081, USA
| | - Musa Salaam
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Bayview Medical Center, Johns Hopkins University, 4940 Eastern Ave, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Chelsea Semper
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 115 Green Hall, 1530 Cleveland Ave N, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Ceci G Williamson
- Biology Department, Swarthmore College, 500 College Ave, Swarthmore, PA, 19081, USA
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Zhang X, Liu H, Rademacher T. Higher latewood to earlywood ratio increases resistance of radial growth to severe droughts in larch. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169165. [PMID: 38101621 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
As drought has caused great losses of tree growth across the world, the mechanism of how trees adapt to drought has been extensively investigated. However, how trees change their late- to earlywood ratio (LER) to adapt to severe drought events remains poorly understood. We used a network of Larix principis-rupprechtii earlywood and latewood width data from 1979 to 2018, covering most of the distribution of planted larch across North China, to investigate how latewood proportion affected trees' resistance to drought. The interactions among LER, minimum temperature, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), growing season length, and their contributions to drought resistant (Rt) were estimated using structural equation models. The results show a significant increase in LER of the juvenile wood throughout the first 15 growth rings after which it stabilizes. The LER decreased significantly with elevation for the juvenile wood. March-May temperature and VPD were the main determinant in the LER of mature wood. The sensitivity of radial growth to droughts was positively changed with LER when LER was below 0.50, but negatively changed with LER when LER is above 0.50. We confirmed that high LER increases resistance of tree growth to severe droughts in L. principis-rupprechtii. Our results highlight that a higher proportion of latewood is formed in dry years, and this high drought sensitivity of LER in turn led to an increased resistance to drought. This combination of reduced radial growth during dry years, while the latewood proportion remains increases maybe an adaptive strategy of larch trees to cope with severe droughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianliang Zhang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China; College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and PKU-Saihanba Station, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and PKU-Saihanba Station, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Tim Rademacher
- Institut des Sciences de la Forêt Tempérée, Université du Québec en Outaouais, J0V 1V0 Ripon, Québec, Canada; Centre ACER, J2S 0B8 Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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10
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Li S, Huang X, Zheng R, Zhang M, Zou Z, Heal KV, Zhou L. Xylem plasticity of root, stem, and branch in Cunninghamia lanceolata under drought stress: implications for whole-plant hydraulic integrity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1308360. [PMID: 38439985 PMCID: PMC10910014 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1308360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Introduction A better understanding of xylem hydraulic characteristics in trees is critical to elucidate the mechanisms of forest decline and tree mortality from water deficit. As well as temperate forests and forests growing in arid regions, subtropical and tropical forests are also predicted to experience an increased frequency and intensity of climate change-induced drought in the near future. Methods In this study, 1-year-old Cunninghamia lanceolata seedlings (a typical subtropical species in southern China) were selected for a continuous controlled drought pot experiment of 45 days duration. The experimental treatments were non-drought (control), light drought, moderate drought and severe drought stress, which were 80%, 60%, 50%, and 40%, respectively of soil field maximum moisture capacity. Results The hydraulic conductivity, specific conductivity and water potential of roots, stems, and branches of C. lanceolata all decreased with the prolonging of drought in the different drought intensities. The relative decrease in these hydraulic values were greater in roots than in stems and branches, indicating that roots are more sensitive to drought. Root tracheid diameters normally reduce to ensure security of water transport with prolonged drought, whilst the tracheid diameters of stems and branches expand initially to ensure water transport and then decrease to reduce the risk of embolism with continuing drought duration. The pit membrane diameter of roots, stems and branches generally increased to different extents during the 15-45 days drought duration, which is conducive to enhanced radial water transport ability. The tracheid density and pit density of stems generally decreased during drought stress, which decreased water transport efficiency and increased embolism occurrence. Correlation analysis indicated that anatomical plasticity greatly influenced the hydraulic properties, whilst the relationships varied among different organs. In roots, tracheid diameter decreased and tracheid density increased to enhance water transport security; stems and branches may increase tracheid diameter and pit membrane diameter to increase hydraulic conductivity ability, but may increase the occurrence of xylem embolism. Discussion In summary, under drought stress, the xylem anatomical characteristics of C. lanceolata organs were highly plastic to regulate water transport vertically and radially to maintain the trade-off between hydraulic conductivity efficiency and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubin Li
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Chinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Chinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ruping Zheng
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Huaying Forestry Development Center, Huaying, China
| | - Maxiao Zhang
- Chinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhiguang Zou
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Chinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kate V. Heal
- School of Geo Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lili Zhou
- Chinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou, China
- College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
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11
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Liu YY, Chao L, Li ZG, Ma L, Hu BQ, Zhu SD, Cao KF. Water storage capacity is inversely associated with xylem embolism resistance in tropical karst tree species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae017. [PMID: 38281245 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Tropical karst habitats are characterized by limited and patchy soil, large rocky outcrops and porous substrates, resulting in high habitat heterogeneity and soil moisture fluctuations. Xylem hydraulic efficiency and safety can determine the drought adaptation and spatial distribution of woody plants growing in karst environments. In this study, we measured sapwood-specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks), vulnerability to embolism, wood density, saturated water content, and vessel and pit anatomical characteristics in the branch stems of 12 evergreen tree species in a tropical karst seasonal rainforest in southwestern China. We aimed to characterize the effects of structural characteristics on hydraulic efficiency and safety. Our results showed that there was no significant correlation between Ks and hydraulic safety across the tropical karst woody species. Ks was correlated with hydraulic vessel diameter (r = 0.80, P < 0.05) and vessel density (r = -0.60, P < 0.05), while the stem water potential at 50 and 88% loss of hydraulic conductivity (P50 and P88) were both significantly correlated with wood density (P < 0.05) and saturated water content (P = 0.052 and P < 0.05, respectively). High stem water storage capacity was associated with low cavitation resistance possibly because of its buffering the moisture fluctuations in karst environments. However, both Ks and P50/P88 were decoupled from the anatomical traits of pit and pit membranes. This may explain the lack of tradeoff between hydraulic safety and efficiency in tropical karst evergreen tree species. Our results suggest that diverse hydraulic trait combination may facilitate species coexistence in karst environments with high spatial heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Intelligent Simulation, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Lin Chao
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Intelligent Simulation, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Zhong-Guo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
- Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Pingxiang 532600, Guangxi, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Intelligent Simulation, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Bao-Qing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Intelligent Simulation, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Shi-Dan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
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12
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Hu Y, Schäfer KVR, Hu S, Zhou W, Xiang D, Zeng Y, Ouyang S, Chen L, Lei P, Deng X, Zhao Z, Fang X, Xiang W. Woody species with higher hydraulic efficiency or lower photosynthetic capacity discriminate more against 13C at the global scale. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168172. [PMID: 37939937 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Leaf carbon isotope composition (δ13C) provides an integrative record on the carbon and water balance of plants over long periods. Photosynthetic ability and hydraulic traits which are highly associated with stomatal behavior could affect leaf δ13C. Association between photosynthetic ability and leaf δ13C has been examined, however, how hydraulic traits influence leaf δ13C has not been fully understood. To fill this gap, we investigated the variations in leaf δ13C among 2591 woody species (547 shrub and 2044 tree species), and analyzed the link of leaf δ13C with leaf photosynthetic and xylem hydraulic traits. Our result showed that leaf δ13C was positively correlated to leaf photosynthetic ability and capacity. For hydraulic traits, leaf δ13C was negatively related to hydraulic conductivity (Ks), xylem pressure inducing 50 % loss of hydraulic conductivity (P50) and vessel diameter (Vdia). Associations of leaf δ13C with xylem hydraulic traits indicate woody species with stronger hydraulic safety discriminated less against 13C, while woody species with higher hydraulic efficiency had more negative leaf δ13C. Shrub species, which showed a lower Vdia and P50, had a significant less negative leaf δ13C than tree species. Furthermore, woody species inhabiting in dry regions discriminated less against 13C than those growing in humid regions. Moreover, leaf δ13C displayed a low phylogenetic signal based on Blomberg's K statistic. Overall, woody species with a higher leaf photosynthetic ability or stronger hydraulic safety system discriminated less against 13C and adopt the provident water use strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Hu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China; Huitong National Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystems in Hunan Province, Huitong, Hunan 438107, China
| | - Karina V R Schäfer
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 195 University Avenue, Newark 07102, NJ, USA
| | - Songjiang Hu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Wenneng Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Dong Xiang
- Forestry Bureau of Huaihua Perfecture, Huaihua 418099, Hunan, China
| | - Yelin Zeng
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China; Huitong National Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystems in Hunan Province, Huitong, Hunan 438107, China
| | - Shuai Ouyang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China; Huitong National Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystems in Hunan Province, Huitong, Hunan 438107, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China; Huitong National Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystems in Hunan Province, Huitong, Hunan 438107, China
| | - Pifeng Lei
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China; Huitong National Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystems in Hunan Province, Huitong, Hunan 438107, China
| | - Xiangwen Deng
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China; Huitong National Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystems in Hunan Province, Huitong, Hunan 438107, China
| | - Zhonghui Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China; Huitong National Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystems in Hunan Province, Huitong, Hunan 438107, China
| | - Xi Fang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China; Huitong National Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystems in Hunan Province, Huitong, Hunan 438107, China
| | - Wenhua Xiang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China; Huitong National Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystems in Hunan Province, Huitong, Hunan 438107, China.
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13
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Roth-Nebelsick A, Konrad W. Modeling and Analyzing Xylem Vulnerability to Embolism as an Epidemic Process. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2722:17-34. [PMID: 37897597 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3477-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Xylem vulnerability to embolism can be quantified by "vulnerability curves" (VC) that are obtained by subjecting wood samples to increasingly negative water potential and monitoring the progressive loss of hydraulic conductivity. VC are typically sigmoidal, and various approaches are used to fit the experimentally obtained VC data for extracting benchmark data of vulnerability to embolism. In addition to such empirical methods, mechanistic approaches to calculate embolism propagation are epidemic modeling and network theory. Both describe the transmission of "objects" (in this case, the transmission of gas) between interconnected elements. In network theory, a population of interconnected elements is described by graphs in which objects are represented by vertices or nodes and connections between these objections as edges linking the vertices. A graph showing a population of interconnected xylem conduits represents an "individual" wood sample that allows spatial tracking of embolism propagation. In contrast, in epidemic modeling, the transmission dynamics for a population that is subdivided into infection-relevant groups is calculated by an equation system. For this, embolized conduits are considered to be "infected," and the "infection" is the transmission of gas from embolized conduits to their still water-filled neighbors. Both approaches allow for a mechanistic simulation of embolism propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wilfried Konrad
- Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Institute of Botany, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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14
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Blackman CJ, Halliwell B, Hartill GE, Brodribb TJ. Petiole XLA (xylem to leaf area ratio) integrates hydraulic safety and efficiency across a diverse group of eucalypt leaves. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:49-58. [PMID: 37680088 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical trade-off between the efficiency and safety of water transport systems in plants is used to explain diverse ecological patterns, from tree size to community structure. Despite its pervasive influence, this theory has marginal empirical support. This may be partially due to obfuscation of associations by wide phylogenetic sampling or non-standard sampling between studies. To address this, we examine the coordination of structural and anatomical traits linked to hydraulic safety and efficiency in the leaves of an ecologically diverse group of eucalypts. We introduce a new trait for characterising leaf water transport function measured as the cross-sectional XA at the petiole divided by the downstream leaf area (XLApetiole ). Variation in XLApetiole revealed support for a safety-efficiency trade-off in eucalypt leaves. XLApetiole was negatively correlated with theoretical petiole xylem conductivity (Ks_petiole ) and strongly negatively correlated with leaf cavitation vulnerability (Ψ50leaf ). Species with lower Ψ50leaf exhibited petiole xylem with narrower vessels and greater fibre wall area fractions. Our findings highlight XLApetiole as a novel integrative trait that provides insights into the evolution of leaf form and function in eucalypts and holds promise for wider use among diverse species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Blackman
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ben Halliwell
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Gabrielle E Hartill
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Timothy J Brodribb
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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15
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Zhang XM, Xia Y, Li JT, Shi XQ, Liu LX, Tang M, Tang J, Sun W, Wen ZR, Yi Y. Assessing inter-intraspecific variability of leaf vulnerability to embolism for 10 alpine Rhododendron species growing in Southwestern China. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14211. [PMID: 38351399 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Alpine Rhododendron species are prominent constituents and renowned ornamental plants in alpine ecosystems. Consequently, evaluating the genetic variation in embolism resistance within the genus Rhododendron and predicting their adaptability to future climate change is important. Nevertheless, the assessment of embolism resistance in Rhododendron species remains limited. This investigation aimed to examine leaf vulnerability to embolism across ten alpine Rhododendron species, which are frequently employed as ornamental species in Rhododendron forests in Southwest China. The study analyzed the correlation between embolism resistance and various morphological traits, while also conducting water control experiments to evaluate the relationship between embolism resistance and drought resistance. The outcomes indicated pronounced variations in leaf vulnerability to embolism among species, as reflected by the water potential at 50% of embolized pixels (P50 ). Furthermore, the leaf P50 exhibited a significant positive correlation with vessel diameter (D) (R2 = 0.44, P = 0.03) and vessel wall span (b) (R2 = 0.64, P = 0.005), while displaying a significant negative correlation with vessel reinforcement ((t/b)2 ) (R2 = 0.67, P = 0.004). These findings underscore the reliability of selecting species based on embolism vulnerability to preserve the diversity of alpine ecosystems and foster resilience to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development Regulation, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Alpine Rhododendron Diseases and Pests of Institutions of Higher Learning in Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ying Xia
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Area of Southwest, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jie-Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development Regulation, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development Regulation, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lun-Xian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development Regulation, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ming Tang
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Area of Southwest, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jing Tang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development Regulation, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development Regulation, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhi-Rui Wen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development Regulation, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Area of Southwest, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yin Yi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development Regulation, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Area of Southwest, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
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16
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Pereira L, Kaack L, Guan X, Silva LDM, Miranda MT, Pires GS, Ribeiro RV, Schenk HJ, Jansen S. Angiosperms follow a convex trade-off to optimize hydraulic safety and efficiency. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:1788-1801. [PMID: 37691289 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Intervessel pits are considered to function as valves that avoid embolism spreading and optimize efficient transport of xylem sap across neighbouring vessels. Hydraulic transport between vessels would therefore follow a safety-efficiency trade-off, which is directly related to the total intervessel pit area (Ap ), inversely related to the pit membrane thickness (TPM ) and driven by a pressure difference. To test this hypothesis, we modelled the relative transport rate of gas (ka ) and water (Q) at the intervessel pit level for 23 angiosperm species and correlated these parameters with the water potential at which 50% of embolism occurs (Ψ50 ). We also measured ka for 10 species using pneumatic measurements. The pressure difference across adjacent vessels and estimated values of ka and Q were related to Ψ50 , following a convex safety-efficiency trade-off based on modelled and experimental data. Minor changes in TPM and Ap exponentially affected the pressure difference and flow, respectively. Our results provide clear evidence that a xylem safety-efficiency trade-off is not linear, but convex due to flow across intervessel pit membranes, which represent mesoporous media within microporous conduits. Moreover, the convex nature of long-distance xylem transport may contribute to an adjustable fluid balance of plants, depending on environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Pereira
- Institute of Botany, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Germany
| | - Lucian Kaack
- Institute of Botany, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Germany
- Botanical Garden of Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Hans-Krebs-Weg, Germany
| | - Xinyi Guan
- Institute of Botany, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Germany
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, 530004, Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | | | - Marcela T Miranda
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology 'Coaracy M. Franco', Center R&D in Ecophysiology and Biophysics, Agronomic Institute (IAC), PO Box 28, Campinas, 13012-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel S Pires
- Department of Plant Biology, Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, SP, Campinas, PO Box 6109, Brazil
| | - Rafael V Ribeiro
- Department of Plant Biology, Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, SP, Campinas, PO Box 6109, Brazil
| | - H Jochen Schenk
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, 800 N. State College Blvd, Fullerton, 92831-3599, CA, USA
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Botany, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Germany
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17
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Kong L, Song Q, Wei H, Wang Y, Lin M, Sun K, Zhang Y, Yang J, Li C, Luo K. The AP2/ERF transcription factor PtoERF15 confers drought tolerance via JA-mediated signaling in Populus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:1848-1867. [PMID: 37691138 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress is one of the major limiting factors for the growth and development of perennial trees. Xylem vessels act as the center of water conduction in woody species, but the underlying mechanism of its development and morphogenesis under water-deficient conditions remains elucidation. Here, we identified and characterized an osmotic stress-induced ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 15 (PtoERF15) and its target, PtoMYC2b, which was involved in mediating vessel size, density, and cell wall thickness in response to drought in Populus tomentosa. PtoERF15 is preferentially expressed in differentiating xylem of poplar stems. Overexpression of PtoERF15 contributed to stem water potential maintaining, thus promoting drought tolerance. RNA-Seq and biochemical analysis further revealed that PtoERF15 directly regulated PtoMYC2b, encoding a switch of JA signaling pathway. Additionally, our findings verify that three sets of homologous genes from NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2) gene family: PtoSND1-A1/A2, PtoVND7-1/7-2, and PtoNAC118/120, as the targets of PtoMYC2b, are involved in the regulation of vessel morphology in poplar. Collectively, our study provides molecular evidence for the involvement of the PtoERF15-PtoMYC2b transcription cascade in maintaining stem water potential through the regulation of xylem vessel development, ultimately improving drought tolerance in poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Kong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creationin Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qin Song
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creationin Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Hongbin Wei
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creationin Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creationin Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Minghui Lin
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creationin Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Kuan Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creationin Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yuqian Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creationin Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jiarui Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creationin Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Chaofeng Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creationin Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Maize Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Keming Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creationin Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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18
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da Silva JR, Yule TS, Ribas ACDA, Scremin-Dias E. Do root secondary xylem functional traits differ between growth forms in Fabaceae species in a seasonally dry Neotropical environment? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:401-412. [PMID: 37665958 PMCID: PMC10667001 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Whole-plant performance in water-stressed and disturbance-prone environments depends on a suitable supply of water from the roots to the leaves, storage of reserves during periods of shortage, and a morphological arrangement that guarantees the maintenance of the plants anchored to the soil. All these functions are performed by the secondary xylem of roots. Here, we investigate whether different growth forms of Fabaceae species from the seasonally dry Neotropical environment have distinct strategies for water transport, mechanical support and non-structural carbon and water storage in the root secondary xylem. METHODS We evaluated cross-sections of root secondary xylem from species of trees, shrubs and subshrubs. We applied linear models to verify the variability in secondary xylem anatomical traits among growth forms. KEY RESULTS Secondary xylem with larger vessels and lower vessel density was observed in tree species. Vessel wall thickness, vessel grouping index, potential hydraulic conductivity and cell fractions (vessels, fibres, rays and axial parenchyma) were not statistically different between growth forms, owing to the high interspecific variation within the groups studied. CONCLUSION Our results showed that the variability in anatomical traits of the secondary xylem of the root is species specific. In summary, the cellular complexity of the secondary xylem ensures multiple functional strategies in species with distinct growth forms, a key trait for resource use in an environment with strong water seasonality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Rodrigues da Silva
- Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências (Inbio), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Tamires Soares Yule
- Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências (Inbio), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Augusto Cesar de Aquino Ribas
- Agência de Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Edna Scremin-Dias
- Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências (Inbio), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil
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19
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Zhang G, Mao Z, Maillard P, Brancheriau L, Gérard B, Engel J, Fortunel C, Heuret P, Maeght JL, Martínez-Vilalta J, Stokes A. Functional trade-offs are driven by coordinated changes among cell types in the wood of angiosperm trees from different climates. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:1162-1176. [PMID: 37485789 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Wood performs several functions to ensure tree survival and carbon allocation to a finite stem volume leads to trade-offs among cell types. It is not known to what extent these trade-offs modify functional trade-offs and if they are consistent across climates and evolutionary lineages. Twelve wood traits were measured in stems and coarse roots across 60 adult angiosperm tree species from temperate, Mediterranean and tropical climates. Regardless of climate, clear trade-offs occurred among cellular fractions, but did not translate into specific functional trade-offs. Wood density was negatively related to hydraulic conductivity (Kth ) in stems and roots, but was not linked to nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC), implying a functional trade-off between mechanical integrity and transport but not with storage. NSC storage capacity was positively associated with Kth in stems and negatively in roots, reflecting a potential role for NSC in the maintenance of hydraulic integrity in stems but not in roots. Results of phylogenetic analyses suggest that evolutionary histories cannot explain covariations among traits. Trade-offs occur among cellular fractions, without necessarily modifying trade-offs in function. However, functional trade-offs are driven by coordinated changes among xylem cell types depending on the dominant role of each cell type in stems and roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqi Zhang
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
- SILVA, INRAE, Université de Lorraine, Agroparistech, Centre de Recherche Grand-Est Nancy, Champenoux, 54280, France
| | - Zhun Mao
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Pascale Maillard
- SILVA, INRAE, Université de Lorraine, Agroparistech, Centre de Recherche Grand-Est Nancy, Champenoux, 54280, France
| | - Loïc Brancheriau
- CIRAD, UPR BioWooEB, Montpellier, 34000, France
- BioWooEB, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Bastien Gérard
- SILVA, INRAE, Université de Lorraine, Agroparistech, Centre de Recherche Grand-Est Nancy, Champenoux, 54280, France
| | - Julien Engel
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Claire Fortunel
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Patrick Heuret
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Jean-Luc Maeght
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, E08193, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, E08193, Spain
| | - Alexia Stokes
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
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20
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Castelar JVS, Da Cunha M, Simioni PF, Castilhori MF, Lira-Martins D, Giles AL, Costa WS, Alexandrino CR, Callado CH. Functional traits and water-transport strategies of woody species in an insular environment in a tropical forest. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16214. [PMID: 37475703 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Plants survive in habitats with limited resource availability and contrasting environments by responding to variation in environmental factors through morphophysiological traits related to species performance in different ecosystems. However, how different plant strategies influence the megadiversity of tropical species has remained a knowledge gap. METHODS We analyzed variations in 27 morphophysiological traits of leaves and secondary xylem in Erythroxylum pulchrum and Tapirira guianensis, which have the highest absolute dominance in these physiognomies and occur together in areas of restinga and dense ombrophilous forest to infer water-transport strategies of Atlantic Forest woody plants. RESULTS The two species presented different sets of morphophysiological traits, strategies to avoid embolism and ensure water transport, in different phytophysiognomies. Tapirira guianensis showed possible adaptations influenced by phytophysiognomy, while E. pulchrum showed less variation in the set of characteristics between different phytophysiognomies. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide essential tools to understand how the environment can modulate morphofunctional traits and how each species adjusts differently to adapt to different phytophysiognomies. In this sense, the results for these species reveal new species-specific responses in the tropical forest. Such knowledge is a prerequisite to predict future development of the most vulnerable forests as climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Victor S Castelar
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Unidade de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Maura Da Cunha
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil
| | - Priscila F Simioni
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil
| | - Marcelo F Castilhori
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Unidade de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - André L Giles
- INPA - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, AM, Brasil
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Centro de Ciência Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC
| | - Warlen S Costa
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Unidade de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Camilla R Alexandrino
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil
| | - Cátia H Callado
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Unidade de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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21
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Franklin O, Fransson P, Hofhansl F, Jansen S, Joshi J. Optimal balancing of xylem efficiency and safety explains plant vulnerability to drought. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:1485-1496. [PMID: 37330625 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In vast areas of the world, forests and vegetation are water limited and plant survival depends on the ability to avoid catastrophic hydraulic failure. Therefore, it is remarkable that plants take hydraulic risks by operating at water potentials (ψ) that induce partial failure of the water conduits (xylem). Here we present an eco-evolutionary optimality principle for xylem conduit design that explains this phenomenon based on the hypothesis that conductive efficiency and safety are optimally co-adapted to the environment. The model explains the relationship between the tolerance to negative water potential (ψ50 ) and the environmentally dependent minimum ψ (ψmin ) across a large number of species, and along the xylem pathway within individuals of two species studied. The wider hydraulic safety margin in gymnosperms compared to angiosperms can be explained as an adaptation to a higher susceptibility to accumulation of embolism. The model provides a novel optimality-based perspective on the relationship between xylem safety and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Franklin
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Peter Fransson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Hofhansl
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | | | - Jaideep Joshi
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Complexity Science and Evolution Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
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22
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Hernandez-Santana V, Rodriguez-Dominguez CM, Sebastian-Azcona J, Perez-Romero LF, Diaz-Espejo A. Role of hydraulic traits in stomatal regulation of transpiration under different vapour pressure deficits across five Mediterranean tree crops. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4597-4612. [PMID: 37115664 PMCID: PMC10433928 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The differential stomatal regulation of transpiration among plant species in response to water deficit is not fully understood, although several hydraulic traits have been reported to influence it. This knowledge gap is partly due to a lack of direct and concomitant experimental data on transpiration, stomatal conductance, and hydraulic traits. We measured sap flux density (Js), stomatal conductance (gs), and different hydraulic traits in five crop species. Our aim was to contribute to establishing the causal relationship between water consumption and its regulation using a hydraulic trait-based approach. The results showed that the species-specific regulation of Js by gs was overall coordinated with the functional hydraulic traits analysed. Particularly relevant was the negative and significant relationship found between the Huber value (Hv) and its functional analogue ratio between maximum Js and gs (Jsmax/gsmax) which can be understood as a compensation to maintain the hydraulic supply to the leaves. The Hv was also significantly related to the slope of the relationship between gs and Js response to vapour pressure deficit and explained most of its variability, adding up to evidence recognizing Hv as a major trait in plant water relations. Thus, a hydraulic basis for regulation of tree water use should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Hernandez-Santana
- Irrigation and Ecophysiology Group. Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda Reina Mercedes, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Ecophysiology, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda Reina Mercedes, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Celia M Rodriguez-Dominguez
- Irrigation and Ecophysiology Group. Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda Reina Mercedes, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Ecophysiology, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda Reina Mercedes, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Jaime Sebastian-Azcona
- Irrigation and Ecophysiology Group. Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda Reina Mercedes, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Luis Felipe Perez-Romero
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Huelva, Avenida del Ejercito s/n. 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Antonio Diaz-Espejo
- Irrigation and Ecophysiology Group. Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda Reina Mercedes, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Ecophysiology, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda Reina Mercedes, 41012 Seville, Spain
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23
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Xiang Y, Kagawa A, Nagai S, Yasuda Y, Utsumi Y. The difference in the functional water flow network between the stem and current-year root cross-sectional surfaces in Salix gracilistyla stem xylem. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:1326-1340. [PMID: 37098160 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The dye injection method has been applied to many species to analyze the xylem water transport pathway in trees. However, traditional dye injection methods introduced dye tracers from the surface of cut stems, including several annual rings. Furthermore, the traditional dye injection method did not evaluate radial water movement from the outermost annual rings to the inner annual rings. In this study, we assessed the difference in radial water movement visualized by an injected dye, between stem base cut and current-year root cut samples of Salix gracilistyla Miq., with current-year roots grown hydroponically. The results showed that the number of stained annual rings in the root cut samples was smaller than that in the stem cut samples, and the percentage of stained vessels in the root cut samples was significantly smaller than that in the stem base cut samples in the second and third annual rings. In the current-year root cut samples, water transport mainly occurred in the outermost rings from the current-year roots to leaves. In addition, the theoretical hydraulic conductivity of stained vessels in the stem cut samples was higher in the current-year root cut samples in the second and third annual rings. These findings indicate that the previously reported dye injection method using stem cut samples overestimated the water transport pathway in the inner part of the stems. Moreover, previous hydraulic conductivity measurement methods might not have considered the effects of radial resistance through the annual ring boundary, and they might have overestimated the hydraulic conductivity in the inner annual rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiang
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi Ward, Fukuoka city, Fukuoka, 819-0385, Japan
| | - Akira Kagawa
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Wood Anatomy and Quality Laboratory, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-1244, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nagai
- Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 430 Yamasakicho Ikaba, Shiso, Hyogo 671-2515, Japan
| | - Yuko Yasuda
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1 Chome-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima City Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Utsumi
- Kyushu University Forest, Kyushu University, 394-1 Tsubakuro, Sasaguri, Kasuya District, Fukuoka 811-2415, Japan
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24
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Carluccio G, Greco D, Sabella E, Vergine M, De Bellis L, Luvisi A. Xylem Embolism and Pathogens: Can the Vessel Anatomy of Woody Plants Contribute to X. fastidiosa Resistance? Pathogens 2023; 12:825. [PMID: 37375515 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of an intact water column in the xylem lumen several meters above the ground is essential for woody plant viability. In fact, abiotic and biotic factors can lead to the formation of emboli in the xylem, interrupting sap flow and causing consequences on the health status of the plant. Anyway, the tendency of plants to develop emboli depends on the intrinsic features of the xylem, while the cyto-histological structure of the xylem plays a role in resistance to vascular pathogens, as in the case of the pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. Analysis of the scientific literature suggests that on grapevine and olive, some xylem features can determine plant tolerance to vascular pathogens. However, the same trend was not reported in citrus, indicating that X. fastidiosa interactions with host plants differ by species. Unfortunately, studies in this area are still limited, with few explaining inter-cultivar insights. Thus, in a global context seriously threatened by X. fastidiosa, a deeper understanding of the relationship between the physical and mechanical characteristics of the xylem and resistance to stresses can be useful for selecting cultivars that may be more resistant to environmental changes, such as drought and vascular pathogens, as a way to preserve agricultural productions and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giambattista Carluccio
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Davide Greco
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Erika Sabella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Marzia Vergine
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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25
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Simioni PF, Emilio T, Giles AL, Viana de Freitas G, Silva Oliveira R, Setime L, Pierre Vitoria A, Pireda S, Vieira da Silva I, Da Cunha M. Anatomical traits related to leaf and branch hydraulic functioning on Amazonian savanna plants. AOB PLANTS 2023; 15:plad018. [PMID: 37214224 PMCID: PMC10198777 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Amazonian savannas are isolated patches of open habitats found within the extensive matrix of Amazonian tropical forests. There remains limited evidence on how Amazonian plants from savannas differ in the traits related to drought resistance and water loss control. Previous studies have reported several xeromorphic characteristics of Amazonian savanna plants at the leaf and branch levels that are linked to soil, solar radiation, rainfall and seasonality. How anatomical features relate to plant hydraulic functioning in this ecosystem is less known and instrumental if we want to accurately model transitions in trait states between alternative vegetation in Amazonia. In this context, we combined studies of anatomical and hydraulic traits to understand the structure-function relationships of leaf and wood xylem in plants of Amazonian savannas. We measured 22 leaf, wood and hydraulic traits, including embolism resistance (as P50), Hydraulic Safety Margin (HSM) and isotope-based water use efficiency (WUE), for the seven woody species that account for 75% of the biomass of a typical Amazonian savanna on rocky outcrops in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Few anatomical traits are related to hydraulic traits. Our findings showed wide variation exists among the seven species studied here in resistance to embolism, water use efficiency and structural anatomy, suggesting no unique dominant functional plant strategy to occupy an Amazonian savanna. We found wide variation in resistance to embolism (-1.6 ± 0.1 MPa and -5.0 ± 0.5 MPa) with species that are less efficient in water use (e.g. Kielmeyera rubriflora, Macairea radula, Simarouba versicolor, Parkia cachimboensis and Maprounea guianensis) showing higher stomatal conductance potential, supporting xylem functioning with leaf succulence and/or safer wood anatomical structures and that species that are more efficient in water use (e.g. Norantea guianensis and Alchornea discolor) can exhibit riskier hydraulic strategies. Our results provide a deeper understanding of how branch and leaf structural traits combine to allow for different hydraulic strategies among coexisting plants. In Amazonian savannas, this may mean investing in buffering water loss (e.g. succulence) at leaf level or safer structures (e.g. thicker pit membranes) and architectures (e.g. vessel grouping) in their branch xylem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thaise Emilio
- Programa Nacional de Pós-Doutorado (PNPD), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brasil
| | - André L Giles
- Instituo Nacional de Pesquisa da Amazonia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil
| | - Gustavo Viana de Freitas
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Lara Setime
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil
| | - Angela Pierre Vitoria
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil
| | - Saulo Pireda
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ivone Vieira da Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado do Mato Grosso, Alta Floresta, MT, Brasil
| | - Maura Da Cunha
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil
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26
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An YD, Roddy AB, Zhang TH, Jiang GF. Hydraulic differences between flowers and leaves are driven primarily by pressure-volume traits and water loss. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1130724. [PMID: 37324689 PMCID: PMC10264769 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1130724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Flowers are critical for successful reproduction and have been a major axis of diversification among angiosperms. As the frequency and severity of droughts are increasing globally, maintaining water balance of flowers is crucial for food security and other ecosystem services that rely on flowering. Yet remarkably little is known about the hydraulic strategies of flowers. We characterized hydraulic strategies of leaves and flowers of ten species by combining anatomical observations using light and scanning electron microscopy with measurements of hydraulic physiology (minimum diffusive conductance (g min) and pressure-volume (PV) curves parameters). We predicted that flowers would exhibit higher g min and higher hydraulic capacitance than leaves, which would be associated with differences in intervessel pit traits because of their different hydraulic strategies. We found that, compared to leaves, flowers exhibited: 1) higher g min, which was associated with higher hydraulic capacitance (C T); 2) lower variation in intervessel pit traits and differences in pit membrane area and pit aperture shape; and 3) independent coordination between intervessel pit traits and other anatomical and physiological traits; 4) independent evolution of most traits in flowers and leaves, resulting in 5) large differences in the regions of multivariate trait space occupied by flowers and leaves. Furthermore, across organs intervessel pit trait variation was orthogonal to variation in other anatomical and physiological traits, suggesting that pit traits represent an independent axis of variation that have as yet been unquantified in flowers. These results suggest that flowers, employ a drought-avoidant strategy of maintaining high capacitance that compensates for their higher g min to prevent excessive declines in water potentials. This drought-avoidant strategy may have relaxed selection on intervessel pit traits and allowed them to vary independently from other anatomical and physiological traits. Furthermore, the independent evolution of floral and foliar anatomical and physiological traits highlights their modular development despite being borne from the same apical meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Dong An
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory for Cultivation and Utilization of Subtropical Forest Plantation, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Adam B. Roddy
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Tian-Hao Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory for Cultivation and Utilization of Subtropical Forest Plantation, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Guo-Feng Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory for Cultivation and Utilization of Subtropical Forest Plantation, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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27
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Lamarque LJ, Delmas CEL, Charrier G, Burlett R, Dell'Acqua N, Pouzoulet J, Gambetta GA, Delzon S. Quantifying the grapevine xylem embolism resistance spectrum to identify varieties and regions at risk in a future dry climate. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7724. [PMID: 37173393 PMCID: PMC10181993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34224-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining wine production under global warming partly relies on optimizing the choice of plant material for a given viticultural region and developing drought-resistant cultivars. However, progress in these directions is hampered by the lack of understanding of differences in drought resistance among Vitis genotypes. We investigated patterns of xylem embolism vulnerability within and among 30 Vitis species and sub-species (varieties) from different locations and climates, and assessed the risk of drought vulnerability in 329 viticultural regions worldwide. Within a variety, vulnerability to embolism decreased during summer. Among varieties, we have found wide variations in drought resistance of the vascular system in grapevines. This is particularly the case within Vitis vinifera, with varieties distributed across four clusters of embolism vulnerability. Ugni blanc and Chardonnay featured among the most vulnerable, while Pinot noir, Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon ranked among the most resistant. Regions possibly at greater risk of being vulnerable to drought, such as Poitou-Charentes, France and Marlborough, New Zealand, do not necessarily have arid climates, but rather bear a significant proportion of vulnerable varieties. We demonstrate that grapevine varieties may not respond equally to warmer and drier conditions, and highlight that hydraulic traits are key to improve viticulture suitability under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent J Lamarque
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, 33615, Pessac, France.
- Département des Sciences de l'Environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada.
| | | | - Guillaume Charrier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Régis Burlett
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, 33615, Pessac, France
| | | | | | - Gregory A Gambetta
- EGFV, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, 33615, Pessac, France
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28
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Isasa E, Link RM, Jansen S, Tezeh FR, Kaack L, Sarmento Cabral J, Schuldt B. Addressing controversies in the xylem embolism resistance-vessel diameter relationship. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:283-296. [PMID: 36636783 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although xylem embolism is a key process during drought-induced tree mortality, its relationship to wood anatomy remains debated. While the functional link between bordered pits and embolism resistance is known, there is no direct, mechanistic explanation for the traditional assumption that wider vessels are more vulnerable than narrow ones. We used data from 20 temperate broad-leaved tree species to study the inter- and intraspecific relationship of water potential at 50% loss of conductivity (P50 ) with hydraulically weighted vessel diameter (Dh ) and tested its link to pit membrane thickness (TPM ) and specific conductivity (Ks ) on species level. Embolism-resistant species had thick pit membranes and narrow vessels. While Dh was weakly associated with TPM , the P50 -Dh relationship remained highly significant after accounting for TPM . The interspecific pattern between P50 and Dh was mirrored by a link between P50 and Ks , but there was no evidence for an intraspecific relationship. Our results provide robust evidence for an interspecific P50 -Dh relationship across our species. As a potential cause for the inconsistencies in published P50 -Dh relationships, our analysis suggests differences in the range of trait values covered, and the level of data aggregation (species, tree or sample level) studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Isasa
- Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roman Mathias Link
- Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
- Chair of Forest Botany, Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology, Technical University of Dresden, Pienner Str. 7, 01737, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Fon Robinson Tezeh
- Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lucian Kaack
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Juliano Sarmento Cabral
- Ecosystem Modeling Group, Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, University of Würzburg, Klara-Oppenheimer-Weg 32, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Biodiversity Modelling and Environmental Change, School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Bernhard Schuldt
- Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
- Chair of Forest Botany, Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology, Technical University of Dresden, Pienner Str. 7, 01737, Tharandt, Germany
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Ribeiro-Júnior NG, Marimon BH, Marimon BS, Cruz WJA, Silva IV, Galbraith DR, Gloor E, Phillips OL. Anatomical functional traits and hydraulic vulnerability of trees in different water conditions in southern Amazonia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16146. [PMID: 36826405 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Understanding tree species' responses to drought is critical for predicting the future of tropical forests, especially in regions where the climate is changing rapidly. METHODS We compared anatomical and functional traits of the dominant tree species of two tropical forests in southern Amazonia, one on deep, well-drained soils (cerradão [CD]) and one in a riparian environment (gallery forest [GF]), to examine potential anatomical indicators of resistance or vulnerability to drought. RESULTS Leaves of CD species generally had a thicker cuticle, upper epidermis, and mesophyll than those of GF species, traits that are indicative of adaptation to water deficit. In the GF, the theoretical hydraulic conductivity of the stems was significantly higher, indicating lower investment in drought resistance. The anatomical functional traits of CD species indicate a greater potential for surviving water restriction compared to the GF. Even so, it is possible that CD species could also be affected by extreme climate changes due to the more water-limited environment. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the marked anatomical and functional differences between these phytophysiognomies, tree diversity within each is associated with a large range of hydraulic morphofunctional niches. Our results suggest the strong potential for floristic and functional compositional shifts under continued climate change, especially in the GF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norberto G Ribeiro-Júnior
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Rua Prof. Dr. Renato Figueiro Varella, 78690-000, Nova Xavantina-MT, Brasil
- Diretoria Regional de Educação de Sinop, Secretaria de Estado de Educação de Mato Grosso, Rua dos Lírios, 78500-007, Sinop-MT, Brasil
| | - Ben Hur Marimon
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Rua Prof. Dr. Renato Figueiro Varella, 78690-000, Nova Xavantina-MT, Brasil
| | - Beatriz S Marimon
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Rua Prof. Dr. Renato Figueiro Varella, 78690-000, Nova Xavantina-MT, Brasil
| | - Wesley J A Cruz
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Rua Prof. Dr. Renato Figueiro Varella, 78690-000, Nova Xavantina-MT, Brasil
| | - Ivone V Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Agroecossistemas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Avenida Perimetral Rogério Silva, 4930, 78580-000, Alta Floresta-MT, Brasil
| | | | - Emanuel Gloor
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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30
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Robinson JA, Rennie M, Clearwater M, Holland DJ, van den Berg AK, Watson M. Examination of embolisms in maple and birch saplings utilising microCT. Micron 2023; 168:103438. [PMID: 36889230 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2023.103438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the application of synchrotron x-ray microtomography (microCT) to non-invasively examine the internal structure of a maple and birch sapling. We show that, through the use of standard image analysis techniques, embolised vessels can be extracted from reconstructed slices of the stem. By combining these thresholded images with connectivity analysis, we map out the embolisms within the sapling in three dimensions and evaluate the size distribution, showing that large embolisms over 0.005 mm3 in volume compose the majority of the saplings' total embolised volume. Finally we evaluate the radial distribution of embolisms, showing that in maple fewer embolisms are present towards the cambium, while birch has a more uniform distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Robinson
- Biomolecular Interaction Center & Chemical and Process Engineering Department, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Matt Rennie
- Biomolecular Interaction Center & Chemical and Process Engineering Department, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Mike Clearwater
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Daniel J Holland
- Biomolecular Interaction Center & Chemical and Process Engineering Department, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Abby K van den Berg
- Proctor Maple Research Center, University of Vermont, Underhill, VT, United States
| | - Matthew Watson
- Biomolecular Interaction Center & Chemical and Process Engineering Department, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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31
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Grossman JJ. Phenological physiology: seasonal patterns of plant stress tolerance in a changing climate. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1508-1524. [PMID: 36372992 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The physiological challenges posed by climate change for seasonal, perennial plants include increased risk of heat waves, postbudbreak freezing ('false springs'), and droughts. Although considerable physiological work has shown that the traits conferring tolerance to these stressors - thermotolerance, cold hardiness, and water deficit stress, respectively - are not static in time, they are frequently treated as such. In this review, I synthesize the recent literature on predictable seasonal - and therefore, phenological - patterns of acclimation and deacclimation to heat, cold, and water-deficit stress in perennials, focusing on woody plants native to temperate climates. I highlight promising, high-throughput techniques for quantifying thermotolerance, cold hardiness, and drought tolerance. For each of these forms of stress tolerance, I summarize the current balance of evidence regarding temporal patterns over the course of a year and suggest a characteristic temporal scale in these responses to environmental stress. In doing so, I offer a synthetic framework of 'phenological physiology', in which understanding and leveraging seasonally recurring (phenological) patterns of physiological stress acclimation can facilitate climate change adaptation and mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake J Grossman
- Department of Biology, St. Olaf College, 1520 St Olaf Ave., St Olaf, MN, 55057, USA
- Department of Environmental Studies, St Olaf College, 1520 St Olaf Ave., St Olaf, MN, 55057, USA
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 1300 Centre St., Boston, MA, 02131, USA
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32
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Guan X, Wen Y, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Cao KF. Stem hydraulic conductivity and embolism resistance of Quercus species are associated with their climatic niche. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:234-247. [PMID: 36209451 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The hydraulic traits of a plant species may reflect its climate adaptations. Southwest China is considered as a biodiversity hotpot of the genus Quercus (oak). However, the hydraulic adaptations of Asian oaks to their climate niches remain unclear. Ten common garden-grown oak species with distinct natural distributions in eastern Asia were used to determine their stem xylem embolism resistance (water potential at 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity, P50), stem hydraulic efficiency (vessel anatomy and sapwood specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks)) and leaf anatomical traits. We also compiled four key functional traits: wood density, hydraulic-weighted vessel diameter, Ks and P50 data for 31 oak species from previous literature. We analyzed the relationship between hydraulic traits and climatic factors over the native ranges of 41 oak species. Our results revealed that the 10 Asian oak species, which are mainly distributed in humid subtropical habitats, possessed a stem xylem with low embolism resistance and moderate hydraulic efficiency. The deciduous and evergreen species of the 10 Asian oaks differed in the stem and leaf traits related to hydraulic efficiency. Ks differed significantly between the two phenological groups (deciduous and evergreens) in the 41-oak dataset. No significant difference in P50 between the two groups was found for the 10 Asian oaks or the 41-oak dataset. The oak species that can distribute in arid habitats possessed a stem xylem with high embolism resistance. Ks negatively related to the humidity of the native range of the 10 Asian oaks, but showed no trend when assessing the entire global oak dataset. Our study suggests that stem hydraulic conductivity and embolism resistance in Quercus species are shaped by their climate niche. Our findings assist predictions of oak drought resistance with future climate changes for oak forest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Guan
- Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilisation of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Yin Wen
- Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilisation of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilisation of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilisation of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
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33
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Avila RT, Kane CN, Batz TA, Trabi C, Damatta FM, Jansen S, McAdam SAM. The relative area of vessels in xylem correlates with stem embolism resistance within and between genera. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:75-87. [PMID: 36070431 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The resistance of xylem conduits to embolism is a major factor defining drought tolerance and can set the distributional limits of species across rainfall gradients. Recent work suggests that the proximity of vessels to neighbors increases the vulnerability of a conduit. We therefore investigated whether the relative vessel area of xylem correlates with intra- and inter-generic variation in xylem embolism resistance in species pairs or triplets from the genera Acer, Cinnamomum, Ilex, Quercus and Persea, adapted to environments differing in aridity. We used the optical vulnerability method to assess embolism resistance in stems and conducted anatomical measurements on the xylem in which embolism resistance was quantified. Vessel lumen fraction (VLF) correlated with xylem embolism resistance across and within genera. A low VLF likely increases the resistance to gas movement between conduits, by diffusion or advection, whereas a high VLF enhances gas transport thorough increased conduit-to-conduit connectivity and reduced distances between conduits and therefore the likelihood of embolism propagation. We suggest that the rate of gas movement due to local pressure differences and xylem network connectivity is a central driver of embolism propagation in angiosperm vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo T Avila
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Cade N Kane
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Timothy A Batz
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Christophe Trabi
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Baden-Württemberg 89081, Germany
| | - Fábio M Damatta
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Steven Jansen
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Baden-Württemberg 89081, Germany
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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34
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Yang D, Pereira L, Peng G, Ribeiro RV, Kaack L, Jansen S, Tyree MT. A unit pipe pneumatic model to simulate gas kinetics during measurements of embolism in excised angiosperm xylem. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:88-101. [PMID: 36049079 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The pneumatic method has been introduced to quantify embolism resistance in plant xylem of various organs by applying a partial vacuum to cut-open xylem. Despite the similarity in vulnerability curves between the pneumatic and other methods, a modeling approach is needed to investigate if changes in xylem embolism during dehydration can be accurately quantified based on gas diffusion kinetics. Therefore, a unit pipe pneumatic (UPPn) model was developed to estimate gas extraction from intact conduits, which were axially interconnected by inter-conduit pit membranes to cut-open conduits. The physical laws used included Fick's law for diffusion, Henry's law for gas concentration partitioning between liquid and gas phases at equilibrium and the ideal gas law. The UPPn model showed that 91% of the extracted gas came from the first five series of embolized, intact conduits and only 9% from the aqueous phase after 15 s of simulation. Considering alternative gas sources, embolism resistance measured with a pneumatron device was systematically overestimated by 2-17%, which corresponded to a typical measuring error of 0.11 MPa for P50 (the water potential equivalent to 50% of the maximum amount of gas extracted). It is concluded that pneumatic vulnerability curves directly measure embolism of intact conduits due to the fast movement of gas across interconduit pit membranes, while gas extraction from sap and diffusion across hydrated cell walls is about 100 times slower. We expect that the UPPn model will also contribute to the understanding of embolism propagation based on temporal gas dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Yang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Luciano Pereira
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, P.O. Box 6109, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 Ulm D-89081, Germany
| | - Guoquan Peng
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Rafael V Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, P.O. Box 6109, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Lucian Kaack
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 Ulm D-89081, Germany
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 Ulm D-89081, Germany
| | - Melvin T Tyree
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
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35
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Zhang C, Khan A, Duan CY, Cao Y, Wu DD, Hao GY. Xylem hydraulics strongly influence the niche differentiation of tree species along the slope of a river valley in a water-limited area. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:106-118. [PMID: 36253806 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Xylem hydraulic characteristics govern plant water transport, affecting both drought resistance and photosynthetic gas exchange. Therefore, they play critical roles in determining the adaptation of different species to environments with various water regimes. Here, we tested the hypothesis that variation in xylem traits associated with a trade-off between hydraulic efficiency and safety against drought-induced embolism contributes to niche differentiation of tree species along a sharp water availability gradient on the slope of a unique river valley located in a semi-humid area. We found that tree species showed clear niche differentiation with decreasing water availability from the bottom towards the top of the valley. Tree species occupying different positions, in terms of vertical distribution distance from the bottom of the valley, showed a strong trade-off between xylem water transport efficiency and safety, as evidenced by variations in xylem structural traits at both the tissue and pit levels. This optimized their xylem hydraulics in their respective water regimes. Thus, the trade-off between hydraulic efficiency and safety contributes to clear niche differentiation and, thereby, to the coexistence of tree species in the valley with heterogeneous water availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Daqinggou Ecological Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Attaullah Khan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Daqinggou Ecological Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Chun-Yang Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Daqinggou Ecological Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Institute of Sand Land Control and Utilization, Liaoning Province, Fuxin, China
| | - De-Dong Wu
- Institute of Sand Land Control and Utilization, Liaoning Province, Fuxin, China
| | - Guang-You Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Daqinggou Ecological Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
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36
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Rauschendorfer J, Rooney R, Külheim C. Strategies to mitigate shifts in red oak (Quercus sect. Lobatae) distribution under a changing climate. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:2383-2400. [PMID: 35867476 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Red oaks (Quercus sect. Lobatae) are a taxonomic group of hardwood trees, which occur in swamp forests, subtropical chaparral and savannahs from Columbia to Canada. They cover a wide range of ecological niches, and many species are thought to be able to cope with current trends in climate change. Genus Quercus encompasses ca. 500 species, of which ca. 80 make up sect. Lobatae. Species diversity is greatest within the southeastern USA and within the northern and eastern regions of Mexico. This review discusses the weak reproductive barriers between species of red oaks and the effects this has on speciation and niche range. Distribution and diversity have been shaped by drought adaptations common to the species of sect. Lobatae, which enable them to fill various xeric niches across the continent. Drought adaptive traits of this taxonomic group include deciduousness, deep tap roots, ring-porous xylem, regenerative stump sprouting, greater leaf thickness and smaller stomata. The complex interplay between these anatomical and morphological traits has given red oaks features of drought tolerance and avoidance. Here, we discuss physiological and genetic components of these adaptations to address how many species of sect. Lobatae reside within xeric sites and/or sustain normal metabolic function during drought. Although extensive drought adaptation appears to give sect. Lobatae a resilience to climate change, aging tree stands, oak life history traits and the current genetic structures place many red oak species at risk. Furthermore, oak decline, a complex interaction between abiotic and biotic agents, has severe effects on red oaks and is likely to accelerate species decline and fragmentation. We suggest that assisted migration can be used to avoid species fragmentation and increase climate change resilience of sect. Lobatae.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Rauschendorfer
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Rebecca Rooney
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Carsten Külheim
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
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37
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Feng X, Zhong L, Zhou H, Bi J, Batool H, Zhang X, Zhao W. The limiting effect of genome size on xylem vessel diameter is shifted by environmental pressures in seed plants. PLANT DIRECT 2022; 6:e471. [PMID: 36530591 PMCID: PMC9751660 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Current and previous studies have extensively studied the physiological and ecological consequences of genome size (GS) on plants because of the limiting effect of GS on cell size. However, it is still obscure whether such limiting effect could be shifted by environmental pressures, or not. Here, we compiled a global dataset comprised of GS, xylem vessel diameter (V dia), xylem hydraulic conductivity (K S), P 50 (xylem water potential at the loss of 50% maximum K S), and climate factors of 251 phylogeny and habitat divergent species from 59 families. The results showed that GS could limit the V dia of the species from the same family sampled in the similar climate conditions. But the expected positive relationship between GS and V dia became uncertain and even negative across different environmental conditions. V dia was strongly positively coordinated with mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP), and potential evapotranspiration (PET). Furthermore, V dia as the anatomic foundation of plant hydraulic performance was strongly positively coordinated with K S and negatively coordinated with -P 50. The strong environmental selection on K S and P 50 explained the concerted regulation of V dia by environmental factors. The findings revealed the combined regulation of GS and environmental pressures on xylem cell size and thus affected plant eco-physiological performance. The shifted cell size limiting effect of GS by environmental factors manifests plants great plasticity under changed environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyan Feng
- Linze Inland River Basin Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Linfei Zhong
- College of Geography and Environment ScienceNorthwest Normal UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Hai Zhou
- Linze Inland River Basin Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
| | - Jingwen Bi
- School of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Huma Batool
- Sardar Bahadur Khan Women's UniversityQuettaPakistan
| | - Xintan Zhang
- College of AgricultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Wenzhi Zhao
- Linze Inland River Basin Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
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38
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Lens F, Gleason SM, Bortolami G, Brodersen C, Delzon S, Jansen S. Functional xylem characteristics associated with drought-induced embolism in angiosperms. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:2019-2036. [PMID: 36039697 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic failure resulting from drought-induced embolism in the xylem of plants is a key determinant of reduced productivity and mortality. Methods to assess this vulnerability are difficult to achieve at scale, leading to alternative metrics and correlations with more easily measured traits. These efforts have led to the longstanding and pervasive assumed mechanistic link between vessel diameter and vulnerability in angiosperms. However, there are at least two problems with this assumption that requires critical re-evaluation: (1) our current understanding of drought-induced embolism does not provide a mechanistic explanation why increased vessel width should lead to greater vulnerability, and (2) the most recent advancements in nanoscale embolism processes suggest that vessel diameter is not a direct driver. Here, we review data from physiological and comparative wood anatomy studies, highlighting the potential anatomical and physicochemical drivers of embolism formation and spread. We then put forward key knowledge gaps, emphasising what is known, unknown and speculation. A meaningful evaluation of the diameter-vulnerability link will require a better mechanistic understanding of the biophysical processes at the nanoscale level that determine embolism formation and spread, which will in turn lead to more accurate predictions of how water transport in plants is affected by drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Leiden University, Institute of Biology Leiden, Plant Sciences, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sean M Gleason
- Water Management and Systems Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Giovanni Bortolami
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Craig Brodersen
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, 33615, Pessac, France
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
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39
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Guan X, Werner J, Cao KF, Pereira L, Kaack L, McAdam SAM, Jansen S. Stem and leaf xylem of angiosperm trees experiences minimal embolism in temperate forests during two consecutive summers with moderate drought. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:1208-1223. [PMID: 34990084 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Drought events may increase the likelihood that the plant water transport system becomes interrupted by embolism. Yet our knowledge about the temporal frequency of xylem embolism in the field is frequently lacking, as it requires detailed, long-term measurements. We measured xylem embolism resistance and midday xylem water potentials during the consecutive summers of 2019 and 2020 to estimate maximum levels of embolism in leaf and stem xylem of ten temperate angiosperm tree species. We also studied vessel and pit membrane characteristics based on light and electron microscopy to corroborate potential differences in embolism resistance between leaves and stems. Apart from A. pseudoplatanus and Q. petraea, eight species experienced minimum xylem water potentials that were close to or below those required to initiate embolism. Water potentials corresponding to ca. 12% loss of hydraulic conductivity (PLC) could occur in six species, while considerable levels of embolism around 50% PLC were limited to B. pendula and C. avellana. There was a general agreement in embolism resistance between stems and leaves, with leaves being equally or more resistant than stems. Also, xylem embolism resistance was significantly correlated to intervessel pit membrane thickness (TPM ) for stems, but not to vessel diameter and total intervessel pit membrane surface area of a vessel. Our data indicate that low amounts of embolism occur in most species during moderate summer drought, and that considerable levels of embolism are uncommon. Moreover, our experimental and TPM data show that leaf xylem is generally no more vulnerable than stem xylem.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Guan
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - J Werner
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - K-F Cao
- Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilisation of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - L Pereira
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - L Kaack
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - S A M McAdam
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - S Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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40
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Weithmann G, Paligi SS, Schuldt B, Leuschner C. Branch xylem vascular adjustments in European beech in response to decreasing water availability across a precipitation gradient. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:2224-2238. [PMID: 35861677 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Crucial for the climate adaptation of trees is a xylem anatomical structure capable of adjusting to changing water regimes. Although species comparisons across climate zones have demonstrated anatomical change in response to altered water availability and tree height, less is known about the adaptability of tree vascular systems to increasing water deficits at the intraspecific level. Information on the between-population and within-population variability of xylem traits helps assessing a species' ability to cope with climate change. We investigated the variability of wood anatomical and related hydraulic traits in terminal branches of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees across a precipitation gradient (520-890 mm year-1) and examined the influence of climatic water balance (CWB), soil water capacity (AWC), neighborhood competition (CI), tree height and branch age on these traits. Furthermore, the relationship between xylem anatomical traits and embolism resistance (P50) was tested. Within-population trait variation was larger than between-population variation. Vessel diameter, lumen-to-sapwood area ratio and potential conductivity of terminal branches decreased with decreasing CWB, but these traits were not affected by AWC, whereas vessel density increased with an AWC decrease. In contrast, none of the studied anatomical traits were influenced by variation in tree height (21-34 m) or CI. Branch age was highly variable (2-22 years) despite equal diameter and position in the flow path, suggesting different growth trajectories in the past. Vessel diameter decreased, and vessel density increased, with increasing branch age, reflecting negative annual radial growth trends. Although vessel diameter was not related to P50, vessel grouping index and lumen-to-sapwood area ratio showed a weak, though highly significant, positive relationship to P50. We conclude that the xylem anatomy of terminal tree-top branches in European beech is modified in response to increasing climatic aridity and/or decreasing soil water availability, independent of a tree height effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Weithmann
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sharath Shyamappa Paligi
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schuldt
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
- Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Leuschner
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
- Centre for Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
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41
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Schönbeck LC, Schuler P, Lehmann MM, Mas E, Mekarni L, Pivovaroff AL, Turberg P, Grossiord C. Increasing temperature and vapour pressure deficit lead to hydraulic damages in the absence of soil drought. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:3275-3289. [PMID: 36030547 PMCID: PMC9826222 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Temperature (T) and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) are important drivers of plant hydraulic conductivity, growth, mortality, and ecosystem productivity, independently of soil water availability. Our goal was to disentangle the effects of T and VPD on plant hydraulic responses. Young trees of Fagus sylvatica L., Quercus pubescens Willd. and Quercus ilex L. were exposed to a cross-combination of a T and VPD manipulation under unlimited soil water availability. Stem hydraulic conductivity and leaf-level hydraulic traits (e.g., gas exchange and osmotic adjustment) were tracked over a full growing season. Significant loss of xylem conductive area (PLA) was found in F. sylvatica and Q. pubescens due to rising VPD and T, but not in Q. ilex. Increasing T aggravated the effects of high VPD in F. sylvatica only. PLA was driven by maximum hydraulic conductivity and minimum leaf conductance, suggesting that high transpiration and water loss after stomatal closure contributed to plant hydraulic stress. This study shows for the first time that rising VPD and T lead to losses of stem conductivity even when soil water is not limiting, highlighting their rising importance in plant mortality mechanisms in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie C. Schönbeck
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering ENACEPFLLausanneSwitzerland
- Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for ForestSnow and Landscape WSLLausanneSwitzerland
- Department of Botany & Plant SciencesUniversity of California, RiversideRiversideCaliforniaUSA
| | - Philipp Schuler
- Forest Dynamics Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for ForestSnow and Landscape WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Agricultural SciencesETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Marco M. Lehmann
- Forest Dynamics Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for ForestSnow and Landscape WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Eugénie Mas
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering ENACEPFLLausanneSwitzerland
- Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for ForestSnow and Landscape WSLLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Laura Mekarni
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering ENACEPFLLausanneSwitzerland
- Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for ForestSnow and Landscape WSLLausanneSwitzerland
| | | | - Pascal Turberg
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering ENACEPFLLausanneSwitzerland
- Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for ForestSnow and Landscape WSLLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering ENACEPFLLausanneSwitzerland
- Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for ForestSnow and Landscape WSLLausanneSwitzerland
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42
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Wang L, Li J, Wang Y, Xue H, Dai Y, Han Y. Interactive effect between tree ageing and trunk-boring pest reduces hydraulics and carbon metabolism in Hippophae rhamnoides. AOB PLANTS 2022; 14:plac051. [PMID: 36545298 PMCID: PMC9762721 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plac051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sea-buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) is widely distributed across the Eurasian continent. Recently sea-buckthorn has shown premature ageing and decline when confronted with water deficiency and Holcocerus hippophaecolus damage in northwest China and the Loess Plateau region. However, the physiological process of sea-buckthorn senescence in response to drought and pest damage is still unknown. In this study, 4-year-old (4y), 15-year-old normal growth (15yN) and 15-year-old seriously moth-damaged sea-buckthorn plants (15yH) were used as the research objects. The growth of branches and roots, branch water potential and percentage loss of conductivity (PLC), branch vulnerability to embolism (quantified by P50, xylem water potential at 50 % of PLC), branch xylem parenchyma cell viability, photosynthesis and the non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) content in branches and roots in dry and wet seasons were measured. The results showed that the length, basal diameter of 1-year-old branches and the leaf area of 4y trees were significantly larger than that of 15yN and 15yH trees, and the fine root density of 15yH trees was significantly lower than that of 15yN trees in all measured areas. The branch-specific hydraulic conductivity of 15yN and 15yH trees was only 50.2 % and 12.3 % of that of 4y trees, and the P50 of 4y, 15yH and 15yN trees was -3.69 MPa, -2.71 MPa and -1.15 MPa, respectively. The midday water potential and photosynthetic rate were highest in 4y trees, followed by 15yN and then 15yH trees in both the dry season and wet seasons, while branch PLC declined in the opposite direction (15yH trees highest, 4y trees lowest). The degree of PLC repair within a day was highest in 4y trees, followed by 15yN and then 15yH trees, and the viability of xylem cells was consistent with this pattern. The branch xylem starch and NSC content of 4y and 15yN trees were significantly higher than that of 15yH trees in the dry season, and the root starch and NSC content of 4y trees were significantly higher than that of 15yH trees in the two seasons. The above results suggest that the hydraulic properties of the normal elderly and seriously pest-damaged sea-buckthorn were significantly worse than in juvenile plants. Narrower early wood width and vessel density, high embolism vulnerability and weak embolism repair capacity led to the decline in water-conducting ability, and similarly further affected photosynthesis and the root NSC content. The decline in xylem parenchyma cell viability was the main reason for the limited embolism repair in the branches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Corresponding author’s e-mail address:
| | - Junpeng Li
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, P.R. China
| | - Hao Xue
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, P.R. China
| | - Yongxin Dai
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, P.R. China
| | - Youzhi Han
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, P.R. China
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43
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Ménard D, Blaschek L, Kriechbaum K, Lee CC, Serk H, Zhu C, Lyubartsev A, Nuoendagula , Bacsik Z, Bergström L, Mathew A, Kajita S, Pesquet E. Plant biomechanics and resilience to environmental changes are controlled by specific lignin chemistries in each vascular cell type and morphotype. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:koac284. [PMID: 36215679 PMCID: PMC9709985 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The biopolymer lignin is deposited in the cell walls of vascular cells and is essential for long-distance water conduction and structural support in plants. Different vascular cell types contain distinct and conserved lignin chemistries, each with specific aromatic and aliphatic substitutions. Yet, the biological role of this conserved and specific lignin chemistry in each cell type remains unclear. Here, we investigated the roles of this lignin biochemical specificity for cellular functions by producing single cell analyses for three cell morphotypes of tracheary elements, which all allow sap conduction but differ in their morphology. We determined that specific lignin chemistries accumulate in each cell type. Moreover, lignin accumulated dynamically, increasing in quantity and changing in composition, to alter the cell wall biomechanics during cell maturation. For similar aromatic substitutions, residues with alcohol aliphatic functions increased stiffness whereas aldehydes increased flexibility of the cell wall. Modifying this lignin biochemical specificity and the sequence of its formation impaired the cell wall biomechanics of each morphotype and consequently hindered sap conduction and drought recovery. Together, our results demonstrate that each sap-conducting vascular cell type distinctly controls their lignin biochemistry to adjust their biomechanics and hydraulic properties to face developmental and environmental constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Ménard
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Leonard Blaschek
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Konstantin Kriechbaum
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cheng Choo Lee
- Umeå Core Facility for Electron Microscopy (UCEM), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Henrik Serk
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Chuantao Zhu
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Lyubartsev
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nuoendagula
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Zoltán Bacsik
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lennart Bergström
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aji Mathew
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shinya Kajita
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Edouard Pesquet
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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44
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Pritzkow C, Brown MJM, Carins-Murphy MR, Bourbia I, Mitchell PJ, Brodersen C, Choat B, Brodribb TJ. Conduit position and connectivity affect the likelihood of xylem embolism during natural drought in evergreen woodland species. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:431-444. [PMID: 35420657 PMCID: PMC9486930 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hydraulic failure is considered a main cause of drought-induced forest mortality. Yet, we have a limited understanding of how the varying intensities and long time scales of natural droughts induce and propagate embolism within the xylem. METHODS X-ray computed tomography (microCT) images were obtained from different aged branch xylem to study the number, size and spatial distribution of in situ embolized conduits among three dominant tree species growing in a woodland community. KEY RESULTS Among the three studied tree species, those with a higher xylem vulnerability to embolism (higher water potential at 50 % loss of hydraulic conductance; P50) were more embolized than species with lower P50. Within individual stems, the probability of embolism was independent of conduit diameter but associated with conduit position. Rather than the occurrence of random or radial embolism, we observed circumferential clustering of high and low embolism density, suggesting that embolism spreads preferentially among conduits of the same age. Older xylem also appeared more likely to accumulate embolisms than young xylem, but there was no pattern suggesting that branch tips were more vulnerable to cavitation than basal regions. CONCLUSIONS The spatial analysis of embolism occurrence in field-grown trees suggests that embolism under natural drought probably propagates by air spreading from embolized into neighbouring conduits in a circumferential pattern. This pattern offers the possibility to understand the temporal aspects of embolism occurrence by examining stem cross-sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Pritzkow
- School of Biology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7005, Australia
| | - Matilda J M Brown
- School of Biology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7005, Australia
| | | | - Ibrahim Bourbia
- School of Biology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7005, Australia
| | | | - Craig Brodersen
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2750, Australia
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45
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Oliveira LA, Cardoso AA, Andrade MT, Pereira TS, Araújo WL, Santos GA, Damatta FM, Martins SCV. Exploring leaf hydraulic traits to predict drought tolerance of Eucalyptus clones. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:1750-1761. [PMID: 35388901 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing changes in climate, and the consequent mortality of natural and cultivated forests across the globe, highlight the urgent need to understand the plant traits associated with greater tolerance to drought. Here, we aimed at assessing key foliar traits, with a focus on the hydraulic component, that could confer a differential ability to tolerate drought in three commercial hybrids of the most important Eucalyptus species utilized in tropical silviculture: E. urophyla, E. grandis and E. camaldulensis. All genotypes exhibited similar water potential when the 90% stomatal closure (Ψgs90) occurs with Ψgs90 always preceding the start of embolism events. The drought-tolerant hybrid showed a higher leaf resistance to embolism, but the leaf hydraulic efficiency was similar among all genotypes. Other traits presented by the drought-tolerant hybrid were a higher cell wall reinforcement, lower value of osmotic potential at full turgor and greater bulk modulus of elasticity. We also identified that the leaf capacitance after the turgor loss, the ratio between cell wall thickness (t) and lumen breadth (b) ratio (t/b)3, and the minimal conductance might be good proxies for screening drought-tolerant Eucalyptus genotypes. Our findings suggest that xylem resistance to embolism can be an important component of drought tolerance in Eucalyptus in addition to other traits aimed at delaying the development of high tensions in the xylem. Highlight Drought tolerance in tropical Eucalyptus hybrids encompasses a high leaf resistance to embolism and a suite of traits aimed at delaying the development of high tensions in the xylem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo A Oliveira
- Departmento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Amanda A Cardoso
- Departmento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Moab T Andrade
- Departmento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Talitha S Pereira
- Departmento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departmento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Gleison A Santos
- Departmento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Fábio M Damatta
- Departmento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Samuel C V Martins
- Departmento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
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46
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Levionnois S, Kaack L, Heuret P, Abel N, Ziegler C, Coste S, Stahl C, Jansen S. Pit characters determine drought-induced embolism resistance of leaf xylem across 18 Neotropical tree species. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:371-386. [PMID: 35567500 PMCID: PMC9434246 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Embolism spreading in xylem is an important component of plant drought resistance. Since embolism resistance has been shown to be mechanistically linked to pit membrane characters in stem xylem, we speculate that similar mechanisms account for leaf xylem. We conducted transmission electron microscopy to investigate pit membrane characters in leaf xylem across 18 Neotropical tree species. We also conducted gold perfusion and polar lipid detection experiments on three species covering the full range of leaf embolism resistance. We then related these observations to previously published data on embolism resistance of leaf xylem. We also incorporated previously published data on stem embolism resistance and stem xylem pit membranes to investigate the link between vulnerability segmentation (i.e. difference in embolism resistance) and leaf-stem anatomical variation. Maximum pit membrane thickness (Tpm,max) and the pit membrane thickness-to-diameter ratio (Tpm,max/Dpm) were predictive of leaf embolism resistance, especially when vestured pits were taken into account. Variation in Tpm,max/Dpm was the only trait predictive of vulnerability segmentation between leaves and stems. Gold particles of 5- and 10-nm infiltrated pit membranes in three species, while the entry of 50-nm particles was blocked. Moreover, polar lipids were associated with inner conduit walls and pits. Our results suggest that mechanisms related to embolism spreading are determined by Tpm, pore constrictions (i.e. the narrowest bottlenecks along pore pathways), and lipid surfactants, which are largely similar between leaf and stem xylem and between temperate and tropical trees. However, our mechanistic understanding of embolism propagation and the functional relevance of Tpm,max/Dpm remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucian Kaack
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany
| | | | - Nina Abel
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany
| | - Camille Ziegler
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou 97310, France
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR SILVA, Nancy 54000, France
| | - Sabrina Coste
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou 97310, France
| | - Clément Stahl
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou 97310, France
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47
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Xie J, Wang Z, Li Y. Stomatal opening ratio mediates trait coordinating network adaptation to environmental gradients. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:907-922. [PMID: 35491493 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A trait coordination network is constructed through intercorrelations of functional traits, which reflect trait-based adaptive strategies. However, little is known about how these networks change across spatial scales, and what drivers and mechanisms mediate this change. This study bridges that gap by integrating functional traits related to plant carbon gain and water economy into the coordination network of Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila), a eurybiont that survives along a 3800 km environmental gradient from humid forest to arid desert. Our results demonstrated that both stomatal density and stomatal size reached a physiological threshold at which adjustments in these traits were not sufficient to cope with the increased environmental stress. Network analysis further revealed that the mechanism for overcoming this threshold, the stomatal opening ratio, gratio , was represented by the highest values for centrality across different spatial scales, and therefore mediated the changes in the trait coordination network along environmental gradients. The mediating roles manifested as creating the highest maximum theoretical stomatal conductance (gsmax ) but lowest possible gratio for pathogen defense in humid regions, while maintaining the gratio 'sweet spot' (c. 20% in this region) for highest water use efficiency in semihumid regions, and having the lowest gsmax and highest gratio for gas exchange and leaf cooling in arid regions. These results suggested that the stomatal traits related to control of stomatal movement play fundamental roles in balancing gas exchange, leaf cooling, embolism resistance and pathogen defense. These insights will allow more accurate model parameterization for different regions, and therefore better predictions of species' responses to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbo Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Zhongyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
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48
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Jiang (蒋国凤) GF, Li (李溯源) SY, Li (李艺蝉) YC, Roddy AB. Coordination of hydraulic thresholds across roots, stems, and leaves of two co-occurring mangrove species. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:2159-2174. [PMID: 35640109 PMCID: PMC9342987 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mangroves are frequently inundated with saline water and have evolved different anatomical and physiological mechanisms to filter and, in some species, excrete excess salt from the water they take up. Because salts impose osmotic stress, interspecific differences in salt tolerance and salt management strategy may influence physiological responses to drought throughout the entire plant hydraulic pathway, from roots to leaves. Here, we characterized embolism vulnerability simultaneously in leaves, stems, and roots of seedlings of two mangrove species (Avicennia marina and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza) along with turgor-loss points in roots and leaves and xylem anatomical traits. In both species, the water potentials causing 50% of total embolism were less negative in roots and leaves than they were in stems, but the water potentials causing incipient embolism (5%) were similar in roots, stems, and leaves. Stomatal closure in leaves and turgor loss in both leaves and roots occurred at water potentials only slightly less negative than the water potentials causing 5% of total embolism. Xylem anatomical traits were unrelated to vulnerability to embolism. Vulnerability segmentation may be important in limiting embolism spread into stems from more vulnerable roots and leaves. Interspecific differences in salt tolerance affected hydraulic traits from roots to leaves: the salt-secretor A. marina lost turgor at more negative water potentials and had more embolism-resistant xylem than the salt-excluder B. gymnorrhiza. Characterizing physiological thresholds of roots may help to explain recent mangrove mortality after drought and extended saltwater inundation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Su-Yuan Li (李溯源)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yi-Chan Li (李艺蝉)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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49
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Zhang SB, Wen GJ, Qu YY, Yang LY, Song Y. Trade-offs between xylem hydraulic efficiency and mechanical strength in Chinese evergreen and deciduous savanna species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:1337-1349. [PMID: 35157087 PMCID: PMC9272745 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Evergreen and deciduous species coexist in tropical dry forests and savannas, but differ in physiological mechanisms and life-history strategies. Hydraulic conductivity and mechanical support are two major functions of the xylems of woody plant species related to plant growth and survival. In this study, we measured sapwood-specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks), leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity (KL), modulus of rupture (MOR) and elasticity (MOE), xylem anatomical traits and fiber contents in the xylems of 20 woody species with contrasting leaf phenology (evergreen vs deciduous) in a Chinese savanna. Our results showed that deciduous species had significantly higher Ks and KL but lower MOR and MOE than evergreen species. Evergreen species experienced more negative seasonal minimum water potential (Pmin) than deciduous species during the dry season. Furthermore, we found trade-offs between xylem hydraulic efficiency and mechanical strength across species and within the evergreen and deciduous groups, and these trade-offs were modulated by structural and chemical traits. Both Ks and KL were significantly related to hydraulic weighted vessel diameter (Dh) across all species and within the deciduous group. Both MOR and MOE were significantly related to wood density, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber across species and within evergreen and deciduous groups. Our findings demonstrated that Chinese evergreen and deciduous savanna species diverged in xylem hydraulic and mechanical functions, reflecting conservative and acquisitive life-history strategies for evergreen and deciduous species, respectively. This study provides new information with which to understand the hydraulic and biomechanical properties and ecological strategies of savanna species in long-term dry-hot environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guo-Jing Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
- Yuanjiang Savanna Ecosystem Research Station, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuanjiang, Yunnan 653300, China
| | - Ya-Ya Qu
- School of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, No. 300, Bailongshi, Panlong District, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China
| | - Lin-Yi Yang
- School of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, No. 300, Bailongshi, Panlong District, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China
| | - Yu Song
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
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50
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Influence of Juvenile Growth on Xylem Safety and Efficiency in Three Temperate Tree Species. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13060909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of the internal water transport system was a prerequisite for high plant productivity. In times of climate change, understanding the dependency of juvenile growth on xylem hydraulic physiology is therefore of high importance. Here, we explored various wood anatomical, hydraulic, and leaf morphological traits related to hydraulic safety and efficiency in three temperate broadleaved tree species (Acer pseudoplatanus, Betula pendula, and Sorbus aucuparia). We took advantage of a severe natural heat wave that resulted in different climatic growing conditions for even-aged plants from the same seed source growing inside a greenhouse and outside. Inside the greenhouse, the daily maximum vapour pressure deficit was on average 36% higher than outside during the growing seasons. Because of the higher atmospheric moisture stress, the biomass production differed up to 5.6-fold between both groups. Except for one species, a high productivity was associated with a high hydraulic efficiency caused by large xylem vessels and a large, supported leaf area. Although no safety-efficiency trade-off was observed, productivity was significantly related to P50 in two of the tree species but without revealing any clear pattern. A considerable plasticity in given traits was observed between both groups, with safety-related traits being more static while efficiency-related traits revealed a higher intra-specific plasticity. This was associated with other wood anatomical and leaf morphological adjustments. We confirm that a high hydraulic efficiency seems to be a prerequisite for a high biomass production, while our controversial results on the growth–xylem safety relationship confirm that safety-efficiency traits are decoupled and that their relationship with juvenile growth and water regime is species-specific.
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