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Wang W, Li Y, Cai C, Zhu Q. Auxin response factors fine-tune lignin biosynthesis in response to mechanical bending in bamboo. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1161-1176. [PMID: 37964659 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Lignin contributes to plant mechanical properties during bending loads. Meanwhile, phytohormone auxin controls various plant biological processes. However, the mechanism of auxin's role in bending-induced lignin biosynthesis was unclear, especially in bamboo, celebrated for its excellent deformation stability. Here, we reported that auxin response factors (ARF) 3 and ARF6 from Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houz) directly regulate lignin biosynthesis pathway genes, and affect lignin biosynthesis in bamboo. Auxin and lignin exhibited asymmetric distribution patterns, and auxin promoted lignin biosynthesis in response to bending loads in bamboo. Employing transcriptomic and weighted gene co-expression network analysis approach, we discovered that expression patterns of ARF3 and ARF6 strongly correlated with lignin biosynthesis genes. ARF3 and ARF6 directly bind to the promoter regions of 4-coumarate: coenzyme A ligase (4CL3, 4CL7, and 4CL9) or caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT2) genes, pivotal to lignin biosynthesis, and activate their expressions. Notably, the efficacy of this binding hinges on auxin levels. Alternation of the expressions of ARF3 and ARF6 substantially altered lignin accumulation in transgenic bamboo. Collectively, our study shed light on bamboo lignification genetics. Auxin signaling could directly modulate lignin biosynthesis genes to impact plant lignin content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Wang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center (BFPC), College of Forestry, Haixia Institute for Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yigang Li
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center (BFPC), College of Forestry, Haixia Institute for Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Changyang Cai
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center (BFPC), College of Forestry, Haixia Institute for Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center (BFPC), College of Forestry, Haixia Institute for Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fujian, China
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2
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Cao Y, Chen Y, Zhang L, Cai Y. Two monolignoid biosynthetic genes 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase (4CL) and p-coumaric acid 3-hdroxylase (C3H) involved in lignin accumulation in pear fruits. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:791-798. [PMID: 37520811 PMCID: PMC10382451 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01329-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
One of the most important factors impacting the quality of pear fruit is the presence of stone cells and lignin. Lignin is the main component of stone cells in pear fruits. Two monolignoid biosynthetic genes 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase (4CL) and p-coumaric acid 3-hdroxylase (C3H) are involved in lignin accumulation in pear fruits. However, the functions of these genes in lignin biosynthesis were excluded in pear. In our study, we isolated and cloned Pb4CL11 (GenBank: KM455955.1) and PbC3H1 (GenBank: KM373790.1) from pear, which contained 1644 bp encoded 54 amino acids (AA), and 1539 bp encoded 513 AA, respectively. The expression of Pb4CL11 and PbC3H1 in Arabidopsis thaliana led to an increase in cell wall thickness for intervascular fibers and xylem cells and lignin content. Overexpression of Pb4CL11 and PbC3H1 in A. thaliana can significantly increase the expression of AtPAL, AtC4H, AtHCT, AtC3H, AtCCOMT, AtCCR, AtF5H, AtCOMT, AtCAD4 and AtCAD5 with promotion of lignin biosynthesis. Taken together, our study's findings not only demonstrated the probable function of Pb4CL11 and PbC3H1 in lignin biosynthesis but also laid the groundwork for future studies using molecular biological methods to control lignin production and the formation of stone cells in pear fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- School of Health and Nursing, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hefei, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- School of Health and Nursing, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongping Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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3
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Acclimation and Compensating Metabolite Responses to UV-B Radiation in Natural and Transgenic Populus spp. Defective in Lignin Biosynthesis. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12080767. [PMID: 36005639 PMCID: PMC9414806 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12080767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved to protect leaf mesophyll tissue from damage caused by UV-B radiation by producing an array of UV-absorbing secondary metabolites. Flavonoids (phenolic glycosides) and sinapate esters (hydroxycinnamates) have been implicated as UV-B protective compounds because of the accumulation in the leaf epidermis and the strong absorption in the wavelengths corresponding to UV. Environmental adaptations by plants also generate a suite of responses for protection against damage caused by UV-B radiation, with plants from high elevations or low latitudes generally displaying greater adaptation or tolerance to UV-B radiation. In an effort to explore the relationships between plant lignin levels and composition, the origin of growth elevation, and the hierarchical synthesis of UV-screening compounds, a collection of natural variants as well as transgenic Populus spp. were examined for sensitivity or acclimation to UV-B radiation under greenhouse and laboratory conditions. Noninvasive, ecophysiological measurements using epidermal transmittance and chlorophyll fluorescence as well as metabolite measurements using UPLC-MS generally revealed that the synthesis of anthocyanins, flavonoids, and lignin precursors are increased in Populus upon moderate to high UV-B treatment. However, poplar plants with genetic modifications that affect lignin biosynthesis, or natural variants with altered lignin levels and compositions, displayed complex changes in phenylpropanoid metabolites. A balance between elevated metabolic precursors to protective phenylpropanoids and increased biosynthesis of these anthocyanins, flavonoids, and lignin is proposed to play a role in the acclimation of Populus to UV-B radiation and may provide a useful tool in engineering plants as improved bioenergy feedstocks.
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De Meester B, Oyarce P, Vanholme R, Van Acker R, Tsuji Y, Vangeel T, Van den Bosch S, Van Doorsselaere J, Sels B, Ralph J, Boerjan W. Engineering Curcumin Biosynthesis in Poplar Affects Lignification and Biomass Yield. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:943349. [PMID: 35860528 PMCID: PMC9289561 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.943349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is recalcitrant toward deconstruction into simple sugars mainly due to the presence of lignin. By engineering plants to partially replace traditional lignin monomers with alternative ones, lignin degradability and extractability can be enhanced. Previously, the alternative monomer curcumin has been successfully produced and incorporated into lignified cell walls of Arabidopsis by the heterologous expression of DIKETIDE-CoA SYNTHASE (DCS) and CURCUMIN SYNTHASE2 (CURS2). The resulting transgenic plants did not suffer from yield penalties and had an increased saccharification yield after alkaline pretreatment. Here, we translated this strategy into the bio-energy crop poplar. Via the heterologous expression of DCS and CURS2 under the control of the secondary cell wall CELLULOSE SYNTHASE A8-B promoter (ProCesA8-B), curcumin was also produced and incorporated into the lignified cell walls of poplar. ProCesA8-B:DCS_CURS2 transgenic poplars, however, suffered from shoot-tip necrosis and yield penalties. Compared to that of the wild-type (WT), the wood of transgenic poplars had 21% less cellulose, 28% more matrix polysaccharides, 23% more lignin and a significantly altered lignin composition. More specifically, ProCesA8-B:DCS_CURS2 lignin had a reduced syringyl/guaiacyl unit (S/G) ratio, an increased frequency of p-hydroxyphenyl (H) units, a decreased frequency of p-hydroxybenzoates and a higher fraction of phenylcoumaran units. Without, or with alkaline or hot water pretreatment, the saccharification efficiency of the transgenic lines was equal to that of the WT. These differences in (growth) phenotype illustrate that translational research in crops is essential to assess the value of an engineering strategy for applications. Further fine-tuning of this research strategy (e.g., by using more specific promoters or by translating this strategy to other crops such as maize) might lead to transgenic bio-energy crops with cell walls more amenable to deconstruction without settling in yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara De Meester
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paula Oyarce
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rebecca Van Acker
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yukiko Tsuji
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- US Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Thijs Vangeel
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Bert Sels
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- US Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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Higham TE, Schmitz L, Niklas KJ. The evolution of mechanical properties of conifer and angiosperm woods. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:icac103. [PMID: 35762654 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The material properties of the cells and tissues of an organism dictate, to a very large degree, the ability of the organism to cope with mechanical stress induced by externally applied forces. It is, therefore, critical to understand how these properties differ across diverse species and how they have evolved. Herein, a large data base (N = 84 species) for the mechanical properties of wood samples measured at biologically natural moisture contents (i.e., "green wood") was analyzed to determine the extent to which these properties are correlated across phylogenetically diverse tree species, to determine if a phylogenetic pattern of trait values exists, and, if so, to assess whether the rate of trait evolution varies across the phylogeny. The phylogenetic comparative analyses presented here confirm previous results that critical material properties are significantly correlated with one another and with wood density. Although the rates of trait evolution of angiosperms and gymnosperms (i.e., conifers) are similar, the material properties of both clades evolved in distinct selective regimes that are phenotypically manifested in lower values across all material properties in gymnosperms. This observation may be related to the structural differences between gymnosperm and angiosperm wood such as the presence of vessels in angiosperms. Explorations of rate heterogeneity indicate high rates of trait evolution in wood density in clades within both conifers and angiosperms (e.g., Pinus and Shorea). Future analyses are warranted using additional data given these preliminary results, especially because there is ample evidence of convergent evolution in the material properties of conifers and angiosperm wood that appear to experience similar ecological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Higham
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Lars Schmitz
- W.M. Keck Science Department, 925 N. Mills Avenue, Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Karl J Niklas
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Regularly Planted Rather Than Natural Understory of Norway Spruce (Picea abies H. Karst.) Contributes to the Individual Stability of Canopy Silver Birch (Betula pendula Roth.). FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13060942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Forest plantations, particularly high-density planted stands, are considered to be more prone to wind damage compared to naturally regenerated stands. The wind resistance (mechanical stability) of plantations can, however, be improved by close-to-natural management, for example, combining pioneer and shade-tolerant species. Presumably, the stability of such stands would be enhanced by the reduced competition of canopy trees and stronger root contacts provided by understory trees, which depend on spatial distribution. In the hemiboreal forest zone, silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.) form such a combination naturally. In this study, the static tree-pulling tests were performed to estimate the mechanical stability of canopy silver birch growing with random Norway spruce understory in naturally regenerated (post-clear-cut) and regularly planted bi-species mixed stands. The regular mixing of the high-density bi-species stand significantly improved the loading resistance of canopy silver birch compared to the naturally regenerated stands of similar composition and age. Such an effect might be related to the stratification of the canopy space between pioneer birch and shade-tolerant spruce, which improved the individual stability of the canopy trees. Further, a regular rooting network of the planted stands likely contributed to the stability by reducing weak spots. Accordingly, the wind resistance of trees in regularly planted bi-species stands might be improved, avoiding additional management.
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Insights into the Molecular Regulation of Lignin Content in Triploid Poplar Leaves. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094603. [PMID: 35562994 PMCID: PMC9099847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
After polyploidization, plants usually undergo some morphological and physiological changes, including the lignin content of polyploids usually becoming lower than that of diploids. However, the regulatory mechanism of the variation of lignin content in polyploid plants remains unclear. Therefore, in this research, we used full-sib poplar triploids and diploids to explore the molecular regulatory basis of lignin content in poplar triploid leaves through the determination of lignin content, the observation of xylem cells, and transcriptome sequencing. The results showed that the lignin content of triploid leaves was significantly lower than that of diploid leaves. The xylem cells of triploid leaves were significantly larger than those of diploids. Transcriptome sequencing data show that most lignin biosynthesis genes were significantly downregulated, and genes related to cell growth were mostly upregulated in triploid leaves compared with diploid leaves. In addition, co-expression network analysis showed that several transcription factors might be involved in the regulation of lignin biosynthesis. Consequently, the altered expression of genes related to lignin might lead to the reduced lignin content in triploids. These results provide a theoretical basis for further exploring the molecular mechanism of the variation of polyploid lignin content and the utilization of polyploid lignocellulosic resources.
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Zhang W, Zhou Q, Lin J, Ma X, Dong F, Yan H, Zhong W, Lu Y, Yao Y, Shen X, Huang L, Zhang W, Ming R. Transcriptome analyses shed light on floral organ morphogenesis and bract color formation in Bougainvillea. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:97. [PMID: 35246031 PMCID: PMC8895829 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03478-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bougainvillea is a popular ornamental plant with brilliant color and long flowering periods. It is widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics. The primary ornamental part of the plant is its colorful and unusual bracts, rich in the stable pigment betalain. The developmental mechanism of the bracts is not clear, and the pathway of betalain biosynthesis is well characterized in Bougainvillea. RESULTS At the whole-genome level, we found 23,469 protein-coding genes by assembling the RNA-Seq and Iso-Seq data of floral and leaf tissues. Genome evolution analysis revealed that Bougainvillea is related to spinach; the two diverged approximately 52.7 million years ago (MYA). Transcriptome analysis of floral organs revealed that flower development of Bougainvillea was regulated by the ABCE flower development genes; A-class, B-class, and E-class genes exhibited high expression levels in bracts. Eight key genes of the betalain biosynthetic pathway were identified by homologous alignment, all of which were upregulated concurrently with bract development and betalain accumulation during the bract initiation stage of development. We found 47 genes specifically expressed in stamens, including seven highly expressed genes belonging to the pentose and glucuronate interconversion pathways. BgSEP2b, BgSWEET11, and BgRD22 are hub genes and interacted with many transcription factors and genes in the carpel co-expression network. CONCLUSIONS We assembled protein-coding genes of Bougainvilea, identified the floral development genes, and constructed the gene co-expression network of petal, stamens, and carpel. Our results provide fundamental information about the mechanism of flower development and pigment accumulation in Bougainvillea, and will facilitate breeding of cultivars with high ornamental value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Zhang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qun Zhou
- Xiamen Botanical Garden, 361000, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jishan Lin
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xinyi Ma
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Fei Dong
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hansong Yan
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Weimin Zhong
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yijing Lu
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xueting Shen
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Lixian Huang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wanqi Zhang
- Xiamen Botanical Garden, 361000, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Ray Ming
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, Urbana, IL, USA.
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Wang X, Chao N, Zhang A, Kang J, Jiang X, Gai Y. Systematic Analysis and Biochemical Characterization of the Caffeoyl Shikimate Esterase Gene Family in Poplar. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413366. [PMID: 34948162 PMCID: PMC8704367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeoyl shikimate esterase (CSE) hydrolyzes caffeoyl shikimate into caffeate and shikimate in the phenylpropanoid pathway. In this study, we performed a systematic analysis of the CSE gene family and investigated the possible roles of CSE and CSE-like genes in Populus. We conducted a genome-wide analysis of the CSE gene family, including functional and phylogenetic analyses of CSE and CSE-like genes, using the poplar (Populus trichocarpa) genome. Eighteen CSE and CSE-like genes were identified in the Populus genome, and five phylogenetic groups were identified from phylogenetic analysis. CSEs in Group Ia, which were proposed as bona fide CSEs, have probably been lost in most monocots except Oryza sativa. Primary functional classification showed that PoptrCSE1 and PoptrCSE2 had putative function in lignin biosynthesis. In addition, PoptrCSE2, along with PoptrCSE12, might also respond to stress with a function in cell wall biosynthesis. Enzymatic assay of PoptoCSE1 (Populus tomentosa), -2 and -12 showed that PoptoCSE1 and -2 maintained CSE activity. PoptoCSE1 and 2 had similar biochemical properties, tissue expression patterns and subcellular localization. Most of the PoptrCSE-like genes are homologs of AtMAGL (monoacylglycerol lipase) genes in Arabidopsis and may function as MAG lipase in poplar. Our study provides a systematic understanding of this novel gene family and suggests the function of CSE in monolignol biosynthesis in Populus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechun Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.W.); (N.C.); (A.Z.); (J.K.); (X.J.)
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100083, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Nan Chao
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.W.); (N.C.); (A.Z.); (J.K.); (X.J.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Aijing Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.W.); (N.C.); (A.Z.); (J.K.); (X.J.)
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100083, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiaqi Kang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.W.); (N.C.); (A.Z.); (J.K.); (X.J.)
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100083, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiangning Jiang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.W.); (N.C.); (A.Z.); (J.K.); (X.J.)
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100083, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ying Gai
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.W.); (N.C.); (A.Z.); (J.K.); (X.J.)
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100083, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6233-8063
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10
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Baer AB, Fickle JC, Medina J, Robles C, Pratt RB, Jacobsen AL. Xylem biomechanics, water storage, and density within roots and shoots of an angiosperm tree species. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:7984-7997. [PMID: 34410349 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Xylem is a complex tissue that forms the bulk of tree bodies and has several functions, including to conduct water, store water and nutrients, and biomechanically support the plant body. We examined how xylem functional traits varied at different positions within 9-year-old Populus balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa. Whole trees were excavated, and xylem samples were collected at 1-m increments along the main root-to-shoot axis of six trees, from root tip to shoot tip. We examined biomechanical and water-storage traits of the xylem, including using a non-invasive imaging technique to examine water content within long, intact branches (high-resolution computed tomography; microCT). Xylem density, strength, and stiffness were greater in shoots than roots. Along the main root-to-shoot axis, xylem strength and stiffness were greatest at shoot tips, and the tissue became linearly weaker and less stiff down the plant and through the root. Roots had greater water storage with lower biomechanical support, and shoots had biomechanically stronger and stiffer xylem with lower water storage. These findings support trade-offs among xylem functions between roots and shoots. Understanding how xylem functions differ throughout tree bodies is important in understanding whole-tree functioning and how terrestrial plants endure numerous environmental challenges over decades of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex B Baer
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Jaycie C Fickle
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Jackeline Medina
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Catherine Robles
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - R Brandon Pratt
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Anna L Jacobsen
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
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Yu T, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Zhao R, Yan X, Dayananda B, Wang J, Jiao Y, Li J, Yi X. Whole-Genome Sequencing of Acer catalpifolium Reveals Evolutionary History of Endangered Species. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:6456308. [PMID: 34878129 PMCID: PMC8677443 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Acer catalpifolium is an endangered species restricted to remote localities of West China. Understanding the genomic content and evolution of A. catalpifolium is essential to conservation efforts of this rare and ecologically valuable plant. Here, we report a high-quality genome of A. catalpifolium consisting of ∼654 Mbp and ∼35,132 protein-coding genes. We detected 969 positively selected genes in two Acer genomes compared with four other eudicots, 65 of which were transcription factors. We hypothesize that these positively selected mutations in transcription factors might affect their function and thus contribute to A. catalpifolium’s decline-type population. We also identified 179 significantly expanded gene families compared with 12 other eudicots, some of which are involved in stress responses, such as the FRS–FRF family. We inferred that A. catalpifolium has experienced gene family expansions to cope with environmental stress in its evolutionary history. Finally, 109 candidate genes encoding key enzymes in the lignin biosynthesis pathway were identified in A. catalpifolium; of particular note were the large range and high copy number of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase genes. The chromosome-level genome of A. catalpifolium presented here may serve as a fundamental genomic resource for better understanding endangered Acer species, informing future conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Resources and Ecosystem Processes, Beijing Forestry University, China
| | - Yiheng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- The National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of High Efficiency and Superior-Quality Cultivation and Fruit Deep Processing Technology on Characteristic Fruit Trees, College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Alear, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Buddhi Dayananda
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jinpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuannian Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junqing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Resources and Ecosystem Processes, Beijing Forestry University, China
| | - Xin Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Javier-Astete R, Jimenez-Davalos J, Zolla G. Determination of hemicellulose, cellulose, holocellulose and lignin content using FTIR in Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) K. Schum. and Guazuma crinita Lam. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256559. [PMID: 34705842 PMCID: PMC8550379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Capirona (Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) K. Schum.) and Bolaina (Guazuma crinita Lam.) are fast-growing Amazonian trees with increasing demand in timber industry. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the content of cellulose, hemicellulose, holocellulose and lignin in juvenile trees to accelerate forest breeding programs. The aim of this study was to identify chemical differences between apical and basal stem of Capirona and Bolaina to develop models for estimating the chemical composition using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. FTIR-ATR spectra were obtained from 150 samples for each species that were 1.8 year-old. The results showed significant differences between the apical and basal stem for each species in terms of cellulose, hemicellulose, holocellulose and lignin content. This variability was useful to build partial least squares (PLS) models from the FTIR spectra and they were evaluated by root mean squared error of predictions (RMSEP) and ratio of performance to deviation (RPD). Lignin content was efficiently predicted in Capirona (RMSEP = 0.48, RPD > 2) and Bolaina (RMSEP = 0.81, RPD > 2). In Capirona, the predictive power of cellulose, hemicellulose and holocellulose models (0.68 < RMSEP < 2.06, 1.60 < RPD < 1.96) were high enough to predict wood chemical composition. In Bolaina, model for cellulose attained an excellent predictive power (RMSEP = 1.82, RPD = 6.14) while models for hemicellulose and holocellulose attained a good predictive power (RPD > 2.0). This study showed that FTIR-ATR together with PLS is a reliable method to determine the wood chemical composition in juvenile trees of Capirona and Bolaina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Javier-Astete
- Grupo de Investigacion en Mutaciones y Biotecnologia Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina - Lima, Lima, Peru
| | - Jorge Jimenez-Davalos
- Grupo de Investigacion en Mutaciones y Biotecnologia Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina - Lima, Lima, Peru
| | - Gaston Zolla
- Grupo de Investigacion en Mutaciones y Biotecnologia Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina - Lima, Lima, Peru
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina - Lima, Lima, Peru
- * E-mail:
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13
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Yang J, Zhang S, Li H, Wang L, Liu Y, Niu L, Yang Q, Meng D, Fu Y. Genome-wide analysis and characterization of R2R3-MYB family in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and their functional identification in phenylpropanoids biosynthesis. PLANTA 2021; 254:64. [PMID: 34487243 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Thirty CcMYB were identified to involve in flavonoid and lignin biosynthesis in pigeon pea genome. A comprehensive analysis of gene structure, phylogenetic relationships, distribution on chromosomes, gene duplication, and expression patterns was performed. MYB transcription factor is one of the largest gene families in plants and plays critical roles in plant growth and development, as well as resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. However, the function of MYB genes in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) remains largely unknown. Here, 30 R2R3-MYB which involved flavonoid and lignin biosynthesis were identified in the pigeon pea genome and were classified into five groups based on phylogenetic analysis. Simultaneously, another 122 key enzyme genes from biosynthetic pathways of flavonoid and lignin were identified and all of them were mapped on 11 chromosomes with the co-linearity relationship. Among these genes, the intron/exon organization and motif compositions were conserved and they have undergone a strong purifying selection and tandem duplications during evolution. Expression profile analysis demonstrated most of these genes were expressed in different tissues and responded significantly to MeJA, RNA-seq analysis revealed clear details of genes varied with time of induction. Ten key genes from the phenylpropanoid pathway were selected to further verify whether they responded to induction under different abiotic stress conditions (UV-B, cold, heat, salt, drought, and GA3). This study elaborates on potential regulatory relationships between R2R3-MYB genes and some key genes involved in flavonoid and lignin biosynthesis under MeJA treatment, as well as adding to the understanding of improving abiotic stress tolerance and regulating the secondary metabolism in woody crops. A simplified discussion model for the different regulation networks involved with flavonoid and lignin biosynthesis in pigeon pea is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Su Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hongquan Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Litao Wang
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Lili Niu
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Dong Meng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yujie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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14
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Yu S, Bekkering CS, Tian L. Metabolic engineering in woody plants: challenges, advances, and opportunities. ABIOTECH 2021; 2:299-313. [PMID: 36303882 PMCID: PMC9590576 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-021-00054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Woody plant species represent an invaluable reserve of biochemical diversity to which metabolic engineering can be applied to satisfy the need for commodity and specialty chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and renewable energy. Woody plants are particularly promising for this application due to their low input needs, high biomass, and immeasurable ecosystem services. However, existing challenges have hindered their widespread adoption in metabolic engineering efforts, such as long generation times, large and highly heterozygous genomes, and difficulties in transformation and regeneration. Recent advances in omics approaches, systems biology modeling, and plant transformation and regeneration methods provide effective approaches in overcoming these outstanding challenges. Promises brought by developments in this space are steadily opening the door to widespread metabolic engineering of woody plants to meet the global need for a wide range of sustainably sourced chemicals and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yu
- Department of Plant Sciences, Mail Stop 3, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Cody S. Bekkering
- Department of Plant Sciences, Mail Stop 3, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Plant Sciences, Mail Stop 3, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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15
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Toumpanaki E, Shah DU, Eichhorn SJ. Beyond What Meets the Eye: Imaging and Imagining Wood Mechanical-Structural Properties. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2001613. [PMID: 32830395 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wood presents a hierarchical structure, containing features at all length scales: from the tracheids or vessels that make up its cellular structure, through to the microfibrils within the cell walls, down to the molecular architecture of the cellulose, lignin, and hemicelluloses that comprise its chemical makeup. This structure renders it with high mechanical (e.g., modulus and strength) and interesting physical (e.g., optical) properties. A better understanding of this structure, and how it plays a role in governing mechanical and other physical parameters, will help to better exploit this sustainable resource. Here, recent developments on the use of advanced imaging techniques for studying the structural properties of wood in relation to its mechanical properties are explored. The focus is on synchrotron nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray tomographical imaging, Raman and infrared spectroscopies, confocal microscopy, electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Critical discussion on the role of imaging techniques and how fields are developing rapidly to incorporate both spatial and temporal ranges of analysis is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Toumpanaki
- Bristol Composites Institute, CAME School of Engineering, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
| | - Darshil U Shah
- Department of Architecture, Centre for Natural Materials Innovation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PX, UK
| | - Stephen J Eichhorn
- Bristol Composites Institute, CAME School of Engineering, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
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16
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Ren M, Zhang Y, Liu C, Liu Y, Tian S, Cheng H, Zhang H, Wei H, Wei Z. Characterization of a High Hierarchical Regulator, PtrGATA12, Functioning in Differentially Regulating Secondary Wall Component Biosynthesis in Populus trichocarpa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:657787. [PMID: 33968111 PMCID: PMC8096934 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.657787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In plants, GATA transcription factors (TFs) have been reported to play vital roles in to a wide range of biological processes. To date, there is still no report about the involvement and functions of woody plant GATA TFs in wood formation. In this study, we described the functional characterization of a Populus trichocarpa GATA TF, PtrGATA12, which encodes a nuclear-localized transcriptional activator predominantly expressing in developing xylem tissues. Overexpression of PtrGATA12 not only inhibited growths of most phenotypic traits and biomass accumulation, but also altered the expressions of some master TFs and pathway genes involved in secondary cell wall (SCW) and programmed cell death, leading to alternated SCW components and breaking forces of stems of transgenic lines. The significant changes occurred in the contents of hemicellulose and lignin and SCW thicknesses of fiber and vessel that increased by 13.5 and 10.8%, and 20.83 and 11.83%, respectively. Furthermore, PtrGATA12 bound directly to the promoters of a battery of TFs and pathway genes and activated them; the binding sites include two cis-acting elements that were specifically enriched in their promoter regions. Taken together, our results suggest PtrGATA12, as a higher hierarchical TF on the top of PtrWND6A, PtrWND6B, PtrMYB152, and PtrMYB21, exert a coordinated regulation of SCW components biosynthesis pathways through directly and indirectly controlling master TFs, middle-level TFs, and further downstream pathway genes of the currently known hierarchical transcription network that governs SCW formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxuan Ren
- Research Center of Saline and Alkali Land of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Cong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuanghui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - He Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Huaxin Zhang
- Research Center of Saline and Alkali Land of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Hairong Wei
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
| | - Zhigang Wei
- Research Center of Saline and Alkali Land of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhigang Wei,
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17
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Liu LY, Bessler K, Chen S, Cho M, Hua Q, Renneckar S. In-situ real-time monitoring of hydroxyethyl modification in obtaining uniform lignin derivatives. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Mason PJ, Furtado A, Marquardt A, Hodgson-Kratky K, Hoang NV, Botha FC, Papa G, Mortimer JC, Simmons B, Henry RJ. Variation in sugarcane biomass composition and enzymatic saccharification of leaves, internodes and roots. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:201. [PMID: 33298135 PMCID: PMC7724889 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01837-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The composition of biomass determines its suitability for different applications within a biorefinery system. The proportion of the major biomass fractions (sugar, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) may vary in different sugarcane genotypes and growth environments and different parts of the plant. This study investigated the composition of mature and immature internodes, roots and mature leaves of sugarcane. RESULTS Internodes were found to have a significantly larger alcohol-soluble component than leaves and roots. The primary difference between the immature and mature internodes was the ratio of soluble sugars. In mature tissues, sucrose content was significantly higher, whereas in immature internodal tissues there was lower sucrose and heightened concentrations of reducing sugars. Carbon (C) partitioning in leaf tissues was characterised by low levels of soluble components and high "other" and cell wall fractions. Root tissue had low ratios of soluble fractions relative to their cell wall contents, indicating a lack of storage of soluble carbon. There was no significant difference in the ratio of the major cell wall fractions between the major organ types. Characterisation of individual non-cellulosic monomers indicated leaf and root tissues had significantly higher arabinose and galactose fractions. Significantly larger proportions of syringyl lignin compounds and the hydroxycinnamic compound, p-coumaric acid were observed in mature internodal tissues compared to the other tissue types. Tissue-specific differences in composition were shown to greatly affect the recalcitrance of the cell wall to enzymatic saccharification. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study displayed clear evidence of the differential partitioning of C throughout the sugarcane plant in specific organs. These organ-specific differences have major implications in their utility as a bioproduct feedstock. For example, the inclusion of trash (leaves) with the culms (internodes) may alter processing efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Mason
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), Level 2, Queensland Biosciences Precinct [#80], The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Agnelo Furtado
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), Level 2, Queensland Biosciences Precinct [#80], The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Annelie Marquardt
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Level 3, Queensland Biosciences Precinct [#80], The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Sugar Research Australia Limited (SRA), PO Box 86, Indooroopilly, QLD, 4068, Australia
| | - Katrina Hodgson-Kratky
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), Level 2, Queensland Biosciences Precinct [#80], The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Nam V Hoang
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), Level 2, Queensland Biosciences Precinct [#80], The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Frederik C Botha
- Sugar Research Australia Limited (SRA), PO Box 86, Indooroopilly, QLD, 4068, Australia
| | - Gabriella Papa
- Amyris, 5885 Hollis St, Ste. 100, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Joint Bioenergy Institute (JBEI), 5885 Hollis St, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Jenny C Mortimer
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Joint Bioenergy Institute (JBEI), 5885 Hollis St, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Blake Simmons
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Joint Bioenergy Institute (JBEI), 5885 Hollis St, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Robert J Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), Level 2, Queensland Biosciences Precinct [#80], The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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19
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Zhu L, Guan Y, Zhang Z, Song A, Chen S, Jiang J, Chen F. CmMYB8 encodes an R2R3 MYB transcription factor which represses lignin and flavonoid synthesis in chrysanthemum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 149:217-224. [PMID: 32078899 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
R2R3-MYB transcription factors are important regulators of the growth and development of plants. Here, CmMYB8 a chrysanthemum gene encoding an R2R3-MYB transcription factor, was isolated and functionally characterized. The gene was transcribed throughout the plant, but most strongly in the stem. When CmMYB8 was over-expressed, a number of genes encoding components of lignin synthesis were down-regulated, and the plants' lignin content was reduced. The composition of the lignin in the transgenic plants was also altered, and its S/G ratio was reduced. A further consequence of the over-expression of CmMYB8 was to lessen the transcript abundance of key genes involved in flavonoid synthesis, resulting in a reduced accumulation of flavonoids. The indication is that the CmMYB8 protein participates in the negative regulation of both lignin and flavonoid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yunxiao Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zhaohe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Aiping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Sumei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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20
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Mnich E, Bjarnholt N, Eudes A, Harholt J, Holland C, Jørgensen B, Larsen FH, Liu M, Manat R, Meyer AS, Mikkelsen JD, Motawia MS, Muschiol J, Møller BL, Møller SR, Perzon A, Petersen BL, Ravn JL, Ulvskov P. Phenolic cross-links: building and de-constructing the plant cell wall. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:919-961. [PMID: 31971193 DOI: 10.1039/c9np00028c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Covering: Up to 2019Phenolic cross-links and phenolic inter-unit linkages result from the oxidative coupling of two hydroxycinnamates or two molecules of tyrosine. Free dimers of hydroxycinnamates, lignans, play important roles in plant defence. Cross-linking of bound phenolics in the plant cell wall affects cell expansion, wall strength, digestibility, degradability, and pathogen resistance. Cross-links mediated by phenolic substituents are particularly important as they confer strength to the wall via the formation of new covalent bonds, and by excluding water from it. Four biopolymer classes are known to be involved in the formation of phenolic cross-links: lignins, extensins, glucuronoarabinoxylans, and side-chains of rhamnogalacturonan-I. Lignins and extensins are ubiquitous in streptophytes whereas aromatic substituents on xylan and pectic side-chains are commonly assumed to be particular features of Poales sensu lato and core Caryophyllales, respectively. Cross-linking of phenolic moieties proceeds via radical formation, is catalyzed by peroxidases and laccases, and involves monolignols, tyrosine in extensins, and ferulate esters on xylan and pectin. Ferulate substituents, on xylan in particular, are thought to be nucleation points for lignin polymerization and are, therefore, of paramount importance to wall architecture in grasses and for the development of technology for wall disassembly, e.g. for the use of grass biomass for production of 2nd generation biofuels. This review summarizes current knowledge on the intra- and extracellular acylation of polysaccharides, and inter- and intra-molecular cross-linking of different constituents. Enzyme mediated lignan in vitro synthesis for pharmaceutical uses are covered as are industrial exploitation of mutant and transgenic approaches to control cell wall cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Mnich
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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21
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Thinning Effects on the Tree Height–Diameter Allometry of Masson Pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.). FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10121129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The stem height–diameter allometric relationship is fundamental in determining forest and ecosystem structures as well as in estimating tree volume, biomass, and carbon stocks. Understanding the effects of silvicultural practices on tree height–diameter allometry is necessary for sustainable forest management, though the impact of measures such as thinning on the allometric relationship remain understudied. In the present study, the effects of thinning on tree height–diameter allometry were evaluated using Masson pine height and diameter growth data from a plantation experiment that included unthinned and thinned treatments with different intensities. To determine whether thinning altered the height–diameter allometry rhythm, the optimal height–diameter model was identified and dummy variable methods were used to investigate the differences among model parameters for different thinning treatments. Periodic (annual) allometric coefficients were calculated based on height and diameter increment data and were modeled using the generalized additive mixed model (GAMM) to further illustrate the response of tree height–diameter allometry to different thinning treatments over time. Significant differences were detected among the parameters of the optimal height–diameter model (power function) for different thinning treatments, which indicated that the pattern of the height–diameter allometry relationship of Masson pine was indeed altered by thinning treatments. Results also indicated a nonlinear trend in the allometric relationship through time which was significantly affected by thinning. The height–diameter allometric coefficient exhibited a unimodal convex bell curve with time in unthinned plots, and thinning significantly interfered with the original trend of the height–diameter allometric coefficient. Thinning caused trees to increase diameter growth at the expense of height growth, resulting in a decrease of the ratio of tree height to diameter, and this trend was more obvious as the thinning intensity increased.
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Functional Characteristics of Caffeoyl Shikimate Esterase in Larix Kaempferi and Monolignol Biosynthesis in Gymnosperms. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236071. [PMID: 31810184 PMCID: PMC6929169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeoyl shikimate esterase (CSE) has been reported to be involved in lignin biosynthesis; however, studies of CSE in gymnosperms are lacking. In this study, CSE was successfully cloned from Larix kaempferi (LkCSE) based on Larix laricina transcriptome screening. LkCSE was likely to have catalytic activity based on homologous sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses of CSEs from different species. In vitro assays with the recombinant enzyme validated the catalytic activity of LkCSE, indicating its function in converting caffeoyl shikimate into caffeate and shikimate. Additionally, the optimum reaction pH and temperature of LkCSE were determined to be 6.0 and 30 °C, respectively. The values of Km and Vmax of CSE for caffeoyl shikimate were 98.11 μM and 14.44 nM min-1, respectively. Moreover, LkCSE was observed to have tissue expression specificity and was abundantly expressed in stems and leaves, especially stems, which was 50 times higher than the expression levels of roots. Lastly, translational fusion assays using LkCSE fused with green fluorescent proteins (GFP) in tobacco leaves indicated that LkCSE was localized in the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These results revealed that CSE clearly functions in gymnosperms and it is possible for LkCSE to interact with other ER-resident proteins and regulate mass flux in the monolignol biosynthesis pathway.
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Özparpucu M, Gierlinger N, Cesarino I, Burgert I, Boerjan W, Rüggeberg M. Significant influence of lignin on axial elastic modulus of poplar wood at low microfibril angles under wet conditions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4039-4047. [PMID: 31187131 PMCID: PMC6685656 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wood is extensively used as a construction material. Despite increasing knowledge of its mechanical properties, the contribution of the cell-wall matrix polymers to wood mechanics is still not well understood. Previous studies have shown that axial stiffness correlates with lignin content only for cellulose microfibril angles larger than around 20°, while no influence is found for smaller angles. Here, by analysing the wood of poplar with reduced lignin content due to down-regulation of CAFFEOYL SHIKIMATE ESTERASE, we show that lignin content also influences axial stiffness at smaller angles. Micro-tensile tests of the xylem revealed that axial stiffness was strongly reduced in the low-lignin transgenic lines. Strikingly, microfibril angles were around 15° for both wild-type and transgenic poplars, suggesting that cellulose orientation is not responsible for the observed changes in mechanical behavior. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the decrease in stiffness was almost completely related to the variation in both density and lignin content. We suggest that the influence of lignin content on axial stiffness may gradually increase as a function of the microfibril angle. Our results may help in building up comprehensive models of the cell wall that can unravel the individual roles of the matrix polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Özparpucu
- Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Wood Research Munich, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Wien, Austria
| | - Igor Cesarino
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo – SP, Brazil
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Cellulose and Wood Materials, EMPA, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Markus Rüggeberg
- Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Cellulose and Wood Materials, EMPA, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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Hu JQ, Qi Q, Zhao YL, Tian XM, Lu H, Gai Y, Jiang XN. Unraveling the impact of Pto4CL1 regulation on the cell wall components and wood properties of perennial transgenic Populus tomentosa. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 139:672-680. [PMID: 31054469 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall components and structure impact the physical and mechanical properties of plants, thereby affecting wood applications. Lignin is the most abundant biopolymer after cellulose in the wood cell wall and can be modified by certain lignin biosynthesis enzymes. 4-Coumarate: coenzyme A ligase(4CL) is an important lignin biosynthesis enzyme. To demonstrate the impact of the regulation of Pto4CL1 from poplar on wood properties, we analyzed the composition and anatomy of 5-year-old Pto4CL1-modified poplar cell walls, assessing the density, strength, volume shrinkage, and impact toughness of the transgenic trees. These results showed that the up-regulation of Pto4CL1 increased the lignin content to 46.65% from 33.11% in the control plants, while hydrophilic polysaccharides such as cellulose, hemi-cellulose, and pectin decreased. In contrast, the down-regulation of Pto4CL1 resulted in a reduction in lignin content to 27.39%, and the content of cellulose and hemi-cellulose showed compensatory variation. Raman spectroscopy showed that the change in lignin in the transgenic events was embodied in the deposition and concentration of lignin in the secondary cell wall. Moreover, the increased lignin content caused significantly increased wood strength and slightly increased wood density. In contrast, a reduction in lignin content resulted in a significant decrease in wood strength and a slight decrease in wood density. However, the Pto4CL1-modified trees had similar stiffness to the control group. We also found a significant decrease in volume shrinkage and increase in impact toughness in the low-lignin events. These results indicate that Pto4CL1 regulation alters the chemical composition of plant cell walls and these changes affect the physical and mechanical properties of the wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Hu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Qi Qi
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Yan-Ling Zhao
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, PR China; Department of Chemical Engineering, Hua Qiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ming Tian
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Hai Lu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Ying Gai
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, PR China; The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Xiang-Ning Jiang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, PR China; The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
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25
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Muro-Villanueva F, Mao X, Chapple C. Linking phenylpropanoid metabolism, lignin deposition, and plant growth inhibition. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 56:202-208. [PMID: 30677701 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lignin, a polymer found in the plant secondary cell wall, is a major contributor to biomass' recalcitrance toward saccharification. Because of this negative impact toward the value of lignocellulosic crops, there is a special interest in modifying the content and composition of this important plant biopolymer. For many years this endeavor has been hindered by the plant growth inhibition that is often associated with manipulations to phenylpropanoid metabolism. Although the actual mechanism by which dwarfism arises remains unknown, recent advances in tissue-specific lignin complementation and better understanding of phenylpropanoid transcriptional regulation has made it possible to disentangle lignin modification from perturbations in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Muro-Villanueva
- Department of Biochemistry and the Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Xiangying Mao
- Department of Biochemistry and the Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Clint Chapple
- Department of Biochemistry and the Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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26
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Effects of Glucose Concentration on Ethanol Fermentation of White-Rot Fungus Phanerochaete sordida YK-624 Under Aerobic Conditions. Curr Microbiol 2019; 76:263-269. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-018-01622-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Mahon EL, Mansfield SD. Tailor-made trees: engineering lignin for ease of processing and tomorrow's bioeconomy. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2018; 56:147-155. [PMID: 30529238 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass represents an abundant source of cellulosic fibres and fermentable sugars. However, lignin, a polyphenolic constituent of secondary-thickened plant cell walls significantly contributes to biomass recalcitrance during industrial processing. Efforts to reduce plant total lignin content through genetic engineering have improved processing efficiency, but often incur an agronomic penalty. Alternatively, modifications that alter the composition of lignin and/or its interaction with other cell wall polymers display improved processing efficiency without compromising biomass yield. We propose that future efforts to improve woody feedstocks should focus on altering lignin composition and cell wall ultrastructure. Here, we describe potential future modifications to lignin and/or other cell wall characteristics that may serve as strategic targets in the production of trees that are tailor-made for specific pretreatments and end-product applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Mahon
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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28
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Jia N, Liu J, Sun Y, Tan P, Cao H, Xie Y, Wen B, Gu T, Liu J, Li M, Huang Y, Lu J, Jin N, Sun L, Xin F, Fan B. Citrus sinensis MYB transcription factors CsMYB330 and CsMYB308 regulate fruit juice sac lignification through fine-tuning expression of the Cs4CL1 gene. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 277:334-343. [PMID: 30466599 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is one of the most important components of the plant cell wall, and the expression and transcriptional regulation of lignin biosynthesis-related genes have been studied widely in Arabidopsis and other plants. Citrus fruit juice sacs often undergo lignification, particularly during fruit ripening and storage periods; however, the underlying genetic mechanisms have been little investigated. In this study, we isolated and identified CsMYB330 and CsMYB308 transcription factors, and found that their expression levels are significantly altered during the lignification of citrus fruit juice sacs. We found that CsMYB330 and CsMYB308 can recognize and bind AC elements in the Cs4CL1 promoter and finely regulate expression of the Cs4CL1 gene. In this regulatory process, CsMYB330 was identified as a transcriptional activator, whereas CsMYB308 appears to be a transcriptional repressor. In addition, using a transient assay, we demonstrated that expression of the Cs4CL1 gene is significantly altered in fruit juice sacs overexpressing these two transcription factors. These results indicate that the transcription factors CsMYB330 and CsMYB308 play important roles in the lignification of citrus fruit juice sacs and provide novel insights into the transcriptional regulation associated with fruit juice sac lignification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jia
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China; Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiqin Liu
- Qinhuangdao Customs, Hebei, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yufeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Penghui Tan
- Turfgrass Research Institute, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hao Cao
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yingying Xie
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Boting Wen
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tianyi Gu
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiameng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Minmin Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yatao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jia Lu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nuo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lichao Sun
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengjiao Xin
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Bei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China.
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Klocko AL, Lu H, Magnuson A, Brunner AM, Ma C, Strauss SH. Phenotypic Expression and Stability in a Large-Scale Field Study of Genetically Engineered Poplars Containing Sexual Containment Transgenes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:100. [PMID: 30123794 PMCID: PMC6085431 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic engineering (GE) has the potential to help meet demand for forest products and ecological services. However, high research and development costs, market restrictions, and regulatory obstacles to performing field tests have severely limited the extent and duration of field research. There is a notable paucity of field studies of flowering GE trees due to the time frame required and regulatory constraints. Here we summarize our findings from field testing over 3,300 GE poplar trees and 948 transformation events in a single, 3.6 hectare field trial for seven growing seasons; this trial appears to be the largest field-based scientific study of GE forest trees in the world. The goal was to assess a diversity of approaches for obtaining bisexual sterility by modifying RNA expression or protein function of floral regulatory genes, including LEAFY, AGAMOUS, APETALA1, SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE, and FLOWERING LOCUS T. Two female and one male clone were transformed with up to 23 different genetic constructs designed to obtain sterile flowers or delay onset of flowering. To prevent gene flow by pollen and facilitate regulatory approval, the test genotypes chosen were incompatible with native poplars in the area. We monitored tree survival, growth, floral onset, floral abundance, pollen production, seed formation and seed viability. Tree survival was above 95%, and variation in site conditions generally had a larger impact on vegetative performance and onset of flowering than did genetic constructs. Floral traits, when modified, were stable over three to five flowering seasons, and we successfully identified RNAi or overexpression constructs that either postponed floral onset or led to sterile flowers. There was an absence of detectable somaclonal variation; no trees were identified that showed vegetative or floral modifications that did not appear to be related to the transgene added. Surveys for seedling and sucker establishment both within and around the plantation identified small numbers of vegetative shoots (root sprouts) but no seedlings, indicative of a lack of establishment of trees via seeds in the area. Overall, this long term study showed that GE containment traits can be obtained which are effective, stable, and not associated with vegetative abnormalities or somaclonal variation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Steven H. Strauss
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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30
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Özparpucu M, Gierlinger N, Burgert I, Van Acker R, Vanholme R, Boerjan W, Pilate G, Déjardin A, Rüggeberg M. The effect of altered lignin composition on mechanical properties of CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE (CAD) deficient poplars. PLANTA 2018; 247:887-897. [PMID: 29270675 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2828-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
CAD-deficient poplars enabled studying the influence of altered lignin composition on mechanical properties. Severe alterations in lignin composition did not influence the mechanical properties. Wood represents a hierarchical fiber-composite material with excellent mechanical properties. Despite its wide use and versatility, its mechanical behavior has not been entirely understood. It has especially been challenging to unravel the mechanical function of the cell wall matrix. Lignin engineering has been a useful tool to increase the knowledge on the mechanical function of lignin as it allows for modifications of lignin content and composition and the subsequent studying of the mechanical properties of these transgenics. Hereby, in most cases, both lignin composition and content are altered and the specific influence of lignin composition has hardly been revealed. Here, we have performed a comprehensive micromechanical, structural, and spectroscopic analysis on xylem strips of transgenic poplar plants, which are downregulated for cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) by a hairpin-RNA-mediated silencing approach. All parameters were evaluated on the same samples. Raman microscopy revealed that the lignin of the hpCAD poplars was significantly enriched in aldehydes and reduced in the (relative) amount of G-units. FTIR spectra indicated pronounced changes in lignin composition, whereas lignin content was not significantly changed between WT and the hpCAD poplars. Microfibril angles were in the range of 18°-24° and were not significantly different between WT and transgenics. No significant changes were observed in mechanical properties, such as tensile stiffness, ultimate stress, and yield stress. The specific findings on hpCAD poplar allowed studying the specific influence of lignin composition on mechanics. It can be concluded that the changes in lignin composition in hpCAD poplars did not affect the micromechanical tensile properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Özparpucu
- Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Applied Wood Materials, EMPA, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Van Acker
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Markus Rüggeberg
- Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Laboratory of Applied Wood Materials, EMPA, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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Wan G, Frazier T, Jorgensen J, Zhao B, Frazier CE. Rheology of transgenic switchgrass reveals practical aspects of biomass processing. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:57. [PMID: 29507609 PMCID: PMC5831841 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical properties of transgenic switchgrass have practical implications for biorefinery technologies. Presented are fundamentals for simple (thermo)mechanical measurements of genetically transformed switchgrass. Experimental basics are provided for the novice, where the intention is to promote collaboration between plant biologists and materials scientists. RESULTS Stem sections were subjected to two stress modes: (1) torsional oscillation in the linear response region, and (2) unidirectional torsion to failure. Specimens were analyzed while submerged/saturated in ethylene glycol, simulating natural hydration and allowing experimental temperatures above 100 °C for an improved view of the lignin glass transition. Down-regulation of the 4-Coumarate:coenzyme A ligase gene (reduced lignin content and altered monomer composition) generally resulted in less stiff and weaker stems. These observations were associated with a reduction in the temperature and activation energy of the lignin glass transition, but surprisingly with no difference in the breadth and intensity of the tan δ signal. The results showed promise in further investigations of how rheological methods relate to stem lignin content, composition, and functional properties in the field and in bioprocessing. CONCLUSIONS Measurements such as these are complicated by small specimen size; however, torsional rheometers (relatively common in polymer laboratories) are well suited for this task. As opposed to the expense and complication of relative humidity control, solvent-submersion rheological methods effectively reveal fundamental structure/property relationships in plant tissues. Demonstrated are low-strain linear methods, and also nonlinear yield and failure analysis; the latter is very uncommon for typical rheological equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guigui Wan
- Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, 230 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Taylor Frazier
- Horticulture, Virginia Tech, 407 Latham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Julianne Jorgensen
- Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering, 1000 Olin Way, Needham, MA 02492 USA
| | - Bingyu Zhao
- Horticulture, Virginia Tech, 407 Latham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Charles E. Frazier
- Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, 230 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
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32
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Lu T, Liu L, Wei M, Liu Y, Qu Z, Yang C, Wei H, Wei Z. The Effect of Poplar PsnGS1.2 Overexpression on Growth, Secondary Cell Wall, and Fiber Characteristics in Tobacco. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:9. [PMID: 29403519 PMCID: PMC5780347 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The glutamine synthetase (GS1) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of glutamate and ammonia to produce glutamine in the nitrogen (N) metabolism. Previous studies on GS1s in several plant species suggest that overexpression of GS1s can enhance N utilization, accelerate plant vegetative growth, and change wood formation. In this study, we isolated a GS1 gene, termed PsnGS1.2, from Populus simonii × Populus nigra. This gene was expressed at a higher level in roots, and relatively lower but detectable levels in xylem, leaves and phloem of P. simonii × P. nigra. The protein encoded by PsnGS1.2 is primarily located in the cytoplasm. Overexpression of PsnGS1.2 in tobacco led to the increased GS1 activity and IAA content, the augmented N assimilation, and the enlarged leaves with altered anatomical structures. These changes presumably promoted photosynthetic, growth, and biomass productivity. It was noteworthy that the secondary cell walls and fiber characteristics changed remarkably in PsnGS1.2 transgenic tobacco. These changes aligned well with the altered expression levels of the genes involved in fiber development, secondary cell wall component biosynthesis, IAA biosynthesis, amino acid transport, and starch breakdown. Taken together, the results from our study suggest that catalytic functions of PsnGS1.2 on N assimilation and metabolism in transgenic tobacco had significant effects on vegetative growth, leaf development, and secondary cell wall formation and properties through acceleration of photosynthesis and IAA biosynthesis, and redirection of carbon flux to synthesis of more cellulose and hemicellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Minjing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zianshang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Chuanping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Hairong Wei
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
| | - Zhigang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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Kamimura N, Takahashi K, Mori K, Araki T, Fujita M, Higuchi Y, Masai E. Bacterial catabolism of lignin-derived aromatics: New findings in a recent decade: Update on bacterial lignin catabolism. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 9:679-705. [PMID: 29052962 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is the most abundant phenolic polymer; thus, its decomposition by microorganisms is fundamental to carbon cycling on earth. Lignin breakdown is initiated by depolymerization catalysed by extracellular oxidoreductases secreted by white-rot basidiomycetous fungi. On the other hand, bacteria play a predominant role in the mineralization of lignin-derived heterogeneous low-molecular-weight aromatic compounds. The outline of bacterial catabolic pathways for lignin-derived bi- and monoaryls are typically composed of the following sequential steps: (i) funnelling of a wide variety of lignin-derived aromatics into vanillate and syringate, (ii) O demethylation of vanillate and syringate to form catecholic derivatives and (iii) aromatic ring-cleavage of the catecholic derivatives to produce tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. Knowledge regarding bacterial catabolic systems for lignin-derived aromatic compounds is not only important for understanding the terrestrial carbon cycle but also valuable for promoting the shift to a low-carbon economy via biological lignin valorisation. This review summarizes recent progress in bacterial catabolic systems for lignin-derived aromatic compounds, including newly identified catabolic pathways and genes for decomposition of lignin-derived biaryls, transcriptional regulation and substrate uptake systems. Recent omics approaches on catabolism of lignin-derived aromatic compounds are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naofumi Kamimura
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Kenji Takahashi
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Kosuke Mori
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Takuma Araki
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Masaya Fujita
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Yudai Higuchi
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Eiji Masai
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
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Shinde BA, Dholakia BB, Hussain K, Panda S, Meir S, Rogachev I, Aharoni A, Giri AP, Kamble AC. Dynamic metabolic reprogramming of steroidal glycol-alkaloid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis may impart early blight resistance in wild tomato (Solanum arcanum Peralta). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 95:411-423. [PMID: 28980117 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0660-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Exploration with high throughput leaf metabolomics along with functional genomics in wild tomato unreveal potential role of steroidal glyco-alkaloids and phenylpropanoids during early blight resistance. Alternaria solani severely affects tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) yield causing early blight (EB) disease in tropical environment. Wild relative, Solanum arcanum Peralta could be a potential source of EB resistance; however, its underlying molecular mechanism largely remains unexplored. Hence, non-targeted metabolomics was applied on resistant and susceptible S. arcanum accessions upon A. solani inoculation to unravel metabolic dynamics during different stages of disease progression. Total 2047 potential metabolite peaks (mass signals) were detected of which 681 and 684 metabolites revealed significant modulation and clear differentiation in resistant and susceptible accessions, respectively. Majority of the EB-triggered metabolic changes were active from steroidal glycol-alkaloid (SGA), lignin and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways. Further, biochemical and gene expression analyses of key enzymes from these pathways positively correlated with phenotypic variation in the S. arcanum accessions indicating their potential role in EB. Additionally, transcription factors regulating lignin biosynthesis were also up-regulated in resistant plants and electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed sequence-specific binding of rSaWRKY1 with MYB20 promoter. Moreover, transcript accumulation of key genes from phenylpropanoid and SGA pathways along with WRKY and MYB in WRKY1 transgenic tomato lines supported above findings. Overall, this study highlights vital roles of SGAs as phytoalexins and phenylpropanoids along with lignin accumulation unrevealing possible mechanistic basis of EB resistance in wild tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balkrishna A Shinde
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, Plant Molecular Biology Unit, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Bhushan B Dholakia
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, Plant Molecular Biology Unit, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
| | - Khalid Hussain
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Sayantan Panda
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sagit Meir
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ilana Rogachev
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ashok P Giri
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, Plant Molecular Biology Unit, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India.
| | - Avinash C Kamble
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India.
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Feng H, Yang Y, Sun S, Li Y, Zhang L, Tian J, Zhu Q, Feng Z, Zhu H, Sun J. Molecular analysis of caffeoyl residues related to pigmentation in green cotton fibers. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4559-4569. [PMID: 28981784 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The pigment components in green cotton fibers were isolated and identified as 22-O-caffeoyl-22-hydroxymonodocosanoin and 22-O-caffeoyl-22-hydroxydocosanoic acid. The concentration of 22-O-caffeoyl-22-hydroxymonodocosanoin correlated positively with the degree of colour in the green fibers, indicating a role for caffeoyl derivatives in the pigmentation of green cotton fibers. Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) contains four genes, Gh4CL1-Gh4CL4, encoding 4-coumarate:CoA ligases (4CLs), key enzymes in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway. In 15-24-day post-anthesis fibers, the expression level of Gh4CL1 was very low, Gh4CL3 had a similar expression level in both white and green cottons, Gh4CL2 had a significantly higher expression level in green fibers than in white fibers, while Gh4CL4 had a higher expression level in white fibers than in green fibers. According to enzyme kinetics analysis, Gh4CL1 displayed a preference for 4-coumarate, Gh4CL3 and Gh4CL4 exhibited a somewhat low but still prominent activity towards ferulate, while Gh4CL2 had a strong preference for caffeate and ferulate. These results suggest that Gh4CL2 might be involved in the metabolism of caffeoyl residues and related to pigment biosynthesis in green cotton fibers. Our findings provide insights for understanding the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of pigmentation in green cotton fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
- College of Agriculture/The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yonglin Yang
- College of Agriculture/The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shichao Sun
- College of Agriculture/The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- College of Agriculture/The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingkui Tian
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qianhao Zhu
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Zili Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Heqin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Jie Sun
- College of Agriculture/The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang, China
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Voelker SL, Stambaugh MC, Renée Brooks J, Meinzer FC, Lachenbruch B, Guyette RP. Evidence that higher [CO 2] increases tree growth sensitivity to temperature: a comparison of modern and paleo oaks. Oecologia 2017; 183:1183-1195. [PMID: 28220301 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3831-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To test tree growth sensitivity to temperature under different ambient CO2 concentrations, we determined stem radial growth rates as they relate to variation in temperature during the last deglacial period, and compare these to modern tree growth rates as they relate to spatial variation in temperature across the modern species distributional range. Paleo oaks were sampled from Northern Missouri, USA and compared to a pollen-based, high-resolution paleo temperature reconstruction from Northern Illinois, USA. Growth data were from 53 paleo bur oak log cross sections collected in Missouri. These oaks were preserved in river and stream sediments and were radiocarbon-dated to a period of rapid climate change during the last deglaciation (10.5 and 13.3 cal kyr BP). Growth data from modern bur oaks were obtained from increment core collections paired with USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis data collected across the Great Plains, Midwest, and Upper Great Lakes regions. For modern oaks growing at an average [CO2] of 330 ppm, growth sensitivity to temperature (i.e., the slope of growth rate versus temperature) was about twice that of paleo oaks growing at an average [CO2] of 230 ppm. These data help to confirm that leaf-level predictions that photosynthesis and thus growth will be more sensitive to temperature at higher [CO2] in mature trees-suggesting that tree growth forest productivity will be increasingly sensitive to temperature under projected global warming and high-[CO2] conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Voelker
- Department of Plants, Soils and Climate, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA.
| | - Michael C Stambaugh
- Department of Forestry, University of Missouri, 203ABNR Building, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - J Renée Brooks
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Western Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
| | - Frederick C Meinzer
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA
| | - Barbara Lachenbruch
- Department of Forest Ecosystems, Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA
| | - Richard P Guyette
- Department of Forestry, University of Missouri, 203ABNR Building, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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Fu L, Sun L, Hao H, Jiang L, Zhu S, Ye M, Tang S, Huang M, Wu R. How trees allocate carbon for optimal growth: insight from a game-theoretic model. Brief Bioinform 2017; 19:593-602. [DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbx003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liyong Fu
- Center for Computational Biology at Beijing Forestry University, China
- Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques at Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Lidan Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture at Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Hao
- Department of Statistics at The Pennsylvania State University, USA
- Department of Mathematics at the University of North Texas, Denton, USA
| | - Libo Jiang
- Center for Computational Biology at Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Poplar Germplasm Enhancement and Variety Improvement at Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meixia Ye
- Center for Computational Biology at Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Shouzheng Tang
- Forest Management in the Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques at Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Minren Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Poplar Germplasm Enhancement and Variety Improvement at Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongling Wu
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Jiang L, Ye M, Zhu S, Zhai Y, Xu M, Huang M, Wu R. Computational identification of genes modulating stem height-diameter allometry. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:2254-2264. [PMID: 27155207 PMCID: PMC5103235 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The developmental variation in stem height with respect to stem diameter is related to a broad range of ecological and evolutionary phenomena in trees, but the underlying genetic basis of this variation remains elusive. We implement a dynamic statistical model, functional mapping, to formulate a general procedure for the computational identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that control stem height-diameter allometry during development. Functional mapping integrates the biological principles underlying trait formation and development into the association analysis of DNA genotype and endpoint phenotype, thus providing an incentive for understanding the mechanistic interplay between genes and development. Built on the basic tenet of functional mapping, we explore two core ecological scenarios of how stem height and stem diameter covary in response to environmental stimuli: (i) trees pioneer sunlit space by allocating more growth to stem height than diameter and (ii) trees maintain their competitive advantage through an inverse pattern. The model is equipped to characterize 'pioneering' QTLs (piQTLs) and 'maintaining' QTLs (miQTLs) which modulate these two ecological scenarios, respectively. In a practical application to a mapping population of full-sib hybrids derived from two Populus species, the model has well proven its versatility by identifying several piQTLs that promote height growth at a cost of diameter growth and several miQTLs that benefit radial growth at a cost of height growth. Judicious application of functional mapping may lead to improved strategies for studying the genetic control of the formation mechanisms underlying trade-offs among quantities of assimilates allocated to different growth parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Jiang
- Center for Computational BiologyCollege of Biological Sciences and TechnologyBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Meixia Ye
- Center for Computational BiologyCollege of Biological Sciences and TechnologyBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Sheng Zhu
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yi Zhai
- Center for Computational BiologyCollege of Biological Sciences and TechnologyBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Meng Xu
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Minren Huang
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Rongling Wu
- Center for Computational BiologyCollege of Biological Sciences and TechnologyBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
- Center for Statistical GeneticsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityHersheyPAUSA
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Rinaldi R, Jastrzebski R, Clough MT, Ralph J, Kennema M, Bruijnincx PCA, Weckhuysen BM. Paving the Way for Lignin Valorisation: Recent Advances in Bioengineering, Biorefining and Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:8164-215. [PMID: 27311348 PMCID: PMC6680216 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 776] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is an abundant biopolymer with a high carbon content and high aromaticity. Despite its potential as a raw material for the fuel and chemical industries, lignin remains the most poorly utilised of the lignocellulosic biopolymers. Effective valorisation of lignin requires careful fine-tuning of multiple "upstream" (i.e., lignin bioengineering, lignin isolation and "early-stage catalytic conversion of lignin") and "downstream" (i.e., lignin depolymerisation and upgrading) process stages, demanding input and understanding from a broad array of scientific disciplines. This review provides a "beginning-to-end" analysis of the recent advances reported in lignin valorisation. Particular emphasis is placed on the improved understanding of lignin's biosynthesis and structure, differences in structure and chemical bonding between native and technical lignins, emerging catalytic valorisation strategies, and the relationships between lignin structure and catalyst performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rinaldi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Robin Jastrzebski
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew T Clough
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Energy's Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, the Wisconsin Energy Institute, and Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53726, USA.
| | - Marco Kennema
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Pieter C A Bruijnincx
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Rinaldi R, Jastrzebski R, Clough MT, Ralph J, Kennema M, Bruijnincx PCA, Weckhuysen BM. Wege zur Verwertung von Lignin: Fortschritte in der Biotechnik, der Bioraffination und der Katalyse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rinaldi
- Department of Chemical Engineering Imperial College London South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ Großbritannien
| | - Robin Jastrzebski
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht Niederlande
| | - Matthew T. Clough
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Energy's Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, and Department of Biochemistry University of Wisconsin Madison WI 53726 USA
| | - Marco Kennema
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
| | - Pieter C. A. Bruijnincx
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht Niederlande
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht Niederlande
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Voorend W, Nelissen H, Vanholme R, De Vliegher A, Van Breusegem F, Boerjan W, Roldán-Ruiz I, Muylle H, Inzé D. Overexpression of GA20-OXIDASE1 impacts plant height, biomass allocation and saccharification efficiency in maize. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:997-1007. [PMID: 26903034 PMCID: PMC5019232 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Increased biomass yield and quality are of great importance for the improvement of feedstock for the biorefinery. For the production of bioethanol, both stem biomass yield and the conversion efficiency of the polysaccharides in the cell wall to fermentable sugars are of relevance. Increasing the endogenous levels of gibberellic acid (GA) by ectopic expression of GA20-OXIDASE1 (GA20-OX1), the rate-limiting step in GA biosynthesis, is known to affect cell division and cell expansion, resulting in larger plants and organs in several plant species. In this study, we examined biomass yield and quality traits of maize plants overexpressing GA20-OX1 (GA20-OX1). GA20-OX1 plants accumulated more vegetative biomass than control plants in greenhouse experiments, but not consistently over two years of field trials. The stems of these plants were longer but also more slender. Investigation of GA20-OX1 biomass quality using biochemical analyses showed the presence of more cellulose, lignin and cell wall residue. Cell wall analysis as well as expression analysis of lignin biosynthetic genes in developing stems revealed that cellulose and lignin were deposited earlier in development. Pretreatment of GA20-OX1 biomass with NaOH resulted in a higher saccharification efficiency per unit of dry weight, in agreement with the higher cellulose content. On the other hand, the cellulose-to-glucose conversion was slower upon HCl or hot-water pretreatment, presumably due to the higher lignin content. This study showed that biomass yield and quality traits can be interconnected, which is important for the development of future breeding strategies to improve lignocellulosic feedstock for bioethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannes Voorend
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Plant Sciences Unit - Growth and Development, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - Hilde Nelissen
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Alex De Vliegher
- Plant Sciences Unit - Crop Husbandry and Environment, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Isabel Roldán-Ruiz
- Plant Sciences Unit - Growth and Development, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - Hilde Muylle
- Plant Sciences Unit - Growth and Development, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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Allwright MR, Taylor G. Molecular Breeding for Improved Second Generation Bioenergy Crops. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:43-54. [PMID: 26541073 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing urgency to develop and deploy sustainable sources of energy to reduce our global dependency on finite, high-carbon fossil fuels. Lignocellulosic feedstocks, used in power and liquid fuel generation, are valuable sources of non-food plant biomass. They are cultivated with minimal inputs on marginal or degraded lands to prevent competition with arable agriculture and offer significant potential for sustainable intensification (the improvement of yield without the necessity for additional inputs) through advanced molecular breeding. This article explores progress made in next generation sequencing, advanced genotyping, association genetics, and genetic modification in second generation bioenergy production. Using poplar as an exemplar where most progress has been made, a suite of target traits is also identified giving insight into possible routes for crop improvement and deployment in the immediate future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike R Allwright
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK
| | - Gail Taylor
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK.
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Strauss SH, Ma C, Ault K, Klocko AL. Lessons from Two Decades of Field Trials with Genetically Modified Trees in the USA: Biology and Regulatory Compliance. BIOSAFETY OF FOREST TRANSGENIC TREES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7531-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Shahbaz M, Ravet K, Peers G, Pilon M. Prioritization of copper for the use in photosynthetic electron transport in developing leaves of hybrid poplar. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:407. [PMID: 26089828 PMCID: PMC4452806 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plastocyanin (PC) is an essential and abundant copper (Cu) protein required for photosynthesis in higher plants. Severe copper deprivation has the potential to cause a defect in photosynthetic electron transport due to a lack in PC. The Cu-microRNAs, which are up-regulated under Cu deficiency, down-regulate the expression of target Cu proteins other than PC, cytochrome-c oxidase and the ethylene receptors. It has been proposed that this mechanism saves Cu for PC maturation. We aimed to test how hybrid poplar, a species that has capacity to rapidly expand its photosynthetically active tissue, responds to variations in Cu availability over time. Measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence after Cu depletion revealed a drastic effect on photosynthesis in hybrid poplar. The decrease in photosynthetic capacity was correlated with a reduction in PC protein levels. Compared to older leaves, PC decreased more strongly in developing leaves, which also lost more photosynthetic electron transport capacity. The effect of Cu depletion on older and more developed leaves was minor and these leaves maintained much of their photosynthetic capacity. Interestingly, upon resupply of Cu to the medium a very rapid recovery of Cu levels was seen in the younger leaves with a concomitant rise in the expression and activity of PC. In contrast, the expression of those Cu proteins, which are targets of microRNAs was under the same circumstances delayed. At the same time, Cu resupply had only minor effects on the older leaves. The data suggest a model where rapid recovery of photosynthetic capacity in younger leaves is made possible by a preferred allocation of Cu to PC in younger leaves, which is supported by Cu-microRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marinus Pilon
- *Correspondence: Marinus Pilon, Department of Biology, Colorado State University, 1878 Campus Delivery, 200 West Lake Street, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1878, USA
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Lachenbruch B, McCulloh KA. Traits, properties, and performance: how woody plants combine hydraulic and mechanical functions in a cell, tissue, or whole plant. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:747-64. [PMID: 25250668 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This review presents a framework for evaluating how cells, tissues, organs, and whole plants perform both hydraulic and mechanical functions. The morphological alterations that affect dual functionality are varied: individual cells can have altered morphology; tissues can have altered partitioning to functions or altered cell alignment; and organs and whole plants can differ in their allocation to different tissues, or in the geometric distribution of the tissues they have. A hierarchical model emphasizes that morphological traits influence the hydraulic or mechanical properties; the properties, combined with the plant unit's environment, then influence the performance of that plant unit. As a special case, we discuss the mechanisms by which the proxy property wood density has strong correlations to performance but without direct causality. Traits and properties influence multiple aspects of performance, and there can be mutual compensations such that similar performance occurs. This compensation emphasizes that natural selection acts on, and a plant's viability is determined by, its performance, rather than its contributing traits and properties. Continued research on the relationships among traits, and on their effects on multiple aspects of performance, will help us better predict, manage, and select plant material for success under multiple stresses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Lachenbruch
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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Camargo ELO, Nascimento LC, Soler M, Salazar MM, Lepikson-Neto J, Marques WL, Alves A, Teixeira PJPL, Mieczkowski P, Carazzolle MF, Martinez Y, Deckmann AC, Rodrigues JC, Grima-Pettenati J, Pereira GAG. Contrasting nitrogen fertilization treatments impact xylem gene expression and secondary cell wall lignification in Eucalyptus. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:256. [PMID: 25260963 PMCID: PMC4189757 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0256-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen (N) is a main nutrient required for tree growth and biomass accumulation. In this study, we analyzed the effects of contrasting nitrogen fertilization treatments on the phenotypes of fast growing Eucalyptus hybrids (E. urophylla x E. grandis) with a special focus on xylem secondary cell walls and global gene expression patterns. RESULTS Histological observations of the xylem secondary cell walls further confirmed by chemical analyses showed that lignin was reduced by luxuriant fertilization, whereas a consistent lignin deposition was observed in trees grown in N-limiting conditions. Also, the syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio was significantly lower in luxuriant nitrogen samples. Deep sequencing RNAseq analyses allowed us to identify a high number of differentially expressed genes (1,469) between contrasting N treatments. This number is dramatically higher than those obtained in similar studies performed in poplar but using microarrays. Remarkably, all the genes involved the general phenylpropanoid metabolism and lignin pathway were found to be down-regulated in response to high N availability. These findings further confirmed by RT-qPCR are in agreement with the reduced amount of lignin in xylem secondary cell walls of these plants. CONCLUSIONS This work enabled us to identify, at the whole genome level, xylem genes differentially regulated by N availability, some of which are involved in the environmental control of xylogenesis. It further illustrates that N fertilization can be used to alter the quantity and quality of lignocellulosic biomass in Eucalyptus, offering exciting prospects for the pulp and paper industry and for the use of short coppices plantations to produce second generation biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Leal Oliveira Camargo
- />Universidade Estadual de Campinas; UNICAMP; Instituto de Biologia; Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes; Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Campinas, Brazil
- />Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546: CNRS - Université de Toulouse III (UPS), Auzeville, BP 42617, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Leandro Costa Nascimento
- />Universidade Estadual de Campinas; UNICAMP; Instituto de Biologia; Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes; Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marçal Soler
- />Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546: CNRS - Université de Toulouse III (UPS), Auzeville, BP 42617, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Marcela Mendes Salazar
- />Universidade Estadual de Campinas; UNICAMP; Instituto de Biologia; Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes; Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jorge Lepikson-Neto
- />Universidade Estadual de Campinas; UNICAMP; Instituto de Biologia; Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes; Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Wesley Leoricy Marques
- />Universidade Estadual de Campinas; UNICAMP; Instituto de Biologia; Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes; Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana Alves
- />Tropical Research Institute of Portugal (IICT), Forestry and Forest Products Group, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, Portugal
- />Centro de Estudos Florestais, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paulo José Pereira Lima Teixeira
- />Universidade Estadual de Campinas; UNICAMP; Instituto de Biologia; Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes; Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Falsarella Carazzolle
- />Universidade Estadual de Campinas; UNICAMP; Instituto de Biologia; Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes; Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Yves Martinez
- />Fédération de Recherche “Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité”, 24 Chemin de borde rouge, BP 42617, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Ana Carolina Deckmann
- />Universidade Estadual de Campinas; UNICAMP; Instituto de Biologia; Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes; Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Campinas, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Rodrigues
- />Tropical Research Institute of Portugal (IICT), Forestry and Forest Products Group, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, Portugal
- />Centro de Estudos Florestais, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jacqueline Grima-Pettenati
- />Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546: CNRS - Université de Toulouse III (UPS), Auzeville, BP 42617, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães Pereira
- />Universidade Estadual de Campinas; UNICAMP; Instituto de Biologia; Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes; Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Campinas, Brazil
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Xu Q, Yin XR, Zeng JK, Ge H, Song M, Xu CJ, Li X, Ferguson IB, Chen KS. Activator- and repressor-type MYB transcription factors are involved in chilling injury induced flesh lignification in loquat via their interactions with the phenylpropanoid pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4349-59. [PMID: 24860186 PMCID: PMC4112638 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Lignin biosynthesis and its transcriptional regulatory networks have been studied in model plants and woody trees. However, lignification also occurs in some fleshy fruit and has rarely been considered in this way. Loquat ( Eriobotrya japonica ) is one such convenient tissue for exploring the transcription factors involved in regulating fruit flesh lignification. Firmness and lignin content of 'Luoyangqing' loquat were fund to increase during low-temperature storage as a typical symptom of chilling injury, while heat treatment (HT) and low-temperature conditioning (LTC) effectively alleviated them. Two novel EjMYB genes, EjMYB1 and EjMYB2, were isolated and were found to be localized in the nucleus. These genes responded differently to low temperature, with EjMYB1 induced and EjMYB2 inhibited at 0 °C. They also showed different temperature responses under HT and LTC conditions, and may be responsible for different regulation of flesh lignification at the transcriptional level. Transactivation assays indicated that EjMYB1 and EjMYB2 are a transcriptional activator and repressor, respectively. EjMYB1 activated promoters of both Arabidopsis and loquat lignin biosynthesis genes, while EjMYB2 countered the inductive effects of EjMYB1. This finding was also supported by transient overexpression in tobacco. Regulation of lignification by EjMYB1 and EjMYB2 is likely to be achieved via their competitive interaction with AC elements in the promoter region of lignin biosynthesis genes such as Ej4CL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xue-ren Yin
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Jiao-ke Zeng
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Hang Ge
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Min Song
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Chang-Jie Xu
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xian Li
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Ian B Ferguson
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kun-song Chen
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
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Martin L, Decourteix M, Badel E, Huguet S, Moulia B, Julien JL, Leblanc-Fournier N. The zinc finger protein PtaZFP2 negatively controls stem growth and gene expression responsiveness to external mechanical loads in poplar. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:168-181. [PMID: 24684233 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical cues are essential signals regulating plant growth and development. In response to wind, trees develop a thigmomorphogenetic response characterized by a reduction in longitudinal growth, an increase in diameter growth, and changes in mechanical properties. The molecular mechanisms behind these processes are poorly understood. In poplar, PtaZFP2, a C2H2 transcription factor, is rapidly up-regulated after stem bending. To investigate the function of PtaZFP2, we analyzed PtaZFP2-overexpressing poplars (Populus tremula × Populus alba). To unravel the genes downstream PtaZFP2, a transcriptomic analysis was performed. PtaZFP2-overexpressing poplars showed longitudinal and cambial growth reductions together with an increase in the tangent and hardening plastic moduli. The regulation level of mechanoresponsive genes was much weaker after stem bending in PtaZFP2-overexpressing poplars than in wild-type plants, showing that PtaZFP2 negatively modulates plant responsiveness to mechanical stimulation. Microarray analysis revealed a high proportion of down-regulated genes in PtaZFP2-overexpressing poplars. Among these genes, several were also shown to be regulated by mechanical stimulation. Our results confirmed the important role of PtaZFP2 during plant acclimation to mechanical load, in particular through a negative control of plant molecular responsiveness. This desensitization process could modulate the amplitude and duration of the plant response during recurrent stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Martin
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR547 PIAF, BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France; INRA, UMR547 PIAF, F-63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Merino I, Contreras A, Jing ZP, Gallardo F, Cánovas FM, Gómez L. Plantation forestry under global warming: hybrid poplars with improved thermotolerance provide new insights on the in vivo function of small heat shock protein chaperones. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:978-91. [PMID: 24306533 PMCID: PMC3912120 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.225730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Climate-driven heat stress is a key factor affecting forest plantation yields. While its effects are expected to worsen during this century, breeding more tolerant genotypes has proven elusive. We report here a substantial and durable increase in the thermotolerance of hybrid poplar (Populus tremula×Populus alba) through overexpression of a major small heat shock protein (sHSP) with convenient features. Experimental evidence was obtained linking protective effects in the transgenic events with the unique chaperone activity of sHSPs. In addition, significant positive correlations were observed between phenotype strength and heterologous sHSP accumulation. The remarkable baseline levels of transgene product (up to 1.8% of total leaf protein) have not been reported in analogous studies with herbaceous species. As judged by protein analyses, such an accumulation is not matched either by endogenous sHSPs in both heat-stressed poplar plants and field-grown adult trees. Quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction analyses supported these observations and allowed us to identify the poplar members most responsive to heat stress. Interestingly, sHSP overaccumulation was not associated with pleiotropic effects that might decrease yields. The poplar lines developed here also outperformed controls under in vitro and ex vitro culture conditions (callus biomass, shoot production, and ex vitro survival), even in the absence of thermal stress. These results reinforce the feasibility of improving valuable genotypes for plantation forestry, a field where in vitro recalcitrance, long breeding cycles, and other practical factors constrain conventional genetic approaches. They also provide new insights into the biological functions of the least understood family of heat shock protein chaperones.
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Häggman H, Raybould A, Borem A, Fox T, Handley L, Hertzberg M, Lu MZ, Macdonald P, Oguchi T, Pasquali G, Pearson L, Peter G, Quemada H, Séguin A, Tattersall K, Ulian E, Walter C, McLean M. Genetically engineered trees for plantation forests: key considerations for environmental risk assessment. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2013; 11:785-98. [PMID: 23915092 PMCID: PMC3823068 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Forests are vital to the world's ecological, social, cultural and economic well-being yet sustainable provision of goods and services from forests is increasingly challenged by pressures such as growing demand for wood and other forest products, land conversion and degradation, and climate change. Intensively managed, highly productive forestry incorporating the most advanced methods for tree breeding, including the application of genetic engineering (GE), has tremendous potential for producing more wood on less land. However, the deployment of GE trees in plantation forests is a controversial topic and concerns have been particularly expressed about potential harms to the environment. This paper, prepared by an international group of experts in silviculture, forest tree breeding, forest biotechnology and environmental risk assessment (ERA) that met in April 2012, examines how the ERA paradigm used for GE crop plants may be applied to GE trees for use in plantation forests. It emphasizes the importance of differentiating between ERA for confined field trials of GE trees, and ERA for unconfined or commercial-scale releases. In the case of the latter, particular attention is paid to characteristics of forest trees that distinguish them from shorter-lived plant species, the temporal and spatial scale of forests, and the biodiversity of the plantation forest as a receiving environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hely Häggman
- Department of Biology, University of OuluOulu, Finland
| | - Alan Raybould
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill International Research CentreBracknell, UK
| | - Aluizio Borem
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de ViçosaViçosa, Brazil
| | - Thomas Fox
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Levis Handley
- Biotechnology Regulatory Services, United States Department of AgricultureRiverdale, MD, USA
| | | | - Meng-Zu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of ForestryBeijing, China
| | - Philip Macdonald
- Plant and Biotechnology Risk Assessment, Canadian Food Inspection AgencyOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - Taichi Oguchi
- Gene Research Center, University of TsukubaTsukuba, Japan
| | - Giancarlo Pasquali
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Gary Peter
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Morven McLean
- Center for Environmental Risk AssessmentWashington, DC, USA
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