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Li H, Zeng F, Huang C, Pu Q, Thomas ER, Chen Y, Li X. The potential role of glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14411. [PMID: 37577934 PMCID: PMC10848100 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease, which can cause progressive deterioration of motor function causing muscle stiffness, tremor, and bradykinesia. In this review, we hope to describe approaches that can improve the life of PD patients through modifications of energy metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS The main pathological features of PD are the progressive loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and the production of Lewy bodies. Abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) leading to the formation of Lewy bodies is closely associated with neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. The main causes of PD are said to be mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, and abnormal protein aggregation. Presence of abnormal energy metabolism is another cause of PD. Many studies have found significant differences between neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic decompensation, which has become a biological hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases. SUMMARY In this review, we highlight the relationship between abnormal energy metabolism (Glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism) and PD. Improvement of key molecules in glucose metabolism, fat metabolism, and amino acid metabolism (e.g., glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, triglycerides, and levodopa) might be potentially beneficial in PD. Some of these metabolic indicators may serve well during the diagnosis of PD. In addition, modulation of these metabolic pathways may be a potential target for the treatment and prevention of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangzhen Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical ScienceSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Fancai Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical ScienceSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Cancan Huang
- Department of DermatologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Qiqi Pu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical ScienceSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | | | - Yan Chen
- Department of DermatologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical ScienceSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
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Vigne S, Pot C. Implication of Oxysterols and Phytosterols in Aging and Human Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1440:231-260. [PMID: 38036883 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43883-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is easily oxidized and can be transformed into numerous oxidation products, among which oxysterols. Phytosterols are plant sterols related to cholesterol. Both oxysterols and phytosterols can have an impact on human health and diseases.Cholesterol is a member of the sterol family that plays essential roles in biological processes, including cell membrane stability and myelin formation. Cholesterol can be metabolized into several molecules including bile acids, hormones, and oxysterols. On the other hand, phytosterols are plant-derived compounds structurally related to cholesterol, which can also have an impact on human health. Here, we review the current knowledge about the role of oxysterols and phytosterols on human health and focus on the impact of their pathways on diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), autoimmune diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), vascular diseases, and cancer in both experimental models and human studies. We will first discuss the implications of oxysterols and then of phytosterols in different human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solenne Vigne
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Pot
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Gao Y, Ye S, Tang Y, Tong W, Sun S. Brain cholesterol homeostasis and its association with neurodegenerative diseases. Neurochem Int 2023; 171:105635. [PMID: 37949118 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The brain is the most cholesterol-rich organ in mammals. However, cholesterol metabolism in the brain is completely independent of other tissues due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are the main cells responsible for cholesterol synthesis in the brain. The cholesterol content in the brain is maintained at a relatively constant level under strict regulation of synthesis, transport, and turnover, that is, brain cholesterol homeostasis. Once this balance is disrupted, neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD) ensue. This review summarizes the processes controlling cholesterol homeostasis with respect to the synthesis, transport and turnover of cholesterol in the brain. We further focus on how cholesterol imbalance contributes to neurodegenerative diseases to explore the possibilities to modulate the key steps involved, which will provide clues for the development of therapies for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Gao
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Shiying Ye
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yuehong Tang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjuan Tong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
| | - Shaowei Sun
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
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Li LY, Liu SF, Zhuang JL, Li MM, Huang ZP, Chen YH, Chen XR, Chen CN, Lin S, Ye LC. Recent research progress on metabolic syndrome and risk of Parkinson's disease. Rev Neurosci 2023; 34:719-735. [PMID: 36450297 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most widespread neurodegenerative diseases. PD is associated with progressive loss of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons, including various motor symptoms (e.g., bradykinesia, rigidity, and resting tremor), as well as non-motor symptoms (e.g., cognitive impairment, constipation, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and depression). PD involves multiple biological processes, including mitochondrial or lysosomal dysfunction, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and neuroinflammation. Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a collection of numerous connected cerebral cardiovascular conditions, is a common and growing public health problem associated with many chronic diseases worldwide. MetS components include central/abdominal obesity, systemic hypertension, diabetes, and atherogenic dyslipidemia. MetS and PD share multiple pathophysiological processes, including insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation. In recent years, MetS has been linked to an increased risk of PD, according to studies; however, the specific mechanism remains unclear. Researchers also found that some related metabolic therapies are potential therapeutic strategies to prevent and improve PD. This article reviews the epidemiological relationship between components of MetS and the risk of PD and discusses the potentially relevant mechanisms and recent progress of MetS as a risk factor for PD. Furthermore, we conclude that MetS-related therapies are beneficial for the prevention and treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, No. 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shu-Fen Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, No. 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jian-Long Zhuang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Quanzhou Women's and Children's Hospital, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Mi-Mi Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, No. 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zheng-Ping Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, No. 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yan-Hong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shishi General Hospital, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Chun-Nuan Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, No. 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shu Lin
- Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian Province, China
- Group of Neuroendocrinology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Li-Chao Ye
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, No. 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian Province, China
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Hjazi A, Ahsan M, Alghamdi MI, Kareem AK, Al-Saidi DN, Qasim MT, Romero-Parra RM, Zabibah RS, Ramírez-Coronel AA, Mustafa YF, Hosseini-Fard SR, Karampoor S, Mirzaei R. Unraveling the impact of 27-hydroxycholesterol in autoimmune diseases: Exploring promising therapeutic approaches. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 248:154737. [PMID: 37542860 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) in autoimmune diseases has become a subject of intense research in recent years. This oxysterol, derived from cholesterol, has been identified as a significant player in modulating immune responses and inflammation. Its involvement in autoimmune pathogenesis has drawn attention to its potential as a therapeutic target for managing autoimmune disorders effectively. 27-OHC, an oxysterol derived from cholesterol, has emerged as a key player in modulating immune responses and inflammatory processes. It exerts its effects through various mechanisms, including activation of nuclear receptors, interaction with immune cells, and modulation of neuroinflammation. Additionally, 27-OHC has been implicated in the dysregulation of lipid metabolism, neurotoxicity, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Understanding the intricate interplay between 27-OHC and autoimmune diseases, particularly neurodegenerative disorders, holds promise for developing targeted therapeutic strategies. Additionally, emerging evidence suggests that 27-OHC may interact with specific receptors and transcription factors, thus influencing gene expression and cellular processes in autoimmune disorders. Understanding the intricate mechanisms by which 27-OHC influences immune dysregulation and tissue damage in autoimmune diseases is crucial for developing targeted therapeutic interventions. Further investigations into the molecular pathways and signaling networks involving 27-OHC are warranted to unravel its full potential as a therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases, thereby offering new avenues for disease intervention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hjazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria Ahsan
- King Edward Medical University Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed I Alghamdi
- Department of Computer Science, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - A K Kareem
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Dahlia N Al-Saidi
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, AL-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Maytham T Qasim
- Department of Anesthesia, College of Health and Medical Technology, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | | | - Rahman S Zabibah
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Andrés Alexis Ramírez-Coronel
- Health and Behavior Research Group (HBR), Psychometry and Ethology Laboratory, Catholic University of Cuenca, Ecuador; University of Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Research group in educational statistics, National University of Education, Azogues, Ecuador; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Group, CES University, Colombia
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul 41001, Iraq
| | - Seyed Reza Hosseini-Fard
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Singh A, Kukal S, Kanojia N, Singh M, Saso L, Kukreti S, Kukreti R. Lipid Mediated Brain Disorders: A Perspective. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2023; 167:106737. [PMID: 37086954 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2023.106737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
The brain, one of the most resilient organs of the body is highly enriched in lipid content, suggesting the essential role of lipids in brain physiological activities. Lipids constitute an important structural part of the brain and act as a rich source of metabolic energy. Besides, lipids in their bioactive form (known as bioactive lipids) play an essential signaling and regulatory role, facilitating neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and cell-cell communication. Brain lipid metabolism is thus a tightly regulated process. Any alteration/dysregulation of lipid metabolism greatly impact brain health and activity. Moreover, since central nervous system (CNS) is the most metabolically active system and lacks an efficient antioxidative defence system, it acts as a hub for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent lipid peroxidation. These peroxidation events are reported during pathological changes such as neuronal tissue injury and inflammation. Present review is a modest attempt to gain insights into the role of dysregulated bioactive lipid levels and lipid oxidation status in the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. This may open up new avenues exploiting lipids as the therapeutic targets for improving brain health, and treatment of nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India; Nucleic Acids Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi 110007, India
| | - Samiksha Kukal
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) Campus, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Neha Kanojia
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) Campus, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Mahak Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Shrikant Kukreti
- Nucleic Acids Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi 110007, India
| | - Ritushree Kukreti
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) Campus, Delhi 110007, India.
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7
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Borràs C, Mercer A, Sirisi S, Alcolea D, Escolà-Gil JC, Blanco-Vaca F, Tondo M. HDL-like-Mediated Cell Cholesterol Trafficking in the Central Nervous System and Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169356. [PMID: 36012637 PMCID: PMC9409363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The main aim of this work is to review the mechanisms via which high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-mediated cholesterol trafficking through the central nervous system (CNS) occurs in the context of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) and abnormally hyperphosphorylated intracellular tau filaments in neurons. Cholesterol metabolism has been extensively implicated in the pathogenesis of AD through biological, epidemiological, and genetic studies, with the APOE gene being the most reproducible genetic risk factor for the development of AD. This manuscript explores how HDL-mediated cholesterol is transported in the CNS, with a special emphasis on its relationship to Aβ peptide accumulation and apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-mediated cholesterol transport. Indeed, we reviewed all existing works exploring HDL-like-mediated cholesterol efflux and cholesterol uptake in the context of AD pathogenesis. Existing data seem to point in the direction of decreased cholesterol efflux and the impaired entry of cholesterol into neurons among patients with AD, which could be related to impaired Aβ clearance and tau protein accumulation. However, most of the reviewed studies have been performed in cells that are not physiologically relevant for CNS pathology, representing a major flaw in this field. The ApoE4 genotype seems to be a disruptive element in HDL-like-mediated cholesterol transport through the brain. Overall, further investigations are needed to clarify the role of cholesterol trafficking in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Borràs
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB), Sant Quintí 77-79, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERDEM, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Aina Mercer
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB), Sant Quintí 77-79, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sònia Sirisi
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB), Sant Quintí 77-79, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Alcolea
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB), Sant Quintí 77-79, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB), Sant Quintí 77-79, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERDEM, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.C.E.-G.); (M.T.); Tel.: +34-93-553-7358 (J.C.E.-G. & M.T.)
| | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB), Sant Quintí 77-79, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERDEM, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Tondo
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB), Sant Quintí 77-79, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERDEM, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.C.E.-G.); (M.T.); Tel.: +34-93-553-7358 (J.C.E.-G. & M.T.)
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Venkatesan D, Iyer M, S RW, Narayanasamy A, Kamalakannan S, Valsala Gopalakrishnan A, Vellingiri B. Genotypic-Phenotypic Analysis, Metabolic Profiling and Clinical Correlations in Parkinson's Disease Patients from Tamil Nadu Population, India. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1724-1737. [PMID: 35676593 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an ageing disorder caused by dopaminergic neuron depletion with age. Growing research in the field of metabolomics is expected to play a major role in PD diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic development. In this study, we looked at how SNCA and GBA1 gene mutations, as well as metabolomic abnormalities of kynurenine and cholesterol metabolites, were linked to alpha-synuclein (α-syn) and clinical characteristics in three different PD age groups. In all three age groups, a metabolomics analysis revealed an increased amount of 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) and a lower level of kynurenic acid (KYNA). The effect of 27-OHC on SNCA and GBA1 modifications was shown to be significant (P < 0.05) only in the A53T variant of the SNCA gene in late-onset and early-onset PD groups, whereas GBA1 variants were not. Based on the findings, we observed that the increase in 27-OHC would have elevated α-syn expression, which triggered the changes in the SNCA gene but not in the GBA1 gene. Missense variations in the SNCA and GBA1 genes were investigated using the sequencing technique. SNCA mutation A53T has been linked to increased PD symptoms, but there is no phenotypic link between GBA1 and PD. As a result of the data, we hypothesise that cholesterol and kynurenine metabolites play an important role in PD, with the metabolite 27-OHC potentially serving as a PD biomarker. These findings will aid in the investigation of pathogenic causes as well as the development of therapeutic and preventative measures for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhivya Venkatesan
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Livestock Farming, & Bioresources Technology, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Robert Wilson S
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, SRM University, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arul Narayanasamy
- Disease Proteomic Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Siva Kamalakannan
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, National Centre for Disease Control, Civil Line, 22-Sham Nath Marg, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
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9
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Zhao Y, Gagliano Taliun SA. Lipid-lowering drug targets and Parkinson's disease: A sex-specific Mendelian randomization study. Front Neurol 2022; 13:940118. [PMID: 36119674 PMCID: PMC9477004 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.940118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) affects millions of individuals worldwide, and it is the second most common late-onset neurodegenerative disorder. There is no cure and current treatments only alleviate symptoms. Modifiable risk factors have been explored as possible options for decreasing risk or developing drug targets to treat PD, including low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). There is evidence of sex differences for cholesterol levels as well as for PD risk. Genetic datasets of increasing size are permitting association analyses with increased power, including sex-stratified analyses. These association results empower Mendelian randomization (MR) studies, which, given certain assumptions, test whether there is a causal relationship between the risk factor and the outcome using genetic instruments. Sex-specific causal inference approaches could highlight sex-specific effects that may otherwise be masked by sex-agnostic approaches. We conducted a sex-specific two-sample cis-MR analysis based on genetic variants in LDL-C target encoding genes to assess the impact of lipid-lowering drug targets on PD risk. To complement the cis-MR analysis, we also conducted a sex-specific standard MR analysis (using genome-wide independent variants). We did not find evidence of a causal relationship between LDL-C levels and PD risk in females [OR (95% CI) = 1.01 (0.60, 1.69), IVW random-effects] or males [OR (95% CI) = 0.93 (0.55, 1.56)]. The sex-specific standard MR analysis also supported this conclusion. We encourage future work assessing sex-specific effects using causal inference techniques to better understand factors that may contribute to complex disease risk differently between the sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Zhao
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarah A Gagliano Taliun
- Department of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
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10
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Shen W, Jiang L, Zhao J, Wang H, Hu M, Chen L, Chen Y. Bioactive lipids and their metabolism: new therapeutic opportunities for Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:846-872. [PMID: 34904314 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder characterized by motor dysfunction, which can also be associated with non-motor symptoms. Its pathogenesis is thought to stem from a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the formation of Lewy bodies containing aggregated α-synuclein. Recent works suggested that lipids might play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of PD. In particular, the so-called "bioactive" lipids whose changes in the concentration may lead to functional consequences and affect many pathophysiological processes, including neuroinflammation, are closely related to PD in terms of symptoms, disease progression, and incidence. This study aimed to explore the molecular metabolism and physiological functions of bioactive lipids, such as fatty acids (mainly unsaturated fatty acids), eicosanoids, endocannabinoids, oxysterols, representative sphingolipids, diacylglycerols, and lysophosphatidic acid, in the development of PD. The knowledge of bioactive lipids in PD gained through preclinical and clinical studies is expected to improve the understanding of disease pathogenesis and provide novel therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Shen
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingyi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Haili Wang
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Meng Hu
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central Sounth University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lanlan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingzhu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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11
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Shan FY, Fung KM, Zieneldien T, Kim J, Cao C, Huang JH. Examining the Toxicity of α-Synuclein in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111126. [PMID: 34833002 PMCID: PMC8621244 DOI: 10.3390/life11111126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Neurodegenerative disorders are complex disorders that display a variety of clinical manifestations. The second-most common neurodegenerative disorder is Parkinson’s disease, and the leading pathological protein of the disorder is considered to be α-synuclein. Nonetheless, α-synuclein accumulation also seems to result in multiple system atrophy and dementia with Lewy bodies. In order to obtain a more proficient understanding in the pathological progression of these synucleinopathies, it is crucial to observe the post-translational modifications of α-synuclein and the conformations of α-synuclein, as well as its role in the dysfunction of cellular pathways. Abstract α-synuclein is considered the main pathological protein in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease, multiple system atrophy, and dementia with Lewy bodies. As of now, numerous studies have been aimed at examining the post-translational modifications of α-synuclein to determine their effects on α-synuclein aggregation, propagation, and oligomerization, as well as the potential cellular pathway dysfunctions caused by α-synuclein, to determine the role of the protein in disease progression. Furthermore, α-synuclein also appears to contribute to the fibrilization of tau and amyloid beta, which are crucial proteins in Alzheimer’s disease, advocating for α-synuclein’s preeminent role in neurodegeneration. Due to this, investigating the mechanisms of toxicity of α-synuclein in neurodegeneration may lead to a more proficient understanding of the timeline progression in neurodegenerative synucleinopathies and could thereby lead to the development of potent targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Y. Shan
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Temple, TX 76508, USA
- Correspondence: (F.Y.S.); (T.Z.)
| | - Kar-Ming Fung
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Medical Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA;
| | - Tarek Zieneldien
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (J.K.); (C.C.)
- Correspondence: (F.Y.S.); (T.Z.)
| | - Janice Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (J.K.); (C.C.)
| | - Chuanhai Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (J.K.); (C.C.)
| | - Jason H. Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Temple, TX 76508, USA;
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12
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Bell R, Vendruscolo M. Modulation of the Interactions Between α-Synuclein and Lipid Membranes by Post-translational Modifications. Front Neurol 2021; 12:661117. [PMID: 34335440 PMCID: PMC8319954 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.661117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterised by the presence in brain tissue of aberrant inclusions known as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, which are deposits composed by α-synuclein and a variety of other cellular components, including in particular lipid membranes. The dysregulation of the balance between lipid homeostasis and α-synuclein homeostasis is therefore likely to be closely involved in the onset and progression of Parkinson's disease and related synucleinopathies. As our understanding of this balance is increasing, we describe recent advances in the characterisation of the role of post-translational modifications in modulating the interactions of α-synuclein with lipid membranes. We then discuss the impact of these advances on the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools for synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Centre for Misfolding Disease, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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13
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Pingale TD, Gupta GL. Novel therapeutic approaches for Parkinson's disease by targeting brain cholesterol homeostasis. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:862-873. [PMID: 33822122 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgaa063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human brain is composed of 25% of the cholesterol & any dysfunction in brain cholesterol homeostasis contributes to neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson, Alzheimer's, Huntington's disease, etc. A growing literature indicates that alteration in neurotransmission & brain cholesterol metabolism takes place in the early stage of the disease. The current paper summarizes the role of cholesterol & its homeostasis in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. KEY FINDINGS Literature findings suggest the possible role of lipids such as oxysterols, lipoproteins, etc. in Parkinson's disease pathophysiology. Cholesterol performs a diverse role in the brain but any deviation in its levels leads to neurodegeneration. Dysregulation of lipid caused by oxidative stress & inflammation leads to α-synuclein trafficking which contributes to Parkinson's disease progression. Also, α-synuclein by binding to membrane lipid forms lipid-protein complex & results in its aggregation. Different targets such as Phospholipase A2, Stearoyl-CoA desaturase enzyme, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, etc. have been identified as a potential novel approach for Parkinson's disease treatment. SUMMARY In the current review, we have discussed the possible molecular role of cholesterol homeostasis in Parkinson's disease progression. We also identified potential therapeutic targets that need to be evaluated clinically for the development of Parkinson's treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Dayanand Pingale
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Girdhari Lal Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
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14
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Dai L, Zou L, Meng L, Qiang G, Yan M, Zhang Z. Cholesterol Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2183-2201. [PMID: 33411241 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an indispensable component of the cell membrane and plays vital roles in critical physiological processes. Brain cholesterol accounts for a large portion of total cholesterol in the human body, and its content must be tightly regulated to ensure normal brain function. Disorders of cholesterol metabolism in the brain are linked to neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and other atypical cognitive deficits that arise at old age. However, the specific role of cholesterol metabolism disorder in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases has not been fully elucidated. Statins that are a class of lipid-lowering drugs have been reported to have a positive effect on neurodegenerative diseases. Herein, we reviewed the physiological and pathological conditions of cholesterol metabolism and discussed the possible mechanisms of cholesterol metabolism and statin therapy in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Dai
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Li Zou
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Lanxia Meng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Guifen Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Beijing, China
| | - Mingmin Yan
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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15
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Sun Z, Zhao L, Bo Q, Mao Z, He Y, Jiang T, Li Y, Wang C, Li R. Brain-Specific Oxysterols and Risk of Schizophrenia in Clinical High-Risk Subjects and Patients With Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:711734. [PMID: 34408685 PMCID: PMC8367079 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.711734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence from clinical, genetic, and epidemiologic studies suggest that schizophrenia might be a neuronal development disorder. While oxysterols are important factors in neurodevelopment, it is unknown whether oxysterols might be involved in development of schizophrenia. The present study investigated the relationship between tissue-specifically originated oxysterols and risk of schizophrenia. A total of 216 individuals were recruited in this study, including 76 schizophrenia patients, 39 clinical high-risk (CHR) subjects, and 101 healthy controls (HC). We investigated the circulating levels of brain-specific oxysterol 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24OHC) and peripheral oxysterol 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OHC) in all participants and analyzed the potential links between the oxysterols and specific clinical symptoms in schizophrenic patients and CHR. Our data showed an elevation of 24OHC in both schizophrenia patients and CHR than that in HC, while a lower level of 27OHC in the schizophrenia group only. The ratio of 24OHC to 27OHC was only increased in the schizophrenic group compared with CHR and HC. For the schizophrenic patients, the circulating 24OHC levels are significantly associated with disease duration, positively correlated with the positive and negative syndrome total scores, while the 27OHC levels were inversely correlated with the positive symptom scores. Together, our data demonstrated the disruption of tissue-specifically originated cholesterol metabolism in schizophrenia and CHR, suggesting the circulating 24OHC or 24OHC/27OHC ratio might not only be a potential indicator for risk for schizophrenia but also be biomarkers for functional abnormalities in neuropathology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoli Sun
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qijing Bo
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Mao
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi He
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanyue Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rena Li
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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16
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Matsubayashi M, Sakaguchi YM, Sahara Y, Nanaura H, Kikuchi S, Asghari A, Bui L, Kobashigawa S, Nakanishi M, Nagata R, Matsui TK, Kashino G, Hasegawa M, Takasawa S, Eriguchi M, Tsuruya K, Nagamori S, Sugie K, Nakagawa T, Takasato M, Umetani M, Mori E. 27-Hydroxycholesterol regulates human SLC22A12 gene expression through estrogen receptor action. FASEB J 2020; 35:e21262. [PMID: 33368618 PMCID: PMC7771643 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002077r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The excretion and reabsorption of uric acid both to and from urine are tightly regulated by uric acid transporters. Metabolic syndrome conditions, such as obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and insulin resistance, are believed to regulate the expression of uric acid transporters and decrease the excretion of uric acid. However, the mechanisms driving cholesterol impacts on uric acid transporters have been unknown. Here, we show that cholesterol metabolite 27‐hydroxycholesterol (27HC) upregulates the uric acid reabsorption transporter URAT1 encoded by SLC22A12 via estrogen receptors (ER). Transcriptional motif analysis showed that the SLC22A12 gene promoter has more estrogen response elements (EREs) than other uric acid reabsorption transporters such as SLC22A11 and SLC22A13, and 27HC‐activated SLC22A12 gene promoter via ER through EREs. Furthermore, 27HC increased SLC22A12 gene expression in human kidney organoids. Our results suggest that in hypercholesterolemic conditions, elevated levels of 27HC derived from cholesterol induce URAT1/SLC22A12 expression to increase uric acid reabsorption, and thereby, could increase serum uric acid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yoshiki Sahara
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitoki Nanaura
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Sotaro Kikuchi
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Arvand Asghari
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Linh Bui
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shinko Kobashigawa
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Mari Nakanishi
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Riko Nagata
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Takeshi K Matsui
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Genro Kashino
- Radioisotope Research Center, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hasegawa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Shin Takasawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiko Tsuruya
- Department of Nephrology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Shushi Nagamori
- Department of Collaborative Research, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Kazuma Sugie
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Takahiko Nakagawa
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Minoru Takasato
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michihisa Umetani
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,HEALTH Research Institute, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eiichiro Mori
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan.,V-iCliniX Laboratory, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
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17
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Ruthirakuhan M, Herrmann N, Andreazza AC, Verhoeff NPLG, Gallagher D, Black SE, Kiss A, Lanctôt KL. 24S-Hydroxycholesterol Is Associated with Agitation Severity in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Alzheimer's Disease: Analyses from a Clinical Trial with Nabilone. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 71:21-31. [PMID: 31322567 PMCID: PMC6839471 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: Agitation is a prevalent and difficult-to-treat symptom of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been a target of interest for the treatment of agitation. However, ECS signaling may interact with AD-related changes in brain cholesterol metabolism. Elevated brain cholesterol, reflected by reduced serum 24-S-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC), is associated with reduced membrane fluidity, preventing ligand binding to cannabinoid receptor 1. Objective: To assess whether 24S-OHC was associated with agitation severity and response to nabilone. Methods: 24S-OHC was collected from AD patients enrolled in a clinical trial on nabilone at the start and end of each phase. This allowed for the cross-sectional and longitudinal investigation between 24S-OHC and agitation (Cohen Mansfield Agitation Inventory, CMAI). Post-hoc analyses included adjustments for baseline standardized Mini-Mental Status Exam (sMMSE), and analyses with CMAI subtotals consistent with the International Psychogeriatric Association (IPA) definition for agitation (physical aggression and nonaggression, and verbal aggression). Results: 24S-OHC was not associated with CMAI scores cross-sectionally or longitudinally, before and after adjusting for baseline sMMSE. However, 24S-OHC was associated with greater CMAI IPA scores at baseline (F(1,36) = 4.95, p = 0.03). In the placebo phase only, lower 24S-OHC at baseline was associated with increases in CMAI IPA scores (b = –35.2, 95% CI –65.6 to –5.0, p = 0.02), and decreases in 24S-OHC were associated with increases in CMAI IPA scores (b = –20.94, 95% CI –57.9 to –4.01, p = 0.03). Conclusion: 24S-OHC was associated with agitation severity cross-sectionally, and longitudinally in patients with AD. However, 24S-OHC did not predict treatment response, and does not change over time with nabilone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myuri Ruthirakuhan
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathan Herrmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ana C Andreazza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Damien Gallagher
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra E Black
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto and Sunnybrook HSC, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alex Kiss
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Research Design and Biostatistics, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Krista L Lanctôt
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Fu X, Wang Y, He X, Li H, Liu H, Zhang X. A systematic review and meta-analysis of serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in patients with Parkinson's disease. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:97. [PMID: 32430016 PMCID: PMC7236933 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01284-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Numerous studies have reported that lipid metabolic abnormalities may play an important role in the development of Parkinson’s disease (PD), with mixed results. This meta-analysis aims to systematically assess the relationship between serum cholesterol or triglyceride and the PD risk and to further determine the role of dyslipidemia in potential predictive value. Methods This research systematically consulted and screened observational studies to evaluate the association of serum lipids with the risk of PD as of April 01, 2020 based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two researchers screened and extracted the data independently. Then this article summarized the characteristics of all clinical studies and collected the corresponding data to perform pooled and sensitivity analyses. The meta-analysis was performed by using the RevMan 5.3 software after data extraction, quality assessment and analysis of publication bias. Results Twenty-one related studies (13 case-control and 8 cohort studies) were selected with a total of 980,180 subjects, including 11,188 PD patients. Meta-analysis showed that higher levels of serum triglyceride (S-TG) [standard mean different (SMD) = − 0.26 (95% confidence interval (CI): − 0.39 to − 0.13, p<0.00001), relative risk (RR) = 0.67 (95% CI: 0.60 to 0.75, p<0.00001)] could be considered as protective factors for the pathogenesis of PD. However, there was no significant association between serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (S-HDL) and the risk of PD. Meanwhile, serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (S-LDL) [SMD = -0.26 (95% CI: − 0.43 to − 0.07, p = 0.006), RR = 0.76 (95% CI: 0.59 to 0.97, p = 0.03)] and serum total cholesterol (S-TC) levels [SMD = -0.21 (95% CI: − 0.33 to − 0.10, p = 0.0002), RR = 0.86 (95% CI: 0.77 to 0.97, p = 0.01)] were negatively associated with PD risk. Conclusions This systematic review suggests that elevated serum levels of TG, LDL and TC may be protective factors for the pathogenesis of PD. Further longitudinal and well-designed prospective studies with a large sample size are needed to confirm the findings in this meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Fu
- Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaofeng He
- Department of Science and Education, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi city, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi Province, China.
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
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19
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Park KR, Hwang CJ, Yun HM, Yeo IJ, Choi DY, Park PH, Kim HS, Lee JT, Jung YS, Han SB, Hong JT. Prevention of multiple system atrophy using human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells by reducing polyamine and cholesterol-induced neural damages. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:63. [PMID: 32127052 PMCID: PMC7055099 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01590-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a sporadic neurodegenerative disorder of unknown etiology, but is closely associated with damage to dopaminergic neurons. MSA progression is rapid. Hence, long-term drug treatments do not have any therapeutic benefits. We assessed the inhibitory effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on double-toxin-induced dopaminergic neurodegenerative MSA. Results Behavioral disorder was significantly improved and neurodegeneration was prevented following MSC transplantation. Proteomics revealed lower expression of polyamine modulating factor-binding protein 1 (PMFBP1) and higher expression of 3-hydroxymethyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase (HMGCL), but these changes were reversed after MSC transplantation. In the in vitro study, the 6-OHDA-induced effects were reversed following co-culture with MSC. However, PMFBP1 knockdown inhibited the recovery effect due to the MSCs. Furthermore, HMGCL expression was decreased following co-culture with MSCs, but treatment with recombinant HMGCL protein inhibited the recovery effects due to MSCs. Conclusions These data indicate that MSCs protected against neuronal loss in MSA by reducing polyamine- and cholesterol-induced neural damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ran Park
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02453, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Ju Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsangmyeong1-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Mun Yun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02453, Republic of Korea
| | - In Jun Yeo
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsangmyeong1-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Young Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil-Hoon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Sook Kim
- Corestem Inc, Pangyo-ro 255 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi, 13486, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Tae Lee
- Corestem Inc, Pangyo-ro 255 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi, 13486, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Suk Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsangmyeong1-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsangmyeong1-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-951, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Riscal R, Skuli N, Simon MC. Even Cancer Cells Watch Their Cholesterol! Mol Cell 2019; 76:220-231. [PMID: 31586545 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Deregulated cell proliferation is an established feature of cancer, and altered tumor metabolism has witnessed renewed interest over the past decade, including the study of how cancer cells rewire metabolic pathways to renew energy sources and "building blocks" that sustain cell division. Microenvironmental oxygen, glucose, and glutamine are regarded as principal nutrients fueling tumor growth. However, hostile tumor microenvironments render O2/nutrient supplies chronically insufficient for increased proliferation rates, forcing cancer cells to develop strategies for opportunistic modes of nutrient acquisition. Recent work shows that cancer cells overcome this nutrient scarcity by scavenging other substrates, such as proteins and lipids, or utilizing adaptive metabolic pathways. As such, reprogramming lipid metabolism plays important roles in providing energy, macromolecules for membrane synthesis, and lipid-mediated signaling during cancer progression. In this review, we highlight more recently appreciated roles for lipids, particularly cholesterol and its derivatives, in cancer cell metabolism within intrinsically harsh tumor microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Riscal
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicolas Skuli
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - M Celeste Simon
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Malaguti M, Cardenia V, Rodriguez-Estrada MT, Hrelia S. Nutraceuticals and physical activity: Their role on oxysterols-mediated neurodegeneration. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 193:105430. [PMID: 31325497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, the contribution of oxysterols to the onset and development of some of the major neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases) has been scientifically asserted, being mainly related to altered brain cholesterol homeostasis. To counteract oxysterol induced inflammation at neuronal level, one possible intervention approach is the administration of some nutrients and/or plant secondary metabolites. On the other hand, the pleiotropic beneficial effects of physical activity seem to play an important role on prevention and counteraction of neurodegenerative diseases, through the modulation of oxysterol homeostasis and the prevention of demyelination. The present review provides a picture of the promising role of nutraceuticals and physical activity on oxysterol-mediated neurodegeneration, pointing out also the different in vitro and in vivo aspects that need to be further investigated for a better understanding of the association of these three counterparts and their overall effect on people at increased risk for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Malaguti
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Rimini, 47921, Italy.
| | - Vladimiro Cardenia
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences DISAFA, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | | | - Silvana Hrelia
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Rimini, 47921, Italy
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22
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Hamed MA, Mohammed MA, Aboul Naser AF, Matloub AA, Fayed DB, Ali SA, Khalil WK. Optimization of Curcuminoids Extraction for Evaluation Against Parkinson’s Disease in Rats. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE PRODUCTS FROM NATURE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/22311866.2019.1698317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manal A. Hamed
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona A. Mohammed
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Asmaa F. Aboul Naser
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Azaa A. Matloub
- Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dalia B. Fayed
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sanaa A. Ali
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Wagdy K.B. Khalil
- Cell Biology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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23
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Mesa-Herrera F, Taoro-González L, Valdés-Baizabal C, Diaz M, Marín R. Lipid and Lipid Raft Alteration in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Window for the Development of New Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3810. [PMID: 31382686 PMCID: PMC6696273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/1970] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids in the brain are major components playing structural functions as well as physiological roles in nerve cells, such as neural communication, neurogenesis, synaptic transmission, signal transduction, membrane compartmentalization, and regulation of gene expression. Determination of brain lipid composition may provide not only essential information about normal brain functioning, but also about changes with aging and diseases. Indeed, deregulations of specific lipid classes and lipid homeostasis have been demonstrated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Furthermore, recent studies have shown that membrane microdomains, named lipid rafts, may change their composition in correlation with neuronal impairment. Lipid rafts are key factors for signaling processes for cellular responses. Lipid alteration in these signaling platforms may correlate with abnormal protein distribution and aggregation, toxic cell signaling, and other neuropathological events related with these diseases. This review highlights the manner lipid changes in lipid rafts may participate in the modulation of neuropathological events related to AD and PD. Understanding and characterizing these changes may contribute to the development of novel and specific diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in routinely clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Mesa-Herrera
- Laboratory of Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Animal Biology, Edaphology and Geology
| | - Lucas Taoro-González
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Section of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of La Laguna, Sta. Cruz de Tenerife 38200, Spain
| | - Catalina Valdés-Baizabal
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Section of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of La Laguna, Sta. Cruz de Tenerife 38200, Spain
| | - Mario Diaz
- Laboratory of Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Animal Biology, Edaphology and Geology
- Associate Research Unit ULL-CSIC "Membrane Physiology and Biophysics in Neurodegenerative and Cancer Diseases", University of La Laguna, Sta. Cruz de Tenerife 38200, Spain
| | - Raquel Marín
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Section of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of La Laguna, Sta. Cruz de Tenerife 38200, Spain.
- Associate Research Unit ULL-CSIC "Membrane Physiology and Biophysics in Neurodegenerative and Cancer Diseases", University of La Laguna, Sta. Cruz de Tenerife 38200, Spain.
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24
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Pandak WM, Kakiyama G. The acidic pathway of bile acid synthesis: Not just an alternative pathway ☆. LIVER RESEARCH 2019; 3:88-98. [PMID: 32015930 PMCID: PMC6996149 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the prevalence of obesity, and metabolic syndromes (MS) such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), have dramatically increased. Bile acids play a major role in the digestion, absorption of nutrients, and the body's redistribution of absorbed lipids as a function of their chemistry and signaling properties. As a result, a renewed interest has developed in the bile acid metabolic pathways with the challenge of gaining insight into novel treatment approaches for this rapidly growing healthcare problem. Of the two major pathways of bile acid synthesis in the liver, the foremost role of the acidic (alternative) pathway is to generate and control the levels of regulatory oxysterols that help control cellular cholesterol and lipid homeostasis. Cholesterol transport to mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) by steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StarD1), and the subsequent 7α-hydroxylation of oxysterols by oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) are the key regulatory steps of the pathway. Recent observations suggest CYP7B1 to be the ultimate controller of cellular oxysterol levels. This review discusses the acidic pathway and its contribution to lipid, cholesterol, carbohydrate, and energy homeostasis. Additionally, discussed is how the acidic pathway's dysregulation not only leads to a loss in its ability to control cellular cholesterol and lipid homeostasis, but leads to inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University and Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA. (G. Kakiyama)
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25
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Oxysterol research: a brief review. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:517-526. [PMID: 30936243 PMCID: PMC6490702 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we discuss the recent developments in oxysterol research. Exciting results have been reported relating to the involvement of oxysterols in the fields of neurodegenerative disease, especially in Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease; in signalling and development, in particular, in relation to Hedgehog signalling; and in cancer, with a special focus on (25R)26-hydroxycholesterol. Methods for the measurement of oxysterols, essential for understanding their mechanism of action in vivo, and valuable for diagnosing rare diseases of cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolism are briefly considered.
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26
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Oxysterols as a biomarker in diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 491:103-113. [PMID: 30685361 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is one of the most important chemical substances as a structural element in human cells, and it is very susceptible to oxidation reactions that form oxysterol. Oxysterols exhibit almost the exact structure as cholesterol and a cholesterol precursor (7-dehydrocholesterol) with an additional hydroxyl, epoxy or ketone moiety. The oxidation reaction is performed via an enzymatic or non-enzymatic mechanism. The wide array of enzymatic oxysterols encountered in the human body varies in origin and function. Oxysterols establish a concentration equilibrium in human body fluids. Disease may alter the equilibrium, and oxysterols may be used as a diagnostic tool. The current review presents the possibility of using non-enzymatic oxysterols and disturbances in enzymatic oxysterol equilibrium in the human body as a potential biomarker for diagnosing and/or monitoring of the progression of various diseases.
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Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons from the nigrostriatal pathway, formation of Lewy bodies, and microgliosis. During the past decades multiple cellular pathways have been associated with PD pathology (i.e., oxidative stress, endosomal-lysosomal dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and immune response), yet disease-modifying treatments are not available. We have recently used genetic data from familial and sporadic cases in an unbiased approach to build a molecular landscape for PD, revealing lipids as central players in this disease. Here we extensively review the current knowledge concerning the involvement of various subclasses of fatty acyls, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols, and lipoproteins in PD pathogenesis. Our review corroborates a central role for most lipid classes, but the available information is fragmented, not always reproducible, and sometimes differs by sex, age or PD etiology of the patients. This hinders drawing firm conclusions about causal or associative effects of dietary lipids or defects in specific steps of lipid metabolism in PD. Future technological advances in lipidomics and additional systematic studies on lipid species from PD patient material may improve this situation and lead to a better appreciation of the significance of lipids for this devastating disease.
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Limphaibool N, Iwanowski P, Holstad MJV, Perkowska K. Parkinsonism in Inherited Metabolic Disorders: Key Considerations and Major Features. Front Neurol 2018; 9:857. [PMID: 30369906 PMCID: PMC6194353 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder manifesting as reduced facilitation of voluntary movements. Extensive research over recent decades has expanded our insights into the pathogenesis of the disease, where PD is indicated to result from multifactorial etiological factors involving environmental contributions in genetically predisposed individuals. There has been considerable interest in the association between neurological manifestations in PD and in inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs), which are genetic disorders characterized by a deficient activity in the pathways of intermediary metabolism leading to multiple-system manifestations. In addition to the parallel in various clinical features, there is increasing evidence for the notion that genetic mutations underlying IMDs may increase the risk of PD development. This review highlights the recent advances in parkinsonism in patients with IMDs, with the primary objective to improve the understanding of the overlapping pathogenic pathways and clinical presentations in both disorders. We discuss the genetic convergence and disruptions in biochemical mechanisms which may point to clues surrounding pathogenesis-targeted treatment and other promising therapeutic strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr Iwanowski
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Perkowska
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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29
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Moutinho M, Codocedo JF, Puntambekar SS, Landreth GE. Nuclear Receptors as Therapeutic Targets for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Lost in Translation. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 59:237-261. [PMID: 30208281 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by a progressive loss of neurons that leads to a broad range of disabilities, including severe cognitive decline and motor impairment, for which there are no effective therapies. Several lines of evidence support a putative therapeutic role of nuclear receptors (NRs) in these types of disorders. NRs are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate the expression of a wide range of genes linked to metabolism and inflammation. Although the activation of NRs in animal models of neurodegenerative disease exhibits promising results, the translation of this strategy to clinical practice has been unsuccessful. In this review we discuss the role of NRs in neurodegenerative diseases in light of preclinical and clinical studies, as well as new findings derived from the analysis of transcriptomic databases from humans and animal models. We discuss the failure in the translation of NR-based therapeutic approaches and consider alternative and novel research avenues in the development of effective therapies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Moutinho
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA;
| | - Juan F Codocedo
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA;
| | - Shweta S Puntambekar
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA;
| | - Gary E Landreth
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA;
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30
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Perveen I, Raza MA, Sehar S, Naz I, Memon MI, Ahmed S. Studies on Degradation of 7-ketocholesterol by Environmental Bacterial Isolates. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683818030110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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Galvagnion C. The Role of Lipids Interacting with α-Synuclein in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2018; 7:433-450. [PMID: 28671142 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-171103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
α-synuclein is a small protein abundantly expressed in the brain and mainly located in synaptic terminals. The conversion of α-synuclein into oligomers and fibrils is the hallmark of a range of neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. α-synuclein is disordered in solution but can adopt an α-helical conformation upon binding to lipid membranes. This lipid-protein interaction plays an important role in its proposed biological function, i.e., synaptic plasticity, but can also entail the aggregation of the protein. Both the chemical properties of the lipids and the lipid-to-protein-ratio have been reported to modulate the aggregation propensity of α-synuclein. In this review, the influence of changes in the nature and levels of lipids on the aggregation propensity of α-synuclein in vivo and in vitro will be discussed within a common general framework. In particular, while biophysical measurements and kinetic analyses of the time courses of α-synuclein aggregation in the presence of different types of lipid vesicles allow a mechanistic dissection of the influence of the lipids on α-synuclein aggregation, biological studies of cellular and animal models of Parkinson's disease allow the determination of changes in lipid levels and properties associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Galvagnion
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Physical Biology, Heinrich Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
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32
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Bettcher BM, Ard MC, Reed BR, Benitez A, Simmons A, Larson EB, Sonnen JA, Montine TJ, Li G, Keene CD, Crane PK, Mungas D. Association between Cholesterol Exposure and Neuropathological Findings: The ACT Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 59:1307-1315. [PMID: 28731431 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We characterized the relationship between late life cholesterol exposure and neuropathological outcomes in a community-based, older adult cohort. Adult Changes in Thought (ACT) is a cohort study that enrolls consenting, randomly selected, non-demented people aged ≥65 from a healthcare delivery system. We used late life HDL and total cholesterol lab values from Group Health computerized records, and calculated HDL and non-HDL levels. We evaluated neuropathological outcomes of Alzheimer's disease, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, vascular brain injury, and Lewy body disease. Using linear mixed models with age and antilipemic medication as predictors, we obtained predicted cholesterol values at age 70 and 10 years prior to death for individuals with available cholesterol data in 10-year exposure windows. We used logistic regression to determine whether predicted late life cholesterol levels were associated with neuropathological outcomes controlling for age at death, APOE genotype, sex, and their interactions with cholesterol levels. 525 decedents came to autopsy by 08/2014. Of these, plasma cholesterol concentration was available for 318 (age 70, model 1) and 396 (10 years prior to death, model 2) participants. We did not find associations between late life cholesterol and Alzheimer's disease neuropathological changes, and there were no associations between cholesterol levels and amyloid angiopathy or vascular brain injury. We observed an association between predicted non-HDL cholesterol at age 70 and Lewy body disease. Our study suggests an association between late life non-HDL cholesterol exposure and Lewy body disease. We did not observe associations between late life cholesterol levels and Braak stage or CERAD score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne M Bettcher
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - M Colin Ard
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bruce R Reed
- Center for Scientific Review, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andreana Benitez
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Amanda Simmons
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eric B Larson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Josh A Sonnen
- Departmentof Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Ge Li
- Department of Medicine, Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul K Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dan Mungas
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Schommer J, Marwarha G, Schommer T, Flick T, Lund J, Ghribi O. 27-Hydroxycholesterol increases α-synuclein protein levels through proteasomal inhibition in human dopaminergic neurons. BMC Neurosci 2018; 19:17. [PMID: 29614969 PMCID: PMC5883307 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-018-0420-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulation of the α-synuclein (α-syn) protein is a hallmark of a group of brain disorders collectively known as synucleinopathies. The mechanisms responsible for α-syn accumulation are not well understood. Several studies suggest a link between synucleinopathies and the cholesterol metabolite 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC). 27-OHC is the major cholesterol metabolite in the blood that crosses the blood brain barrier, and its levels can increase following hypercholesterolemia, aging, and oxidative stress, which are all factors for increased synucleinopathy risk. In this study, we determined the extent to which 27-OHC regulates α-syn levels in human dopaminergic neurons, the cell type in which α-syn accumulates in PD, a major synucleinopathy disorder. RESULTS Our results show that 27-OHC significantly increases the protein levels, not the mRNA expression of α-syn. The effects of 27-OHC appear to be independent of an action through liver X receptors (LXR), its cognate receptors, as the LXR agonist, GW3965, or the LXR antagonist ECHS did not affect α-syn protein or mRNA levels. Furthermore, our data strongly suggest that the 27-OHC-induced increase in α-syn protein levels emanates from inhibition of the proteasomal degradation of this protein and a decrease in the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). CONCLUSIONS Identifying 27-OHC as a factor that can increase α-syn levels and the inhibition of the proteasomal function and reduction in HSP70 levels as potential cellular mechanisms involved in regulation of α-syn. This may help in targeting the correct degradation of α-syn as a potential avenue to preclude α-syn accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Schommer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 N Columbia Rd Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Gurdeep Marwarha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 N Columbia Rd Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Trevor Schommer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 N Columbia Rd Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Travis Flick
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 N Columbia Rd Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Jonah Lund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 N Columbia Rd Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Othman Ghribi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 N Columbia Rd Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA.
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Di Natale C, Monaco A, Pedone C, Tessitore A, De Mase A, Tedeschi G, Netti PA, Abrescia P. The level of 24-hydroxycholesteryl esters decreases in plasma of patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2018; 672:108-112. [PMID: 29486288 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
24-hydroxycholesterol (24OH-C) is synthesized almost exclusively in neurons. This oxysterol is mostly present as ester form in both cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. The enzyme lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase esterifies 24OH-C in the brain, and the level of 24OH-C esters in cerebrospinal fluid was found to be correlated with the level of 24OH-C esters in plasma. Decreased levels of 24OH-C esters levels were previously found in Alzheimer's disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. This finding was attributed to the inhibitory effect of oxidative stress on lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity in neurodegenerative conditions. Data reported here show that the plasma level of 24OH-C esters is decreased also in Parkinson's disease. ROC analysis identified 69.0% of 24OH-C esterification as the threshold (AUC = 0.98) discriminating patients (N = 19) from healthy subjects (N = 19) with 100% specificity vs controls, 89.5% sensitivity, 94.7% accuracy, and 100% precision. The level of 24OH-C esters was not correlated with UPDRS I or UPDRS III when evaluated at the time of blood sampling. By contrast, it was negatively correlated with UPDRS I (r = -0.4984, p = 0.0299) after one year of follow up. Therefore, this level might represent a novel biomarker of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. The biomarker level is here proposed as a measure to evaluate the severity of disease, as well as to monitor the progression of this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Di Natale
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Mezzocannone 8, 80134 Naples, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Monaco
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Mezzocannone 8, 80134 Naples, Italy.
| | - Carlo Pedone
- TRASE S.R.L., via Mezzocannone 8, 80134 Naples, Italy; CIRPEB (Interuniversity Center for Research on Bioactive Peptides), University of Naples Federico II, via Mezzocannone 8, 80134 Naples, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Tessitore
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Aging Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonio De Mase
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Aging Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Gioacchino Tedeschi
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Aging Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Paolo Antonio Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy; Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB) and Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy.
| | - Paolo Abrescia
- TRASE S.R.L., via Mezzocannone 8, 80134 Naples, Italy; CIRPEB (Interuniversity Center for Research on Bioactive Peptides), University of Naples Federico II, via Mezzocannone 8, 80134 Naples, Italy.
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35
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Schöls L, Rattay TW, Martus P, Meisner C, Baets J, Fischer I, Jägle C, Fraidakis MJ, Martinuzzi A, Saute JA, Scarlato M, Antenora A, Stendel C, Höflinger P, Lourenco CM, Abreu L, Smets K, Paucar M, Deconinck T, Bis DM, Wiethoff S, Bauer P, Arnoldi A, Marques W, Jardim LB, Hauser S, Criscuolo C, Filla A, Züchner S, Bassi MT, Klopstock T, De Jonghe P, Björkhem I, Schüle R. Hereditary spastic paraplegia type 5: natural history, biomarkers and a randomized controlled trial. Brain 2017; 140:3112-3127. [PMID: 29126212 PMCID: PMC5841036 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spastic paraplegia type 5 (SPG5) is a rare subtype of hereditary spastic paraplegia, a highly heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders defined by progressive neurodegeneration of the corticospinal tract motor neurons. SPG5 is caused by recessive mutations in the gene CYP7B1 encoding oxysterol-7α-hydroxylase. This enzyme is involved in the degradation of cholesterol into primary bile acids. CYP7B1 deficiency has been shown to lead to accumulation of neurotoxic oxysterols. In this multicentre study, we have performed detailed clinical and biochemical analysis in 34 genetically confirmed SPG5 cases from 28 families, studied dose-dependent neurotoxicity of oxysterols in human cortical neurons and performed a randomized placebo-controlled double blind interventional trial targeting oxysterol accumulation in serum of SPG5 patients. Clinically, SPG5 manifested in childhood or adolescence (median 13 years). Gait ataxia was a common feature. SPG5 patients lost the ability to walk independently after a median disease duration of 23 years and became wheelchair dependent after a median 33 years. The overall cross-sectional progression rate of 0.56 points on the Spastic Paraplegia Rating Scale per year was slightly lower than the longitudinal progression rate of 0.80 points per year. Biochemically, marked accumulation of CYP7B1 substrates including 27-hydroxycholesterol was confirmed in serum (n = 19) and cerebrospinal fluid (n = 17) of SPG5 patients. Moreover, 27-hydroxycholesterol levels in serum correlated with disease severity and disease duration. Oxysterols were found to impair metabolic activity and viability of human cortical neurons at concentrations found in SPG5 patients, indicating that elevated levels of oxysterols might be key pathogenic factors in SPG5. We thus performed a randomized placebo-controlled trial (EudraCT 2015-000978-35) with atorvastatin 40 mg/day for 9 weeks in 14 SPG5 patients with 27-hydroxycholesterol levels in serum as the primary outcome measure. Atorvastatin, but not placebo, reduced serum 27-hydroxycholesterol from 853 ng/ml [interquartile range (IQR) 683-1113] to 641 (IQR 507-694) (-31.5%, P = 0.001, Mann-Whitney U-test). Similarly, 25-hydroxycholesterol levels in serum were reduced. In cerebrospinal fluid 27-hydroxycholesterol was reduced by 8.4% but this did not significantly differ from placebo. As expected, no effects were seen on clinical outcome parameters in this short-term trial. In this study, we define the mutational and phenotypic spectrum of SPG5, examine the correlation of disease severity and progression with oxysterol concentrations, and demonstrate in a randomized controlled trial that atorvastatin treatment can effectively lower 27-hydroxycholesterol levels in serum of SPG5 patients. We thus demonstrate the first causal treatment strategy in hereditary spastic paraplegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Schöls
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tim W Rattay
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Martus
- Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biostatistics, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Meisner
- Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biostatistics, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Baets
- Neurogenetics Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Imma Fischer
- Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biostatistics, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christine Jägle
- Center for Rare Diseases and Institute of Human Genetics and Applied Genomics, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthew J Fraidakis
- Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital ‘Attikon’, Medical School of the University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Andrea Martinuzzi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Conegliano Research Center, 31015 Conegliano, Italy
| | - Jonas Alex Saute
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Genetics Identification Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, 90035 Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 90040 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marina Scarlato
- Neurology Department and INSPE, San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Antenora
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Stendel
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich Baur Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Philip Höflinger
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Charles Marques Lourenco
- Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 14049 Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 90040 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lisa Abreu
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, 33136 Miami, Florida, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, 33136 Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Katrien Smets
- Neurogenetics Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Martin Paucar
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 14152 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Tine Deconinck
- Neurogenetics Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dana M Bis
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, 33136 Miami, Florida, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, 33136 Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sarah Wiethoff
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Peter Bauer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- CENTOGENE AG, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alessia Arnoldi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Wilson Marques
- Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 14049 Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Laura Bannach Jardim
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Genetics Identification Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, 90035 Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 90040 Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 90040 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Stefan Hauser
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chiara Criscuolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Filla
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stephan Züchner
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, 33136 Miami, Florida, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, 33136 Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Maria Teresa Bassi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Thomas Klopstock
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich Baur Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter De Jonghe
- Neurogenetics Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Schüle
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Raju A, Jaisankar P, Borah A, Mohanakumar KP. 1-Methyl-4-Phenylpyridinium-Induced Death of Differentiated SH-SY5Y Neurons Is Potentiated by Cholesterol. Ann Neurosci 2017; 24:243-251. [PMID: 29849448 DOI: 10.1159/000481551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Hypercholesterolemia is recently considered a risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD), the most consistent neurodegenerative movement disorder. The study aimed to investigate the effect of exogenous cholesterol on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) parkinsonian neurotoxin-induced cell death, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and dopaminergic deficiency in a cellular model of PD. Methods Cholesterol (50 μM) when added in the culture media alone or in combination with MPP+ was studied in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. There were 4 groups that were studied; SH-SY5Y cells treated with vehicle (control), cells that were treated with 1 mM MPP+ (MPP+), or cholesterol (chol) or both (M + chol). The loss of cell survival was measured by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. Dopamine depletion, microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neuronal loss were determined by HPLC-electrochemical detection and TH immunocytochemistry respectively. Mitochondrial membrane potential in cells stained by tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester dye was analysed by flow cytometry. Results Cholesterol treatment potentiated a reduction of neuronal viability with loss of TH-positive neurons in cultures. MPP+-induced depletion of dopamine level in the post-mitotic MAP-2 immunoreactive neurons and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential were also heightened by cholesterol. Conclusion Apparently, changes in neuronal cholesterol content significantly influenced the neurotoxicity and the direct mitochondrial mechanisms involved in MPP+-induced cell death. Our observations demonstrate that high cholesterol incorporated into the differentiated human neuroblastoma cells worsened dopaminergic neuronal survivability through increased depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, which is a known mechanism of dopaminergic cell death by MPP+. The present findings support the hypothesis that hypercholesterolemia could be a risk factor for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Raju
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, Kolkata, India.,Division of Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR Campus, CSIR Road, Taramani, Chennai, India
| | - Parasuram Jaisankar
- Division of Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR Campus, CSIR Road, Taramani, Chennai, India
| | - Anupom Borah
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Kochupurackal Parameswarannayar Mohanakumar
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, Kolkata, India.,Division of Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India.,Inter University Centre for Biomedical Research and Super Speciality Hospital (IUCBR and SSH), Mahatma Gandhi University Campus at Thalappady, Kottayam, India
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Van Kampen JM, Robertson HA. The BSSG rat model of Parkinson's disease: progressing towards a valid, predictive model of disease. EPMA J 2017; 8:261-271. [PMID: 29021837 PMCID: PMC5613678 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-017-0114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, classically considered a movement disorder. A great deal is known about the anatomical connections and neuropathology and pharmacological changes of PD, as they relate to the loss of dopaminergic function and the appearance of cardinal motor symptoms. Our understanding of the role of dopamine in PD has led to the development of effective pharmacological treatments of the motor symptoms in the form of dopamine replacement therapy using levodopa and dopaminergic agonists. Much of the information concerning these drug treatments has been obtained using classical neurotoxic models that mimic dopamine depletion (e.g., 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine or MPTP, 6-hydroxydopamine, reserpine). However, PD is more than a disorder of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway. Our understanding of the neuropathology of PD has undergone massive changes, with the discovery that mutations in α-synuclein cause a familial form of PD and that PD pathology may spread, affecting multiple neurotransmitter systems and brain regions. These new developments in our understanding of PD demand that we reconsider our animal models. While classic neurotoxin models have been useful for the development of effective symptomatic treatments for motor manifestations, the paucity of a valid animal model exhibiting the progressive development of multiple key features of PD pathophysiology and phenotype has impeded the search for neuroprotective therapies, capable of slowing or halting disease progression. RELEVANCE OF THE ARTICLE FOR PREDICTIVE PREVENTIVE AND PERSONALISED MEDICINE What characteristics would a good animal model of human PD have? In so much as is possible, a good model would exhibit as many behavioral, anatomical, biochemical, immunological, and pathological changes as are observed in the human condition, developing progressively, with clear, identifiable biomarkers along the way. Here, we review the BSSG rat model of PD, a novel environmental model of PD, with strong construct, face, and predictive validity. This model offers an effective tool for the screening of preventive therapies that may prove to be more predictive of their effects in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackalina M. Van Kampen
- Neurodyn Life Sciences, NRC Building, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3 Canada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3 Canada
| | - Harold A. Robertson
- Neurodyn Life Sciences, NRC Building, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3 Canada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3 Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2 Canada
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Hypercholesterolemia causes psychomotor abnormalities in mice and alterations in cortico-striatal biogenic amine neurotransmitters: Relevance to Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2017; 108:15-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Saeedi Saravi SS, Saeedi Saravi SS, Arefidoust A, Dehpour AR. The beneficial effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in the processes of neurodegeneration. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:949-965. [PMID: 28578514 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Statins, cholesterol lowering drugs, have been demonstrated to exert beneficial effects in other conditions such as primary and progressing neurodegenerative diseases beyond their original role. Observation that statins ameliorate the neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and cerebral ischemic stroke, the neuroprotective effects of these drugs are thought to be linked to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-excitotoxic properties. Despite the voluminous literature on the clinical advantages of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Co-enzyme A reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors (statins) in cardiovascular system, the neuroprotective effects and the underlying mechanisms are little understood. Hence, the present review tries to provide a critical overview on the statin-induced neuroprotection, which are presumed to be associated with the ability to reduce cholesterol, Amyloid-β and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) levels, decrease reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) formation, inhibit excitotoxicity, modulate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), stimulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and increase cerebral blood perfusion. This review is also aimed to illustrate that statins protect neurons against the neuro-inflammatory processes through balancing pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines. Ultimately, the beneficial role of statins in ameliorating the development of PD, AD, MS and cerebral ischemic stroke has been separately reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Soheil Saeedi Saravi
- Department of Toxicology-Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Sobhan Saeedi Saravi
- Department of Toxicology-Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Alireza Arefidoust
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Kloudova A, Guengerich FP, Soucek P. The Role of Oxysterols in Human Cancer. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:485-496. [PMID: 28410994 PMCID: PMC5474130 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol formed in the human body or ingested in the diet. By modulating the activity of many proteins [e.g., liver X receptors (LXRs), oxysterol-binding proteins (OSBPs), some ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters], oxysterols can affect many cellular functions and influence various physiological processes (e.g., cholesterol metabolism, membrane fluidity regulation, intracellular signaling pathways). Therefore, the role of oxysterols is also important in pathological conditions (e.g., atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus type 2, neurodegenerative disorders). Finally, current evidence suggests that oxysterols play a role in malignancies such as breast, prostate, colon, and bile duct cancer. This review summarizes the physiological importance of oxysterols in the human body with a special emphasis on their roles in various tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alzbeta Kloudova
- Department of Toxicogenomics, National Institute of Public Health, Prague 100 42, Czech Republic; Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 100 00, Czech Republic
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Pavel Soucek
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen 323 00, Czech Republic.
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Brownholland DP, Covey DF. Synthesis of side-chain oxysterols and their enantiomers through cross-metathesis reactions of Δ 22 steroids. Steroids 2017; 121:22-31. [PMID: 28300584 PMCID: PMC5398201 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic route that utilizes a cross-metathesis reaction with Δ22 steroids has been developed to prepare sterols with varying C-27 side-chains. Natural sterols containing hydroxyl groups at the 25 and (25R)-26 positions were prepared. Enantiomers of cholesterol and (3β,25R)-26-hydroxycholesterol (27-hydroxycholesterol) trideuterated at C-19 were prepared for future biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Brownholland
- Department of Chemistry, Carthage College, 2001 Alford Park, Kenosha, WI 53140, USA.
| | - Douglas F Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Saeedi Saravi SS, Saeedi Saravi SS, Khoshbin K, Dehpour AR. Current insights into pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease: Approach to mevalonate pathway and protective role of statins. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 90:724-730. [PMID: 28419968 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Parkinson's disease (PD) is considered as the second most common life threatening age-related neurodegenerative disorder, but the underlying mechanisms for pathogenesis of PD are remained to be fully found. However, a complex relationship between genetic and environmental predisposing factors are involved in progression of PD. Dopaminergic neuronal cell death caused by mutations and accumulation of α-synuclein in Lewy bodies and neurites was suggested as the main strategy for PD, but current studies have paid attention to the role of mevalonate pathway in incidence of neurodegenerative diseases including PD. The discovery may change the therapeutic protocols from symptomatic treatment by dopamine precursors and agonists to neurodegenerative process halting drugs. Moreover, the downstream metabolites of mevalonate pathway may be used as diagnostic biomarkers for early diagnosis of PD. Statins, as cholesterol lowering drugs, may ameliorate the enzyme complex dysfunction, a key step in the progression of the neurodegenerative disorders, oxidative stress-induced damage and neuro-inflammation. Statins exert the neuroprotective effects on striatal dopaminergic neurons through blocking the mevalonate pathway. In the present review, we have focused on the new approaches to pathogenesis of PD regarding to mevalonate pathway, in addition to the previous understood mechanisms for the disease. It tries to elucidate the novel findings about PD for the development of future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Moreover, we explain the controversial role of statins in improvement or progression of PD and the position of these drugs in neuroprotection in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Soheil Saeedi Saravi
- Department of Toxicology-Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Sobhan Saeedi Saravi
- Department of Toxicology-Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Katayoun Khoshbin
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Cholesterol contributes to dopamine-neuronal loss in MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease: Involvement of mitochondrial dysfunctions and oxidative stress. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171285. [PMID: 28170429 PMCID: PMC5295696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a known contributor to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease while its role in the occurrence of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is only conjecture and far from conclusive. Altered antioxidant homeostasis and mitochondrial functions are the key mechanisms in loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) region of the midbrain in PD. Hypercholesterolemia is reported to cause oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunctions in the cortex and hippocampus regions of the brain in rodents. However, the impact of hypercholesterolemia on the midbrain dopaminergic neurons in animal models of PD remains elusive. We tested the hypothesis that hypercholesterolemia in MPTP model of PD would potentiate dopaminergic neuron loss in SN by disrupting mitochondrial functions and antioxidant homeostasis. It is evident from the present study that hypercholesterolemia in naïve animals caused dopamine neuronal loss in SN with subsequent reduction in striatal dopamine levels producing motor impairment. Moreover, in the MPTP model of PD, hypercholesterolemia exacerbated MPTP-induced reduction of striatal dopamine as well as dopaminergic neurons in SN with motor behavioral depreciation. Activity of mitochondrial complexes, mainly complex-I and III, was impaired severely in the nigrostriatal pathway of hypercholesterolemic animals treated with MPTP. Hypercholesterolemia caused oxidative stress in the nigrostriatal pathway with increased generation of hydroxyl radicals and enhanced activity of antioxidant enzymes, which were further aggravated in the hypercholesterolemic mice with Parkinsonism. In conclusion, our findings provide evidence of increased vulnerability of the midbrain dopaminergic neurons in PD with hypercholesterolemia.
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Doria M, Maugest L, Moreau T, Lizard G, Vejux A. Contribution of cholesterol and oxysterols to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 101:393-400. [PMID: 27836779 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a major public health issue worldwide. Some countries, including France, have engaged in research into the causes of Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis and the management of these patients. It should lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms leading to these diseases including the possible involvement of lipids in their pathogenesis. Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the accumulation of α-synuclein (Lewy bodies). Several in vivo studies have shown a relationship between the lipid profile [cholesterol, oxidized cholesterol products (oxysterols) formed either enzymatically or by auto-oxidation], the use of drugs regulating cholesterol levels, and the development of Parkinson's disease. Several oxysterols are present in the brain and could play a role in the development of this disease, particularly in the accumulation of α-synuclein, and through various side effects, such as oxidation, inflammation, and cell death. Consequently, in Parkinson's disease, some oxysterols could contribute to the pathophysiology of the disease and constitute potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Doria
- Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, Dijon, France
| | - Lucie Maugest
- Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, Dijon, France; Department of Neurology, University Hospital/University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Thibault Moreau
- Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, Dijon, France; Department of Neurology, University Hospital/University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, Dijon, France
| | - Anne Vejux
- Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, Dijon, France.
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Wang H, Yuan L, Ma W, Han J, Lu Y, Feng L, Xiao R. The cytotoxicity of 27-hydroxycholesterol in co-cultured SH-SY5Y cells and C6 cells. Neurosci Lett 2016; 632:209-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Kulig W, Cwiklik L, Jurkiewicz P, Rog T, Vattulainen I. Cholesterol oxidation products and their biological importance. Chem Phys Lipids 2016; 199:144-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Hashimoto Y, Sugiura H, Togo S, Koarai A, Abe K, Yamada M, Ichikawa T, Kikuchi T, Numakura T, Onodera K, Tanaka R, Sato K, Yanagisawa S, Okazaki T, Tamada T, Kikuchi T, Hoshikawa Y, Okada Y, Ichinose M. 27-Hydroxycholesterol accelerates cellular senescence in human lung resident cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L1028-41. [PMID: 27036870 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00351.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is reportedly involved in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We previously showed that 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) is elevated in the airways of COPD patients compared with those in healthy subjects. The aim of this study was to investigate whether lung fibroblasts of COPD patients are senescent and to determine the effects of 27-OHC on senescence of lung resident cells, including fibroblasts and airway epithelial cells. Localization of senescence-associated proteins and sterol 27-hydroxylase was investigated in the lungs of COPD patients by immunohistochemical staining. To evaluate whether 27-OHC accelerates cellular senescence, lung resident cells were exposed to 27-OHC. Senescence markers and fibroblast-mediated tissue repair were investigated in the 27-OHC-treated cells. Expression of senescence-associated proteins was significantly enhanced in lung fibroblasts of COPD patients. Similarly, expression of sterol 27-hydroxylase was significantly upregulated in lung fibroblasts and alveolar macrophages in these patients. Treatment with the concentration of 27-OHC detected in COPD airways significantly augmented expression of senescence-associated proteins and senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity, and delayed cell growth through the prostaglandin E2-reactive nitrogen species pathway. The 27-OHC-treated fibroblasts impaired tissue repair function. Fibroblasts from lungs of COPD patients showed accelerated senescence and were more susceptible to 27-OHC-induced cellular senescence compared with those of healthy subjects. In conclusion, 27-OHC accelerates cellular senescence in lung resident cells and may play a pivotal role in cellular senescence in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Hashimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hisatoshi Sugiura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan;
| | - Shinsaku Togo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Koarai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kyoko Abe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Yamada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ichikawa
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Kikuchi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Tadahisa Numakura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Onodera
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Rie Tanaka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoru Yanagisawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tatsuma Okazaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Tamada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kikuchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; and
| | - Yasushi Hoshikawa
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Okada
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masakazu Ichinose
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Van Kampen JM, Baranowski DC, Robertson HA, Shaw CA, Kay DG. The Progressive BSSG Rat Model of Parkinson's: Recapitulating Multiple Key Features of the Human Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139694. [PMID: 26439489 PMCID: PMC4595214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of effective neuroprotective therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD) has been severely hindered by the notable lack of an appropriate animal model for preclinical screening. Indeed, most models currently available are either acute in nature or fail to recapitulate all characteristic features of the disease. Here, we present a novel progressive model of PD, with behavioural and cellular features that closely approximate those observed in patients. Chronic exposure to dietary phytosterol glucosides has been found to be neurotoxic. When fed to rats, β-sitosterol β-d-glucoside (BSSG) triggers the progressive development of parkinsonism, with clinical signs and histopathology beginning to appear following cessation of exposure to the neurotoxic insult and continuing to develop over several months. Here, we characterize the progressive nature of this model, its non-motor features, the anatomical spread of synucleinopathy, and response to levodopa administration. In Sprague Dawley rats, chronic BSSG feeding for 4 months triggered the progressive development of a parkinsonian phenotype and pathological events that evolved slowly over time, with neuronal loss beginning only after toxin exposure was terminated. At approximately 3 months following initiation of BSSG exposure, animals displayed the early emergence of an olfactory deficit, in the absence of significant dopaminergic nigral cell loss or locomotor deficits. Locomotor deficits developed gradually over time, initially appearing as locomotor asymmetry and developing into akinesia/bradykinesia, which was reversed by levodopa treatment. Late-stage cognitive impairment was observed in the form of spatial working memory deficits, as assessed by the radial arm maze. In addition to the progressive loss of TH+ cells in the substantia nigra, the appearance of proteinase K-resistant intracellular α-synuclein aggregates was also observed to develop progressively, appearing first in the olfactory bulb, then the striatum, the substantia nigra and, finally, hippocampal and cortical regions. The slowly progressive nature of this model, together with its construct, face and predictive validity, make it ideal for the screening of potential neuroprotective therapies for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackalina M. Van Kampen
- Neurodyn Inc., 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada
- Dept. Biomedical Science, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - David C. Baranowski
- Neurodyn Inc., 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Harold A. Robertson
- Neurodyn Inc., 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada
- Dept. Biomedical Science, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Christopher A. Shaw
- Dept. Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Denis G. Kay
- Neurodyn Inc., 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada
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Paul R, Choudhury A, Borah A. Cholesterol - A putative endogenous contributor towards Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2015; 90:125-33. [PMID: 26232622 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Elevated levels of cholesterol and its metabolites (oxysterols) have been reported to be associated not only with several metabolic syndromes, but also become a prognostic risk factor of neurodegenerative diseases particularly Alzheimer's disease. The incidence and the prospect of Alzheimer's disease with respect to elevated levels of cholesterol have been studied extensively and reviewed earlier. Recently, several interesting findings have shown the occurrence of equivalent Parkinsonian pathologies in cellular neuronal models, mediated by oxysterols or excess exposure to cholesterol. In this regard, oxysterols are particular in causing alpha-synuclein aggregation and destruction of dopamine containing neurons in in vitro models, which is linked to their direct influence on oxidative stress provoking potency. Inspite of the significant in vitro reports, which suggest the relativeness of cholesterol or oxysterol towards Parkinsonism, several prospective clinical reports provided a negative or no correlation. However, few prospective clinical studies showed a positive correlation between plasma cholesterol and incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD). Also, few significant studies have convincingly demonstrated that high fat diet exacerbates parkinsonian pathologies, including loss of dopaminergic neurons and oxidative stress parameters in animal models of PD. The present review brings together all the neuropathological proceedings mediated by excess cholesterol or its metabolites in brain in the light of their contribution towards the onset of PD. Also we have reviewed the possibilities of cholesterol lowering efficacy of statin therapy, in reducing the occurrence of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Paul
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Amarendranath Choudhury
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Anupom Borah
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India.
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Zarrouk A, Nury T, Samadi M, O'Callaghan Y, Hammami M, O'Brien NM, Lizard G, Mackrill JJ. Effects of cholesterol oxides on cell death induction and calcium increase in human neuronal cells (SK-N-BE) and evaluation of the protective effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6 n-3). Steroids 2015; 99:238-47. [PMID: 25656786 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Some oxysterols are associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Their lipotoxicity is characterized by an oxidative stress and induction of apoptosis. To evaluate the capacity of these molecules to trigger cellular modifications involved in neurodegeneration, human neuronal cells SK-N-BE were treated with 7-ketocholesterol, 7α- and 7β-hydroxycholesterol, 6α- and 6β-hydroxycholesterol, 4α- and 4β-hydroxycholesterol, 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol (50-100μM, 24h) without or with docosahexaenoic acid (50μM). The effects of these compounds on mitochondrial activity, cell growth, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide anions (O2(-)), catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were determined. The ability of the oxysterols to induce increases in Ca(2+) was measured after 10min and 24h of treatment using fura-2 videomicroscopy and Von Kossa staining, respectively. Cholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, and 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (100μM) induced mitochondrial dysfunction, cell growth inhibition, ROS overproduction and cell death. A slight increase in the percentage of cells with condensed and/or fragmented nuclei, characteristic of apoptotic cells, was detected. With 27-hydroxycholesterol, a marked increase of O2(-) was observed. Increases in intracellular Ca(2+) were only found with 7-ketocholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol. Pre-treatment with docosahexaenoic acid showed some protective effects depending on the oxysterol considered. According to the present data, 7-ketocholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol could favor neurodegeneration by their abilities to induce mitochondrial dysfunctions, oxidative stress and/or cell death associated or not with increases in cytosolic calcium levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Zarrouk
- Team 'Biochemistry of Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270, University of Bourgogne - Franche Comté, INSERM, Dijon, France; University of Monastir, Faculté de Médecine, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', Monastir, Tunisia; School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Physiology, University College Cork, BioSciences Institute, College Road, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Thomas Nury
- Team 'Biochemistry of Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270, University of Bourgogne - Franche Comté, INSERM, Dijon, France
| | - Mohammad Samadi
- LCPMC-A2, ICPM, Département de Chimie, University of Lorraine, Metz, France
| | - Yvonne O'Callaghan
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mohamed Hammami
- University of Monastir, Faculté de Médecine, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Nora M O'Brien
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Team 'Biochemistry of Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270, University of Bourgogne - Franche Comté, INSERM, Dijon, France
| | - John J Mackrill
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, BioSciences Institute, College Road, Cork, Ireland
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