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Winfree RL, Erreger K, Phillips J, Seto M, Wang Y, Schneider JA, Bennett DA, Schrag MS, Hohman TJ, Hamm HE. Elevated protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) gene expression in Alzheimer's disease predicts cognitive decline. Neurobiol Aging 2024; 140:93-101. [PMID: 38761538 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Platelet activation of protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) and thrombin are at the top of a chain of events leading to fibrin deposition, microinfarcts, blood-brain barrier disruption, and inflammation. We evaluated mRNA expression of the PAR4 gene F2RL3 in human brain and global cognitive performance in participants with and without cognitive impairment or dementia. Data were acquired from the Religious Orders Study (ROS) and the Rush Memory and Aging Project (MAP). F2RL3 mRNA was elevated in AD cases and was associated with worse retrospective longitudinal cognitive performance. Moreover, F2RL3 expression interacted with clinical AD diagnosis on longitudinal cognition whereas this relationship was attenuated in individuals without cognitive impairment. Additionally, when adjusting for the effects of AD neuropathology, F2RL3 expression remained a significant predictor of cognitive decline. F2RL3 expression correlated positively with transcript levels of proinflammatory markers including TNFα, IL-1β, NFκB, and fibrinogen α/β/γ. Together, these results reveal that F2RL3 mRNA expression is associated with multiple AD-relevant outcomes and its encoded product, PAR4, may play a role in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Winfree
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kevin Erreger
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jared Phillips
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mabel Seto
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yanling Wang
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Julie A Schneider
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew S Schrag
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Timothy J Hohman
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Heidi E Hamm
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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2
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Qin L, Yao Y, Wang W, Qin Q, Liu J, Liu H, Yuan L, Yuan Y, Du X, Zhao B, Wu X, Qing B, Huang L, Wang G, Xiang Y, Qu X, Zhang X, Yang M, Xia Z, Liu C. Airway epithelial overexpressed cathepsin K induces airway remodelling through epithelial-mesenchymal trophic unit activation in asthma. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38853468 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Airway epithelial cells (AECs) regulate the activation of epithelial-mesenchymal trophic units (EMTUs) during airway remodelling through secretion of signalling mediators. However, the major trigger and the intrinsic pathogenesis of airway remodelling is still obscure. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The differing expressed genes in airway epithelia related to airway remodelling were screened and verified by RNA-sequencing and signalling pathway analysis. Then, the effects of increased cathepsin K (CTSK) in airway epithelia on airway remodelling and EMTU activation were identified both in vitro and in vivo, and the molecular mechanism was elucidated in the EMTU model. The potential of CTSK as an an effective biomarker of airway remodelling was analysed in an asthma cohort of differing severity. Finally, an inhibitor of CTSK was administered for potential therapeutic intervention for airway remodelling in asthma. KEY RESULTS The expression of CTSK in airway epithelia increased significantly along with the development of airway remodelling in a house dust mite (HDM)-stressed asthma model. Increased secretion of CTSK from airway epithelia induced the activation of EMTUs by activation of the PAR2-mediated pathway. Blockade of CTSK inhibited EMTU activation and alleviated airway remodelling as an effective intervention target of airway remodelling. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Increased expression of CTSK in airway epithelia is involved in the development of airway remodelling in asthma through EMTU activation, mediated partly through the PAR2-mediated signalling pathway. CTSK is a potential biomarker for airway remodelling, and may also be a useful intervention target for airway remodelling in asthma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Qin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Basic and Clinical Research Laboratory of Major Respiratory Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ye Yao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weijie Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qingwu Qin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huijun Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yunchang Yuan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xizi Du
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bingrong Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinyu Wu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bei Qing
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Leng Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangping Qu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xuewei Zhang
- Department of Health Management, Xiangya Hospital, Cental South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zhenkun Xia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chi Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Basic and Clinical Research Laboratory of Major Respiratory Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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3
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Smith S, Cassada JB, Von Bredow L, Erreger K, Webb EM, Trombley TA, Kalbfleisch JJ, Bender BJ, Zagol-Ikapitte I, Kramlinger VM, Bouchard JL, Mitchell SG, Tretbar M, Shoichet BK, Lindsley CW, Meiler J, Hamm HE. Discovery of Protease-Activated Receptor 4 (PAR4)-Tethered Ligand Antagonists Using Ultralarge Virtual Screening. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:1086-1100. [PMID: 38633591 PMCID: PMC11020070 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate a structure-based small molecule virtual screening and lead optimization pipeline using a homology model of a difficult-to-drug G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) target. Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is activated by thrombin cleavage, revealing a tethered ligand that activates the receptor, making PAR4 a challenging target. A virtual screen of a make-on-demand chemical library yielded a one-hit compound. From the single-hit compound, we developed a novel series of PAR4 antagonists. Subsequent lead optimization via simultaneous virtual library searches and structure-based rational design efforts led to potent antagonists of thrombin-induced activation. Interestingly, this series of antagonists was active against PAR4 activation by the native protease thrombin cleavage but not the synthetic PAR4 agonist peptide AYPGKF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon
T. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jackson B. Cassada
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Lukas Von Bredow
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, Tennessee 37067, United States
- Institute
for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical
School, Leipzig 04109, Germany
| | - Kevin Erreger
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Emma M. Webb
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Trevor A. Trombley
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, Tennessee 37067, United States
| | - Jacob J. Kalbfleisch
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, Tennessee 37067, United States
| | - Brian J. Bender
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Irene Zagol-Ikapitte
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, Tennessee 37067, United States
| | - Valerie M. Kramlinger
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, Tennessee 37067, United States
| | - Jacob L. Bouchard
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, Tennessee 37067, United States
| | - Sidnee G. Mitchell
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Maik Tretbar
- Institute
for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical
School, Leipzig 04109, Germany
| | - Brian K. Shoichet
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, Tennessee 37067, United States
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Institute
for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical
School, Leipzig 04109, Germany
| | - Heidi E. Hamm
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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4
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Bajire SK, Shastry RP. Synergistic effects of COVID-19 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a polymicrobial perspective. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:591-601. [PMID: 37129767 PMCID: PMC10152025 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04744-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses the connection between the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is a multifaceted respiratory illness that is typically observed in individuals with chronic exposure to chemical irritants or severe lung damage caused by various pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The pathogenesis of COPD is complex, involving a variety of genotypes and phenotypic characteristics that result in severe co-infections and a poor prognosis if not properly managed. We focus on the role of SARS-CoV-2 infection in severe COPD exacerbations in connection to P. aeruginosa infection, covering pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy. This review also includes a thorough structural overview of COPD and recent developments in understanding its complicated and chronic nature. While COVID-19 is clearly linked to emphysema and chronic bronchitis at different stages of the disease, our understanding of the precise interaction between microbial infections during COPD, particularly with SARS-CoV-2 in the lungs, remains inadequate. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the host-pathogen relationship from the clinician's perspective in order to effectively manage COPD. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the subject matter to assist clinicians in their efforts to improve the treatment and management of COPD, especially in light of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukesh Kumar Bajire
- Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Rajesh P Shastry
- Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India.
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5
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Erreger K, Cao S, Pan Y, Jiang M, Zhang MZ, Harris RC, Hamm HE. Role of protease-activated receptor 4 in mouse models of acute and chronic kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F219-F226. [PMID: 38031732 PMCID: PMC11198992 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00162.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is a G protein-coupled receptor activated by thrombin. In the platelet, response to thrombin PAR4 contributes to the predominant procoagulant microparticle formation, increased fibrin deposition, and initiation of platelet-stimulated inflammation. In addition, PAR4 is expressed in other cell types, including endothelial cells. Under inflammatory conditions, PAR4 is overexpressed via epigenetic demethylation of the PAR4 gene, F2RL3. PAR4 knockout (KO) studies have determined a role for PAR4 in ischemia-reperfusion injury in the brain, and PAR4 KO mice display normal cardiac function but present less myocyte death and cardiac dysfunction in response to acute myocardial infarction. Although PAR4 has been reported to be expressed within the kidney, the contribution of PAR4 to acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is not well understood. Here we report that PAR4 KO mice are protected against kidney injury in two mouse models. First, PAR4 KO mice are protected against induction of markers of both fibrosis and inflammation in two different models of kidney injury: 1) 7 days following unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO) and 2) an AKI-CKD model of ischemia-reperfusion followed by 8 days of contralateral nephrectomy. We further show that PAR4 expression in the kidney is low in the control mouse kidney but induced over time following UUO. PAR4 KO mice are protected against blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) kidney function pathologies in the AKI-CKD model. Following the AKI-CKD model, PAR4 is expressed in the collecting duct colocalizing with Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), but not in the proximal tubule with Lotus tetragonolobus lectin (LTL). Collectively, the results reported in this study implicate PAR4 as contributing to the pathology in mouse models of acute and chronic kidney injury.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The contribution of the thrombin receptor protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) to acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is not well understood. Here we report that PAR4 expression is upregulated after kidney injury and PAR4 knockout (KO) mice are protected against fibrosis following kidney injury in two mouse models. First, PAR4 KO mice are protected against unilateral ureter obstruction. Second, PAR4 KO mice are protected against an AKI-CKD model of ischemia-reperfusion followed by contralateral nephrectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Erreger
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Shirong Cao
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Yu Pan
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Mengdi Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Ming-Zhi Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Raymond C Harris
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Heidi E Hamm
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
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6
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Yang CC, Lee IT, Lin YJ, Wu WB, Hsiao LD, Yang CM. Thrombin-Induced COX-2 Expression and PGE 2 Synthesis in Human Tracheal Smooth Muscle Cells: Role of PKCδ/Pyk2-Dependent AP-1 Pathway Modulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15130. [PMID: 37894811 PMCID: PMC10606820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we confirmed that thrombin significantly increases the production of COX-2 and PGE2 in human tracheal smooth muscle cells (HTSMCs), leading to inflammation in the airways and lungs. These molecules are well-known contributors to various inflammatory diseases. Here, we investigated in detail the involved signaling pathways using specific inhibitors and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Our results demonstrated that inhibitors targeting proteins such as protein kinase C (PKC)δ, proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2), c-Src, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), or activator protein-1 (AP-1) effectively reduced thrombin-induced COX-2 and PGE2 production. Additionally, transfection with siRNAs against PKCδ, Pyk2, c-Src, EGFR, protein kinase B (Akt), or c-Jun mitigated these responses. Furthermore, our observations revealed that thrombin stimulated the phosphorylation of key components of the signaling cascade, including PKCδ, Pyk2, c-Src, EGFR, Akt, and c-Jun. Thrombin activated COX-2 promoter activity through AP-1 activation, a process that was disrupted by a point-mutated AP-1 site within the COX-2 promoter. Finally, resveratrol (one of the most researched natural polyphenols) was found to effectively inhibit thrombin-induced COX-2 expression and PGE2 release in HTSMCs through blocking the activation of Pyk2, c-Src, EGFR, Akt, and c-Jun. In summary, our findings demonstrate that thrombin-induced COX-2 and PGE2 generation involves a PKCδ/Pyk2/c-Src/EGFR/PI3K/Akt-dependent AP-1 activation pathway. This study also suggests the potential use of resveratrol as an intervention for managing airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chung Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Taoyuan, Taoyuan 333008, Taiwan;
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan
| | - I-Ta Lee
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan;
| | - Yan-Jyun Lin
- Ph.D. Program for Biotech Pharmaceutical Industry, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Bin Wu
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan;
| | - Li-Der Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan;
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan;
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7
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Cui J, Zhang C, Liu H, Yang L, Liu X, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Yan X. Pulmonary Delivery of Recombinant Human Bleomycin Hydrolase Using Mannose-Modified Hierarchically Porous UiO-66 for Preventing Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:11520-11535. [PMID: 36808971 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bleomycins (BLMs) are widely used in clinics as antitumor agents. However, BLM-based chemotherapies often accompany severe pulmonary fibrosis (PF). Human bleomycin hydrolase is a cysteine protease that can convert BLMs into inactive deamido-BLMs. In this study, mannose-modified hierarchically porous UiO-66 (MHP-UiO-66) nanoparticles (NPs) were used to encapsulate the recombinant human bleomycin hydrolase (rhBLMH). When rhBLMH@MHP-UiO-66 was intratracheally instilled into the lungs, the NPs were transported into the epithelial cells, and rhBLMH prevented the lungs from PF during BLM-based chemotherapies. Encapsulation of rhBLMH in the MHP-UiO-66 NPs protects the enzyme from proteolysis in physiological conditions and enhances cellular uptake. In addition, the MHP-UiO-66 NPs significantly enhance the pulmonary accumulation of intratracheally instilled rhBLMH, thus providing more efficient protection of the lungs against BLMs during the chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Chengyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (MOE), Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations (Tianjin), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaohui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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8
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Significance of Pulmonary Endothelial Injury and the Role of Cyclooxygenase-2 and Prostanoid Signaling. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:bioengineering10010117. [PMID: 36671689 PMCID: PMC9855370 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The endothelium plays a key role in the dynamic balance of hemodynamic, humoral and inflammatory processes in the human body. Its central importance and the resulting therapeutic concepts are the subject of ongoing research efforts and form the basis for the treatment of numerous diseases. The pulmonary endothelium is an essential component for the gas exchange in humans. Pulmonary endothelial dysfunction has serious consequences for the oxygenation and the gas exchange in humans with the potential of consecutive multiple organ failure. Therefore, in this review, the dysfunction of the pulmonary endothel due to viral, bacterial, and fungal infections, ventilator-related injury, and aspiration is presented in a medical context. Selected aspects of the interaction of endothelial cells with primarily alveolar macrophages are reviewed in more detail. Elucidation of underlying causes and mechanisms of damage and repair may lead to new therapeutic approaches. Specific emphasis is placed on the processes leading to the induction of cyclooxygenase-2 and downstream prostanoid-based signaling pathways associated with this enzyme.
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9
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Sharma P, Penn RB. Can GPCRs Be Targeted to Control Inflammation in Asthma? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1304:1-20. [PMID: 34019260 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-68748-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Historically, the drugs used to manage obstructive lung diseases (OLDs), asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) either (1) directly regulate airway contraction by blocking or relaxing airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction or (2) indirectly regulate ASM contraction by inhibiting the principal cause of ASM contraction/bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation. To date, these tasks have been respectively assigned to two diverse drug types: agonists/antagonists of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and inhaled or systemic steroids. These two types of drugs "stay in their lane" with respect to their actions and consequently require the addition of the other drug to effectively manage both inflammation and bronchoconstriction in OLDs. Indeed, it has been speculated that safety issues historically associated with beta-agonist use (beta-agonists activate the beta-2-adrenoceptor (β2AR) on airway smooth muscle (ASM) to provide bronchoprotection/bronchorelaxation) are a function of pro-inflammatory actions of β2AR agonism. Recently, however, previously unappreciated roles of various GPCRs on ASM contractility and on airway inflammation have been elucidated, raising the possibility that novel GPCR ligands targeting these GPCRs can be developed as anti-inflammatory therapeutics. Moreover, we now know that many GPCRs can be "tuned" and not just turned "off" or "on" to specifically activate the beneficial therapeutic signaling a receptor can transduce while avoiding detrimental signaling. Thus, the fledging field of biased agonism pharmacology has the potential to turn the β2AR into an anti-inflammatory facilitator in asthma, possibly reducing or eliminating the need for steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Sharma
- Center for Translational Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, & Critical Care Medicine Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raymond B Penn
- Center for Translational Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, & Critical Care Medicine Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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10
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McMahon DB, Carey RM, Kohanski MA, Adappa ND, Palmer JN, Lee RJ. PAR-2-activated secretion by airway gland serous cells: role for CFTR and inhibition by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 320:L845-L879. [PMID: 33655758 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00411.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway submucosal gland serous cells are important sites of fluid secretion in conducting airways. Serous cells also express the cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) is a G protein-coupled receptor that activates secretion from intact airway glands. We tested if and how human nasal serous cells secrete fluid in response to PAR-2 stimulation using Ca2+ imaging and simultaneous differential interference contrast imaging to track isosmotic cell shrinking and swelling reflecting activation of solute efflux and influx pathways, respectively. During stimulation of PAR-2, serous cells exhibited dose-dependent increases in intracellular Ca2+. At stimulation levels >EC50 for Ca2+, serous cells simultaneously shrank ∼20% over ∼90 s due to KCl efflux reflecting Ca2+-activated Cl- channel (CaCC, likely TMEM16A)-dependent secretion. At lower levels of PAR-2 stimulation (<EC50 for Ca2+), shrinkage was not evident due to failure to activate CaCC. Low levels of cAMP-elevating VIP receptor (VIPR) stimulation, also insufficient to activate secretion alone, synergized with low-level PAR-2 stimulation to elicit fluid secretion dependent on both cAMP and Ca2+ to activate CFTR and K+ channels, respectively. Polarized cultures of primary serous cells also exhibited synergistic fluid secretion. Pre-exposure to Pseudomonas aeruginosa conditioned media inhibited PAR-2 activation by proteases but not peptide agonists in primary nasal serous cells, Calu-3 bronchial cells, and primary nasal ciliated cells. Disruption of synergistic CFTR-dependent PAR-2/VIPR secretion may contribute to reduced airway surface liquid in CF. Further disruption of the CFTR-independent component of PAR-2-activated secretion by P. aeruginosa may also be important to CF pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek B McMahon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ryan M Carey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael A Kohanski
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James N Palmer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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11
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Yue X, Deng F, Chen J, Yin J, Zheng J, Chen Y, Huang Q, Gao X, Liu Z, Luo J, Müller A, Heidecke H, Riemekasten G, Petersen F, Yu X. Autoantibodies against C5aR1, C3aR1, CXCR3, and CXCR4 are decreased in primary Sjogren's syndrome. Mol Immunol 2021; 131:112-120. [PMID: 33446393 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Networks formed of numerous autoantibodies (aabs) directed against G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) have been suggested to play important role in autoimmune disorders. In present study, we aimed to evaluate the association between anti-GPCR antibodies and primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS) to determine the potential pathogenic factors. METHODS By applying a cell membrane-based ELISA technique, which is capable of detecting aabs against conformational epitopes within GPCR, serum levels of fourteen GPCR were determined in well-characterized patients with pSS (n = 52) and gender-matched healthy controls (n = 54). Comparisons between groups were analyzed by two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test, Bonferroni correction was applied for multiple comparisons. Spearman`s rank correlation coefficients were calculated between variables and visualized by heat map. RESULTS Compared to healthy subjects, sera of patients with pSS showed significantly higher binding to β2AR and ETAR, but lower binding to C5aR1, C3aR1, CXCR3, and CXCR4. Autoantibodies against C5aR1, C3aR1, CXCR3, and CXCR4 were also decreased in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In pSS patients, levels of anti-CXCR3 and anti-CXCR4 antibodies were negatively correlated with circulating lymphocyte counts. Furthermore, correlation signatures of anti-GPCR antibodies changed dramatically in the patients with pulmonary involvement. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates an association between pSS and autoantibodies recognizing GPCR, especially those functionally involved in immune cell migration and exocrine glandular secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Yue
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Fengyuan Deng
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Rheumatology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, China
| | - Junping Yin
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Junfeng Zheng
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, XinXiang, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, XinXiang, China
| | - Qiaoniang Huang
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xing Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen University Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zuguo Liu
- Eye Institute and Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jiao Luo
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck & University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Antje Müller
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck & University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Gabriela Riemekasten
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck & University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Frank Petersen
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Xinhua Yu
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany.
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12
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Schweickert PG, Yang Y, White EE, Cresswell GM, Elzey BD, Ratliff TL, Arumugam P, Antoniak S, Mackman N, Flick MJ, Konieczny SF. Thrombin-PAR1 signaling in pancreatic cancer promotes an immunosuppressive microenvironment. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:161-172. [PMID: 33064371 PMCID: PMC7790967 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Elimination of PDAC tumor cell PAR1 increased cytotoxic T cells and reduced tumor macrophages. PAR1KO PDAC cells are preferentially eliminated from growing tumors. Thrombin-PAR1 signaling in PDAC tumor cells drives an immunosuppressive gene signature. Csf2 and Ptgs2 are thrombin-PAR1 downstream immune suppressor genes in PDAC tumor cells. ABSTRACT: Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by a prothrombotic state and a lack of host antitumor immune responsiveness. Linking these two key features, we previously demonstrated that tumor-derived coagulation activity promotes immune evasion. Specifically, thrombin-protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) signaling in mouse PDAC cells drives tumor growth by evading cytotoxic CD8a+ cells. Methods Syngeneic mixed cell tumor growth, transcriptional analyses, and functional tests of immunosuppressive response genes were used to identify cellular and molecular immune evasion mechanisms mediated by thrombin-PAR-1 signaling in mouse PDAC tumor cells. Results Elimination of tumor cell PAR1 in syngeneic graft studies increased cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) infiltration and decreased tumor-associated macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. Co-injection of PAR1-expressing and PAR1-knockout (PAR-1KO ) tumor cells into immunocompetent mice resulted in preferential elimination of PAR-1KO cells from developing tumors, suggesting that PAR1-dependent immune evasion is not reliant on CTL exclusion. Transcriptomics analyses revealed no PAR1-dependent changes in the expression of immune checkpoint proteins and no difference in major histocompatibility complex-I cell surface expression. Importantly, thrombin-PAR1 signaling in PDAC cells upregulated genes linked to immunosuppression, including Csf2 and Ptgs2. Functional analyses confirmed that both Csf2 and Ptgs2 are critical for PDAC syngeneic graft tumor growth and overexpression of each factor partially restored tumor growth of PAR1KO cells in immunocompetent mice. Conclusions Our results provide novel insight into the mechanisms of a previously unrecognized pathway coupling coagulation to PDAC immune evasion by identifying PAR1-dependent changes in the tumor microenvironment, a PAR1-driven immunosuppressive gene signature, and Csf2 and Ptgs2 as critical PAR1 downstream targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G. Schweickert
- Purdue University, Department of Biological Sciences and
the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- University of North Carolina, Department of Pathology and
Laboratory Medicine, the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and the UNC Blood
Research Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Emily E. White
- Purdue University, Department of Biological Sciences and
the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Gregory M. Cresswell
- Purdue University, Department of Comparative Pathobiology
and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Bennett D. Elzey
- Purdue University, Department of Comparative Pathobiology
and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Timothy L. Ratliff
- Purdue University, Department of Comparative Pathobiology
and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Paritha Arumugam
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center,
Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- University of North Carolina, Department of Pathology and
Laboratory Medicine, the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and the UNC Blood
Research Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nigel Mackman
- University of North Carolina, Department of Medicine and
the UNC Blood Research Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew J. Flick
- University of North Carolina, Department of Pathology and
Laboratory Medicine, the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and the UNC Blood
Research Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephen F. Konieczny
- Purdue University, Department of Biological Sciences and
the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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13
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Husebø GR, Gabazza EC, D'Alessandro Gabazza C, Yasuma T, Toda M, Aanerud M, Nielsen R, Bakke PS, Eagan TML. Coagulation markers as predictors for clinical events in COPD. Respirology 2020; 26:342-351. [PMID: 33164314 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Activation of the blood coagulation system is a common observation in inflammatory diseases. The role of coagulation in COPD is underexplored. METHODS The study included 413 COPD patients and 49 controls from the 3-year Bergen COPD Cohort Study (BCCS). One hundred and forty-eight COPD patients were also examined during AECOPD. The plasma markers of coagulation activation, TAT complex, APC-PCI complex and D-dimer, were measured at baseline and during exacerbations by enzyme immunoassays. Differences in levels of the markers between stable COPD patients and controls, and between stable COPD and AECOPD were examined. The associations between coagulation markers and later AECOPD and mortality were examined by negative binomial and Cox regression analyses. RESULTS TAT was significantly lower in stable COPD (1.03 ng/mL (0.76-1.44)) than in controls (1.28 (1.04-1.49), P = 0.002). During AECOPD, all markers were higher than in the stable state: TAT 2.56 versus 1.43 ng/mL, APC-PCI 489.3 versus 416.4 ng/mL and D-dimer 763.5 versus 479.7 ng/mL (P < 0.001 for all). Higher D-dimer in stable COPD predicted a higher mortality (HR: 1.60 (1.24-2.05), P < 0.001). Higher TAT was associated with both an increased risk of later exacerbations, with a yearly incidence rate ratio of 1.19 (1.04-1.37), and a faster time to the first exacerbation (HR: 1.25 (1.10-1.42), P = 0.001, all after adjustment). CONCLUSION Activation of the coagulation system is increased during COPD exacerbations. Coagulation markers are potential predictors of later COPD exacerbations and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar R Husebø
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Esteban C Gabazza
- Department of Immunology, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu City, Japan
| | | | - Taro Yasuma
- Department of Immunology, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu City, Japan
| | - Masaaki Toda
- Department of Immunology, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu City, Japan
| | - Marianne Aanerud
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rune Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Per S Bakke
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tomas M L Eagan
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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14
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Carey RM, Freund JR, Hariri BM, Adappa ND, Palmer JN, Lee RJ. Polarization of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) signaling is altered during airway epithelial remodeling and deciliation. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:6721-6740. [PMID: 32241907 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) is activated by secreted proteases from immune cells or fungi. PAR-2 is normally expressed basolaterally in differentiated nasal ciliated cells. We hypothesized that epithelial remodeling during diseases characterized by cilial loss and squamous metaplasia may alter PAR-2 polarization. Here, using a fluorescent arrestin assay, we confirmed that the common fungal airway pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus activates heterologously-expressed PAR-2. Endogenous PAR-2 activation in submerged airway RPMI 2650 or NCI-H520 squamous cells increased intracellular calcium levels and granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin (IL)-6 secretion. RPMI 2650 cells cultured at an air-liquid interface (ALI) responded to apically or basolaterally applied PAR-2 agonists. However, well-differentiated primary nasal epithelial ALIs responded only to basolateral PAR-2 stimulation, indicated by calcium elevation, increased cilia beat frequency, and increased fluid and cytokine secretion. We exposed primary cells to disease-related modifiers that alter epithelial morphology, including IL-13, cigarette smoke condensate, and retinoic acid deficiency, at concentrations and times that altered epithelial morphology without causing breakdown of the epithelial barrier to model early disease states. These altered primary cultures responded to both apical and basolateral PAR-2 stimulation. Imaging nasal polyps and control middle turbinate explants, we found that nasal polyps, but not turbinates, exhibit apical calcium responses to PAR-2 stimulation. However, isolated ciliated cells from both polyps and turbinates maintained basolateral PAR-2 polarization, suggesting that the calcium responses originated from nonciliated cells. Altered PAR-2 polarization in disease-remodeled epithelia may enhance apical responses and increase sensitivity to inhaled proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Carey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Jenna R Freund
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Benjamin M Hariri
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - James N Palmer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 .,Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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15
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Activated clotting factor X mediates mitochondrial alterations and inflammatory responses via protease-activated receptor signaling in alveolar epithelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 869:172875. [PMID: 31877279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence for the contribution of the activated coagulation factor X (FXa) in the development of chronic inflammatory lung diseases. Therefore, we aimed to investigate effects of exogenous FXa on mitochondrial and metabolic function as well as the induction of inflammatory molecules in type II alveolar epithelial cells. Effects of FXa on epithelial cells were investigated in A549 cell line. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and induction of inflammatory molecules were examined by immunoblot and gene expression analysis. Mitochondrial function was assessed by the measurement of oxygen consumption during maximal oxidative phosphorylation and quantitative determination of cardiolipin oxidation. Apoptosis was tested using a caspase 3 antibody. Metabolic activity and lactate dehydrogenase assay were applied for the detection of cellular viability. FXa activated ERK1/2 and induced an increase in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which was prevented by an inhibitor of FXa, edoxaban, or an inhibitor of protease-activated receptor 1, vorapaxar. Exposure to FXa caused mitochondrial alteration with restricted capacity for ATP generation, which was effectively prevented by edoxaban, vorapaxar and GB83 (inhibitor of protease-activated receptor 2). Of note, exposure to FXa did not initiate apoptosis in epithelial cells. FXa-dependent pro-inflammatory state and impairment of mitochondria did not reach the level of significance in lung epithelial cells. However, these effects might limit regenerative potency of lung epithelial cells, particular under clinical circumstances where lung injury causes exposure to clotting factors.
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16
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Hagras MM, Kamel FO. Effect of Protease-Activated Receptor-2-Activating Peptide on Guinea Pig Airway Resistance and Isolated Tracheal Strips. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2019; 8:7-13. [PMID: 32166058 PMCID: PMC7045621 DOI: 10.4103/jmau.jmau_55_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a family of G-protein-coupled receptors distributed in a number of tissues. PAR-2 is expressed on airway epithelium and smooth muscles and overexpressed under pathological conditions, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, the role of PAR-2 in airways has not yet been defined. In this study, we investigated the role of PAR-2-activating peptide (SLIGRL) on histamine-induced bronchoconstriction and the mechanisms underlying the bronchoprotective effect both in vivo and in vitro. Materials and Methods: The effect of SLIGRL was tested in vivo using histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in the guinea pig and in vitro using isolated tracheal spiral strips. Results: In vivo pretreatment with SLIGRL significantly reduced the histamine-induced increased bronchoconstriction. Neither propranolol nor vagotomy abolished the inhibitory effect of SLIGRL. Furthermore, indomethacin or glibenclamide did not antagonize the inhibitory response to SLIGRL. In isolated tracheal spiral strips in vitro, SLIGRL did not affect the contractile response to acetylcholine or potassium chloride; however, histamine-induced contraction was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: Our data demonstrate the protective effect of SLIGRL in airways; however, this effect appears to be mediated independently of prostanoids, nitric oxide, circulating adrenaline, ATP-sensitive K + channels, and vagal stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda M Hagras
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Fatemah O Kamel
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Yee MC, Nichols HL, Polley D, Saifeddine M, Pal K, Lee K, Wilson EH, Daines MO, Hollenberg MD, Boitano S, DeFea KA. Protease-activated receptor-2 signaling through β-arrestin-2 mediates Alternaria alkaline serine protease-induced airway inflammation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 315:L1042-L1057. [PMID: 30335499 PMCID: PMC6337008 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00196.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria alternata is a fungal allergen associated with severe asthma and asthma exacerbations. Similarly to other asthma-associated allergens, Alternaria secretes a serine-like trypsin protease(s) that is thought to act through the G protein-coupled receptor protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) to induce asthma symptoms. However, specific mechanisms underlying Alternaria-induced PAR2 activation and signaling remain ill-defined. We sought to determine whether Alternaria-induced PAR2 signaling contributed to asthma symptoms via a PAR2/β-arrestin signaling axis, identify the protease activity responsible for PAR2 signaling, and determine whether protease activity was sufficient for Alternaria-induced asthma symptoms in animal models. We initially used in vitro models to demonstrate Alternaria-induced PAR2/β-arrestin-2 signaling. Alternaria filtrates were then used to sensitize and challenge wild-type, PAR2-/- and β-arrestin-2-/- mice in vivo. Intranasal administration of Alternaria filtrate resulted in a protease-dependent increase of airway inflammation and mucin production in wild-type but not PAR2-/- or β-arrestin-2-/- mice. Protease was isolated from Alternaria preparations, and select in vitro and in vivo experiments were repeated to evaluate sufficiency of the isolated Alternaria protease to induce asthma phenotype. Administration of a single isolated serine protease from Alternaria, Alternaria alkaline serine protease (AASP), was sufficient to fully activate PAR2 signaling and induce β-arrestin-2-/--dependent eosinophil and lymphocyte recruitment in vivo. In conclusion, Alternaria filtrates induce airway inflammation and mucus hyperplasia largely via AASP using the PAR2/β-arrestin signaling axis. Thus, β-arrestin-biased PAR2 antagonists represent novel therapeutic targets for treating aeroallergen-induced asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Yee
- Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Program, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
| | - Heddie L Nichols
- Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Program, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
| | - Danny Polley
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
| | - Mahmoud Saifeddine
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
| | - Kasturi Pal
- Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Program, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
- Cell Molecular and Developmental Biology and Biochemistry Graduate Program, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
| | - Kyu Lee
- Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Program, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
| | - Emma H Wilson
- Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Program, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
| | - Michael O Daines
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona Health Sciences , Tucson, Arizona
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
| | - Scott Boitano
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences , Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Kathryn A DeFea
- Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Program, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
- Cell Molecular and Developmental Biology and Biochemistry Graduate Program, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
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18
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George T, Chakraborty M, Giembycz MA, Newton R. A bronchoprotective role for Rgs2 in a murine model of lipopolysaccharide-induced airways inflammation. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2018; 14:40. [PMID: 30305828 PMCID: PMC6166284 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-018-0266-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Asthma exacerbations are associated with the recruitment of neutrophils to the lungs. These cells release proteases and mediators, many of which act at G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that couple via Gq to promote bronchoconstriction and inflammation. Common asthma therapeutics up-regulate expression of the regulator of G protein signalling (RGS), RGS2. As RGS2 reduces signaling from Gq-coupled GPCRs, we have defined role(s) for this GTPase-activating protein in an acute neutrophilic model of lung inflammation. Methods Wild type and Rgs2−/− C57Bl6 mice were exposed to nebulized lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Lung function (respiratory system resistance and compliance) was measured using a SCIREQ flexivent small animal ventilator. Lung inflammation was assessed by histochemistry, cell counting and by cytokine and chemokine expression in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Results Lipopolysaccharide inhalation induced transient airways hyperreactivity (AHR) and neutrophilic lung inflammation. While AHR and inflammation was greatest 3 h post-LPS exposure, BAL neutrophils persisted for 24 h. At 3 h post-LPS inhalation, multiple inflammatory cytokines (CSF2, CSF3, IL6, TNF) and chemokines (CCL3, CCL4, CXCL1, CXCL2) were highly expressed in the BAL fluid, prior to declining by 24 h. Compared to wild type counterparts, Rgs2−/− mice developed significantly greater airflow resistance in response to inhaled methacholine (MCh) at 3 h post-LPS exposure. At 24 h post-LPS exposure, when lung function was recovering in the wild type animals, MCh-induced resistance was increased, and compliance decreased, in Rgs2−/− mice. Thus, Rgs2−/− mice show AHR and stiffer lungs 24 h post-LPS exposure. Histological markers of inflammation, total and differential cell counts, and major cytokine and chemokine expression in BAL fluid were similar between wild type and Rgs2−/− mice. However, 3 and 24 h post-LPS exposure, IL12B expression was significantly elevated in BAL fluid from Rgs2−/− mice compared to wild type animals. Conclusions While Rgs2 is bronchoprotective in acute neutrophilic inflammation, no clear anti-inflammatory effect was apparent. Nevertheless, elevated IL12B expression in Rgs2−/− animals raises the possibility that RGS2 could dampen Th1 responses. These findings indicate that up-regulation of RGS2, as occurs in response to inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonists, may be beneficial in acute neutrophilic exacerbations of airway disease, including asthma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13223-018-0266-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tresa George
- 1Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6 Canada
| | - Mainak Chakraborty
- 2Immunology Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6 Canada
| | - Mark A Giembycz
- 1Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6 Canada
| | - Robert Newton
- 1Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6 Canada
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19
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Roberts G, Boyle R, Bryce PJ, Crane J, Hogan SP, Saglani S, Wickman M, Woodfolk JA. Developments in the field of allergy mechanisms in 2015 through the eyes of Clinical & Experimental Allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 46:1248-57. [PMID: 27682977 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the first of two papers we described the development in the field of allergy mechanisms as described by Clinical and Experimental Allergy in 2015. Experimental models of allergic disease, basic mechanisms, clinical mechanisms and allergens are all covered. A second paper will cover clinical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Roberts
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences and Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. .,NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK. .,The David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Isle of Wight, UK.
| | - R Boyle
- Paediatric Research Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - P J Bryce
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - S P Hogan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - S Saglani
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M Wickman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J A Woodfolk
- Allergy Division, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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20
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van ’t Veer C, van den Boogaard FE, Nieuwland R, Hoogendijk AJ, de Boer OJ, Roelofs JJTH, der Poll TV, de Stoppelaar SF. Protease activated receptor 4 limits bacterial growth and lung pathology during late stage Streptococcus pneumoniae induced pneumonia in mice. Thromb Haemost 2017; 110:582-92. [DOI: 10.1160/th13-01-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SummaryStreptococcus pneumoniae is a common causative pathogen of pneumonia and sepsis. Pneumonia and sepsis are associated with enhanced activation of coagulation, resulting in the production of several host-derived proteases at the primary site of infection and in the circulation. Serine proteases cleave protease activated receptors (PARs), which form a molecular link between coagulation and inflammation. PAR4 is one of four subtypes of PARs and is widely expressed by multiple cell types in the respiratory tract implicated in pulmonary inflammation, by immune cells and by platelets. In mice, mouse (m)PAR4 is the only thrombin receptor expressed by platelets. We here sought to determine the contribution of mPAR4 to the host response during pneumococcal pneumonia. Pneumonia was induced by intranasal inoculation with S. pneumoniae in mPAR4-deficient (par4-/- ) and wild-type mice. Mice were sacrificed after 6, 24 or 48 hours (h). Blood, lungs, liver and spleen were collected for analyses. Ex vivo stimulation assays were performed with S. pneumoniae and mPAR4 activating peptides. At 48 h after infection, higher bacterial loads were found in the lungs and blood of par4-/- mice (p < 0.05), accompanied by higher histopathology scores and increased cytokine levels (p < 0.05) in the lungs. Ex vivo, co-stimulation with mPAR4 activating peptide enhanced the whole blood cytokine response to S. pneumoniae. Thrombin inhibition resulted in decreased cytokine release after S. pneumoniae stimulation in human whole blood. Our findings suggest that mPAR4 contributes to antibacterial defence during murine pneumococcal pneumonia.
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21
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McMahon DB, Workman AD, Kohanski MA, Carey RM, Freund JR, Hariri BM, Chen B, Doghramji LJ, Adappa ND, Palmer JN, Kennedy DW, Lee RJ. Protease-activated receptor 2 activates airway apical membrane chloride permeability and increases ciliary beating. FASEB J 2017; 32:155-167. [PMID: 28874459 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700114rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mucociliary clearance, driven by the engine of ciliary beating, is the primary physical airway defense against inhaled pathogens and irritants. A better understanding of the regulation of ciliary beating and mucociliary transport is necessary for identifying new receptor targets to stimulate improved clearance in airway diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and chronic rhinosinusitis. In this study, we examined the protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2, a GPCR previously shown to regulate airway cell cytokine and mucus secretion, and transepithelial Cl- current. PAR-2 is activated by proteases secreted by airway neutrophils and pathogens. We cultured various airway cell lines, primary human and mouse sinonasal cells, and human bronchial cells at air-liquid interface and examined them using molecular biology, biochemistry, and live-cell imaging. We found that PAR-2 is expressed basolaterally, where it stimulates both intracellular Ca2+ release and Ca2+ influx, which activates low-level nitric oxide production, increases apical membrane Cl- permeability ∼3-5-fold, and increases ciliary beating ∼20-50%. No molecular or functional evidence of PAR-4 was observed. These data suggest a novel and previously overlooked role of PAR-2 in airway physiology, adding to our understanding of the role of this receptor in airway Ca2+ signaling and innate immunity.-McMahon, D. B., Workman, A. D., Kohanski, M. A., Carey, R. M., Freund, J. R., Hariri, B. M., Chen, B., Doghramji, L. J., Adappa, N. D., Palmer, J. N., Kennedy, D. W., Lee, R. J. Protease-activated receptor 2 activates airway apical membrane chloride permeability and increases ciliary beating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek B McMahon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alan D Workman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael A Kohanski
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryan M Carey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jenna R Freund
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Benjamin M Hariri
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bei Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laurel J Doghramji
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James N Palmer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David W Kennedy
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; .,Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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22
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Stroo I, Yang J, de Boer JD, Roelofs JJTH, van 't Veer C, Castellino FJ, Zeerleder S, van der Poll T. Factor XI deficiency enhances the pulmonary allergic response to house dust mite in mice independent of factor XII. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 312:L163-L171. [PMID: 27913422 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00320.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is associated with activation of coagulation in the airways. The coagulation system can be initiated via the extrinsic tissue factor-dependent pathway or via the intrinsic pathway, in which the central player factor XI (FXI) can be either activated via active factor XII (FXIIa) or via thrombin. We aimed to determine the role of the intrinsic coagulation system and its possible route of activation in allergic lung inflammation induced by the clinically relevant human allergen house dust mite (HDM). Wild-type (WT), FXI knockout (KO), and FXII KO mice were subjected to repeated exposure to HDM via the airways, and inflammatory responses were compared. FXI KO mice showed increased influx of eosinophils into lung tissue, accompanied by elevated local levels of the main eosinophil chemoattractant eotaxin. Although gross lung pathology and airway mucus production did not differ between groups, FXI KO mice displayed an impaired endothelial/epithelial barrier function, as reflected by elevated levels of total protein and IgM in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. FXI KO mice had a stronger systemic IgE response with an almost completely absent HDM-specific IgG1 response. The phenotype of FXII KO mice was, except for a higher HDM-specific IgG1 response, similar to that of WT mice. In conclusion, FXI attenuates part of the allergic response to repeated administration of HDM in the airways by a mechanism that is independent of activation via FXII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Stroo
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; .,Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Jack Yang
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Daan de Boer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joris J T H Roelofs
- Department of Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis van 't Veer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Francis J Castellino
- W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Sacha Zeerleder
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and.,Department of Hematology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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23
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Protease-activated receptor 2 activation is sufficient to induce the transition to a chronic pain state. Pain 2016; 156:859-867. [PMID: 25734998 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor type 2 (PAR2) is known to play an important role in inflammatory, visceral, and cancer-evoked pain based on studies using PAR2 knockout (PAR2(-/-)) mice. We have tested the hypothesis that specific activation of PAR2 is sufficient to induce a chronic pain state through extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling to protein synthesis machinery. We have further tested whether the maintenance of this chronic pain state involves a brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/tropomyosin-related kinase B (trkB)/atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) signaling axis. We observed that intraplantar injection of the novel highly specific PAR2 agonist, 2-aminothiazol-4-yl-LIGRL-NH2 (2-at), evokes a long-lasting acute mechanical hypersensitivity (median effective dose ∼12 pmoles), facial grimacing, and causes robust hyperalgesic priming as revealed by a subsequent mechanical hypersensitivity and facial grimacing to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) injection. The promechanical hypersensitivity effect of 2-at is completely absent in PAR2(-/-) mice as is hyperalgesic priming. Intraplantar injection of the upstream ERK inhibitor, U0126, and the eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4F complex inhibitor, 4EGI-1, prevented the development of acute mechanical hypersensitivity and hyperalgesic priming after 2-at injection. Systemic injection of the trkB antagonist ANA-12 similarly inhibited PAR2-mediated mechanical hypersensitivity, grimacing, and hyperalgesic priming. Inhibition of aPKC (intrathecal delivery of ZIP) or trkB (systemic administration of ANA-12) after the resolution of 2-at-induced mechanical hypersensitivity reversed the maintenance of hyperalgesic priming. Hence, PAR2 activation is sufficient to induce neuronal plasticity leading to a chronic pain state, the maintenance of which is dependent on a BDNF/trkB/aPKC signaling axis.
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24
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Ludwig MG, Seuwen K, Bridges JP. Adhesion GPCR Function in Pulmonary Development and Disease. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 234:309-327. [PMID: 27832494 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41523-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Classic G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) control multiple aspects of pulmonary physiology as demonstrated by loss-of-function experiments in mice and pharmacologic targeting of GPCRs for treatment of several pulmonary diseases. Emerging data demonstrate critical roles for members of the adhesion GPCR (aGPCR) family in pulmonary development, homeostasis, and disease. Although this field is still in its infancy, this chapter will review all available data regarding aGPCRs in pulmonary biology, with a particular focus on the aGPCR for which the most substantial data to date exist: Adgrf5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Klaus Seuwen
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - James P Bridges
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA. .,Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, ML7029, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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25
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Higher TGF-β with lower CD124 and TSLP, but no difference in PAR-2 expression in bronchial biopsy of bronchial asthma patients in comparison with COPD patients. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2015; 22:543-9. [PMID: 24185116 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e3182a500a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchial asthma (BA) are 2 severe respiratory disorders with different predominated immunopathologies. There are several "novel molecules" from different families that are proposed as part of the etiopathogenesis of COPD and BA. Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2), thymic stromal lymphoprotein (TSLP), interleukin-4 and its receptor (CD124), Yin-Yang 1 (YY1), and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) have been previously shown to be involved in the pathophysiology of both these diseases. We investigated PAR-2, TSLP, CD124 (interleukin-4R), TGF-β, and YY1 immunohistochemical expression in endobronchial and transbronchial biopsies from 22 BA patients and 20 COPD patients. Immunostaining for the above-mentioned antigens was quantified using a modified semiquantitative scoring system and statistically evaluated. The values of TGF-β in the epithelial cells (P=0.0007) and TGF-β in the submucosa (P=0.0075) were higher in the BA samples, whereas values of CD124 (P=0.0015) and TSLP (P=0.0106) were higher in the COPD samples. No statistically significant differences between the groups were recorded for PAR-2 and YY1. Airway inflammatory reaction diversity in BA and COPD seems to be disease specific; however, there are also shared mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of both diseases.
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26
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Sherwood CL, Daines MO, Price TJ, Vagner J, Boitano S. A highly potent agonist to protease-activated receptor-2 reveals apical activation of the airway epithelium resulting in Ca2+-regulated ion conductance. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C718-26. [PMID: 25143347 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00257.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The airway epithelium provides a barrier that separates inhaled air and its various particulates from the underlying tissues. It provides key physiological functions in both sensing the environment and initiating appropriate innate immune defenses to protect the lung. Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) is expressed both apically and basolaterally throughout the airway epithelium. One consequence of basolateral PAR2 activation is the rapid, Ca(2+)-dependent ion flux that favors secretion in the normally absorptive airway epithelium. However, roles for apically expressed PAR2 activation have not been demonstrated, in part due to the lack of specific, high-potency PAR2 ligands. In the present study, we used the newly developed PAR2 ligand 2at-LIGRLO(PEG3-Pam)-NH2 in combination with well-differentiated, primary cultured airway epithelial cells from wild-type and PAR2 (-/-) mice to examine the physiological role of PAR2 in the conducting airway after apical activation. Using digital imaging microscopy of intracellular Ca(2+) concentration changes, we verified ligand potency on PAR2 in primary cultured airway cells. Examination of airway epithelial tissue in an Ussing chamber showed that apical activation of PAR2 by 2at-LIGRLO(PEG3-Pam)-NH2 resulted in a transient decrease in transepithelial resistance that was due to increased apical ion efflux. We determined pharmacologically that this increase in ion conductance was through Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) and large-conductance K(+) channels that were blocked with a Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channel inhibitor and clotrimazole, respectively. Stimulation of Cl(-) efflux via PAR2 activation at the airway epithelial surface can increase airway surface liquid that would aid in clearing the airway of noxious inhaled agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L Sherwood
- Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; The BIO5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Michael O Daines
- Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Pediatrics, Arizona Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; The BIO5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Theodore J Price
- Department of Pharmacology, Arizona Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and The BIO5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Josef Vagner
- The BIO5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Scott Boitano
- Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Physiology, Arizona Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; The BIO5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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27
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Gong JH, Cho IH, Shin D, Han SY, Park SH, Kang YH. Inhibition of airway epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and fibrosis by kaempferol in endotoxin-induced epithelial cells and ovalbumin-sensitized mice. J Transl Med 2014; 94:297-308. [PMID: 24378645 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic airway remodeling is characterized by structural changes within the airway wall, including smooth muscle hypertrophy, submucosal fibrosis and epithelial shedding. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental mechanism of organ fibrosis, which can be induced by TGF-β. In the in vitro study, we investigated whether 1-20 μM kaempferol inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced bronchial EMT in BEAS-2B cells. The in vivo study explored demoting effects of 10-20 mg/kg kaempferol on airway fibrosis in BALB/c mice sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA). LPS induced airway epithelial TGF-β1 signaling that promoted EMT with concurrent loss of E-cadherin and induction of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Nontoxic kaempferol significantly inhibited TGF-β-induced EMT process through reversing E-cadherin expression and retarding the induction of N-cadherin and α-SMA. Consistently, OVA inhalation resulted in a striking loss of epithelial morphology by displaying myofibroblast appearance, which led to bronchial fibrosis with submucosal accumulation of collagen fibers. Oral administration of kaempferol suppressed collagen deposition, epithelial excrescency and goblet hyperplasia observed in the lung of OVA-challenged mice. The specific inhibition of TGF-β entailed epithelial protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) as with 20 μM kaempferol. The epithelial PAR-1 inhibition by SCH-79797 restored E-cadherin induction and deterred α-SMA induction, indicating that epithelial PAR-1 localization was responsible for resulting in airway EMT. These results demonstrate that dietary kaempferol alleviated fibrotic airway remodeling via bronchial EMT by modulating PAR1 activation. Therefore, kaempferol may be a potential therapeutic agent targeting asthmatic airway constriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hyun Gong
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - In-Hee Cho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Daekeun Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Seon-Young Han
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sin-Hye Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Young-Hee Kang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
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28
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Jiang P, Yu GY, Zhang Y, Xiang Y, Hua HR, Bian L, Wang CY, Lee WH, Zhang Y. Down-regulation of protease-activated receptor 4 in lung adenocarcinoma is associated with a more aggressive phenotype. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:3793-8. [PMID: 23886184 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.6.3793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of protease-activated receptors (PARs) in lung tumors is controversial. Although PAR4 is preferentially expressed in human lung tissues, its possible significance in lung cancer has not been defined. The studies reported herein used a combination of clinical observations and molecular methods. Surgically resected lung adenocarcinomas and associated adjacent normal lung tissues were collected and BEAS-2B and NCI-H157 cell lines were grown in tissue culture. PAR4 expression was evaluated by RT-PCR, RT-qPCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry analysis. The results showed that PAR4 mRNA expression was generally decreased in lung adenocarcinoma tissues as compared with matched noncancerous tissues (67.7%) and was associated with poor differentiation (p=0.017) and metastasis (p=0.04). Western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis also showed that PAR4 protein levels were mostly decreased in lung adenocarcinoma tissues (61.3%), and were also associated with poor differentiation (p=0.035) and clinical stage (p=0.027). Moreover, PAR4 expression was decreased in NCI-H157 cells as compared with BEAS-2B cells. In conclusion, PAR4 expression is significantly decreased in lung adenocarcinoma, and down-regulation of PAR4 is associated with a more clinically aggressive phenotype. PAR4 may acts as a tumor suppressor in lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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29
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Kager LM, Wiersinga WJ, Roelofs JJ, van 't Veer C, van der Poll T. Deficiency of protease-activated receptor-1 limits bacterial dissemination during severe Gram-negative sepsis (melioidosis). Microbes Infect 2014; 16:171-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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Puerarin attenuates ovalbumin-induced lung inflammation and hemostatic unbalance in rat asthma model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:726740. [PMID: 24523826 PMCID: PMC3910132 DOI: 10.1155/2014/726740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aim. We aimed to investigate and evaluate the preventive activity of puerarin on the ovalbumin-induced asthma rat model. Materials and Methods. Male Wistar rats were sensitized intraperitoneally on days 0, 7, and 14 and challenged to ovalbumin intratracheally on day 21. Groups of sensitized rats were treated randomly either with placebo, puerarin, dexamethasone, or puerarin combined with dexamethasone, from days 15 to 20. Inflammatory markers, including cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), inflammatory cytokines, histopathology, and coagulation parameters, such as coagulation tests and the activity of coagulation factors, were analyzed. Results. Puerarin significantly inhibited the recruitment of inflammatory cells in BALF and lung tissue. At the same time, the release of IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ in serum and the expression of mRNAs in lung tissue homogenate were changed by puerarin. Administration of puerarin also effectively rectified the coagulation disorder in asthmatic rats, such as prothrombin time (PT) (P < 0.01), thrombin time (TT) (P < 0.05), fibrinogen (FIB) (P < 0.01),the activity of factor II (FII) (P < 0.01), the activity of factor V (FV) (P < 0.05), the activity of factor VII (FVII) (P < 0.05), the activity of factor X (FX) (P < 0.05), the activity of factor VIII (FVIII) (P < 0.01), the activity of factor IX (FIX) (P < 0.05), and the activity of factor XII (FXII) (P < 0.05). Conclusions. Our results provide a clue that puerarin was useful for the preventive of allergic airway disease in rodents.
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31
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de Boer JD, Van't Veer C, Stroo I, van der Meer AJ, de Vos AF, van der Zee JS, Roelofs JJTH, van der Poll T. Protease-activated receptor-2 deficient mice have reduced house dust mite-evoked allergic lung inflammation. Innate Immun 2013; 20:618-25. [PMID: 24048772 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913503387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) is abundantly expressed in the pulmonary compartment. House dust mite (HDM) is a common cause of allergic asthma and contains multiple PAR2 agonistic proteases. The aim of this study was to determine the role of PAR2 in HDM-induced allergic lung inflammation. For this, the extent of allergic lung inflammation was studied in wild type (Wt) and PAR2 knockout (KO) mice after repeated airway exposure to HDM. HDM exposure of Wt mice resulted in a profound influx of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and accumulation of eosinophils in lung tissue, which both were strongly reduced in PAR2 KO mice. PAR2 KO mice demonstrated attenuated lung pathology and protein leak in the bronchoalveolar space, accompanied by lower BALF levels of the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a. This study reveals, for the first time, an important role for PAR2 in allergic lung inflammation induced by the clinically relevant allergens contained in HDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Daan de Boer
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam & Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Van't Veer
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam & Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Stroo
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam & Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anne J van der Meer
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam & Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alex F de Vos
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam & Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jaring S van der Zee
- Department of Pulmonology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joris J T H Roelofs
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam & Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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32
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Vasakova M, Sterclova M, Matej R, Olejar T, Kolesar L, Skibova J, Striz I. IL-4 polymorphisms, HRCT score and lung tissue markers in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:1346-51. [PMID: 23911740 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We studied the influence of IL-4 gene polymorphisms on the IPF phenotype, i.e., extent of radiological changes (HRCT interstitial (IS) and alveolar (AS) score) and histopathological markers from lung biopsies. PATIENTS AND METHODS 46 IPF patients underwent genotyping, 43 of them had HRCT and 14 patients had a surgical lung biopsy. The HRCT scans were evaluated for AS and IS. The histopathological evaluation comprised myofibroblast foci (MF), intensity of inflammation and fibrosis (Ashcroft score) and numbers of eosinophils and granulomas. For immunohistochemical evaluation primary antibodies against PAR-2, CD124, TGF beta, YY-1 and TSLP were used. The IL-4 and IL-4 R alpha gene polymorphisms were characterized. RESULTS We found a correlation between eosinophils in lung biopsies and AS. The Ashcroft score was higher in IL-4 HA 2 GCC and MF were more frequent in IL-4 HA 2 TCC carriers. A relationship was found between IL-4 (-1098) A2 T and PAR-2 expression and IL-4 (-590) A1 T, IL-4 HA1TTT and CD124 expression. AS was lower in IL-4 (-590) A1 C, in IL-4 HA1 TCC and in IL-4RA (+1902) A1 A carriers. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that the polymorphisms of IL-4 genes might influence the phenotype of IPF reflected by histopathological changes in lung biopsies and HRCT score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Vasakova
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Park YS, Yoo CG. The clinical assessment of protease-activated receptor-2 expression in inflammatory cells from peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2013; 74:264-8. [PMID: 23814598 PMCID: PMC3695308 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2013.74.6.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal pulmonary fibrotic disease. In general, the exaggerated activation of the coagulation cascade has been observed during initiation or maintenance of the fibrotic disease. In our recent study, immunohistochemical expression of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), which plays a key role in coagulation cascade, was observed in surgical specimen of IPF patients, and associated with poor clinical outcome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the overexpression of PAR-2 in inflammatory cells from peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in IPF patients. Methods From May 2011 to March 2012, IPF patients and controls were enrolled in Seoul National University Hospital. Peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were collected for analysis of PAR-2 expression. Flow cytometry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were used for PAR-2 receptor and mRNA assessment. Results Twelve IPF patients and 14 controls were included in this study. Among them, flow cytometry analysis was conducted from 26 peripheral blood (patient group, 11; control group, 13) and 7 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (patient group, 5; control group, 2). The expression of PAR-2 receptor was not different between patient and control groups (p=0.074). Among all 24 population, PAR-2 mRNA assessment was performed in 19 persons (patient group, 10; control group, 9). The mRNA expression of PAR-2 was not significant different (p=0.633). Conclusion In IPF patients, PAR-2 receptor and mRNA expression were not different from control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Sik Park
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Lung Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Asehnoune K, Moine P. Protease-activated receptor-1: key player in the sepsis coagulation-inflammation crosstalk. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2013; 17:119. [PMID: 23448515 PMCID: PMC4057503 DOI: 10.1186/cc12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) belong to the family of G protein-coupled receptors. Among the four members, PAR1 plays a major role in orchestrating the interactions between coagulation and inflammation. PAR1 has opposing functions during sepsis, and PAR1 blockade or activation may be alternatively beneficial at early or late stages of different sepsis models. Studying molecular mechanisms of the crosstalk between inflammation and coagulation may lead to the identification of new targets for therapies in sepsis. However, the time-dependent switch of PAR1 from an exacerbating proinflammatory receptor to a protective anti-inflammatory receptor needs to be investigated before clinical trials can be recommended. Finally, as PAR1 seems to play a singular role in Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced sepsis through a crosstalk between PAR1 and platelet-activating factor receptor, the exact role of PAR1 needs to be investigated in other models of sepsis.
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KOMATSU H, ENJOUJI S, ITO A, OHAMA T, SATO K. Prostaglandin E 2 Inhibits Proteinase-Activated Receptor 2-Signal Transduction through Regulation of Receptor Internalization. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:255-61. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki KOMATSU
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677–1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753–8515, Japan
| | - Shuhei ENJOUJI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677–1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753–8515, Japan
| | - Akihiro ITO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677–1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753–8515, Japan
| | - Takashi OHAMA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677–1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753–8515, Japan
| | - Koichi SATO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677–1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753–8515, Japan
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Schouten M, van't Veer C, Roelofs JJTH, Levi M, van der Poll T. Protease-activated receptor-1 impairs host defense in murine pneumococcal pneumonia: a controlled laboratory study. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2012; 16:R238. [PMID: 23270594 PMCID: PMC3672627 DOI: 10.1186/cc11910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common causative pathogen in community-acquired pneumonia. Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) is expressed by multiple cell types present in the lungs and can be activated by various proteases generated during acute inflammation. The cellular effect of PAR-1 activation partially depends on the specific protease involved. We here determined the role of PAR-1 in the host response during murine pneumococcal pneumonia. Methods Wild-type (WT) and PAR-1 knockout (KO) mice were infected intranasally with viable S. pneumoniae and observed in a survival study or euthanized at 6, 24 or 48 hours of infection. Results PAR-1 KO mice had a better survival early after infection compared to WT mice. Moreover, PAR-1 KO mice had lower bacterial loads in lungs and blood at 24 hours and in spleen and liver at 48 hours after infection. This favorable response was accompanied by lower lung histopathology scores and less neutrophil influx in PAR-1 KO mice. Conclusion PAR-1 impairs host defense during murine pneumococcal pneumonia.
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Park YS, Park CM, Lee HJ, Goo JM, Chung DH, Lee SM, Yim JJ, Kim YW, Han SK, Yoo CG. Clinical implication of protease-activated receptor-2 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Med 2012; 107:256-62. [PMID: 23131707 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal pulmonary disease which is characterized by progressive fibrosis. In general, the exaggerated activation of the coagulation cascade has been observed during initiation or maintenance of the fibrotic disease. In a recent study, protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2, which plays a key role in coagulation cascade, was up-regulated in IPF patients, however, its clinical implications have not been understood. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the clinical significance of PAR-2 expression in the alveolar epithelial cells of IPF patients. PAR-2 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical method in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues of surgical lung biopsies from patients with IPF. Fibrosis scores from hematoxylin and eosin-stained lung sections and honeycombing scores in chest CT were calculated. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed and the correlation between the expression of PAR-2 and clinical profiles were assessed. Among thirty-three IPF patients, PAR-2 expression was observed in 25 (75.8%). The lymphocyte counts in peripheral blood (2317 vs. 1753, p = 0.044) and honeycombing scores in chest CT (4.0 vs. 3.0 p = 0.046) were higher in PAR-2 positive group compared with PAR-2 negative group. During a follow-up duration of median 40.3 months, 7 (21.2%) patients died and they were all included in the PAR-2 positive group (p = 0.113). We conclude that PAR-2 is expressed in the alveolar epithelial cells of a substantial number of IPF patients, and the expression of PAR-2 significantly correlates with the extent of honeycombing shown in chest CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Sik Park
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Lung Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
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Regulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in dental pulp cells by interleukin-1β: the role of prostanoids. J Endod 2012; 38:774-9. [PMID: 22595111 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) plays a critical role in the inflammatory processes by stimulating the recruitment, extravasation, and migration of leukocytes. Its expression and regulation in the dental pulp is not well elucidated. METHODS Primary dental pulp cells were exposed to prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), prostaglandin F(2α) (PGF(2α)), or interleukin 1β (IL-1β) with/without aspirin. VCAM-1 messenger RNA expression was analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Soluble VCAM-1 (sVCAM-1) in the culture medium was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the number of viable cells was estimated by (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. RESULTS IL-1β induced VCAM-1 gene expression of pulp cells. IL-1β also stimulated sVCAM-1 production. The IL-1β-induced sVCAM-1 production was not inhibited but rather enhanced by aspirin, a cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor. PGE(2) and PGF(2α) decreased the VCAM-1 expression and sVCAM-1 production of pulp cells. U0126 (1,4-diamino-2,3-dicyano-1,4-bis[2-aminophenylthio]butadiene), a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor, attenuated IL-1β-induced sVCAM-1 production. However, no marked cytotoxicity was noted in these experimental conditions as analyzed by MTT assay. CONCLUSIONS IL-1β may be involved in the pulpal inflammatory processes via stimulation of VCAM-1 expression and sVCAM-1 production. This event is not mediated by COX activation and prostanoid production but is associated with MEK signaling. PGE(2) and PGF(2α) may potentially regulate inflammatory processes by the inhibition of VCAM-1.
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Role of PGE2 in asthma and nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:645383. [PMID: 22529528 PMCID: PMC3316983 DOI: 10.1155/2012/645383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic bronchitis is a common cause of chronic cough, which like asthma is characterized by sputum eosinophilia, but unlike asthma there is no variable airflow obstruction or airway hyperresponsiveness. Several studies suggest that prostaglandins may play an important role in orchestrating interactions between different cells in several inflammatory diseases such as asthma. PGE2 is important because of the multiplicity of its effects on immune response in respiratory diseases; however, respiratory system appears to be unique in that PGE2 has beneficial effects. We described that the difference in airway function observed in patients with eosinophilic bronchitis and asthma could be due to differences in PGE2 production. PGE2 present in induced sputum supernatant from NAEB patients decreases BSMC proliferation, probably due to simultaneous stimulation of EP2 and EP4 receptors with inhibitory activity. This protective effect of PGE2 may not only be the result of a direct action exerted on airway smooth-muscle proliferation but may also be attributable to the other anti-inflammatory actions.
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Abstract
Asthma is a chronic airway disease characterized by paroxysmal airflow obstruction evoked by irritative stimuli on a background of allergic lung inflammation. Currently, there is no cure for asthma, only symptomatic treatment. In recent years, our understanding of the involvement of coagulation and anticoagulant pathways, the fibrinolytic system, and platelets in the pathophysiology of asthma has increased considerably. Asthma is associated with a procoagulant state in the bronchoalveolar space, further aggravated by impaired local activities of the anticoagulant protein C system and fibrinolysis. Protease-activated receptors have been implicated as the molecular link between coagulation and allergic inflammation in asthma. This review summarizes current knowledge of the impact of the disturbed hemostatic balance in the lungs on asthma severity and manifestations and identifies new possible targets for asthma treatment.
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Ruan YC, Zhou W, Chan HC. Regulation of smooth muscle contraction by the epithelium: role of prostaglandins. Physiology (Bethesda) 2011; 26:156-70. [PMID: 21670162 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00036.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As an analog to the endothelium situated next to the vascular smooth muscle, the epithelium is emerging as an important regulator of smooth muscle contraction in many vital organs/tissues by interacting with other cell types and releasing epithelium-derived factors, among which prostaglandins have been demonstrated to play a versatile role in governing smooth muscle contraction essential to the physiological and pathophysiological processes in a wide range of organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chun Ruan
- School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, China
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Xu H, Echemendia N, Chen S, Lin F. Identification and expression patterns of members of the protease-activated receptor (PAR) gene family during zebrafish development. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:278-87. [PMID: 21181945 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) play critical roles in hemostasis in vertebrates including zebrafish. However, the zebrafish gene classification appears to be complex, and the expression patterns of par genes are not established. Based on analyses of genomic organization, phylogenetics, protein primary structure, and protein internalization, we report the identification of four zebrafish PARs: par1, par2a, par2b, and par3. This classification differs from one reported previously. We also show that these genes have distinct spatiotemporal expression profiles in embryos and larvae, with par1, par2a, and par2b expressed maternally and ubiquitously during gastrula stages and their expression patterns refined at later stages, and par3 expressed only in 3-day-old larvae. Notably, the expression patterns of zebrafish par1 and par2b resemble those of their mammalian counterparts, suggesting that receptor function is conserved among vertebrates. This conservation is supported by our findings that Par1 and Par2b are internalized following exposure to thrombin and trypsin, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1109, USA
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Adams MN, Ramachandran R, Yau MK, Suen JY, Fairlie DP, Hollenberg MD, Hooper JD. Structure, function and pathophysiology of protease activated receptors. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 130:248-82. [PMID: 21277892 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Discovered in the 1990s, protease activated receptors(1) (PARs) are membrane-spanning cell surface proteins that belong to the G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family. A defining feature of these receptors is their irreversible activation by proteases; mainly serine. Proteolytic agonists remove the PAR extracellular amino terminal pro-domain to expose a new amino terminus, or tethered ligand, that binds intramolecularly to induce intracellular signal transduction via a number of molecular pathways that regulate a variety of cellular responses. By these mechanisms PARs function as cell surface sensors of extracellular and cell surface associated proteases, contributing extensively to regulation of homeostasis, as well as to dysfunctional responses required for progression of a number of diseases. This review examines common and distinguishing structural features of PARs, mechanisms of receptor activation, trafficking and signal termination, and discusses the physiological and pathological roles of these receptors and emerging approaches for modulating PAR-mediated signaling in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark N Adams
- Mater Medical Research Institute, Aubigny Place, Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane Qld 4101, Australia
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Peters T, Mann TS, Henry PJ. Inhibitory influence of protease-activated receptor 2 and E-prostanoid receptor stimulants in lipopolysaccharide models of acute airway inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 335:424-33. [PMID: 20688975 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.163253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are widely expressed throughout the respiratory tract, and PAR(2) has been investigated as a potential drug target for inflammatory airway diseases. The primary focus of this study was to determine the extent to which PAR(2)-activating peptides modulate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced airway neutrophilia in mice and establish the underlying mechanisms. Intranasal administration of LPS induced dose- and time-dependent increases in the number of neutrophils recovered from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of mice. Coadministration of the PAR(2)-activating peptide f-LIGRL inhibited LPS-induced neutrophilia at 3 and 6 h after inoculation. PAR(2)-mediated inhibition of LPS-induced neutrophilia was mimicked by prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and butaprost [selective E-prostanoid (EP(2)) receptor agonist], and blocked by parecoxib (cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor) and 6-isopropoxy-9-oxoxanthene-2-carboxylic acid (AH6809) (EP(1)/EP(2) receptor antagonist). PAR(2)-activating peptides also blunted early increases in the levels of the key neutrophil chemoattractants keratinocyte-derived chemokine and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) in the BAL of LPS-exposed mice. However, neither PAR(2)-activating peptides nor PGE(2) inhibited LPS-induced generation of MIP-2 in cultures of primary murine alveolar macrophages In summary, PAR(2)-activating peptides and PGE(2) suppressed LPS-induced neutrophilia in murine airways, independently of an inhibitory action on MIP-2 generation by alveolar macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Peters
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Stirling Highway, Nedlands, Australia, 6009.
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Sharma J, Turk J, McHowat J. Endothelial cell prostaglandin I(2) and platelet-activating factor production are markedly attenuated in the calcium-independent phospholipase A(2)beta knockout mouse. Biochemistry 2010; 49:5473-81. [PMID: 20521843 DOI: 10.1021/bi100752u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Damage and activation of lung endothelium can lead to interstitial edema, infiltration of inflammatory cells into the interstitium and airways, and production of inflammatory metabolites, all of which propagate airway inflammation in a variety of diseases. We have previously determined that stimulation of human microvascular endothelial cells from lung (HMVEC-L) results in activation of a calcium-independent phospholipase A(2) (iPLA(2)), and this leads to arachidonic acid release and production of prostaglandin I(2) (PGI(2)) and platelet-activating factor (PAF). We stimulated lung endothelial cells isolated from iPLA(2)beta-knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) mice with thrombin and tryptase to determine the role of iPLA(2)beta in endothelial cell membrane phospholipid hydrolysis. Thrombin or tryptase stimulation of WT lung endothelial cells resulted in increased arachidonic acid release and production of PGI(2) and PAF. Arachidonic acid release and PGI(2) production by stimulated iPLA(2)beta-KO endothelial cells were significantly reduced compared to WT. Measured PLA(2) activity and PGI(2) production by iPLA(2)beta-KO cells were suppressed by pretreatment with (R)-bromoenol lactone (R-BEL), which is a selective inhibitor of iPLA2gamma. In contrast to the increase in PAF production induced by stimulation of WT endothelial cells, none was observed for KO cells, and this suggests that endothelial PAF production is entirely dependent on iPLA(2)beta activity. Because inflammatory cell recruitment involves the interaction of endothelial cell PAF with PAF receptors on circulating cells, these data suggest that iPLA(2)beta may be a suitable therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janhavi Sharma
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
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Stewart AG. Mediators and receptors in the resolution of inflammation: drug targeting opportunities. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 158:933-5. [PMID: 19845683 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00484.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The active resolution of inflammation is recognized as offering new opportunities to generate novel anti-inflammatory agents. The emerging appreciation of the importance of active resolution in regulation of inflammation also creates an imperative to examine developing and existing agents for their potential to influence these pathways. This themed issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology contains papers that discuss the roles of annexin-1, lipoxins and related lipid products of fish oils as well as other mechanisms involved in active resolution and their receptor targets.
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