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Sharon N, Yarmolinsky L, Khalfin B, Fleisher-Berkovich S, Ben-Shabat S. Cannabinoids' Role in Modulating Central and Peripheral Immunity in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6402. [PMID: 38928109 PMCID: PMC11204381 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids (the endocannabinoids, the synthetic cannabinoids, and the phytocannabinoids) are well known for their various pharmacological properties, including neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory features, which are fundamentally important for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. The aging of the global population is causing an increase in these diseases that require the development of effective drugs to be even more urgent. Taking into account the unavailability of effective drugs for neurodegenerative diseases, it seems appropriate to consider the role of cannabinoids in the treatment of these diseases. To our knowledge, few reviews are devoted to cannabinoids' impact on modulating central and peripheral immunity in neurodegenerative diseases. The objective of this review is to provide the best possible information about the cannabinoid receptors and immuno-modulation features, peripheral immune modulation by cannabinoids, cannabinoid-based therapies for the treatment of neurological disorders, and the future development prospects of making cannabinoids versatile tools in the pursuit of effective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shimon Ben-Shabat
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (N.S.); (L.Y.); (B.K.); (S.F.-B.)
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2
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Shapira G, Israel-Elgali I, Grad M, Avnat E, Rachmany L, Sarne Y, Shomron N. Hippocampal differential expression underlying the neuroprotective effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol microdose on old mice. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1182932. [PMID: 37534036 PMCID: PMC10393280 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1182932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary psychoactive compound of the cannabis plant and an exogenous ligand of the endocannabinoid system. In previous studies, we demonstrated that a single microdose of THC (0.002 mg/kg, 3-4 orders of magnitude lower than the standard dose for rodents) exerts distinct, long-term neuroprotection in model mice subjected to acute neurological insults. When administered to old, healthy mice, the THC microdose induced remarkable long-lasting (weeks) improvement in a wide range of cognitive functions, including significant morphological and biochemical brain alterations. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying these effects, we analyzed the gene expression of hippocampal samples from the model mice. Samples taken 5 days after THC treatment showed significant differential expression of genes associated with neurogenesis and brain development. In samples taken 5 weeks after treatment, the transcriptional signature was shifted to that of neuronal differentiation and survival. This study demonstrated the use of hippocampal transcriptome profiling in uncovering the molecular basis of the atypical, anti-aging effects of THC microdose treatment in old mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Shapira
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Edmond J Safra Center for Bioinformatics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ifat Israel-Elgali
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Meitar Grad
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eden Avnat
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lital Rachmany
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yosef Sarne
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Noam Shomron
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Edmond J Safra Center for Bioinformatics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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3
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Arachchige ASPM. Marijuana's potential in neurodegenerative diseases: an editorial. AIMS Neurosci 2023; 10:175-177. [PMID: 37426772 PMCID: PMC10323256 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2023014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
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Lee MT, Mackie K, Chiou LC. Alternative pain management via endocannabinoids in the time of the opioid epidemic: Peripheral neuromodulation and pharmacological interventions. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:894-909. [PMID: 34877650 PMCID: PMC9170838 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of opioids in pain management is hampered by the emergence of analgesic tolerance, which leads to increased dosing and side effects, both of which have contributed to the opioid epidemic. One promising potential approach to limit opioid analgesic tolerance is activating the endocannabinoid system in the CNS, via activation of CB1 receptors in the descending pain inhibitory pathway. In this review, we first discuss preclinical and clinical evidence revealing the potential of pharmacological activation of CB1 receptors in modulating opioid tolerance, including activation by phytocannabinoids, synthetic CB1 receptor agonists, endocannabinoid degradation enzyme inhibitors, and recently discovered positive allosteric modulators of CB1 receptors. On the other hand, as non-pharmacological pain relief is advocated by the US-NIH to combat the opioid epidemic, we also discuss contributions of peripheral neuromodulation, involving the electrostimulation of peripheral nerves, in addressing chronic pain and opioid tolerance. The involvement of supraspinal endocannabinoid systems in peripheral neuromodulation-induced analgesia is also discussed. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Advances in Opioid Pharmacology at the Time of the Opioid Epidemic. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v180.7/issuetoc.
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Grants
- MOST 108-2321-B-002-005 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- MOST 107-2811-B-002-008 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- R01 DA041229 NIDA NIH HHS
- MOST 107-2321-B-002-010 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- R01 DA047858 NIDA NIH HHS
- 107M4022-3 Ministry of Education, Taiwan
- MOST 106-2321-B-002-019 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- NHRI-EX111-11114NI National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
- FRGS/1/2021/WAB13/UCSI/02/1 Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia
- R21 DA042584 NIDA NIH HHS
- REIG-FPS-2020/065 UCSI University Research Excellence and Innovation Grant, Malaysia
- NHRI-EX109-10733NI National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
- MOST 104-2745-B-002-004 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- MOST 109-2320-B-002-042-MY3 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- MOST 107-2811-B-002 -008 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- MOST 108-2320-B-002-029-MY3 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tatt Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Ken Mackie
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Research, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Lih-Chu Chiou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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Pintori N, Caria F, De Luca MA, Miliano C. THC and CBD: Villain versus Hero? Insights into Adolescent Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065251. [PMID: 36982327 PMCID: PMC10048857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is the most used drug of abuse worldwide. It is well established that the most abundant phytocannabinoids in this plant are Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). These two compounds have remarkably similar chemical structures yet vastly different effects in the brain. By binding to the same receptors, THC is psychoactive, while CBD has anxiolytic and antipsychotic properties. Lately, a variety of hemp-based products, including CBD and THC, have become widely available in the food and health industry, and medical and recreational use of cannabis has been legalized in many states/countries. As a result, people, including youths, are consuming CBD because it is considered “safe”. An extensive literature exists evaluating the harmful effects of THC in both adults and adolescents, but little is known about the long-term effects of CBD exposure, especially in adolescence. The aim of this review is to collect preclinical and clinical evidence about the effects of cannabidiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Pintori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesca Caria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta De Luca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-070-6758633
| | - Cristina Miliano
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Lorenzetti V, Kowalczyk M, Duehlmeyer L, Greenwood LM, Chye Y, Yücel M, Whittle S, Roberts CA. Brain Anatomical Alterations in Young Cannabis Users: Is it All Hype? A Meta-Analysis of Structural Neuroimaging Studies. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:184-196. [PMID: 35443799 DOI: 10.1089/can.2021.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cannabis use has a high prevalence in young youth and is associated with poor psychosocial outcomes. Such outcomes have been ascribed to the impact of cannabis exposure on the developing brain. However, findings from individual studies of volumetry in youth cannabis users are equivocal. Objectives: Our primary objective was to systematically review the evidence on brain volume differences between young cannabis users and nonusers aged 12-26 where profound neuromaturation occurs, accounting for the role of global brain volumes (GBVs). Our secondary objective was to systematically integrate the findings on the association between youth age and volumetry in youth cannabis users. Finally, we aimed to evaluate the quality of the evidence. Materials and Methods: A systematic search was run in three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and PsycINFO) and was reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We run meta-analyses (with and without controlling for GBV) of brain volume differences between young cannabis users and nonusers. We conducted metaregressions to explore the role of age on volumetric differences. Results: Sixteen studies were included. The reviewed samples included 830 people with mean age 22.5 years (range 14-26 years). Of these, 386 were cannabis users (with cannabis use onset at 15-19 years) and 444 were controls. We found no detectable group differences in any of the GBVs (intracranium, total brain, total white matter, and total gray matter) and regional brain volumes (i.e., hippocampus, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and total cerebellum). Age and cannabis use level did not predict (standardized mean) volume group differences in metaregression. We found little evidence of publication bias (Egger's test p>0.1). Conclusions: Contrary to evidence in adult samples (or in samples mixing adults and youth), previous single studies in young cannabis users, and meta-analyses of brain function in young cannabis users, this early evidence suggests nonsignificant volume differences between young cannabis users and nonusers. While prolonged and long-term exposure to heavy cannabis use may be required to detect gross volume alterations, more studies in young cannabis users are needed to map in detail cannabis-related neuroanatomical changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Lorenzetti
- Neuroscience of Addiction and Mental Health Program, Healthy Brain and Mind Research Centre, School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Magdalena Kowalczyk
- Neuroscience of Addiction and Mental Health Program, Healthy Brain and Mind Research Centre, School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Leonie Duehlmeyer
- Neuroscience of Addiction and Mental Health Program, Healthy Brain and Mind Research Centre, School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Lisa-Marie Greenwood
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Yann Chye
- BrainPark, The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Clayton, Australia
| | - Murat Yücel
- BrainPark, The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Clayton, Australia
| | - Sarah Whittle
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Carl A Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Ponomarenko A, Tyrtyshnaia A, Ivashkevich D, Manzhulo I. Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Contributes to the Development of Delayed Neuroinflammation. Neuroimmunomodulation 2022; 29:135-142. [PMID: 34583355 DOI: 10.1159/000519011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, according to the literature, the problem of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) has become more and more urgent. Compared to moderate to severe craniocerebral trauma, mTBI occurs in a far greater number of people. The delayed sequelae caused by a single mTBI or multiple mTBIs are a significant public health problem. METHODS A weight-drop model was used for the formation of mTBI. A metal rod weighing 337 g with a blunt tip of 3 mm diameter was uplifted at 8 cm height and held by a lever. The trauma was created by lowering the lever and the rod and free-dropping onto the rat skull. In the cerebral cortex of experimental animals, we analyzed the level of microglial activity (Iba-1-positive system) and the expression of pro-inflammatory markers (IL1β, IL6, and CD86). Also, the expression level of the endocannabinoid system receptor (cannabinoid receptor type 1 [CB1]) was assessed in brain samples. RESULTS Experiments have shown that mTBI increases (1) the amount of microglia (iba-1) activated by the pro-inflammatory pathway (CD86); (2) the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL1β and IL6; and (3) CB1R activity. CONCLUSION Overall, the results of this study indicate that mTBI induces a sustained neuroinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arina Ponomarenko
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Tyrtyshnaia
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Darya Ivashkevich
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Igor Manzhulo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
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Galán-Ganga M, Rodríguez-Cueto C, Merchán-Rubira J, Hernández F, Ávila J, Posada-Ayala M, Lanciego JL, Luengo E, Lopez MG, Rábano A, Fernández-Ruiz J, Lastres-Becker I. Cannabinoid receptor CB2 ablation protects against TAU induced neurodegeneration. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:90. [PMID: 34001284 PMCID: PMC8130522 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01196-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tauopathies are a group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the alteration/aggregation of TAU protein, for which there is still no effective treatment. Therefore, new pharmacological targets are being sought, such as elements of the endocannabinoid system (ECS). We analysed the occurrence of changes in the ECS in tauopathies and their implication in the pathogenesis. By integrating gene expression analysis, immunofluorescence, genetic and adeno-associated virus expressing TAU mouse models, we found a TAU-dependent increase in CB2 receptor expression in hippocampal neurons, that occurs as an early event in the pathology and was maintained until late stages. These changes were accompanied by alterations in the endocannabinoid metabolism. Remarkably, CB2 ablation in mice protects from neurodegeneration induced by hTAUP301L overexpression, corroborated at the level of cognitive behaviour, synaptic plasticity, and aggregates of insoluble TAU. At the level of neuroinflammation, the absence of CB2 did not produce significant changes in concordance with a possible neuronal location rather than its classic glial expression in these models. These findings were corroborated in post-mortem samples of patients with Alzheimer's disease, the most common tauopathy. Our results show that neurons with accumulated TAU induce the expression of the CB2 receptor, which enhances neurodegeneration. These results are important for our understanding of disease mechanisms, providing a novel therapeutic strategy to be investigated in tauopathies.
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Clarke TL, Johnson RL, Simone JJ, Carlone RL. The Endocannabinoid System and Invertebrate Neurodevelopment and Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2103. [PMID: 33672634 PMCID: PMC7924210 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis has long been used for its medicinal and psychoactive properties. With the relatively new adoption of formal medicinal cannabis regulations worldwide, the study of cannabinoids, both endogenous and exogenous, has similarly flourished in more recent decades. In particular, research investigating the role of cannabinoids in regeneration and neurodevelopment has yielded promising results in vertebrate models. However, regeneration-competent vertebrates are few, whereas a myriad of invertebrate species have been established as superb models for regeneration. As such, this review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the endocannabinoid system, with a focus on current advances in the area of endocannabinoid system contributions to invertebrate neurodevelopment and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristyn L. Clarke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (T.L.C.); (R.L.J.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Rachael L. Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (T.L.C.); (R.L.J.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Jonathan J. Simone
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (T.L.C.); (R.L.J.); (J.J.S.)
- Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
- eCB Consulting Inc., P.O. Box 652, 3 Cameron St. W., Cannington, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Robert L. Carlone
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (T.L.C.); (R.L.J.); (J.J.S.)
- Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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Gallant C, Luczon R, Ryan D, Good D. Investigating cannabis use and associated symptoms among university students with and without a history of concussion. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2020; 32:967-991. [PMID: 33208035 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2020.1847148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there has been a growing interest in the use of cannabis after traumatic brain injury (TBI); however, little is known about the long-term effects of cannabis on milder injuries and post-concussive symptoms. Further, substance use often increases post-TBI and, thus, individuals who chronically use cannabis may unknowingly be exceeding safe or therapeutic doses. The current cross-sectional study explores the prevalence of cannabis use among university students with and without a history of concussion and examines the relationship between concussion and post-concussive symptoms as a function of cannabis use. Eighty-four undergraduates (n = 51 without a prior concussion; n = 33 with a prior concussion) completed a series of questionnaires, capturing their head injury history, current and past substance use, and post-concussive symptomatology. Results indicated that those with a history of concussion were more likely to use cannabis and had higher cannabis use severity scores compared to those without a previous concussion. Further, among cannabis users only, concussion severity demonstrated a significant positive association with post-concussive symptom (e.g., headaches, memory problems) severity (i.e., frequency, intensity, duration). Taken together, the long-term use of cannabis may be detrimental to individuals with a history of concussion, exacerbating, rather than mitigating, post-concussive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn Gallant
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
| | - Rachel Luczon
- Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
| | - Dawn Ryan
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
| | - Dawn Good
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada.,Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
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Kopjar N, Fuchs N, Brčić Karačonji I, Žunec S, Katić A, Kozina G, Lucić Vrdoljak A. High Doses of Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Might Impair Irinotecan Chemotherapy: A Review of Potentially Harmful Interactions. Clin Drug Investig 2020; 40:775-787. [PMID: 32696321 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-020-00954-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review proposes the hypothesis that the effectiveness of irinotecan chemotherapy might be impaired by high doses of concomitantly administered Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The most important features shared by irinotecan and THC, which might represent sources of potentially harmful interactions are: first-pass hepatic metabolism mediated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme CYP3A4; glucuronidation mediated by uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes, isoforms 1A1 and 1A9; transport of parent compounds and their metabolites via canalicular ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters ABCB1 and ABCG2; enterohepatic recirculation of both parent compounds, which leads to an extended duration of their pharmacological effects; possible competition for binding to albumin; butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibition by THC, which might impair the conversion of parent irinotecan into the SN-38 metabolite; mutual effects on mitochondrial dysfunction and induction of oxidative stress; potentiation of hepatotoxicity; potentiation of genotoxicity and cytogenetic effects leading to genome instability; possible neurotoxicity; and effects on bilirubin. The controversies associated with the use of highly concentrated THC preparations with irinotecan chemotherapy are also discussed. Despite all of the limitations, the body of evidence provided here could be considered relevant for human-risk assessments and calls for concern in cases when irinotecan chemotherapy is accompanied by preparations rich in THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevenka Kopjar
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nino Fuchs
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Brčić Karačonji
- Analytical Toxicology and Mineral Metabolism Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Suzana Žunec
- Toxicology Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anja Katić
- Analytical Toxicology and Mineral Metabolism Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Goran Kozina
- University Centre Varaždin, University North, Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Ana Lucić Vrdoljak
- Toxicology Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
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Chye Y, Kirkham R, Lorenzetti V, McTavish E, Solowij N, Yücel M. Cannabis, Cannabinoids, and Brain Morphology: A Review of the Evidence. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2020; 6:627-635. [PMID: 32948510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis and cannabinoid-based products are increasingly being accepted and commodified globally. Yet there is currently limited understanding of the effect of the varied cannabinoid compounds on the brain. Exogenous cannabinoids interact with the endogenous cannabinoid system that underpins vital functions in the brain and body, and they are thought to perturb key brain and cognitive function. However, much neuroimaging research has been confined to observational studies of cannabis users, without examining the specific role of the various cannabinoids (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, etc.). This review summarizes the brain structural imaging evidence to date associated with cannabis use, its major cannabinoids (e.g., Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol), and synthetic cannabinoid products that have emerged as recreational drugs. In doing so, we seek to highlight some of the key issues to consider in understanding cannabinoid-related brain effects, emphasizing the dual neurotoxic and neuroprotective role of cannabinoids, and the need to consider the distinct role of the varied cannabinoids in establishing their effect on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Chye
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Kirkham
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Valentina Lorenzetti
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eugene McTavish
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nadia Solowij
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Australian Centre for Cannabinoid Clinical and Research Excellence, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Murat Yücel
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Cannabinoids in the Pathophysiology of Skin Inflammation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030652. [PMID: 32033005 PMCID: PMC7037408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids are increasingly-used substances in the treatment of chronic pain, some neuropsychiatric disorders and more recently, skin disorders with an inflammatory component. However, various studies cite conflicting results concerning the cellular mechanisms involved, while others suggest that cannabinoids may even exert pro-inflammatory behaviors. This paper aims to detail and clarify the complex workings of cannabinoids in the molecular setting of the main dermatological inflammatory diseases, and their interactions with other substances with emerging applications in the treatment of these conditions. Also, the potential role of cannabinoids as antitumoral drugs is explored in relation to the inflammatory component of skin cancer. In vivo and in vitro studies that employed either phyto-, endo-, or synthetic cannabinoids were considered in this paper. Cannabinoids are regarded with growing interest as eligible drugs in the treatment of skin inflammatory conditions, with potential anticancer effects, and the readiness in monitoring of effects and the facility of topical application may contribute to the growing support of the use of these substances. Despite the promising early results, further controlled human studies are required to establish the definitive role of these products in the pathophysiology of skin inflammation and their usefulness in the clinical setting.
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Abstract
Given the aging Baby Boomer generation, changes in cannabis legislation, and the growing acknowledgment of cannabis for its therapeutic potential, it is predicted that cannabis use in the older population will escalate. It is, therefore, important to determine the interaction between the effects of cannabis and aging. The aim of this report is to describe the link between cannabis use and the aging brain. Our review of the literature found few and inconsistent empirical studies that directly address the impact of cannabis use on the aging brain. However, research focused on long-term cannabis use points toward cumulative effects on multimodal systems in the brain that are similarly affected during aging. Specifically, the effects of cannabis and aging converge on overlapping networks in the endocannabinoid, opioid, and dopamine systems that may affect functional decline particularly in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, which are critical areas for memory and executive functioning. To conclude, despite the limited current knowledge on the potential interactive effects between cannabis and aging, evidence from the literature suggests that cannabis and aging effects are concurrently present across several neurotransmitter systems. There is a great need for future research to directly test the interactions between cannabis and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Bin Yoo
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer DiMuzio
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Francesca M Filbey
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
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15
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Rodrigues RS, Lourenço DM, Paulo SL, Mateus JM, Ferreira MF, Mouro FM, Moreira JB, Ribeiro FF, Sebastião AM, Xapelli S. Cannabinoid Actions on Neural Stem Cells: Implications for Pathophysiology. Molecules 2019; 24:E1350. [PMID: 30959794 PMCID: PMC6480122 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increase of life expectancy, neurodegenerative disorders are becoming not only a health but also a social burden worldwide. However, due to the multitude of pathophysiological disease states, current treatments fail to meet the desired outcomes. Therefore, there is a need for new therapeutic strategies focusing on more integrated, personalized and effective approaches. The prospect of using neural stem cells (NSC) as regenerative therapies is very promising, however several issues still need to be addressed. In particular, the potential actions of pharmacological agents used to modulate NSC activity are highly relevant. With the ongoing discussion of cannabinoid usage for medical purposes and reports drawing attention to the effects of cannabinoids on NSC regulation, there is an enormous, and yet, uncovered potential for cannabinoids as treatment options for several neurological disorders, specifically when combined with stem cell therapy. In this manuscript, we review in detail how cannabinoids act as potent regulators of NSC biology and their potential to modulate several neurogenic features in the context of pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui S Rodrigues
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Diogo M Lourenço
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Sara L Paulo
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Joana M Mateus
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Miguel F Ferreira
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Francisco M Mouro
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - João B Moreira
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Filipa F Ribeiro
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Ana M Sebastião
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Sara Xapelli
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
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16
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Hodges EL, Ashpole NM. Aging circadian rhythms and cannabinoids. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 79:110-118. [PMID: 31035036 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Numerous aspects of mammalian physiology exhibit cyclic daily patterns known as circadian rhythms. However, studies in aged humans and animals indicate that these physiological rhythms are not consistent throughout the life span. The simultaneous development of disrupted circadian rhythms and age-related impairments suggests a shared mechanism, which may be amenable to therapeutic intervention. Recently, the endocannabinoid system has emerged as a complex signaling network, which regulates numerous aspects of circadian physiology relevant to the neurobiology of aging. Agonists of cannabinoid receptor-1 (CB1) have consistently been shown to decrease neuronal activity, core body temperature, locomotion, and cognitive function. Paradoxically, several lines of evidence now suggest that very low doses of cannabinoids are beneficial in advanced age. One potential explanation for this phenomenon is that these drugs exhibit hormesis-a biphasic dose-response wherein low doses produce the opposite effects of higher doses. Therefore, it is important to determine the dose-, age-, and time-dependent effects of these substances on the regulation of circadian rhythms and other processes dysregulated in aging. This review highlights 3 fields-biological aging, circadian rhythms, and endocannabinoid signaling-to critically assess the therapeutic potential of endocannabinoid modulation in aged individuals. If the hormetic properties of exogenous cannabinoids are confirmed, we conclude that precise administration of these compounds may bidirectionally entrain central and peripheral circadian clocks and benefit multiple aspects of aging physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik L Hodges
- Pharmacology Division, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Nicole M Ashpole
- Pharmacology Division, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, Oxford, MS, USA.
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17
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Enhancing effects of acute exposure to cannabis smoke on working memory performance. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 157:151-162. [PMID: 30521850 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Numerous preclinical studies show that acute cannabinoid administration impairs cognitive performance. Almost all of this research has employed cannabinoid injections, however, whereas smoking is the preferred route of cannabis administration in humans. The goal of these experiments was to systematically determine how acute exposure to cannabis smoke affects working memory performance in a rat model. Adult male (n = 15) and female (n = 16) Long-Evans rats were trained in a food-motivated delayed response working memory task. Prior to test sessions, rats were exposed to smoke generated by burning different numbers of cannabis or placebo cigarettes, using a within-subjects design. Exposure to cannabis smoke had no effect on male rats' performance, but surprisingly, enhanced working memory accuracy in females, which tended to perform less accurately than males under baseline conditions. In addition, cannabis smoke enhanced working memory accuracy in a subgroup of male rats that performed comparably to the worst-performing females. Exposure to placebo smoke had no effect on performance, suggesting that the cannabinoid content of cannabis smoke was critical for its effects on working memory. Follow-up experiments showed that acute administration of either Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (0.0, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0 mg/kg) or the cannabinoid receptor type 1 antagonist rimonabant (0.0, 0.2, 0.6, 2.0 mg/kg) impaired working memory performance. These results indicate that differences in the route, timing, or dose of cannabinoid administration can yield distinct cognitive outcomes, and highlight the need for further investigation of this topic.
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18
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Vaseghi S, Babapour V, Nasehi M, Zarrindast MR. The role of CA1 CB1 receptors on lithium-induced spatial memory impairment in rats. EXCLI JOURNAL 2018; 17:916-934. [PMID: 30564071 PMCID: PMC6295625 DOI: 10.17179/excli2018-1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lithium, a glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) inhibitor, prevents cannabinoid withdrawal syndrome, but there is limited data exploring the interaction between lithium and cannabinoid system on memory processes. The present study aimed to test the interaction between dorsal hippocampal (CA1 region) cannabinoid system and lithium on spatial memory in rats. Spatial memory was assessed in Morris Water Maze (MWM) apparatus by a single training session of eight trials. The results showed that pre-training intra-CA1 microinjection of ACPA, the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1r) agonist, at doses of 0.001, 0.01 or 1 µg/rat, or AM251, the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1r) antagonist, at doses of 1, 10 or 100 ng/rat, increased escape latency and traveled distance to the platform, suggesting a spatial learning impairment, whereas intraperitoneal administration of lithium (0.5, 1 or 5 mg/kg) had no effect on spatial learning. Also, rats that received lithium plus a lower dose of ACPA (0.001 µg/rat) or AM251 (1 ng/rat) had successful performance in the MWM. In the probe test, the results showed that pre-training administration of lithium (5 mg/kg) and ACPA (0.01 or 1 µg/rat) but not AM251 (at all doses used) impaired spatial memory retrieval. Also, lower dose of ACPA (0.001 µg/rat) or AM251 (1 ng/rat) potentiated the effect of ineffective doses of lithium (0.5 and 1 mg/kg) on spatial memory retrieval, while restored the effect of effective dose of lithium (5 mg/kg). In conclusion, cannabinoids may have a dual effect on lithium-induced spatial memory impairment in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salar Vaseghi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahab Babapour
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nasehi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran.,Department of Neuroendocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Calabrese EJ, Rubio-Casillas A. Biphasic effects of THC in memory and cognition. Eur J Clin Invest 2018; 48:e12920. [PMID: 29574698 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A generally undesired effect of cannabis smoking is a reversible disruption of short-term memory induced by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive component of cannabis. However, this paradigm has been recently challenged by a group of scientists who have shown that THC is also able to improve neurological function in old animals when chronically administered at low concentrations. Moreover, recent studies demonstrated that THC paradoxically promotes hippocampal neurogenesis, prevents neurodegenerative processes occurring in animal models of Alzheimer's disease, protects from inflammation-induced cognitive damage and restores memory and cognitive function in old mice. With the aim to reconcile these seemingly contradictory facts, this work will show that such paradox can be explained within the framework of hormesis, defined as a biphasic dose-response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Alberto Rubio-Casillas
- Laboratorio de Biologia, Escuela Preparatoria Regional de Autlán, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
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20
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Inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening contributes to cannabinoid type 1 receptor agonist ACEA-induced neuroprotection. Neuropharmacology 2018; 135:211-222. [PMID: 29574098 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor agonist arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide (ACEA) induces neuroprotection against brain ischemia, and the mechanism, however, is still elusive. In this study, we used bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) in mice and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in primary cultured neurons to mimic brain ischemic injury, and hypothesized that cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist ACEA protects ischemic neurons via inhibiting the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP). In vivo, we found that BCCAO treatment reduced the neurological functions, increased the number of apoptotic neuronal cells and deteriorated the mitochondrial morphology in the ischemic brain tissue. And in vitro, we observed that OGD injury reduced cell viability, mitochondrial function and anti-oxidant SOD2 expression, increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), mitochondrial cytochrome C (Cyto C) and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) releases, elevated the cell apoptosis and mitochondrial superoxide level. And the CB1 receptor agonist ACEA significantly abolished the BCCAO and OGD-induced neuronal injury above. However, the MPTP opener atractyloside (Atr) markedly reversed the ACEA-induced neuroprotective effects, inhibited the mitochondrial Cyto C and AIF releases and relieved the mitochondrial swelling, but the MPTP inhibitor cyclosporin A (CsA) did not cause significant effects on the ACEA-induced neuroprotection above. These findings indicated that inhibition of MPTP opening may be involved in the cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist ACEA-induced neuroprotection.
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21
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Reversal of age-related cognitive impairments in mice by an extremely low dose of tetrahydrocannabinol. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 61:177-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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22
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Neuroprotective effect of cannabinoids nanoplatforms in neurodegenerative diseases. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Chen Y, Luo X, Liu S, Shen Y. Neuroprotective effect of cannabinoid receptor 1 antagonist in the MNU-induced retinal degeneration model. Exp Eye Res 2017; 167:145-151. [PMID: 29126840 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoid system involves in neuroprotective effects on the central neural system. The cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) is widely expressed in the mouse retina. However, the role of cannabinoid receptors in the retina remains unclear. In this work, we established a photoreceptor degeneration mouse model via N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) administration to identify the neuroprotective effects of cannabinoid receptors. The MNU-induced retinal degeneration behaves similarly to that in the human retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Administration of the CB1R antagonist SR141716A distinctly recovered the photoreceptor loss, decreased glial reactivity and reduced abnormal vascular complexes in an MNU-induced mouse model. The BC dendrites were shrunk in the MNU-treated retina with eliminated ON-BCs responses and partially diminished OFF-BCs responses in patch-clamp recordings. In the MNU + SR1 group, both the function and structure of ON-BCs recovered. Taken together, our study showed that the inhibition of CB1R can effectively prevent MNU-induced retinal degeneration, suggesting a potential therapeutic effect of the CB1R antagonist SR1 in retinal degeneration diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Chen
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Xue Luo
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Shiliang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Yin Shen
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China.
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24
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Kindred JH, Li K, Ketelhut NB, Proessl F, Fling BW, Honce JM, Shaffer WR, Rudroff T. Cannabis use in people with Parkinson's disease and Multiple Sclerosis: A web-based investigation. Complement Ther Med 2017; 33:99-104. [PMID: 28735833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cannabis has been used for medicinal purpose for thousands of years; however the positive and negative effects of cannabis use in Parkinson's disease (PD) and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) are mostly unknown. Our aim was to assess cannabis use in PD and MS and compare results of self-reported assessments of neurological disability between current cannabis users and non-users. METHODS An anonymous web-based survey was hosted on the Michael J. Fox Foundation and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society webpages from 15 February to 15 October 2016. The survey collected demographic and cannabis use information, and used standardized questionnaires to assess neurological function, fatigue, balance, and physical activity participation. Analysis of variance and chi-square tests were used for the analysis. RESULTS The survey was viewed 801 times, and 595 participants were in the final data set. Seventy-six percent and 24% of the respondents reported PD and MS respectively. Current users reported high efficacy of cannabis, 6.4 (SD 1.8) on a scale from 0 to 7 and 59% reported reducing prescription medication since beginning cannabis use. Current cannabis users were younger and less likely to be classified as obese (P < 0.035). Cannabis users reported lower levels of disability, specifically in domains of mood, memory, and fatigue (P<0.040). CONCLUSIONS Cannabis may have positive impacts on mood, memory, fatigue, and obesity status in people with PD and MS. Further studies using clinically and longitudinally assessed measurements of these domains are needed to establish if these associations are causal and determine the long-term benefits and consequences of cannabis use in people with PD and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Kindred
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Kaigang Li
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | | | - Felix Proessl
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Brett W Fling
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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25
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Fernández-Ruiz J, Gómez-Ruiz M, García C, Hernández M, Ramos JA. Modeling Neurodegenerative Disorders for Developing Cannabinoid-Based Neuroprotective Therapies. Methods Enzymol 2017; 593:175-198. [PMID: 28750802 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The increase in lifespan during the last 50 years, mainly in developed countries, has originated a progressive elevation in the incidence of chronic neurodegenerative disorders, for which aging is the key risk factor. This fact will definitively become the major biomedical challenge during the present century, in part because the expectation of a persisting elevation in the population older than 65 years over the whole population and, on the other hand, because the current lack of efficacious therapies to control these disorders despite years of intense research. This chapter will address this question and will stress the urgency of developing better neuroprotective and neurorepair strategies that may delay/arrest the progression of these disorders, reviewing the major needs to solve the causes proposed for the permanent failures experienced in recent years, e.g., to develop multitarget strategies, to use more predictive experimental models, and to identify early disease biomarkers. This chapter will propose the cannabinoids and their classic (e.g., endocannabinoid receptors and enzymes) and nonclassic (e.g., peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, transcription factors) targets as a useful strategy for developing novel therapies for these disorders, based on their broad-spectrum neuroprotective profile, their activity as an endogenous protective system, the location of the endocannabinoid targets in cell substrates critical for neuronal survival, and their ability to serve for preservation and rescue, but also for repair and/or replacement, of neurons and glial cells against cytotoxic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fernández-Ruiz
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Gómez-Ruiz
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain; Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción García
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariluz Hernández
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain; Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Ramos
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
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26
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Schurman LD, Lichtman AH. Endocannabinoids: A Promising Impact for Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:69. [PMID: 28261100 PMCID: PMC5314139 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) system regulates a diverse array of physiological processes and unsurprisingly possesses considerable potential targets for the potential treatment of numerous disease states, including two receptors (i.e., CB1 and CB2 receptors) and enzymes regulating their endogenous ligands N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) and 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG). Increases in brain levels of endocannabinoids to pathogenic events suggest this system plays a role in compensatory repair mechanisms. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) pathology remains mostly refractory to currently available drugs, perhaps due to its heterogeneous nature in etiology, clinical presentation, and severity. Here, we review pre-clinical studies assessing the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids and manipulations of the endocannabinoid system to ameliorate TBI pathology. Specifically, manipulations of endocannabinoid degradative enzymes (e.g., fatty acid amide hydrolase, monoacylglycerol lipase, and α/β-hydrolase domain-6), CB1 and CB2 receptors, and their endogenous ligands have shown promise in modulating cellular and molecular hallmarks of TBI pathology such as; cell death, excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, cerebrovascular breakdown, and cell structure and remodeling. TBI-induced behavioral deficits, such as learning and memory, neurological motor impairments, post-traumatic convulsions or seizures, and anxiety also respond to manipulations of the endocannabinoid system. As such, the endocannabinoid system possesses potential drugable receptor and enzyme targets for the treatment of diverse TBI pathology. Yet, full characterization of TBI-induced changes in endocannabinoid ligands, enzymes, and receptor populations will be important to understand that role this system plays in TBI pathology. Promising classes of compounds, such as the plant-derived phytocannabinoids, synthetic cannabinoids, and endocannabinoids, as well as their non-cannabinoid receptor targets, such as TRPV1 receptors, represent important areas of basic research and potential therapeutic interest to treat TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aron H. Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, RichmondVA, USA
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Velusamy T, Panneerselvam AS, Purushottam M, Anusuyadevi M, Pal PK, Jain S, Essa MM, Guillemin GJ, Kandasamy M. Protective Effect of Antioxidants on Neuronal Dysfunction and Plasticity in Huntington's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:3279061. [PMID: 28168008 PMCID: PMC5266860 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3279061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is characterised by movement disorders, cognitive impairments, and psychiatric problems. The abnormal generation of reactive oxygen species and the resulting oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial damage in neurons upon CAG mutations in the HTT gene have been hypothesized as the contributing factors of neurodegeneration in HD. The potential use of antioxidants against free radical toxicity has been an emerging field in the management of ageing and many neurodegenerative disorders. Neural stem cells derived adult neurogenesis represents the regenerative capacity of the adult brain. The process of adult neurogenesis has been implicated in the cognitive functions of the brain and is highly modulated positively by different factors including antioxidants. The supportive role of antioxidants to reduce the severity of HD via promoting the functional neurogenesis and neuroprotection in the pathological adult brain has great promise. This review comprehends the recent studies describing the therapeutic roles of antioxidants in HD and other neurologic disorders and highlights the scope of using antioxidants to promote adult neurogenesis in HD. It also advocates a new line of research to delineate the mechanisms by which antioxidants promote adult neurogenesis in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirunavukkarasu Velusamy
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
- DBT Ramalingaswami Re-Entry Fellowship Programme, Department of Biotechnology (DBT), New Delhi, India
| | - Archana S. Panneerselvam
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Meera Purushottam
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Muthuswamy Anusuyadevi
- Molecular Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Pal
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjeev Jain
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Gilles J. Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mahesh Kandasamy
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
- UGC-Faculty Recharge Program (UGC-FRP), University Grant Commission, New Delhi, India
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Garberg HT, Solberg R, Barlinn J, Martinez-Orgado J, Løberg EM, Saugstad OD. High-Dose Cannabidiol Induced Hypotension after Global Hypoxia-Ischemia in Piglets. Neonatology 2017; 112:143-149. [PMID: 28564654 DOI: 10.1159/000471786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabidiol (CBD) is considered a promising neuroprotectant after perinatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI). We have previously studied the effects of CBD 1 mg/kg in the early phase after global HI in piglets. In contrast to prior studies, we found no evidence of neuroprotection and hypothesized that higher doses might be required to demonstrate efficacy in this animal model. OBJECTIVE To assess the safety and potential neuroprotective effects of high-dose CBD. METHODS Anesthetized newborn piglets underwent global HI by ventilation with 8% O2 until the point of severe metabolic acidosis (base excess -20 mmol/L) and/or hypotension (mean arterial blood pressure ≤20 mm Hg). Piglets were randomized to intravenous treatment with vehicle (n = 9) or CBD (n = 13). The starting dose, CBD 50 mg/kg, was reduced if adverse effects occurred. The piglets were euthanized 9.5 h after HI and tissue was collected for analysis. RESULTS CBD 50 mg/kg (n = 4) induced significant hypotension in 2 out of 4 piglets, and 1 out of 4 piglets suffered a fatal cardiac arrest. CBD 25 mg/kg (n = 4) induced significant hypotension in 1 out of 4 piglets, while 10 mg/kg (n = 5) was well tolerated. A significant negative correlation between the plasma concentration of CBD and hypotension during drug infusion was observed (p < 0.005). Neuroprotective effects were evaluated in piglets that did not display significant hypotension (n = 9) and CBD did not alter the degree of neuronal damage as measured by a neuropathology score, levels of the astrocytic marker S100B in CSF, magnetic resonance spectroscopy markers (Lac/NAA and Glu/NAA ratios), or plasma troponin T. CONCLUSIONS High-dose CBD can induce severe hypotension and did not offer neuroprotection in the early phase after global HI in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håvard T Garberg
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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Kelly C, Castellanos FX, Tomaselli O, Lisdahl K, Tamm L, Jernigan T, Newman E, Epstein JN, Molina BSG, Greenhill LL, Potkin SG, Hinshaw S, Swanson JM. Distinct effects of childhood ADHD and cannabis use on brain functional architecture in young adults. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2016; 13:188-200. [PMID: 27995073 PMCID: PMC5153452 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
One of the most salient long-term implications of a childhood diagnosis of ADHD is an increased risk for substance use, abuse, or dependence in adolescence and adulthood. The extent to which cannabis use affects ADHD-related alterations in brain functional organization is unknown, however. To address this research gap, we recruited a sample of 75 individuals aged 21-25 years with and without a childhood diagnosis of ADHD Combined Type, who were either frequent users or non-users of cannabis. These participants have been followed longitudinally since age 7-9.9 years as part of a large multi-site longitudinal study of ADHD, the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA). We examined task-independent intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) within 9 functional networks using a 2 × 2 design, which compared four groups of participants: (1) individuals with a childhood diagnosis of ADHD who currently use cannabis (n = 23); (2) individuals with ADHD who do not currently use cannabis (n = 22); (3) comparisons who currently use cannabis (n = 15); and (4) comparisons who do not currently use cannabis (n = 15). The main effects of childhood ADHD were primarily weakened iFC in networks supporting executive function and somatomotor control. Contrary to expectations, effects of cannabis use were distinct from those of diagnostic group and no interactions were observed. Exploratory brain-behavior analyses suggested that ADHD-related effects were primarily linked with poorer neurocognitive performance. Deficits in the integrity of functional networks supporting executive function and somatomotor control are consistent with the phenotypic and neurocognitive features of ADHD. Our data suggest that cannabis use does not exacerbate ADHD-related alterations, but this finding awaits replication in a larger sample. Longitudinal neuroimaging studies are urgently required to delineate the neurodevelopmental cascade that culminates in positive and negative outcomes for those diagnosed with ADHD in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Kelly
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Child Study Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - F Xavier Castellanos
- Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Child Study Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Olivia Tomaselli
- Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Child Study Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; National Adoption & Fostering Team, Michael Rutter Center, Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
| | - Krista Lisdahl
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Psychology Department, 2441 E. Hartford Ave, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Leanne Tamm
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, ML10006 Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Terry Jernigan
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Erik Newman
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeffery N Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Brooke S G Molina
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Steven G Potkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Stephen Hinshaw
- Department of Psychology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - James M Swanson
- Child Development Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Rentzsch J, Stadtmann A, Montag C, Kunte H, Plöckl D, Hellweg R, Gallinat J, Kronenberg G, Jockers-Scherübl MC. Attentional dysfunction in abstinent long-term cannabis users with and without schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2016; 266:409-21. [PMID: 26182894 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-015-0616-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Long-term cannabis use may confer cognitive deficits and increased risk of psychosis. However, the relationship between cannabis use and schizophrenia is complex. In particular, little is known about the effects of chronic cannabis use on the attention-related electric brain response in schizophrenia. We investigated auditory novelty and oddball P300 evoked potentials in a mixed sample of first-episode and chronic schizophrenic patients and healthy controls with (SZCA, n = 20; COCA, n = 20, abstinence ≥28 days) or without (SZ, n = 20; CO, n = 20) chronic cannabis use. Duration of regular cannabis use was 8.3 ± 5.6 (SZCA) and 9.1 ± 7.1 (COCA) years. In general, schizophrenic patients showed reduced P300 amplitudes. Cannabis use was associated with both a reduced early and late left-hemispheric novelty P300. There was a significant 'diagnosis × cannabis' interaction for the left-hemispheric late novelty P300 in that cannabis use was associated with a reduced amplitude in the otherwise healthy but not in the schizophrenic group compared with their relative control groups (corrected p < 0.02; p > 0.9, respectively). The left-hemispheric late novelty P300 in the otherwise healthy cannabis group correlated inversely with amount and duration of cannabis use (r = -0.50, p = 0.024; r = -0.57, p = 0.009, respectively). Our study confirms attentional deficits with chronic cannabis use. However, cannabis use may lead to different cognitive sequelae in patients with schizophrenia and in healthy controls, possibly reflecting preexisting alterations in the endocannabinoid system in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Rentzsch
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ada Stadtmann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Eschenallee 3, 14050, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane Montag
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik der Charité im St. Hedwig-Krankenhaus, Große Hamburger Straße 5-11, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hagen Kunte
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Doris Plöckl
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Hellweg
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Golo Kronenberg
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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Tang J, Chen Q, Guo J, Yang L, Tao Y, Li L, Miao H, Feng H, Chen Z, Zhu G. Minocycline Attenuates Neonatal Germinal-Matrix-Hemorrhage-Induced Neuroinflammation and Brain Edema by Activating Cannabinoid Receptor 2. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1935-1948. [PMID: 25833102 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9154-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is the most common neurological disease of premature newborns leading to detrimental neurological sequelae. Minocycline has been reported to play a key role in neurological inflammatory diseases by controlling some mechanisms that involve cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R). The current study investigated whether minocycline reduces neuroinflammation and protects the brain from injury in a rat model of collagenase-induced GMH by regulating CB2R activity. To test this hypothesis, the effects of minocycline and a CB2R antagonist (AM630) were evaluated in male rat pups that were post-natal day 7 (P7) after GMH. We found that minocycline can lead to increased CB2R mRNA expression and protein expression in microglia. Minocycline significantly reduced GMH-induced brain edema, microglial activation, and lateral ventricular volume. Additionally, minocycline enhanced cortical thickness after injury. All of these neuroprotective effects of minocycline were prevented by AM630. A cannabinoid CB2 agonist (JWH133) was used to strengthen the hypothesis, which showed the identical neuroprotective effects of minocycline. Our study demonstrates, for the first time, that minocycline attenuates neuroinflammation and brain injury in a rat model of GMH, and activation of CBR2 was partially involved in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No.30, Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianwei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No.30, Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No.30, Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No.30, Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihao Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No.30, Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No.30, Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongping Miao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No.30, Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No.30, Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No.30, Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No.30, Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
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Lubman DI, Cheetham A, Yücel M. Cannabis and adolescent brain development. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 148:1-16. [PMID: 25460036 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heavy cannabis use has been frequently associated with increased rates of mental illness and cognitive impairment, particularly amongst adolescent users. However, the neurobiological processes that underlie these associations are still not well understood. In this review, we discuss the findings of studies examining the acute and chronic effects of cannabis use on the brain, with a particular focus on the impact of commencing use during adolescence. Accumulating evidence from both animal and human studies suggests that regular heavy use during this period is associated with more severe and persistent negative outcomes than use during adulthood, suggesting that the adolescent brain may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of cannabis exposure. As the endocannabinoid system plays an important role in brain development, it is plausible that prolonged use during adolescence results in a disruption in the normative neuromaturational processes that occur during this period. We identify synaptic pruning and white matter development as two processes that may be adversely impacted by cannabis exposure during adolescence. Potentially, alterations in these processes may underlie the cognitive and emotional deficits that have been associated with regular use commencing during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan I Lubman
- Turning Point, Eastern Health and Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Ali Cheetham
- Turning Point, Eastern Health and Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Murat Yücel
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia; Monash Clinical & Imaging Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
Marijuana is the most commonly used drug of abuse in the USA. It is commonly abused through inhalation and therefore has effects on the lung that are similar to tobacco smoke, including increased cough, sputum production, hyperinflation, and upper lobe emphysematous changes. However, at this time, it does not appear that marijuana smoke contributes to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Marijuana can have multiple physiologic effects such as tachycardia, peripheral vasodilatation, behavioral and emotional changes, and possible prolonged cognitive impairment. The carcinogenic effects of marijuana are unclear at this time. Studies are mixed on the ability of marijuana smoke to increase the risk for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, lung cancer, prostate cancer, and cervical cancer. Some studies show that marijuana is protective for development of malignancy. Marijuana smoke has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on the immune system. Components of cannabis are under investigation as treatment for autoimmune diseases and malignancy. As marijuana becomes legalized in many states for medical and recreational use, other forms of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) have been developed, such as food products and beverages. As most research on marijuana at this time has been on whole marijuana smoke, rather than THC, it is difficult to determine if the currently available data is applicable to these newer products.
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Fišar Z, Singh N, Hroudová J. Cannabinoid-induced changes in respiration of brain mitochondria. Toxicol Lett 2014; 231:62-71. [PMID: 25195527 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids exert various biological effects that are either receptor-mediated or independent of receptor signaling. Mitochondrial effects of cannabinoids were interpreted either as non-receptor-mediated alteration of mitochondrial membranes, or as indirect consequences of activation of plasma membrane type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1). Recently, CB1 receptors were confirmed to be localized to the membranes of neuronal mitochondria, where their activation directly regulates respiration and energy production. Here, we performed in-depth analysis of cannabinoid-induced changes of mitochondrial respiration using both an antagonist/inverse agonist of CB1 receptors, AM251 and the cannabinoid receptor agonists, Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol, anandamide, and WIN 55,212-2. Relationships were determined between cannabinoid concentration and respiratory rate driven by substrates of complex I, II or IV in pig brain mitochondria. Either full or partial inhibition of respiratory rate was found for the tested drugs, with an IC50 in the micromolar range, which verified the significant role of non-receptor-mediated mechanism in inhibiting mitochondrial respiration. Effect of stepwise application of THC and AM251 evidenced protective role of AM251 and corroborated the participation of CB1 receptor activation in the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. We proposed a model, which includes both receptor- and non-receptor-mediated mechanisms of cannabinoid action on mitochondrial respiration. This model explains both the inhibitory effect of cannabinoids and the protective effect of the CB1 receptor inverse agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Fišar
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, Prague 2 120 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Namrata Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, Prague 2 120 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Hroudová
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, Prague 2 120 00, Czech Republic.
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Mohseni M, Ziaeifard M, Abbasi Z. Protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury in prolonged resuscitation: A case report and review of literature. ARYA ATHEROSCLEROSIS 2014; 10:227-9. [PMID: 25258639 PMCID: PMC4173320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The severity of ischemia/reperfusion injury determines the neurologic outcome after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation. CASE REPORT We present a case of prolonged open-chest resuscitation who survived without neurologic sequel. Multiple applied strategies to limit the deleterious effects of ischemia and reperfusion injury, that is, infusion of magnesium sulfate and mannitol, protective lung ventilation and optimal postoperative pain control prevented the end organ damage in this patient. During the 40 min open-chest resuscitation, ventricular defibrillation was successfully attempted with extrathoracic paddles. CONCLUSION The appropriate use of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic protective strategies could modify the inflammatory cascade and minimize the deleterious effects of reperfusion after prolonged periods of ischemia. The successful defibrillation in this patient warrants the use of standard paddles in open-chest surgeries where surgical small paddles are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masood Mohseni
- Assistant Professor, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Correspondence to: Masood Mohseni,
| | - Mohsen Ziaeifard
- Assistant Professor, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Abbasi
- Resident, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Vendel E, de Lange ECM. Functions of the CB1 and CB 2 receptors in neuroprotection at the level of the blood-brain barrier. Neuromolecular Med 2014; 16:620-42. [PMID: 24929655 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-014-8314-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The cannabinoid (CB) receptors are the main targets of the cannabinoids, which include plant cannabinoids, endocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids. Over the last few years, accumulated evidence has suggested a role of the CB receptors in neuroprotection. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an important brain structure that is essential for neuroprotection. A link between the CB receptors and the BBB is thus likely, but this possible connection has only recently gained attention. Cannabinoids and the BBB share the same mechanisms of neuroprotection and both protect against excitotoxicity (CB1), cell death (CB1), inflammation (CB2) and oxidative stress (possibly CB independent)-all processes that also damage the BBB. Several examples of CB-mediated protection of the BBB have been found, such as inhibition of leukocyte influx and induction of amyloid beta efflux across the BBB. Moreover, the CB receptors were shown to improve BBB integrity, particularly by restoring the tightness of the tight junctions. This review demonstrated that both CB receptors are able to restore the BBB and neuroprotection, but much uncertainty about the underlying signaling cascades still exists and further investigation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmée Vendel
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Castelli MP, Madeddu C, Casti A, Casu A, Casti P, Scherma M, Fattore L, Fadda P, Ennas MG. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol prevents methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98079. [PMID: 24844285 PMCID: PMC4028295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a potent psychostimulant with neurotoxic properties. Heavy use increases the activation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), production of peroxynitrites, microglia stimulation, and induces hyperthermia and anorectic effects. Most METH recreational users also consume cannabis. Preclinical studies have shown that natural (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, Δ9-THC) and synthetic cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptor agonists exert neuroprotective effects on different models of cerebral damage. Here, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of Δ9-THC on METH-induced neurotoxicity by examining its ability to reduce astrocyte activation and nNOS overexpression in selected brain areas. Rats exposed to a METH neurotoxic regimen (4×10 mg/kg, 2 hours apart) were pre- or post-treated with Δ9-THC (1 or 3 mg/kg) and sacrificed 3 days after the last METH administration. Semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry was performed using antibodies against nNOS and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP). Results showed that, as compared to corresponding controls (i) METH-induced nNOS overexpression in the caudate-putamen (CPu) was significantly attenuated by pre- and post-treatment with both doses of Δ9-THC (−19% and −28% for 1 mg/kg pre- and post-treated animals; −25% and −21% for 3 mg/kg pre- and post-treated animals); (ii) METH-induced GFAP-immunoreactivity (IR) was significantly reduced in the CPu by post-treatment with 1 mg/kg Δ9-THC1 (−50%) and by pre-treatment with 3 mg/kg Δ9-THC (−53%); (iii) METH-induced GFAP-IR was significantly decreased in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) by pre- and post-treatment with both doses of Δ9-THC (−34% and −47% for 1 mg/kg pre- and post-treated animals; −37% and −29% for 3 mg/kg pre- and post-treated animals). The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A attenuated METH-induced nNOS overexpression in the CPu, but failed to counteract the Δ9-THC-mediated reduction of METH-induced GFAP-IR both in the PFC and CPu. Our results indicate that Δ9-THC reduces METH-induced brain damage via inhibition of nNOS expression and astrocyte activation through CB1-dependent and independent mechanisms, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Paola Castelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Center of Excellence “Neurobiology of Addiction”, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Camilla Madeddu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alberto Casti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Angelo Casu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paola Casti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Scherma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Liana Fattore
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari, National Research Council-Italy, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paola Fadda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Center of Excellence “Neurobiology of Addiction”, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - M. Grazia Ennas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Bugra H, Studerus E, Rapp C, Tamagni C, Aston J, Borgwardt S, Riecher-Rössler A. Cannabis use and cognitive functions in at-risk mental state and first episode psychosis. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 230:299-308. [PMID: 23756588 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meta-analyses suggest that schizophrenia patients with a history of cannabis use have less impaired cognitive functioning compared to patients without cannabis use. AIMS The objective of this study was to assess the association between recency and frequency of cannabis use and cognitive functioning in at-risk mental state for psychosis (ARMS) and first episode psychosis (FEP) individuals. METHODS One hundred thirty-six participants completed a cognitive test battery and were assessed for current and past cannabis use. Analyses of covariance models were applied to evaluate the main effects of cannabis use and patient group (ARMS vs. FEP) as well as their interactions on cognitive functioning. RESULTS No differences were observed in cognitive performance between current, former, and never users, and there were no significant interactions between cannabis use and patient group. Furthermore, within the group of current cannabis users, the frequency of cannabis use was not significantly associated with cognitive functioning. CONCLUSION The results of the present study do not support the notion that FEP patients and ARMS individuals with a history of cannabis use have less impaired cognitive functioning compared to those without cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bugra
- Center for Gender Research and Early Detection, University of Basel Psychiatric Clinics, c/o University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
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Kallendrusch S, Kremzow S, Nowicki M, Grabiec U, Winkelmann R, Benz A, Kraft R, Bechmann I, Dehghani F, Koch M. The G Protein-Coupled Receptor 55 Ligandl-α-Lysophosphatidylinositol Exerts Microglia-Dependent Neuroprotection After Excitotoxic Lesion. Glia 2013; 61:1822-31. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ria Winkelmann
- Senckenbergisches Institut für Pathologie, Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main; Germany
| | - Alexander Benz
- Senckenbergisches Institut für Pathologie, Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main; Germany
| | - Robert Kraft
- Carl-Ludwig Institut für Physiologie, Universität Leipzig; Germany
| | | | | | - Marco Koch
- Institut für Anatomie, Universität Leipzig; Germany
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Lopez-Rodriguez AB, Siopi E, Finn DP, Marchand-Leroux C, Garcia-Segura LM, Jafarian-Tehrani M, Viveros MP. CB1 and CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists Prevent Minocycline-Induced Neuroprotection Following Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. Cereb Cortex 2013; 25:35-45. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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41
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Waldman M, Hochhauser E, Fishbein M, Aravot D, Shainberg A, Sarne Y. An ultra-low dose of tetrahydrocannabinol provides cardioprotection. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1626-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Contartese A, Valoti M, Corelli F, Pasquini S, Mugnaini C, Pessina F, Aldinucci C, Sgaragli G, Frosini M. A novel CB2 agonist, COR167, potently protects rat brain cortical slices against OGD and reperfusion injury. Pharmacol Res 2012; 66:555-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lara-Celador I, Castro-Ortega L, Alvarez A, Goñi-de-Cerio F, Lacalle J, Hilario E. Endocannabinoids reduce cerebral damage after hypoxic-ischemic injury in perinatal rats. Brain Res 2012; 1474:91-9. [PMID: 22841538 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic (HI) insult during the perinatal period remains as one of the most common causes of brain injury and produces long-term neurological deficits, and there is a growing need for effective therapies. The aim of the present work was to perform a prospective study designed to assess the possible protector effect of two endocannabinoids: 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2AG) and anandamide (AEA) in the brain after HI injury in perinatal rat model. We evaluate their effects on cell death and check several cellular parameters. 7-days-old Wistar rats were assigned to four different experimental groups (n=7-10): Sham, HI, and HI treated with 2AG or AEA. The injury was induced by the left carotid artery ligature and subsequent exposure to 8% O(2) for 120 min. Immediately after the injury, treated groups received a single dose of 2AG (1mg/kg) or AEA (5mg/kg) and then animals were sacrificed 24, 72 h or 7 days after the HI event. Brains fixed by perfusion were stained with Nissl for morphological studies, and non-fixed brains were dissociated and analyzed by flow cytometry to quantify apoptosis, mitochondrial state, intracellular calcium and reactive oxygen species. Our results show that both 2AG and AEA have beneficial effects after HI injury in this rat model, producing a remarkable amelioration of brain injury, reducing apoptotic cell death, contributing to the maintenance of mitochondrial functionality, and improving cellular parameters such as the influx of calcium and ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Lara-Celador
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, E-48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain.
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Long-term behavioral and biochemical effects of an ultra-low dose of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): neuroprotection and ERK signaling. Exp Brain Res 2012; 221:437-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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David S, Greenhalgh AD, López-Vales R. Role of phospholipase A2s and lipid mediators in secondary damage after spinal cord injury. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 349:249-67. [PMID: 22581384 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is considered to be an important contributor to secondary damage after spinal cord injury (SCI). This secondary damage leads to further exacerbation of tissue loss and functional impairments. The immune responses that are triggered by injury are complex and are mediated by a variety of factors that have both detrimental and beneficial effects. In this review, we focus on the diverse effects of the phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) superfamily and the downstream pathways that generate a large number of bioactive lipid mediators, some of which have pro-inflammatory and demyelinating effects, whereas others have anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution properties. For each of these lipid mediators, we provide an overview followed by a discussion of their expression and role in SCI. Where appropriate, we have compared the latter with their role in other neurological conditions. The PLA(2) pathway provides a number of targets for therapeutic intervention for the treatment of SCI and other neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel David
- Center for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Livingston Hall, Room L7-210, 1650 Cedar Ave., Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1A4,
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Reduced infarct size and accumulation of microglia in rats treated with WIN 55,212-2 after neonatal stroke. Neuroscience 2012; 207:307-15. [PMID: 22285309 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids have emerged as brain protective agents under neurodegenerative conditions. Many neuroprotective actions of cannabinoids depend on the activation of specific receptors, cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) and type 2 (CB2R). The aim of the present study was to determine whether the CB2R and CB1R agonist WIN 55,212-2 (WIN) protects neonatal brain against focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion and whether anti-inflammatory mechanisms play a role in protection. Seven-day-old rats were subjected to 90-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and injured rats were identified by diffusion-weighted MRI during the occlusion. After reperfusion, rats were subcutaneously administered 1 mg/kg of WIN or vehicle twice daily until sacrifice. MCAO led to increased mRNA expression of CB2R (but not CB1R), chemokine receptors (CCR2 and CX3CR1), and cytokines (IL-1β and TNFα), as well as increased protein expression of chemokines MCP-1 and MIP-1α and microglial activation 24 h after MCAO. WIN administration significantly reduced microglial activation at this point and attenuated infarct volume and microglial accumulation and proliferation in the injured cortex 72 h after MCAO. Cumulatively, our results show that the cannabinoid agonist WIN protects against neonatal focal stroke in part due to inhibitory effects on microglia.
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