1
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Matias I, Lehmann EW, Zizzari P, Byberg S, Cota D, Torekov SS, Quarta C. Endocannabinoid-related molecules predict the metabolic efficacy of GLP-1 receptor agonism in humans with obesity. J Endocrinol Invest 2024; 47:1289-1294. [PMID: 37924474 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02228-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) include endocannabinoid (EC) and EC-related molecules that impact the anti-obesity and anti-diabetic efficacy of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) in animal studies. However, the clinical relevance of these findings remains to be determined. Here, we tested whether GLP-1RA treatment affects circulating NAE levels and whether NAEs may predict the efficacy of GLP-1RA treatment in humans with obesity undergoing weight loss maintenance. MATERIALS AND METHODS We profiled plasma levels of NAEs in participants with obesity undergoing weight loss maintenance with (n = 23)/or without (n = 20) treatment with the GLP-1RA liraglutide. NAE levels were measured at three different time points: before the start of the study, at the end of the diet-induced weight loss, and after 52-weeks treatment. Linear regression analyses were used to investigate whether pharmacological responses could be predicted by NAEs levels. RESULTS Liraglutide treatment reduced plasma concentrations of the NAE and oleoyl-ethanolamide (OEA), without altering arachidonoyl-ethanolamide (AEA) levels and palmitoyl-ethanolamide (PEA) levels. High pre-treatment levels of OEA were predictive of superior compound-mediated effects on fasting insulin and triglyceride levels. High pre-treatment PEA and AEA levels were also predictive of superior Liraglutide-mediated effects on triglyceride levels. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggests that specific NAEs such as OEA and AEA are promising biomarkers of GLP-1RA metabolic efficacy in humans with obesity during weight loss maintenance. Plasma profiling of EC-related molecules may be a promising strategy to tailor GLP-1R-based therapies to individual needs in obesity and diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Matias
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - E W Lehmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Zizzari
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - S Byberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D Cota
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - S S Torekov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - C Quarta
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33077, Bordeaux Cedex, France.
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2
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Patil M, Casari I, Warne LN, Falasca M. G protein-coupled receptors driven intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1 reprogramming for obesity: Hope or hype? Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 172:116245. [PMID: 38340396 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
'Globesity' is a foremost challenge to the healthcare system. The limited efficacy and adverse effects of available oral pharmacotherapies pose a significant obstacle in the fight against obesity. The biology of the leading incretin hormone glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) has been highly captivated during the last decade owing to its multisystemic pleiotropic clinical outcomes beyond inherent glucoregulatory action. That fostered a pharmaceutical interest in synthetic GLP-1 analogues to tackle type-2 diabetes (T2D), obesity and related complications. Besides, mechanistic insights on metabolic surgeries allude to an incretin-based hormonal combination strategy for weight loss that emerged as a forerunner for the discovery of injectable 'unimolecular poly-incretin-agonist' therapies. Physiologically, intestinal enteroendocrine L-cells (EECs) are the prominent endogenous source of GLP-1 peptide. Despite comprehending the potential of various G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to stimulate endogenous GLP-1 secretion, decades of translational GPCR research have failed to yield regulatory-approved endogenous GLP-1 secretagogue oral therapy. Lately, a dual/poly-GPCR agonism strategy has emerged as an alternative approach to the traditional mono-GPCR concept. This review aims to gain a comprehensive understanding by revisiting the pharmacology of a few potential GPCR-based complementary avenues that have drawn attention to the design of orally active poly-GPCR agonist therapy. The merits, challenges and recent developments that may aid future poly-GPCR drug discovery are critically discussed. Subsequently, we project the mechanism-based therapeutic potential and limitations of oral poly-GPCR agonism strategy to augment intestinal GLP-1 for weight loss. We further extend our discussion to compare the poly-GPCR agonism approach over invasive surgical and injectable GLP-1-based regimens currently in clinical practice for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Patil
- Metabolic Signalling Group, Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Ilaria Casari
- Metabolic Signalling Group, Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Leon N Warne
- Little Green Pharma, West Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia
| | - Marco Falasca
- University of Parma, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy.
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3
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Mohammad Nezhady MA, Modaresinejad M, Zia A, Chemtob S. Versatile lactate signaling via HCAR1: a multifaceted GPCR involved in many biological processes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C1502-C1515. [PMID: 37899751 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00346.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
G-coupled protein receptors (GPCRs) are the ultimate refuge of pharmacology and medicine as more than 40% of all marketed drugs are directly targeting these receptors. Through cell surface expression, they are at the forefront of cellular communication with the outside world. Metabolites among the conveyors of this communication are becoming more prominent with the recognition of them as ligands for GPCRs. HCAR1 is a GPCR conveyor of lactate. It is a class A GPCR coupled to Gαi which reduces cellular cAMP along with the downstream Gβγ signaling. It was first found to inhibit lipolysis, and lately has been implicated in diverse cellular processes, including neural activities, angiogenesis, inflammation, vision, cardiovascular function, stem cell proliferation, and involved in promoting pathogenesis for different conditions, such as cancer. Other than signaling from the plasma membrane, HCAR1 shows nuclear localization with different location-biased activities therein. Although different functions for HCAR1 are being discovered, its cell and molecular mechanisms are yet ill understood. Here, we provide a comprehensive review on HCAR1, which covers the literature on the subject, and discusses its importance and relevance in various biological phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Mohammad Nezhady
- Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Research Center of Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Monir Modaresinejad
- Research Center of Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aliabbas Zia
- Research Center of Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Research Center of Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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4
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Bansode AH, Damuka N, Bashetti N, Gollapelli KK, Krizan I, Bhoopal B, Miller M, Jv SK, Whitlow CT, McClain D, Ma T, Jorgensen MJ, Solingapuram Sai KK. First GPR119 PET Imaging Ligand: Synthesis, Radiochemistry, and Preliminary Evaluations. J Med Chem 2023; 66:9120-9129. [PMID: 37315328 PMCID: PMC10999001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) has emerged as a promising target for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus. Activating GPR119 improves glucose homeostasis, while suppressing appetite and weight gain. Measuring GPR119 levels in vivo could significantly advance GPR119-based drug development strategies including target engagement, occupancy, and distribution studies. To date, no positron emission tomography (PET) ligands are available to image GPR119. In this paper, we report the synthesis, radiolabeling, and preliminary biological evaluations of a novel PET radiotracer [18F]KSS3 to image GPR119. PET imaging will provide information on GPR119 changes with diabetic glycemic loads and the efficacy of GPR119 agonists as antidiabetic drugs. Our results demonstrate [18F]KSS3's high radiochemical purity, specific activity, cellular uptake, and in vivo and ex vivo uptake in pancreas, liver, and gut regions, with high GPR119 expression. Cell pretreatment with nonradioactive KSS3, rodent PET imaging, biodistribution, and autoradiography studies showed significant blocking in the pancreas showing [18F]KSS3's high specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash H Bansode
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Naresh Damuka
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Nagaraju Bashetti
- Department of Chemistry, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vijayawada, 522302 Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Krishna Kumar Gollapelli
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Ivan Krizan
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Bhuvanachandra Bhoopal
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Mack Miller
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Shanmukha Kumar Jv
- Department of Chemistry, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vijayawada, 522302 Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Christopher T Whitlow
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Donald McClain
- Department of Endocrinology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Matthew J Jorgensen
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
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5
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Seo Y, Tak H, Park D, Song H, Choe S, Park C, Park B. The Neuroprotective Effect of NEUROMIDE, a Compound Bioidentical to Commensal Bacteria Metabolites. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12101529. [PMID: 36294963 PMCID: PMC9605164 DOI: 10.3390/life12101529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR119 is a novel cannabinoid receptor that is primarily expressed in the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract and has beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis exerted through the stimulation of GLP-1 secretion, as demonstrated in the rodent brain. GLP-1 also has important anti-inflammatory effects in chronic inflammatory diseases, including type 1 and 2 diabetes, asthma, psoriasis, and neurodegenerative disorders. Recently, there has been increasing interest in the effect of the gut microbiota on both the gut and the brain. However, few studies have examined how gut microbes affect brain health through the endocannabinoid system. NEUROMIDE is a compound that shares a bioidentical structure with certain commensal bacterial metabolites, acting as a CB1 and GPR119 agonist. In an in vitro system exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS), pretreatment with NEUROMIDE resulted in a significant increase in cell viability. The ROS-exposed system also showed decreased acetylcholine and an increase in inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, changes that were counteracted in a dose-dependent manner in the NEUROMIDE treatment groups. To measure the effectiveness of NEUROMIDE in an in vivo system, we used scopolamine-treated mice as a neurodegenerative disease model and performed a series of passive avoidance tests to observe and quantify the cognitive impairment of the mice. Mice in the NEUROMIDE treatment group had increased latency time, thus indicating an improvement in their cognitive function. Furthermore, the NEUROMIDE treatment groups showed dose-dependent increases in acetylcholine along with decreases in TNF-α and IL-1β. These experiments demonstrate that NEUROMIDE can potentially be used for neuroprotection and the improvement of cognitive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonhee Seo
- Efficacy Evaluation Center, Dt & CRO, Yongin 17042, Korea
| | - Hyunji Tak
- Efficacy Evaluation Center, Dt & CRO, Yongin 17042, Korea
| | - Dohee Park
- Efficacy Evaluation Center, Dt & CRO, Yongin 17042, Korea
| | - Hyejin Song
- Efficacy Evaluation Center, Dt & CRO, Yongin 17042, Korea
| | - Sooyoung Choe
- Efficacy Evaluation Center, Dt & CRO, Yongin 17042, Korea
| | - Chaehyeong Park
- Pomona College, 333 N College Way, Claremont, CA 91711, USA or
| | - Byeongdeog Park
- Dr. Raymond Lab Inc., #301 GwanPyung 2 RO, 7-7, Daejeon 34019, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-10-8449-0229
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6
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Xie F, Shen J, Liu T, Zhou M, Johnston LJ, Zhao J, Zhang H, Ma X. Sensation of dietary nutrients by gut taste receptors and its mechanisms. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:5594-5607. [PMID: 34978220 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2021388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nutrients sensing is crucial for fundamental metabolism and physiological functions, and it is also an essential component for maintaining body homeostasis. Traditionally, basic taste receptors exist in oral cavity to sense sour, sweet, bitter, umami, salty and et al. Recent studies indicate that gut can sense the composition of nutrients by activating relevant taste receptors, thereby exerting specific direct or indirect effects. Gut taste receptors, also named as intestinal nutrition receptors, including at least bitter, sweet and umami receptors, have been considered to be activated by certain nutrients and participate in important intestinal physiological activities such as eating behavior, intestinal motility, nutrient absorption and metabolism. Additionally, gut taste receptors can regulate appetite and body weight, as well as maintain homeostasis via targeting hormone secretion or regulating the gut microbiota. On the other hand, malfunction of gut taste receptors may lead to digestive disorders, and then result in obesity, type 2 diabetes and gastrointestinal diseases. At present, researchers have confirmed that the brain-gut axis may play indispensable roles in these diseases via the secretion of brain-gut peptides, but the mechanism is still not clear. In this review, we summarize the current observation of knowledge in gut taste systems in order to shed light on revealing their important nutritional functions and promoting clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiakun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lee J Johnston
- West Central Research & Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jingwen Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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7
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Kim MK, Cheong YH, Lee SH, Kim TH, Jung IH, Chae Y, Lee JH, Yang EK, Park H, Yang JS, Hong KW. A novel GPR119 agonist DA-1241 preserves pancreatic function via the suppression of ER stress and increased PDX1 expression. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112324. [PMID: 34678732 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DA-1241 is a novel small molecule G protein-coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) agonist in early clinical development for type 2 diabetic patients. This study aimed to elucidate the pharmacological characteristics of DA-1241 for its hypoglycemic action. DA-1241 potently and selectively activated GPR119 with enhanced maximum efficacy. DA-1241 increased intracellular cAMP in HIT-T15 insulinoma cells (EC50, 14.7 nM) and increased insulin secretion (EC50, 22.3 nM) in association with enhanced human insulin promoter activity. Accordingly, postprandial plasma insulin levels were increased in mice after single oral administration of DA-1241. Postprandial glucose excursion was significantly reduced by single oral administration of DA-1241 in wild-type mice but not in GPR119 knockout mice. GLP-1 secretion was increased by DA-1241 treatment in mice. Thus, upon combined sitagliptin and DA-1241 treatment in high-fat diet/streptozotocin (HFD/STZ)-induced diabetic mice, plasma active GLP-1 levels were synergistically increased. Accordingly, blood glucose and triglyceride levels were significantly lowered both by DA-1241 and sitagliptin alone and in combination. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that β-cell mass with reduced PDX1 levels in the islets from HFD/STZ diabetic mice was significantly preserved by DA-1241, whereas increased glucagon and BiP levels were significantly suppressed. In HIT-T15 insulinoma cells subjected to ER stress, decreased cell viability was significantly rescued by treatment with DA-1241. Additionally, increased apoptosis was largely attenuated by DA-1241 by inhibiting BiP and CHOP expression through suppression of p38 MAPK. In conclusion, these studies provide evidence that DA-1241 can be a promising antidiabetic drug by potentially preserving pancreatic functions through suppressing ER stress and increasing PDX1 expression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cricetinae
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diet, High-Fat
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/drug effects
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
- Insulin/blood
- Male
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Mice, Knockout
- Oxadiazoles/pharmacology
- Oxadiazoles/therapeutic use
- Pancreas/drug effects
- Pancreas/metabolism
- Pancreas/pathology
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Piperidines/therapeutic use
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Streptozocin
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Triglycerides/blood
- Up-Regulation
- Mice
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyung Kim
- Drug Discovery Research Laboratories, Dong-A ST Co., Ltd., Yongin 17073, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ye Hwang Cheong
- Drug Discovery Research Laboratories, Dong-A ST Co., Ltd., Yongin 17073, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ho Lee
- Drug Discovery Research Laboratories, Dong-A ST Co., Ltd., Yongin 17073, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyoung Kim
- Drug Discovery Research Laboratories, Dong-A ST Co., Ltd., Yongin 17073, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Hoon Jung
- Drug Discovery Research Laboratories, Dong-A ST Co., Ltd., Yongin 17073, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuna Chae
- Drug Discovery Research Laboratories, Dong-A ST Co., Ltd., Yongin 17073, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ha Lee
- Drug Discovery Research Laboratories, Dong-A ST Co., Ltd., Yongin 17073, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyoung Yang
- Drug Discovery Research Laboratories, Dong-A ST Co., Ltd., Yongin 17073, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansu Park
- Drug Discovery Research Laboratories, Dong-A ST Co., Ltd., Yongin 17073, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Yang
- Drug Discovery Research Laboratories, Dong-A ST Co., Ltd., Yongin 17073, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Whan Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 46241, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
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8
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Gupta A, Behl T, Sehgal A, Bhardwaj S, Singh S, Sharma N, Hafeez A. Exploring the recent molecular targets for diabetes and associated complications. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:2863-2879. [PMID: 33763776 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is likely one of the centenarian diseases which is apprehended with certainty to humans. According to established protocols of the World Health Organisation (WHO) and numerous investigated studies diabetes is analyzed as a stellar and leading health issue worldwide. Although, the implicit costs of this pathology are increasing every year, thus, there is a need to find a novel method which can provide promising results in the management of diabetes and can overcome the side effects associated with the conventional medication. Comprehensive review of this topic was undertaken through various research and review papers which were conducted using MEDLINE, BIOSIS and EMBASE database. Using various keywords, we retrieve the most relevant content for the thorough review on recent targets and novel molecular pathways for targeting diabetes and associated complications. From the detailed analysis, we have highlighted some molecular pathways and novel targets which had shown promising results in both in-vitro and in-vivo studies and may be considered as pipeline target for clinical trials. Furthermore, these targets not only abetted amelioration of diabetes but also helped in mitigation of diabetes associated complications as well. Thus, based on the available information and literature on these potential molecules, conclusive evidence can be drawn which confirms targeting these novel pathways may unleash an array of benefits that have the potential to overpower the benefits obtained from conventional therapy in the management of diabetes thereby decreasing morbidity and mortality associated with diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Gupta
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India.
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Shaveta Bhardwaj
- GHG Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Gurusar Sadhar, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Abdul Hafeez
- Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University, Mirzapur Pole, Uttar Pradesh, India
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9
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Oliveira de Souza C, Sun X, Oh D. Metabolic Functions of G Protein-Coupled Receptors and β-Arrestin-Mediated Signaling Pathways in the Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:715877. [PMID: 34497585 PMCID: PMC8419444 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.715877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven transmembrane receptors (7TMRs), often termed G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), are the most common target of therapeutic drugs used today. Many studies suggest that distinct members of the GPCR superfamily represent potential targets for the treatment of various metabolic disorders including obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). GPCRs typically activate different classes of heterotrimeric G proteins, which can be subgrouped into four major functional types: Gαs, Gαi, Gαq/11, and G12/13, in response to agonist binding. Accumulating evidence suggests that GPCRs can also initiate β-arrestin-dependent, G protein-independent signaling. Thus, the physiological outcome of activating a certain GPCR in a particular tissue may also be modulated by β-arrestin-dependent, but G protein-independent signaling pathways. In this review, we will focus on the role of G protein- and β-arrestin-dependent signaling pathways in the development of obesity and T2D-related metabolic disorders.
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10
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Marty VN, Farokhnia M, Munier JJ, Mulpuri Y, Leggio L, Spigelman I. Long-Acting Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists Suppress Voluntary Alcohol Intake in Male Wistar Rats. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:599646. [PMID: 33424537 PMCID: PMC7785877 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.599646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic relapsing condition characterized by compulsive alcohol-seeking behaviors, with serious detrimental health consequences. Despite high prevalence and societal burden, available approved medications to treat AUD are limited in number and efficacy, highlighting a critical need for more and novel pharmacotherapies. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a gut hormone and neuropeptide involved in the regulation of food intake and glucose metabolism via GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1Rs). GLP-1 analogs are approved for clinical use for diabetes and obesity. Recently, the GLP-1 system has been shown to play a role in the neurobiology of addictive behaviors, including alcohol seeking and consumption. Here we investigated the effects of different pharmacological manipulations of the GLP-1 system on escalated alcohol intake and preference in male Wistar rats exposed to intermittent access 2-bottle choice of 10% ethanol or water. Administration of AR231453 and APD668, two different agonists of G-protein receptor 119, whose activation increases GLP-1 release from intestinal L-cells, did not affect voluntary ethanol intake. By contrast, injections of either liraglutide or semaglutide, two long-acting GLP-1 analogs, potently decreased ethanol intake. These effects, however, were transient, lasting no longer than 48 h. Semaglutide, but not liraglutide, also reduced ethanol preference on the day of injection. As expected, both analogs induced a reduction in body weight. Co-administration of exendin 9-39, a GLP-1R antagonist, did not prevent liraglutide- or semaglutide-induced effects in this study. Injection of exendin 9-39 alone, or blockade of dipeptidyl peptidase-4, an enzyme responsible for GLP-1 degradation, via injection of sitagliptin, did not affect ethanol intake or preference. Our findings suggest that among medications targeting the GLP-1 system, GLP-1 analogs may represent novel and promising pharmacological tools for AUD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent N Marty
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Section of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mehdi Farokhnia
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Center on Compulsive Behaviors, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Joseph J Munier
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Section of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yatendra Mulpuri
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Section of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Center on Compulsive Behaviors, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Division of Addiction Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Igor Spigelman
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Section of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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11
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Tagliamonte S, Gill CIR, Pourshahidi LK, Slevin MM, Price RK, Ferracane R, Lawther R, O'Connor G, Vitaglione P. Endocannabinoids, endocannabinoid-like molecules and their precursors in human small intestinal lumen and plasma: does diet affect them? Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:2203-2215. [PMID: 33104865 PMCID: PMC8137602 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the small intestinal concentration of endocannabinoids (ECs), N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) and their precursors N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs) in humans. To identify relationships between those concentrations and habitual diet composition as well as individual inflammatory status. METHODS An observational study was performed involving 35 participants with an ileostomy (18W/17M, aged 18-70 years, BMI 17-40 kg/m2). Overnight fasting samples of ileal fluid and plasma were collected and ECs, NAEs and NAPEs concentrations were determined by LC-HRMS. Dietary data were estimated from self-reported 4-day food diaries. RESULTS Regarding ECs, N-arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA) was not detected in ileal fluids while 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) was identified in samples from two participants with a maximum concentration of 129.3 µg/mL. In contrast, mean plasma concentration of AEA was 2.1 ± 0.06 ng/mL and 2-AG was 4.9 ± 1.05 ng/mL. NAEs concentrations were in the range 0.72-17.6 µg/mL in ileal fluids and 0.014-0.039 µg/mL in plasma. NAPEs concentrations were in the range 0.3-71.5 µg/mL in ileal fluids and 0.19-1.24 µg/mL in plasma being more abundant in participants with obesity than normal weight and overweight. Significant correlations between the concentrations of AEA, OEA and LEA in biological fluids with habitual energy or fat intakes were identified. Plasma PEA positively correlated with serum C-reactive protein. CONCLUSION We quantified ECs, NAEs and NAPEs in the intestinal lumen. Fat and energy intake may influence plasma and intestinal concentrations of these compounds. The luminal concentrations reported would allow modulation of the homeostatic control of food intake via activation of GPR119 receptors located on the gastro-intestinal mucosa. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER AND WEBSITE NCT04143139; www.clinicaltrials.gov .
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Tagliamonte
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Chris I R Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - L Kirsty Pourshahidi
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Mary M Slevin
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Ruth K Price
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Rosalia Ferracane
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Roger Lawther
- Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Western Health and Social Care Trust, Glenshane Road, Londonderry, UK
| | - Gloria O'Connor
- Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Western Health and Social Care Trust, Glenshane Road, Londonderry, UK
| | - Paola Vitaglione
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy.
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12
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Castonguay-Paradis S, Lacroix S, Rochefort G, Parent L, Perron J, Martin C, Lamarche B, Raymond F, Flamand N, Di Marzo V, Veilleux A. Dietary fatty acid intake and gut microbiota determine circulating endocannabinoidome signaling beyond the effect of body fat. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15975. [PMID: 32994521 PMCID: PMC7524791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72861-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoidome encompasses several fatty acid (FA)-derived mediators, including the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG), which served as targets for anti-obesity drug development, and their congener N-acyl-ethanolamines (NAEs) and 2-monoacyl-glycerols (2‑MAGs), which are involved in food intake and energy metabolism. Body weight and fat distribution have been suggested as determinants of peripheral endocannabinoid levels. We aimed at investigating factors, beyond body fat composition, that are associated with circulating NAE and 2-MAG levels in a heterogeneous human population. Plasma NAEs and 2-MAGs were measured using LC–MS/MS in a cross-sectional sample of healthy men and women (n = 195) covering a wide range of BMI and individuals before and after a 2-day Mediterranean diet (n = 21). Circulating levels of all 2-MAGs and NAEs, other than N-oleoyl-ethanolamine (OEA), correlated with body fat mass and visceral adipose tissue (0.26 < r < 0.54). NAE levels were elevated in individuals with elevated fat mass, while 2-MAGs were increased in individuals with predominantly visceral body fat distribution. Dietary intakes of specific FAs were associated with 2-AG and omega-3-FA-derived NAEs or 2-MAGs, irrespective of the body fat distribution. Some gut bacterial families (e.g. Veillonellaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae and Akkermansiaceae) were associated with variations in most NAEs or omega-3-FA-derived 2‑MAGs, independently of fat mass and dietary FA intake. Finally, a 2-day Mediterranean diet intervention increased circulating levels of NAEs and 2-MAGs in agreement with changes in FA intake (p < 0.01). Self-reported intake and short-term dietary intervention increased in oleic acid and EPA and DHA intake as well as certain gut microbiota taxa are associated to circulating NAEs and 2‑MAGs independently of adiposity measures, thus highlighting the potential importance of these variables in determining endocannabinoidome signaling in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Castonguay-Paradis
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, 2440, boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,École de nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Lacroix
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, 2440, boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Rochefort
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, 2440, boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,École de nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Lydiane Parent
- École de nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Perron
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, 2440, boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Cyril Martin
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Benoît Lamarche
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, 2440, boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,École de nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Raymond
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, 2440, boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,École de nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, 2440, boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,École de nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Joint International Unit on Chemical and Biomolecular Research on the Microbiome and Its Impact on Metabolic Health and Nutrition (UMI-MicroMeNu), Pozzuoli, Italy.,Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Alain Veilleux
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, 2440, boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada. .,École de nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada. .,Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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13
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Lama A, Provensi G, Amoriello R, Pirozzi C, Rani B, Mollica MP, Raso GM, Ballerini C, Meli R, Passani MB. The anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory effects of OEA limit DSS-induced colitis in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110368. [PMID: 32559625 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid ethanolamides acting on proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α are among the endogenous lipid molecules that attenuate inflammatory processes and pain sensitivity. Whereas these properties are well-known for palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), the efficacy of oleoylethanolamide (OEA, first described as a satiety hormone synthesized in the jejunum) has been overlooked. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of OEA administration in a mouse model of colitis. C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 2.5% dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) in drinking water for 5 days. Daily i.p. administration of 10 mg/kg OEA started 3 days before DSS and lasted for 12 days. The DSS-untreated control group received only ultrapure water. DSS mice treated with OEA had a significant improvement of disease score. OEA restored mRNA transcription of PPAR-α, of tight junctions and protective factors of colon integrity disrupted by DSS. The improvement correlated with significant decrease of colonic and systemic levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to the DSS group. OEA antiinflammatory effects were mediated by the selective targeting of the TLR4 axis causing a downstream inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)- MyD88-dependent and NLRP3 inflammation pathways. OEA treatment also inhibited DSS-induced increase of inflammatory cytokines levels in the mesenteric lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: These results underscore the validity of OEA as a potent protective and anti-inflammatory agent in ulcerative colitis that may be exploited to broaden the pharmacological strategies against inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Lama
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli (I), Italy
| | - Gustavo Provensi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Universitá di Firenze (I), Italy
| | - Roberta Amoriello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università di Firenze (I), Italy
| | - Claudio Pirozzi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli (I), Italy
| | - Barbara Rani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università di Firenze (I), Italy
| | - Maria Pina Mollica
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli (I), Italy
| | | | - Clara Ballerini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università di Firenze (I), Italy
| | - Rosaria Meli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli (I), Italy.
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14
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Sharma D, Kumar Tekade R, Kalia K. Kaempferol in ameliorating diabetes-induced fibrosis and renal damage: An in vitro and in vivo study in diabetic nephropathy mice model. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 76:153235. [PMID: 32563017 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kaempferol is a natural polyflavonol that has gained considerable attention as antidiabetic therapeutics. Recent reports emphasize the role of hyperglycemia and RhoA/Rho Kinase activity in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). This study aims to evaluate the GLP-1 and insulin release along with RhoA/Rho Kinase inhibition pertaining to the anti-fibrotic and reno-protective effects of Kaempferol in DN. METHODS The effect of Kaempferol on GLP-1 and insulin release along with underlying mechanisms (Ca2+ and cAMP levels) in GLUTag and MIN6 cells as well as in their co-culture has been evaluated. Further, the effect of Kaempferol on GLP-1 and insulin release was evaluated under in-vivo circumstances in the DN C57BL/6 mouse model. Histology and fibrosis specific staining was performed to study the renal injuries and fibrosis, while the expression of mRNA and protein of interest was evaluated by RT-PCR and western blot analysis. RESULTS Kaempferol treatment promoted the GLP-1 and insulin release, which was accompanied by increased intracellular levels of cAMP and Ca2+ in GLUTag and MIN6 cells. In agreement with in vitro studies, Kaempferol also increased the release of GLP-1 and insulin in the DN mouse model. Notably, Kaempferol showed the potential to ameliorate the histological changes as well as renal fibrosis while decreasing the expression levels of DN markers including TGF-β1, CTGF, fibronectin, collagen IV, IL-1β, RhoA, ROCK2, and p-MYPT1 in DN kidney tissues. A rise in the expression of E-cadherin and nephrin was also noted in the same study. CONCLUSION This study establishes that Kaempferol ameliorates renal injury and fibrosis by enhancing the release of GLP-1, insulin, and inhibition of RhoA/Rho Kinase. This study recommends Kaempferol for further clinical trials to be developed as novel therapeutics for improving the renal function in DN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tekade
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India.
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15
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Manca C, Boubertakh B, Leblanc N, Deschênes T, Lacroix S, Martin C, Houde A, Veilleux A, Flamand N, Muccioli GG, Raymond F, Cani PD, Di Marzo V, Silvestri C. Germ-free mice exhibit profound gut microbiota-dependent alterations of intestinal endocannabinoidome signaling. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:70-85. [PMID: 31690638 PMCID: PMC6939599 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra119000424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a unique ecosystem of microorganisms interacting with the host through several biochemical mechanisms. The endocannabinoidome (eCBome), a complex signaling system including the endocannabinoid system, approximately 50 receptors and metabolic enzymes, and more than 20 lipid mediators with important physiopathologic functions, modulates gastrointestinal tract function and may mediate host cell-microbe communications there. Germ-free (GF) mice, which lack an intestinal microbiome and so differ drastically from conventionally raised (CR) mice, offer a unique opportunity to explore the eCBome in a microbe-free model and in the presence of a reintroduced functional gut microbiome through fecal microbiota transplant (FMT). We aimed to gain direct evidence for a link between the microbiome and eCBome systems by investigating eCBome alterations in the gut in GF mice before and after FMT. Basal eCBome gene expression and lipid profiles were measured in various segments of the intestine of GF and CR mice at juvenile and adult ages using targeted quantitative PCR transcriptomics and LC-MS/MS lipidomics. GF mice exhibited age-dependent modifications in intestinal eCBome gene expression and lipid mediator levels. FMT from CR donor mice to age-matched GF male mice reversed several of these alterations, particularly in the ileum and jejunum, after only 1 week, demonstrating that the gut microbiome directly impacts the host eCBome and providing a cause-effect relationship between the presence or absence of intestinal microbes and eCBome signaling. These results open the way to new studies investigating the mechanisms through which intestinal microorganisms exploit eCBome signaling to exert some of their physiopathologic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Manca
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Québec, Canada; Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Canada Excellence Research Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Québec, Canada
| | - Besma Boubertakh
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Québec, Canada; Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Canada Excellence Research Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Québec, Canada
| | - Nadine Leblanc
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Québec, Canada; Canada Excellence Research Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Québec, Canada; Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Québec, Canada
| | - Thomas Deschênes
- Canada Excellence Research Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Québec, Canada; Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Québec, Canada; École de Nutrition, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Sebastien Lacroix
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Québec, Canada; Canada Excellence Research Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Québec, Canada; Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Québec, Canada
| | - Cyril Martin
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Québec, Canada; Canada Excellence Research Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Québec, Canada
| | - Alain Houde
- Canada Excellence Research Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Québec, Canada; Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Québec, Canada
| | - Alain Veilleux
- Canada Excellence Research Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Québec, Canada; Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Québec, Canada; École de Nutrition, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Québec, Canada; Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Canada Excellence Research Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Québec, Canada
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, UCLouvain (Université Catholique de Louvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Raymond
- Canada Excellence Research Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Québec, Canada; Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Québec, Canada; École de Nutrition, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, UCLouvain (Université Catholique de Louvain), Brussels, Belgium; Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, UCLouvain (Université Catholique de Louvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Québec, Canada; Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Canada Excellence Research Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Québec, Canada; Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Québec, Canada; École de Nutrition, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Québec, Canada; Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Canada Excellence Research Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Québec, Canada.
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16
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Zuo Z, Chen M, Shao X, Qian X, Liu X, Zhou X, Xiang J, Deng P, Li Y, Jie H, Liu C, Cen X, Xie Y, Zhao Y. Design and biological evaluation of tetrahydropyridine derivatives as novel human GPR119 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 30:126855. [PMID: 31898998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel tetrahydropyridine derivatives were prepared and evaluated using cell-based measurements. Systematic optimization of general structure G-1 led to the identification of compound 35 (EC50 = 4.9 nM) and 37 (EC50 = 8.8 nM) with high GPR119 agonism activity and moderate clog P. Through single and long-term pharmacodynamic experiments, we found that compound35 showed a hypoglycemic effect and may have an effect on improving basal metabolic rate in DIO mice. Both in vitro and in vivo tests indicated that compound 35 was a potential potent GPR119 agonist in allusion to T2DM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeping Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Miaomiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoni Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinying Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaocong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiawei Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Pengchi Deng
- Analytical &Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hui Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chunqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Lab of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yongmei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China.
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17
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Martin AM, Sun EW, Keating DJ. Mechanisms controlling hormone secretion in human gut and its relevance to metabolism. J Endocrinol 2019; 244:R1-R15. [PMID: 31751295 PMCID: PMC6892457 DOI: 10.1530/joe-19-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The homoeostatic regulation of metabolism is highly complex and involves multiple inputs from both the nervous and endocrine systems. The gut is the largest endocrine organ in our body and synthesises and secretes over 20 different hormones from enteroendocrine cells that are dispersed throughout the gut epithelium. These hormones include GLP-1, PYY, GIP, serotonin, and CCK, each of whom play pivotal roles in maintaining energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Some are now the basis of several clinically used glucose-lowering and weight loss therapies. The environment in which these enteroendocrine cells exist is also complex, as they are exposed to numerous physiological inputs including ingested nutrients, circulating factors and metabolites produced from neighbouring gut microbiome. In this review, we examine the diverse means by which gut-derived hormones carry out their metabolic functions through their interactions with different metabolically important organs including the liver, pancreas, adipose tissue and brain. Furthermore, we discuss how nutrients and microbial metabolites affect gut hormone secretion and the mechanisms underlying these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyce M Martin
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Emily W Sun
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Damien J Keating
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Correspondence should be addressed to D J Keating:
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18
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Nieto A, Fernández-Vega V, Spicer TP, Sturchler E, Adhikari P, Kennedy N, Mandat S, Chase P, Scampavia L, Bannister T, Hodder P, McDonald PH. Identification of Novel, Structurally Diverse, Small Molecule Modulators of GPR119. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2019; 16:278-288. [PMID: 30019946 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2018.849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR119 drug discovery efforts in the pharmaceutical industry for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity, were initiated based on its restricted distribution in pancreas and GI tract, and its possible role in glucose homeostasis. While a number of lead series have emerged, the pharmacological endpoints they provide have not been clear. In particular, many lead series have demonstrated loss of efficacy and significant toxic side effects. Thus, we sought to identify novel, potent, positive modulators of GPR119. In this study, we have successfully developed and optimized a high-throughput screening strategy to identify GPR119 modulators using a live cell assay format that utilizes a cyclic nucleotide-gated channel as a biosensor for cAMP production. Our high-throughput screening (HTS) approach is unique to that of previous HTS approaches targeting this receptor, as changes in cAMP were measured both in the presence and absence of an EC10 of the endogenous ligand, oleoylethanolamide, enabling detection of both agonists and potential allosteric modulators in a single assay. From these efforts, we have identified positive modulators of GPR119 with similar as well as unique scaffolds compared to existing compounds and similar as well as unique signaling properties. Our compounds will not only serve as novel molecular probes to better understand GPR119 pleiotropic signaling and the underlying physiological consequences of receptor activation, but are also well-suited for translation as potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Nieto
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, Florida
| | | | - Timothy P Spicer
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, Florida
| | - Emmanuel Sturchler
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, Florida
| | - Pramisha Adhikari
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, Florida
| | - Nicole Kennedy
- 2 Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, Florida
| | - Sean Mandat
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, Florida
| | - Peter Chase
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, Florida
| | - Louis Scampavia
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, Florida
| | - Thomas Bannister
- 2 Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, Florida
| | - Peter Hodder
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, Florida
| | - Patricia H McDonald
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, Florida
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19
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Kimura I, Ichimura A, Ohue-Kitano R, Igarashi M. Free Fatty Acid Receptors in Health and Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 100:171-210. [PMID: 31487233 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids are metabolized and synthesized as energy substrates during biological responses. Long- and medium-chain fatty acids derived mainly from dietary triglycerides, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut microbial fermentation of the otherwise indigestible dietary fiber, constitute the major sources of free fatty acids (FFAs) in the metabolic network. Recently, increasing evidence indicates that FFAs serve not only as energy sources but also as natural ligands for a group of orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) termed free fatty acid receptors (FFARs), essentially intertwining metabolism and immunity in multiple ways, such as via inflammation regulation and secretion of peptide hormones. To date, several FFARs that are activated by the FFAs of various chain lengths have been identified and characterized. In particular, FFAR1 (GPR40) and FFAR4 (GPR120) are activated by long-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, while FFAR3 (GPR41) and FFAR2 (GPR43) are activated by SCFAs, mainly acetate, butyrate, and propionate. In this review, we discuss the recent reports on the key physiological functions of the FFAR-mediated signaling transduction pathways in the regulation of metabolism and immune responses. We also attempt to reveal future research opportunities for developing therapeutics for metabolic and immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Kimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Ichimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ohue-Kitano
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miki Igarashi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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20
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Members of the endocannabinoid system are distinctly regulated in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2358. [PMID: 30787385 PMCID: PMC6382821 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38865-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies have demonstrated that the endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays an important role in the protection against intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer (CRC); however, human data are scarce. We determined members of the ECS and related components of the ‘endocannabinoidome’ in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and CRC, and compared them to control subjects. Anandamide (AEA) and oleoylethanolamide (OEA) were increased in plasma of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) patients while 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) was elevated in patients with CD, but not UC. 2-AG, but not AEA, PEA and OEA, was elevated in CRC patients. Lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) 18:0 showed higher levels in patients with IBD than in control subjects whereas LPI 20:4 was elevated in both CRC and IBD. Gene expression in intestinal mucosal biopsies revealed different profiles in CD and UC. CD, but not UC patients, showed increased gene expression for the 2-AG synthesizing enzyme diacylglycerol lipase alpha. Transcripts of CNR1 and GPR119 were predominantly decreased in CD. Our data show altered plasma levels of endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like lipids in IBD and CRC and distinct transcript profiles in UC and CD. We also report alterations for less known components in intestinal inflammation, such as GPR119, OEA and LPI.
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21
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Song TH, Lee SD, Ha YE, Choi KJ, Lee SH, Kim YH, Suh KH, Chun YJ. WITHDRAWN: HM47118A, a novel insulinotropic GPR119 agonist and potential oral antidiabetic agent. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2019:S0168-8227(18)31385-8. [PMID: 30641165 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hun Song
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd., 550 Dongtangiheung-ro, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18469, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Don Lee
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd., 550 Dongtangiheung-ro, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18469, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Eun Ha
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd., 550 Dongtangiheung-ro, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18469, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Jin Choi
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd., 550 Dongtangiheung-ro, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18469, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Lee
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd., 550 Dongtangiheung-ro, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18469, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Kim
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd., 550 Dongtangiheung-ro, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18469, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwee Hyun Suh
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd., 550 Dongtangiheung-ro, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18469, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Chun
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
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22
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The role of fatty acids and their endocannabinoid-like derivatives in the molecular regulation of appetite. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 64:45-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Impaired Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Ligand Production by the Gut Microbiota Is a Key Factor in Metabolic Syndrome. Cell Metab 2018; 28:737-749.e4. [PMID: 30057068 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The extent to which microbiota alterations define or influence the outcome of metabolic diseases is still unclear, but the byproducts of microbiota metabolism are known to have an important role in mediating the host-microbiota interaction. Here, we identify that in both pre-clinical and clinical settings, metabolic syndrome is associated with the reduced capacity of the microbiota to metabolize tryptophan into derivatives that are able to activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. This alteration is not merely an effect of the disease as supplementation with AhR agonist or a Lactobacillus strain, with a high AhR ligand-production capacity, leads to improvement of both dietary- and genetic-induced metabolic impairments, particularly glucose dysmetabolism and liver steatosis, through improvement of intestinal barrier function and secretion of the incretin hormone GLP-1. These results highlight the role of gut microbiota-derived metabolites as a biomarker and as a basis for novel preventative or therapeutic interventions for metabolic disorders.
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24
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Matsumoto K, Yoshitomi T, Ishimoto Y, Tanaka N, Takahashi K, Watanabe A, Chiba K. DS-8500a, an Orally Available G Protein-Coupled Receptor 119 Agonist, Upregulates Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Enhances Glucose-Dependent Insulin Secretion and Improves Glucose Homeostasis in Type 2 Diabetic Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 367:509-517. [PMID: 30217957 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.250019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) has been shown to be highly expressed in small intestinal L-cells and pancreatic β-cells and mediates intracellular cAMP concentration, glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) secretion, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). This study examined the pharmacological effects of 4-(5-{(1R)-1-[4-(cyclopropylcarbonyl) phenoxy]propyl}-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-2-fluoro-N-[(2R)-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]benzamide (DS-8500a), a novel, orally available, selective GPR119 agonist. In in vitro studies, DS-8500a increased intracellular cAMP in a concentration-dependent manner in human, rat, and mouse GPR119-expressing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells, with EC50 values of 51.5, 98.4, and 108.1 nmol/l, respectively. DS-8500a had no effect on intracellular cAMP in pcDNA3.1/CHO-K1 cells. In in vivo studies, DS-8500a augmented plasma GLP-1 concentration in Zucker fatty (ZF) rats, and enhanced GSIS and did not change plasma glucose concentration in fasted Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. A single dose of DS-8500a showed dose-dependent glucose-lowering effects at oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in ZF rats. In a repeat-dosing study, DS-8500a had statistically significant glucose-lowering effects at OGTT performed at the 1st day and after 2 weeks of treatment in neonatal streptozotocin-treated (nSTZ) rats, and the efficacy levels of DS-8500a in each test were greater than those of GSK1292263 or MBX-2982, which had been clinically tested previously as GPR119 agonists. Through pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics assessment, the high intrinsic activity of DS-8500a was suggested to be one of the reasons for the greater glucose lowering effect in the nSTZ rats. DS-8500a is a useful compound among GPR119 agonists that can maximize the potential benefit of GPR119 in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Matsumoto
- End-Organ Disease Laboratories (K.M., T.Y., Y.I., N.T., K.T.), Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (A.W.), and Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories (K.C.), Daiichi Sankyo Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomi Yoshitomi
- End-Organ Disease Laboratories (K.M., T.Y., Y.I., N.T., K.T.), Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (A.W.), and Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories (K.C.), Daiichi Sankyo Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Ishimoto
- End-Organ Disease Laboratories (K.M., T.Y., Y.I., N.T., K.T.), Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (A.W.), and Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories (K.C.), Daiichi Sankyo Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naomi Tanaka
- End-Organ Disease Laboratories (K.M., T.Y., Y.I., N.T., K.T.), Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (A.W.), and Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories (K.C.), Daiichi Sankyo Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanako Takahashi
- End-Organ Disease Laboratories (K.M., T.Y., Y.I., N.T., K.T.), Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (A.W.), and Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories (K.C.), Daiichi Sankyo Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Watanabe
- End-Organ Disease Laboratories (K.M., T.Y., Y.I., N.T., K.T.), Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (A.W.), and Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories (K.C.), Daiichi Sankyo Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Chiba
- End-Organ Disease Laboratories (K.M., T.Y., Y.I., N.T., K.T.), Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (A.W.), and Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories (K.C.), Daiichi Sankyo Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Arifin SA, Paternoster S, Carlessi R, Casari I, Ekberg JH, Maffucci T, Newsholme P, Rosenkilde MM, Falasca M. Oleoyl-lysophosphatidylinositol enhances glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion from enteroendocrine L-cells through GPR119. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:1132-1141. [PMID: 29883799 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is increasingly viewed as critical in controlling glucose metabolism, because of its role in secreting multiple glucoregulatory hormones, such as glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Here we investigate the molecular pathways behind the GLP-1- and insulin-secreting capabilities of a novel GPR119 agonist, Oleoyl-lysophosphatidylinositol (Oleoyl-LPI). Oleoyl-LPI is the only LPI species able to potently stimulate the release of GLP-1 in vitro, from murine and human L-cells, and ex-vivo from murine colonic primary cell preparations. Here we show that Oleoyl-LPI mediates GLP-1 secretion through GPR119 as this activity is ablated in cells lacking GPR119 and in colonic primary cell preparation from GPR119-/- mice. Similarly, Oleoyl-LPI-mediated insulin secretion is impaired in islets isolated from GPR119-/- mice. On the other hand, GLP-1 secretion is not impaired in cells lacking GPR55 in vitro or in colonic primary cell preparation from GPR55-/- mice. We therefore conclude that GPR119 is the Oleoyl-LPI receptor, upstream of ERK1/2 and cAMP/PKA/CREB pathways, where primarily ERK1/2 is required for GLP-1 secretion, while CREB activation appears dispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syamsul A Arifin
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, E1 2AT London, United Kingdom; Department of Basic Medical Science for Nursing, Kulliyyah of Nursing, IIUM, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Silvano Paternoster
- Metabolic Signalling Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Carlessi
- Cell and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Ilaria Casari
- Metabolic Signalling Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Jeppe Hvidtfeldt Ekberg
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department for Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tania Maffucci
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, E1 2AT London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Newsholme
- Cell and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department for Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marco Falasca
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, E1 2AT London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Signalling Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia.
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26
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Ang SY, Evans BA, Poole DP, Bron R, DiCello JJ, Bathgate RAD, Kocan M, Hutchinson DS, Summers RJ. INSL5 activates multiple signalling pathways and regulates GLP-1 secretion in NCI-H716 cells. J Mol Endocrinol 2018. [PMID: 29535183 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like peptide 5 (INSL5) is a newly discovered gut hormone expressed in colonic enteroendocrine L-cells but little is known about its biological function. Here, we show using RT-qPCR and in situ hybridisation that Insl5 mRNA is highly expressed in the mouse colonic mucosa, colocalised with proglucagon immunoreactivity. In comparison, mRNA for RXFP4 (the cognate receptor for INSL5) is expressed in various mouse tissues, including the intestinal tract. We show that the human enteroendocrine L-cell model NCI-H716 cell line, and goblet-like colorectal cell lines SW1463 and LS513 endogenously express RXFP4. Stimulation of NCI-H716 cells with INSL5 produced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204), AKT (Thr308 and Ser473) and S6RP (Ser235/236) and inhibited cAMP production but did not stimulate Ca2+ release. Acute INSL5 treatment had no effect on GLP-1 secretion mediated by carbachol or insulin, but modestly inhibited forskolin-stimulated GLP-1 secretion in NCI-H716 cells. However, chronic INSL5 pre-treatment (18 h) increased basal GLP-1 secretion and prevented the inhibitory effect of acute INSL5 administration. LS513 cells were found to be unresponsive to INSL5 despite expressing RXFP4 Another enteroendocrine L-cell model, mouse GLUTag cells did not express detectable levels of Rxfp4 and were unresponsive to INSL5. This study provides novel insights into possible autocrine/paracrine roles of INSL5 in the intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Y Ang
- Drug Discovery BiologyMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bronwyn A Evans
- Drug Discovery BiologyMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel P Poole
- Drug Discovery BiologyMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Romke Bron
- Drug Discovery BiologyMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jesse J DiCello
- Drug Discovery BiologyMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ross A D Bathgate
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martina Kocan
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dana S Hutchinson
- Drug Discovery BiologyMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of PharmacologyMonash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roger J Summers
- Drug Discovery BiologyMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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27
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Yang JW, Kim HS, Choi YW, Kim YM, Kang KW. Therapeutic application of GPR119 ligands in metabolic disorders. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:257-269. [PMID: 28722242 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
GPR119 belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor family and exhibits dual modes of action upon ligand-dependent activation: pancreatic secretion of insulin in a glucose-dependent manner and intestinal secretion of incretins. Hence, GPR119 has emerged as a promising target for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus without causing hypoglycaemia. However, despite continuous efforts by many major pharmaceutical companies, no synthetic GPR119 ligand has been approved as a new class of anti-diabetic agents thus far, nor has any passed beyond phase II clinical studies. Herein, we summarize recent advances in research concerning the physiological/pharmacological effects of GPR119 and its synthetic ligands on the regulation of energy metabolism, and we speculate on future applications of GPR119 ligands for the treatment of metabolic diseases, focusing on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Won Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Seon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Won Choi
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mi Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Wook Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Paternoster S, Falasca M. Dissecting the Physiology and Pathophysiology of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:584. [PMID: 30364192 PMCID: PMC6193070 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An aging world population exposed to a sedentary life style is currently plagued by chronic metabolic diseases, such as type-2 diabetes, that are spreading worldwide at an unprecedented rate. One of the most promising pharmacological approaches for the management of type 2 diabetes takes advantage of the peptide hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) under the form of protease resistant mimetics, and DPP-IV inhibitors. Despite the improved quality of life, long-term treatments with these new classes of drugs are riddled with serious and life-threatening side-effects, with no overall cure of the disease. New evidence is shedding more light over the complex physiology of GLP-1 in health and metabolic diseases. Herein, we discuss the most recent advancements in the biology of gut receptors known to induce the secretion of GLP-1, to bridge the multiple gaps into our understanding of its physiology and pathology.
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Psichas A, Larraufie PF, Goldspink DA, Gribble FM, Reimann F. Chylomicrons stimulate incretin secretion in mouse and human cells. Diabetologia 2017; 60:2475-2485. [PMID: 28866808 PMCID: PMC5850988 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4420-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Lipids are a potent stimulus for the secretion of glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP). Traditionally, this effect was thought to involve the sensing of lipid digestion products by free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFA1) and G-protein coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) on the apical surface of enteroendocrine cells. However, recent evidence suggests that lipids may in fact be sensed basolaterally, and that fatty acid absorption and chylomicron synthesis may be a prerequisite for their stimulatory effect on gut peptide release. Therefore, we investigated the effect of chylomicrons on GLP-1 and GIP secretion in vitro. METHODS The effect of chylomicrons on incretin secretion was investigated using GLUTag cells and duodenal cultures of both murine and human origin. The role of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and FFA1 in GLUTag cells was assessed by pharmacological inhibition and small (short) interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown. The effect of chylomicrons on intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) was determined by imaging GLUTag cells loaded with Fura-2. In the primary setting, the contributions of FFA1 and GPR119 were investigated using L cell-specific Gpr119 knockout cultures treated with the FFA1 antagonist GW1100. RESULTS Chylomicrons stimulated GLP-1 release from GLUTag cells, and both GLP-1 and GIP secretion from human and murine duodenal cultures. Chylomicron-triggered GLP-1 secretion from GLUTag cells was largely abolished following lipase inhibition with orlistat or siRNA-mediated knockdown of Lpl. In GLUTag cells, both GW1100 and siRNA-mediated Ffar1 knockdown reduced GLP-1 secretion in response to chylomicrons, and, consistent with FFA1 Gq-coupling, chylomicrons triggered an increase in [Ca2+]i. However, LPL and FFA1 inhibition had no significant effect on chylomicron-mediated incretin secretion in murine cultures. Furthermore, the loss of GPR119 had no impact on GLP-1 secretion in response to chylomicrons, even in the presence of GW1100. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Chylomicrons stimulate incretin hormone secretion from GLUTag cells as well as from human and murine duodenal cultures. In GLUTag cells, the molecular pathway was found to involve LPL-mediated lipolysis, leading to the release of lipid species that activated FFA1 and elevated intracellular calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Psichas
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Pierre F Larraufie
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Deborah A Goldspink
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Frank Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Maciejewski BS, Manion TB, Steppan CM. Pharmacological inhibition of diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 and insights into postprandial gut peptide secretion. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2017; 8:161-175. [PMID: 29184702 PMCID: PMC5696614 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v8.i4.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To examine the role that enzyme Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT1) plays in postprandial gut peptide secretion and signaling.
METHODS The standard experimental paradigm utilized to evaluate the incretin response was a lipid challenge. Following a lipid challenge, plasma was collected via cardiac puncture at each time point from a cohort of 5-8 mice per group from baseline at time zero to 10 h. Incretin hormones [glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY) and glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)] were then quantitated. The impact of pharmacological inhibition of DGAT1 on the incretin effect was evaluated in WT mice. Additionally, a comparison of loss of DGAT1 function either by genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition. To further elucidate the pathways and mechanisms involved in the incretin response to DGAT1 inhibition, other interventions [inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (sitagliptin), pancreatic lipase (Orlistat), GPR119 knockout mice] were evaluated.
RESULTS DGAT1 deficient mice and wildtype C57/BL6J mice were lipid challenged and levels of both active and total GLP-1 in the plasma were increased. This response was further augmented with DGAT1 inhibitor PF-04620110 treated wildtype mice. Furthermore, PF-04620110 was able to dose responsively increase GLP-1 and PYY, but blunt GIP at all doses of PF-04620110 during lipid challenge. Combination treatment of PF-04620110 and Sitagliptin in wildtype mice during a lipid challenge synergistically enhanced postprandial levels of active GLP-1. In contrast, in a combination study with Orlistat, the ability of PF-04620110 to elicit an enhanced incretin response was abrogated. To further explore this observation, GPR119 knockout mice were evaluated. In response to a lipid challenge, GPR119 knockout mice exhibited no increase in active or total GLP-1 and PYY. However, PF-04620110 was able to increase total GLP-1 and PYY in GPR119 knockout mice as compared to vehicle treated wildtype mice.
CONCLUSION Collectively, these data provide some insight into the mechanism by which inhibition of DGAT1 enhances intestinal hormone release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Maciejewski
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Tara B Manion
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Claire M Steppan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, United States
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Ekberg JP, Hauge M, Kristensen LV, Madsen AN, Engelstoft MS, Husted AS, Sichlau R, Egerod K, Kowalski T, Gribble FM, Reimann F, Hansen HS, Howard AD, Holst B, Schwartz TW. GPR119, a Major Enteroendocrine Sensor of Dietary Triglyceride Metabolites Coacting in Synergy With FFA1 (GPR40). Endocrinology 2016; 157:4561-4569. [PMID: 27779915 PMCID: PMC7212052 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Triglycerides (TGs) are among the most efficacious stimulators of incretin secretion; however, the relative importance of FFA1 (G Protein-coupled Receptor [GPR] 40), FFA4 (GPR120), and GPR119, which all recognize TG metabolites, ie, long-chain fatty acid and 2-monoacylglycerol, respectively, is still unclear. Here, we find all 3 receptors to be highly expressed and highly enriched in fluorescence-activated cell sorting-purified GLP-1 and GIP cells isolated from transgenic reporter mice. In vivo, the TG-induced increase in plasma GIP was significantly reduced in FFA1-deficient mice (to 34%, mean of 4 experiments each with 8-10 animals), in GPR119-deficient mice (to 24%) and in FFA1/FFA4 double deficient mice (to 15%) but not in FFA4-deficient mice. The TG-induced increase in plasma GLP-1 was only significantly reduced in the GPR119-deficient and the FFA1/FFA4 double deficient mice, but not in the FFA1, and FFA4-deficient mice. In mouse colonic crypt cultures the synthetic FFA1 agonists, TAK-875 stimulated GLP-1 secretion to a similar extent as the prototype GLP-1 secretagogue neuromedin C; this, however, only corresponded to approximately half the maximal efficiency of the GPR119 agonist AR231453, whereas the GPR120 agonist Metabolex-209 had no effect. Importantly, when the FFA1 agonist was administered on top of appropriately low doses of the GPR119 agonist, a clear synergistic, ie, more than additive, effect was observed. It is concluded that the 2-monoacylglycerol receptor GPR119 is at least as important as the long-chain fatty acid receptor FFA1 in mediating the TG-induced secretion of incretins and that the 2 receptors act in synergy, whereas FFA4 plays a minor if any role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe P. Ekberg
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Hauge
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line V. Kristensen
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas N. Madsen
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maja S. Engelstoft
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Sdr Boulevard 29, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Anna-Sofie Husted
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Sichlau
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Egerod
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Timothy Kowalski
- Merck Research Laboratories, Galloping Hills Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Fiona M. Gribble
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Reimann
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Harald S. Hansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK- 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Birgitte Holst
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thue W. Schwartz
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hassing HA, Fares S, Larsen O, Pad H, Hauge M, Jones RM, Schwartz TW, Hansen HS, Rosenkilde MM. Biased signaling of lipids and allosteric actions of synthetic molecules for GPR119. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 119:66-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Pham H, Hui H, Morvaridi S, Cai J, Zhang S, Tan J, Wu V, Levin N, Knudsen B, Goddard WA, Pandol SJ, Abrol R. A bitter pill for type 2 diabetes? The activation of bitter taste receptor TAS2R38 can stimulate GLP-1 release from enteroendocrine L-cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 475:295-300. [PMID: 27208775 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.04.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The bitter taste receptor TAS2R38 is a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that has been found in many extra-oral locations like the gastrointestinal (GI) system, respiratory system, and brain, though its function at these locations is only beginning to be understood. To probe the receptor's potential metabolic role, immunohistochemistry of human ileum tissues was performed, which showed that the receptor was co-localized with glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in L-cells. In a previous study, we had modeled the structure of this receptor for its many taste-variant haplotypes (Tan et al. 2011), including the taster haplotype PAV. The structure of this haplotype was then used in a virtual ligand screening pipeline using a collection of ∼2.5 million purchasable molecules from the ZINC database. Three compounds (Z7, Z3, Z1) were purchased from the top hits and tested along with PTU (known TAS2R38 agonist) in in vitro and in vivo assays. The dose-response study of the effect of PTU and Z7 on GLP-1 release using wild-type and TAS2R38 knockout HuTu-80 cells showed that the receptor TAS2R38 plays a major role in GLP-1 release due to these molecules. In vivo studies of PTU and the three compounds showed that they each increase GLP-1 release. PTU was also chemical linked to cellulose to slow its absorption and when tested in vivo, it showed an enhanced and prolonged GLP-1 release. These results suggest that the GI lumen location of TAS2R38 on the L-cell makes it a relatively safe drug target as systemic absorption is not needed for a TAS2R38 agonist drug to effect GLP-1 release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Pham
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hongxiang Hui
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; International Center for Metabolic Diseases, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Susan Morvaridi
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jiena Cai
- International Center for Metabolic Diseases, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sanqi Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA; Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Vincent Wu
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Beatrice Knudsen
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; GIRx Metabolics Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ravinder Abrol
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA; GIRx Metabolics Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Nutritional Signaling via Free Fatty Acid Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:450. [PMID: 27023530 PMCID: PMC4848906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess energy is stored primarily as triglycerides, which are mobilized when demand for energy arises. Dysfunction of energy balance by excess food intake leads to metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes. Free fatty acids (FFAs) provided by dietary fat are not only important nutrients, but also contribute key physiological functions via FFA receptor (FFAR)-mediated signaling molecules, which depend on FFAs' carbon chain length and the ligand specificity of the receptors. Functional analyses have revealed that FFARs are critical for metabolic functions, such as peptide hormone secretion and inflammation, and contribute to energy homeostasis. In particular, recent studies have shown that the administration of selective agonists of G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 40 and GPR120 improved glucose metabolism and systemic metabolic disorders. Furthermore, the anti-inflammation and energy metabolism effects of short chain FAs have been linked to the activation of GPR41 and GPR43. In this review, we summarize recent progress in research on FFAs and their physiological roles in the regulation of energy metabolism.
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Hodge D, Glass LL, Diakogiannaki E, Pais R, Lenaghan C, Smith DM, Wedin M, Bohlooly-Y M, Gribble FM, Reimann F. Lipid derivatives activate GPR119 and trigger GLP-1 secretion in primary murine L-cells. Peptides 2016; 77:16-20. [PMID: 26144594 PMCID: PMC4788502 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone derived from proglucagon, which is released from intestinal L-cells and increases insulin secretion in a glucose dependent manner. GPR119 is a lipid derivative receptor present in L-cells, believed to play a role in the detection of dietary fat. This study aimed to characterize the responses of primary murine L-cells to GPR119 agonism and assess the importance of GPR119 for the detection of ingested lipid. METHODS GLP-1 secretion was measured from murine primary cell cultures stimulated with a panel of GPR119 ligands. Plasma GLP-1 levels were measured in mice lacking GPR119 in proglucagon-expressing cells and controls after lipid gavage. Intracellular cAMP responses to GPR119 agonists were measured in single primary L-cells using transgenic mice expressing a cAMP FRET sensor driven by the proglucagon promoter. RESULTS L-cell specific knockout of GPR119 dramatically decreased plasma GLP-1 levels after a lipid gavage. GPR119 ligands triggered GLP-1 secretion in a GPR119 dependent manner in primary epithelial cultures from the colon, but were less effective in the upper small intestine. GPR119 agonists elevated cAMP in ∼70% of colonic L-cells and 50% of small intestinal L-cells. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION GPR119 ligands strongly enhanced GLP-1 release from colonic cultures, reflecting the high proportion of colonic L-cells that exhibited cAMP responses to GPR119 agonists. Less GPR119-dependence could be demonstrated in the upper small intestine. In vivo, GPR119 in L-cells plays a key role in oral lipid-triggered GLP-1 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Hodge
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Leslie L Glass
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Eleftheria Diakogiannaki
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ramona Pais
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Carol Lenaghan
- AstraZeneca, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
| | - David M Smith
- AstraZeneca, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Marianne Wedin
- AstraZeneca, Transgenics Group, Reagents & Assay Development, Discovery Sciences, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Bohlooly-Y
- AstraZeneca, Transgenics Group, Reagents & Assay Development, Discovery Sciences, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Frank Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Liu J, McLaren DG, Chen D, Kan Y, Stout SJ, Shen X, Murphy BA, Forrest G, Karanam B, Sonatore L, He S, Roddy TP, Pinto S. Potential mechanism of enhanced postprandial glucagon-like peptide-1 release following treatment with a diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 inhibitor. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00193. [PMID: 27022467 PMCID: PMC4777249 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated that blockade of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) leads to prolonged release of glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1) after meal challenge. The current study was undertaken to investigate the mechanism of action underlying the elevated levels of GLP‐1 release following pharmacological inhibition of DGAT1. We utilized a potent, specific DGAT1 inhibitor, compound A, to investigate the changes in intestinal lipid profile in a mouse model after oral administration of the compound and challenge with tracer containing fatty meal. [13C18]‐oleic acid and LC‐MS were employed to trace the fate of dietary fatty acids provided as part of a meal challenge in lean mice. Lipid profiles in plasma, proximal to distal segments of intestine, and feces were evaluated at various times following the meal challenge to study the kinetics of fatty acid absorption, synthesis into complex lipids, and excretion. Pharmacological inhibition of DGAT1 led to reduction of postprandial total and newly synthesized triglyceride (TG) excursion and significant increases in TG and FFA levels in the distal portion of intestine enriched with enteroendocrine L cells. Enhanced levels of FFA and cholesteryl ester were observed via fecal fat profiling. DGAT1 inhibition leads to enhancement of carbon flow to the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine within the intestine. DGAT1 inhibition markedly increases levels of TG and FFA in the distal intestine, which could be the predominant contributor to the prolonged and enhanced postprandial GLP‐1 release. Inactivation of DGAT1 could provide potential benefit in the treatment of dysmetabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqi Liu
- Merck Research Laboratories 2000 Galloping Hill Road Kenilworth New Jersey 07033
| | - David G McLaren
- Merck Research Laboratories 2000 Galloping Hill Road Kenilworth New Jersey 07033
| | - Dunlu Chen
- Merck Research Laboratories 2000 Galloping Hill Road Kenilworth New Jersey 07033
| | - Yanqing Kan
- Merck Research Laboratories 2000 Galloping Hill Road Kenilworth New Jersey 07033
| | - Steven J Stout
- Merck Research Laboratories 2000 Galloping Hill Road Kenilworth New Jersey 07033
| | - Xiaolan Shen
- Merck Research Laboratories 2000 Galloping Hill Road Kenilworth New Jersey 07033
| | - Beth Ann Murphy
- Merck Research Laboratories 2000 Galloping Hill Road Kenilworth New Jersey 07033
| | - Gail Forrest
- Merck Research Laboratories 2000 Galloping Hill Road Kenilworth New Jersey 07033
| | - Bindhu Karanam
- Merck Research Laboratories 2000 Galloping Hill Road Kenilworth New Jersey 07033
| | - Lisa Sonatore
- Merck Research Laboratories 2000 Galloping Hill Road Kenilworth New Jersey 07033
| | - Shuwen He
- Merck Research Laboratories 2000 Galloping Hill Road Kenilworth New Jersey 07033
| | - Thomas P Roddy
- Agios Pharmaceuticals 38 Sidney Street Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
| | - Shirly Pinto
- Merck Research Laboratories 2000 Galloping Hill Road Kenilworth New Jersey 07033
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Arginine-induced insulin secretion in endoplasmic reticulum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 466:717-22. [PMID: 26348775 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Arginine, a semi-essential amino acid, is known as one of the most strongest insulin secretagogues in a glucose-dependent manner, but major mechanism is unknown. Arginine induced insulin secretion in mice as well as β cell line, NIT-1, in which more than 90% of intracellular insulin is prionsulin without arginine cultivation. Arginine administration reduced prionsulin amount in 30 s, then insulin is secreted from NIT1 cells. These data indicated that the target factor(s) for arginine-induced insulin secretion located in endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We established the screening system for identifying the arginine mimetics. Brazilian propolis, not Chinese propolis, induced insulin secretion. To identify target factor(s) of arginine induced insulin secretion, our previous study was that nanobeads technology facilitated us to purify chemical-target factors. This time we chose the other way, proinsulin associating factor purification and arginine-immobilized agarose. Three proinsulin associating factors and 5 arginine interacting factors were identified. Among theses factors, Calnexin (CNX) was the only one factor, which belonged to both groups, suggesting that CNX might play a key role in arginine-induced insulin secretion in ER.
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Engelstoft MS, Norn C, Hauge M, Holliday ND, Elster L, Lehmann J, Jones RM, Frimurer TM, Schwartz TW. Structural basis for constitutive activity and agonist-induced activation of the enteroendocrine fat sensor GPR119. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:5774-89. [PMID: 25117266 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE GPR119 is a Gαs-coupled 7TM receptor activated by endogenous lipids such as oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and by the dietary triglyceride metabolite 2-monoacylglycerol. GPR119 stimulates enteroendocrine hormone and insulin secretion. But despite massive drug discovery efforts in the field, very little is known about the basic molecular pharmacology of GPR119. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH GPR119 receptor signalling was studied in transfected cells. Mutational mapping (30 mutations in 23 positions) was performed on residues required for ligand-independent and agonist-induced GPR119 activation (AR231453 and OEA). Novel Rosetta-based receptor modelling was applied, using a composite template approach with segments from different X-ray structures and fully flexible ligand docking. KEY RESULTS The increased signalling induced by increasing the cell surface expression of GPR119 in the absence of agonist and the inhibitory effect of two synthetic inverse agonists demonstrated that GRP119 signals with a high degree of constitutive activity through the Gαs pathway. The mutational maps for AR231453 and OEA were very similar and, surprisingly, also similar to the mutational map for residues affecting the constitutive signalling - albeit with key differences. Surprisingly, almost all residues in extracellular loop-2b were important for the constitutive activity. The molecular modelling and docking demonstrated that AR231453 binds in a 'vertical' pocket in between mutational hits reaching from the centre of the receptor out to extracellular loop-2b. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The high constitutive activity of GPR119 should be taken into account in future drug discovery efforts, which can now be guided by the detailed knowledge of the physiochemical properties of the extended ligand-binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Engelstoft
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Spreckley E, Murphy KG. The L-Cell in Nutritional Sensing and the Regulation of Appetite. Front Nutr 2015; 2:23. [PMID: 26258126 PMCID: PMC4507148 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2015.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract senses the ingestion of food and responds by signaling to the brain to promote satiation and satiety. Representing an important part of the gut-brain axis, enteroendocrine L-cells secrete the anorectic peptide hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) in response to the ingestion of food. The release of GLP-1 has multiple effects, including the secretion of insulin from pancreatic β-cells, decreased gastric emptying, and increased satiation. PYY also slows GI motility and reduces food intake. At least part of the gut-brain response seems to be due to direct sensing of macronutrients by L-cells, by mechanisms including specific nutrient-sensing receptors. Such receptors may represent possible pathways to target to decrease appetite and increase energy expenditure. Designing drugs or functional foods to exploit the machinery of these nutrient-sensing mechanisms may offer a potential approach for agents to treat obesity and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Spreckley
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital , London , UK
| | - Kevin Graeme Murphy
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital , London , UK
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Mace OJ, Tehan B, Marshall F. Pharmacology and physiology of gastrointestinal enteroendocrine cells. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015. [PMID: 26213627 PMCID: PMC4506687 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) polypeptides are secreted from enteroendocrine cells (EECs). Recent technical advances and the identification of endogenous and synthetic ligands have enabled exploration of the pharmacology and physiology of EECs. Enteroendocrine signaling pathways stimulating hormone secretion involve multiple nutrient transporters and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are activated simultaneously under prevailing nutrient conditions in the intestine following a meal. The majority of studies investigate hormone secretion from EECs in response to single ligands and although the mechanisms behind how individual signaling pathways generate a hormonal output have been well characterized, our understanding of how these signaling pathways converge to generate a single hormone secretory response is still in its infancy. However, a picture is beginning to emerge of how nutrients and full, partial, or allosteric GPCR ligands differentially regulate the enteroendocrine system and its interaction with the enteric and central nervous system. So far, activation of multiple pathways underlies drug discovery efforts to harness the therapeutic potential of the enteroendocrine system to mimic the phenotypic changes observed in patients who have undergone Roux-en-Y gastric surgery. Typically obese patients exhibit ∼30% weight loss and greater than 80% of obese diabetics show remission of diabetes. Targeting combinations of enteroendocrine signaling pathways that work synergistically may manifest with significant, differentiated EEC secretory efficacy. Furthermore, allosteric modulators with their increased selectivity, self-limiting activity, and structural novelty may translate into more promising enteroendocrine drugs. Together with the potential to bias enteroendocrine GPCR signaling and/or to activate multiple divergent signaling pathways highlights the considerable range of therapeutic possibilities available. Here, we review the pharmacology and physiology of the EEC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Mace
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - B Tehan
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - F Marshall
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 3AX, United Kingdom
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Hothersall JD, Bussey CE, Brown AJ, Scott JS, Dale I, Rawlins P. Sustained wash-resistant receptor activation responses of GPR119 agonists. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 762:430-42. [PMID: 26101059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) is involved in regulating metabolic homoeostasis, with GPR119 agonists targeted for the treatment of type-2 diabetes and obesity. Using the endogenous agonist oleoylethanolamide and a number of small molecule synthetic agonists we have investigated the temporal dynamics of receptor signalling. Using both a dynamic luminescence biosensor-based assay and an endpoint cAMP accumulation assay we show that agonist-driven desensitization is not a major regulatory mechanism for GPR119 despite robust activation responses, regardless of the agonist used. Temporal analysis of the cAMP responses demonstrated sustained signalling resistant to washout for some, but not all of the agonists tested. Further analysis indicated that the sustained effects of one synthetic agonist AR-231,453 were consistent with a role for slow dissociation kinetics. In contrast, the sustained responses to MBX-2982 and AZ1 appeared to involve membrane deposition. We also detect wash-resistant responses to AR-231,453 at the level of physiologically relevant responses in an endogenous expression system (GLP-1 secretion in GLUTag cells). In conclusion, our findings indicate that in a recombinant expression system GPR119 activation is sustained, with little evidence of pronounced receptor desensitization, and for some ligands persistent agonist responses continue despite removal of excess agonist. This provides novel understanding of the temporal responses profiles of potential drug candidates targetting GPR119, and highlights the importance of carefully examining the the mechanisms through which GPCRs generate sustained responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alastair J Brown
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK; Heptares Therapeutics Limited, Welwyn Garden City AL7 3AX, UK
| | - James S Scott
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Ian Dale
- AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Philip Rawlins
- AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
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42
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Khanam H, Shamsuzzaman. Bioactive Benzofuran derivatives: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 97:483-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kato M, Tani T, Terahara N, Tsuda T. The Anthocyanin Delphinidin 3-Rutinoside Stimulates Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Secretion in Murine GLUTag Cell Line via the Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Kinase II Pathway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126157. [PMID: 25962102 PMCID: PMC4427495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone secreted from enteroendocrine L-cells. Although several nutrients induce GLP-1 secretion, there is little evidence to suggest that non-nutritive compounds directly increase GLP-1 secretion. Here, we hypothesized that anthocyanins induce GLP-1 secretion and thereby significantly contribute to the prevention and treatment of diabetes. Delphinidin 3-rutinoside (D3R) was shown to increase GLP-1 secretion in GLUTag L cells. The results suggested that three hydroxyl or two methoxyl moieties on the aromatic ring are essential for the stimulation of GLP-1 secretion. Notably, the rutinose moiety was shown to be a potent enhancer of GLP-1 secretion, but only in conjunction with three hydroxyl moieties on the aromatic ring (D3R). Receptor antagonist studies revealed that D3R-stimulates GLP-1 secretion involving inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-mediated intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. Treatment of GLUTag cells with a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinaseII (CaMKII) inhibitor (KN-93) abolished D3R-stimulated GLP-1 secretion. In addition, treatment of GLUTag cells with D3R resulted in activation of CaMKII. Pre-treatment of cells with a G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 40/120 antagonist (GW1100) also significantly decreased D3R-stimulated GLP-1 secretion. These observations suggest that D3R stimulates GLP-1 secretion in GLUTag cells, and that stimulation of GLP-1 secretion by D3R is mediated via Ca2+-CaMKII pathway, which may possibly be mediated by GPR40/120. These findings provide a possible molecular mechanism of GLP-1 secretion in intestinal L-cells mediated by foods or drugs and demonstrate a novel biological function of anthocyanins in regards to GLP-1 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kato
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Tani
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Norihiko Terahara
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Minami-Kyushu University, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takanori Tsuda
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Cvijanovic N, Feinle-Bisset C, Young RL, Little TJ. Oral and intestinal sweet and fat tasting: impact of receptor polymorphisms and dietary modulation for metabolic disease. Nutr Rev 2015; 73:318-334. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuu026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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Douglass JD, Zhou YX, Wu A, Zadroga JA, Gajda AM, Lackey AI, Lang W, Chevalier KM, Sutton SW, Zhang SP, Flores CM, Connelly MA, Storch J. Global deletion of MGL in mice delays lipid absorption and alters energy homeostasis and diet-induced obesity. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1153-71. [PMID: 25842377 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m058586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of monoacylglycerols (MGs) to yield FFAs and glycerol. MGL contributes to energy homeostasis through the mobilization of fat stores and also via the degradation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol. To further examine the role of MG metabolism in energy homeostasis, MGL(-/-) mice were fed either a 10% (kilocalories) low-fat diet (LFD) or a 45% (kilocalories) high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. Profound increases of MG species in the MGL(-/-) mice compared with WT control mice were found. Weight gain over the 12 weeks was blunted in both diet groups. MGL(-/-) mice were leaner than WT mice at both baseline and after 12 weeks of LFD feeding. Circulating lipids were decreased in HFD-fed MGL(-/-) mice, as were the levels of several plasma peptides involved in glucose homeostasis and energy balance. Interestingly, MGL(-/-) mice had markedly reduced intestinal TG secretion following an oral fat challenge, suggesting delayed lipid absorption. Overall, the results indicate that global MGL deletion leads to systemic changes that produce a leaner phenotype and an improved serum metabolic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Douglass
- Department of Nutritional Sciences Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Yin Xiu Zhou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Amy Wu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - John A Zadroga
- Department of Nutritional Sciences Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Angela M Gajda
- Department of Nutritional Sciences Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Atreju I Lackey
- Department of Nutritional Sciences Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Wensheng Lang
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477
| | | | | | - Sui-Po Zhang
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477
| | | | | | - Judith Storch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
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Moran BM, Abdel-Wahab YHA, Flatt PR, McKillop AM. Activation of GPR119 by fatty acid agonists augments insulin release from clonal β-cells and isolated pancreatic islets and improves glucose tolerance in mice. Biol Chem 2015; 395:453-64. [PMID: 24323890 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) is emerging as a potential target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes with beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis. This study assessed the insulin-secreting properties of various GPR119 agonists and the distribution of GPR119 in pancreatic islets. Endogenous ligands [oleoylethanolamide (OEA), palmitoylethanolamine (PEA)] and chemically synthetic analogues (AS-1269574, PSN-375963) were investigated in clonal BRIN-BD11 cells and mouse pancreatic islets. Secondary messenger assays such as intracellular Ca²⁺ and cAMP in response to agonists at normoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic conditions were assessed. Cytotoxicity was assessed by LDH release. AS-1269574 was the most potent and selective agonist tested in isolated islets, with an EC₅₀ value of 9.7×10⁻⁷ mol/l, enhancing insulin release maximally by 63.2%. Stimulation was also observed with GPR119 ligands; OEA (3.0×10⁻⁶ mol/l; 37.5%), PSN-375963 (2.4×10⁻⁶ mol/l; 28.7%) and PEA (1.2×10⁻⁶ mol/l; 22.2%). Results were corroborated by studies using BRIN-BD11 cells, which revealed augmentation of intracellular Ca²⁺ and cAMP. Both OEA and AS-1269574 enhanced insulin release and improved glucose tolerance in vivo in NIH Swiss mice. These results demonstrate the cellular localisation of GPR119 on islet cells (β and pancreatic polypeptide cells), its activation of the β-cell stimulus-secretion coupling pathway and glucose lowering effects in vivo.
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Azimioara M, Alper P, Cow C, Mutnick D, Nikulin V, Lelais G, Mecom J, McNeill M, Michellys PY, Wang Z, Reding E, Paliotti M, Li J, Bao D, Zoll J, Kim Y, Zimmerman M, Groessl T, Tuntland T, Joseph SB, McNamara P, Seidel HM, Epple R. Novel tricyclic pyrazolopyrimidines as potent and selective GPR119 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5478-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kleberg K, Hassing HA, Hansen HS. Classical endocannabinoid-like compounds and their regulation by nutrients. Biofactors 2014; 40:363-72. [PMID: 24677570 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoid-like compounds are structurally related to the true endocannabinoids but do not contain highly unsaturated fatty acids, and they do not bind the cannabinoid receptors. The classical endocannabinoid-like compounds include N-acylethanolamines and 2-monoacylglycerols, and their structural resemblance to the endocannabinoids makes them players in the endocannabinoid system, where they can interfere with the actions of the true endocannabinoids, because they in several cases engage the same synthesizing and degrading enzymes. In addition they have pharmacological actions of their own, which are particularly interesting in a nutritional and metabolic context. Exogenously supplied oleoylethanolamide, palmitoylethanolamide, and linoleoylethanolamide have anorexic effects, and the endogenous formation of these N-acylethanolamines in the small intestine may serve an important role in regulating food intake, through signaling via PPARα and the vagus nerve to the brain appetite center. A chronic high-fat diet will decrease intestinal levels of these anorectic N-acylethanolamines and this may contribute to the hyperphagic effect of high-fat diet; 2-monoacylglycerols mediate endocrine responses in the small intestine; probably trough activation of GPR119 on enteroendocrine cells, and diet-derived 2-monoacylglycerols, for example, 2-oleoylglycerol and 2-palmitoylglycerol might be important for intestinal fat sensing. Whether these 2-monoacylglycerols have signaling functions in other tissues is unclear at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Kleberg
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ye XY, Morales CL, Wang Y, Rossi KA, Malmstrom SE, Abousleiman M, Sereda L, Apedo A, Robl JA, Miller KJ, Krupinski J, Wacker DA. Synthesis and structure–activity relationship of dihydrobenzofuran derivatives as novel human GPR119 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2539-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Targeting GPR119 for the Potential Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 121:95-131. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800101-1.00004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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