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Ramirez LA, Przybysz KR, Pitock JR, Starr EM, Yang H, Glover EJ. Attenuated incubation of ethanol-induced conditioned taste aversion in a model of dependence. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:1191-1203. [PMID: 38383904 PMCID: PMC11105978 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06553-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Preclinical studies report attenuated ethanol-induced conditioned taste aversion (CTA) following chronic ethanol exposure, suggesting that tolerance develops to the aversive properties of ethanol. However, these studies are confounded by pre-exposure to the unconditioned stimulus (US; ethanol), which is well known to hinder conditioning. OBJECTIVES This study was designed to determine whether chronic ethanol exposure produces tolerance to the aversive properties of ethanol in the absence of a US pre-exposure confound. METHODS CTA was performed in adult male and female Long-Evans rats by pairing 0.1% ingested saccharin with an intraperitoneal injection of ethanol (1.5 or 2.0 g/kg) or saline. Rats were then rendered ethanol dependent using chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) vapor exposure. Controls were exposed to room air (AIR). The effect of chronic ethanol on CTA expression and reconditioning were examined following vapor exposure. RESULTS Prior to vapor exposure, both sexes developed CTA to a comparable degree with 2.0 g/kg producing greater CTA than 1.5 g/kg ethanol. Following vapor exposure, AIR controls exhibited an increase in CTA magnitude compared to pre-vapor levels. This effect was largely absent in CIE-exposed rats. Re-conditioning after vapor exposure facilitated increased CTA magnitude to a similar degree in AIR- and CIE-exposed males. In contrast, CTA magnitude was unchanged by re-conditioning in females. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that chronic ethanol does not facilitate tolerance to the aversive properties of ethanol but rather attenuates incubation of ethanol-induced CTA. Loss of CTA incubation suggests that CIE exposure disrupts circuits encoding aversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Ramirez
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W Taylor St, MC912, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Kathryn R Przybysz
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W Taylor St, MC912, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Joseph R Pitock
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W Taylor St, MC912, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - E Margaret Starr
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W Taylor St, MC912, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Hyerim Yang
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W Taylor St, MC912, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Glover
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W Taylor St, MC912, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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2
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Przybysz KR, Ramirez LA, Pitock JR, Starr EM, Yang H, Glover EJ. A translational rodent model of individual differences in sensitivity to the aversive properties of ethanol. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 48:516-529. [PMID: 38303664 PMCID: PMC10939790 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A strong relationship exists between individual sensitivity to the aversive properties of ethanol and risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD). Despite this, our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the subjective response to ethanol is limited. A major contributor to this lack of knowledge is the absence of preclinical models that enable exploration of this individual variability such as is possible in studies of humans. METHODS Adult male and female Long-Evans rats were trained to associate a novel tastant (saccharin) with acute exposure to either saline or ethanol (1.5 g/kg or 2.0 g/kg i.p.) over three conditioning days using a standard conditioned taste aversion (CTA) procedure. Variability in sensitivity to ethanol-induced CTA was phenotypically characterized using a median split across the populations studied. RESULTS When examining group averages, both male and female rats exposed to saccharin paired with either dose of ethanol exhibited lower saccharin intake relative to saline controls indicative of ethanol-induced CTA. Examination of individual data revealed a bimodal distribution of responses uncovering two distinct phenotypes present in both sexes. CTA-sensitive rats exhibited a rapid and progressive reduction in saccharin intake with each successive ethanol pairing. In contrast, saccharin intake was unchanged or maintained after an initial decrease from baseline levels in CTA-resistant rats. While CTA magnitude was similar between male and female CTA-sensitive rats, among CTA-resistant animals females were more resistant to the development of ethanol-induced CTA than males. Phenotypic differences were not driven by differences in baseline saccharin intake. CONCLUSIONS These data parallel work in humans by revealing individual differences in sensitivity to the aversive properties of ethanol that emerge immediately after initial exposure to ethanol in both sexes. This model can be used in future studies to investigate the neurobiological mechanisms that confer risk for AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn R Przybysz
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lindsey A Ramirez
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joseph R Pitock
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - E Margaret Starr
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hyerim Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Glover
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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3
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Ramirez LA, Przybysz KR, Pitock JR, Starr EM, Yang H, Glover EJ. Attenuated incubation of ethanol-induced conditioned taste aversion in a model of dependence. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.13.557582. [PMID: 37745477 PMCID: PMC10515951 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.13.557582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Rationale Preclinical studies report attenuated ethanol-induced conditioned taste aversion (CTA) following chronic ethanol exposure, suggesting that tolerance develops to the aversive properties of ethanol. However, these studies are confounded by pre-exposure to the unconditioned stimulus (US; ethanol), which is well known to hinder conditioning. Objectives This study was designed to determine whether chronic ethanol exposure produces tolerance to the aversive properties of ethanol in the absence of a US pre-exposure confound. Methods CTA was performed in adult male and female Long-Evans rats by pairing 0.1% ingested saccharin with an intraperitoneal injection of ethanol (1.5 or 2.0 g/kg) or saline. Rats were then rendered ethanol dependent using chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) vapor exposure. Controls were exposed to room air (AIR). The effect of chronic ethanol on CTA expression and reconditioning were examined following vapor exposure. Results Prior to vapor exposure, both sexes developed CTA to a comparable degree with 2.0 g/kg producing greater CTA than 1.5 g/kg ethanol. Following vapor exposure, AIR controls exhibited an increase in CTA magnitude compared to pre-vapor levels. This effect was absent in CIE-exposed rats. These group differences were eliminated upon re-conditioning after vapor exposure. Conclusions These data suggest that chronic ethanol does not facilitate tolerance to the aversive properties of ethanol but rather, attenuates incubation of ethanol-induced CTA. Loss of CTA incubation suggests that CIE exposure disrupts circuits encoding aversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Ramirez
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kathryn R Przybysz
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joseph R Pitock
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - E Margaret Starr
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hyerim Yang
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Glover
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Przybysz KR, Ramirez LA, Pitock JR, Starr EM, Yang H, Glover EJ. A translational rodent model of individual differences in sensitivity to the aversive properties of ethanol. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.08.544209. [PMID: 37333122 PMCID: PMC10274910 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.08.544209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Background A strong relationship exists between individual sensitivity to the aversive properties of ethanol and risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD). Despite this, our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying subjective response to ethanol is relatively poor. A major contributor to this is the absence of preclinical models that enable exploration of this individual variability similar to studies performed in humans. Methods Adult male and female Long-Evans rats were trained to associate a novel tastant (saccharin) with acute exposure to either saline or ethanol (1.5 g/kg or 2.0 g/kg i.p.) over three conditioning days using a standard conditioned taste aversion (CTA) procedure. Variability in sensitivity to ethanol-induced CTA was phenotypically characterized using a median split across the populations studied. Results When examining group averages, both male and female rats that had saccharin paired with either dose of ethanol exhibited reduced saccharin intake relative to saline controls of ethanol-induced CTA. Examination of individual data revealed a bimodal distribution of responses uncovering two distinct phenotypes present in both sexes. CTA-sensitive rats exhibited a rapid and progressive reduction in saccharin intake with each successive ethanol pairing. In contrast, saccharin intake was unchanged or maintained after an initial decrease from baseline levels in CTA-resistant rats. While CTA magnitude was similar between male and female CTA-sensitive rats, CTA-resistant females were more resistant to the development of ethanol-induced CTA than their male counterparts. Phenotypic differences were not driven by differences in baseline saccharin intake. CTA sensitivity correlated with behavioral signs of intoxication in only a subset of rats. Conclusions These data parallel work in humans by revealing individual differences in sensitivity to the aversive properties of ethanol that emerge immediately after initial exposure to ethanol in both sexes. This model can be leveraged in future studies to investigate the neurobiological mechanisms that confer risk for AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn R Przybysz
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lindsey A Ramirez
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joseph R Pitock
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - E Margaret Starr
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hyerim Yang
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Glover
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Halsall L, Jones A, Roberts C, Knibb G, Rose AK. The impact of alcohol priming on craving and motivation to drink: a meta-analysis. Addiction 2022; 117:2986-3003. [PMID: 35638379 PMCID: PMC9796461 DOI: 10.1111/add.15962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS An initial dose of alcohol can motivate-or prime-further drinking and may precipitate (re)lapse and bingeing. Lab-based studies have investigated the alcohol priming effect; however, heterogeneity in designs has resulted in some inconsistent findings. The aims of this meta-analysis were to (i) determine the pooled effect size for motivation to drink following priming, measured by alcohol consumption and craving, and (ii) examine whether design characteristics influenced any priming effect. METHODS Literature searches of PsycINFO, PubMed and Scopus in October 2020 (updated October 2021) identified lab-based alcohol priming studies that assessed effect of priming on motivation to drink. A tailored risk-of-bias tool assessed quality of lab-based studies. Random effects meta-analyses were computed on outcome data from 38 studies comparing the effect of a priming dose of alcohol against control on subsequent alcohol consumption/self-reported craving. Study characteristics that might have affected outcomes were design type (within/between-participant), dose of prime, time of motivation assessment, type of control drink (placebo alcohol/soft drink). RESULTS Relative to control, alcohol had a small-to-moderate priming effect on subsequent alcohol consumption (standardised mean difference [SMD] = 0.336 [95% CI, 0.171, 0.500]) and craving (SMD = 0.431 [95% CI, 0.306, 0.555]). Aspects of study design differentially affected consumption and craving. The size of the priming dose had no effect on consumption, but larger doses were sometimes associated with greater craving (with craving generally following the blood alcohol curve). Alcohol priming effects for consumption, but not craving, were smaller when compared with placebo, relative to soft drink, control. CONCLUSIONS Lab-based alcohol priming studies are a valid paradigm from which to investigate the impact of acute intoxication on alcohol motivation. Designs are needed that assess the impact of acute consumption on motivation to drink in more varied and realistic ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Halsall
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrew Jones
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUnited Kingdom,Liverpool Centre for Alcohol ResearchLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
| | - Carl Roberts
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
| | - Graeme Knibb
- Department of PsychologyEdge Hill UniversityOrmskirkUnited Kingdom
| | - Abigail K. Rose
- Liverpool Centre for Alcohol ResearchLiverpoolUnited Kingdom,School of PsychologyLiverpool John Moore's UniversityLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
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Stangl BL, Vogt EL, Blau LE, Ester CD, Gogineni A, Diazgranados N, Vatsalya V, Ramchandani VA. Pharmacodynamic determinants of hangover: An intravenous alcohol self-administration study in non-dependent drinkers. Addict Behav 2022; 135:107428. [PMID: 35995014 PMCID: PMC9482023 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol hangover refers to the combination of negative mental and physical symptoms that can be experienced after an episode of alcohol consumption, typically emerging as blood alcohol concentration (BAC) approaches zero. Hangover has been associated with heavy drinking and may be relevant in the transition to alcohol use disorder (AUD). Our aim was to examine hangover prevalence and associated symptoms following intravenous alcohol self-administration (IV-ASA), and to identify possible predictors of hangover in non-dependent drinkers. Ninety-five drinkers without AUD completed an IV-ASA session. Pharmacodynamic measures of alcohol consumption included peak and average breath alcohol concentrations. Subjective measures of alcohol response included the Drug Effects Questionnaire and Biphasic Effects of Alcohol Scale. The Alcohol Hangover Scale assessed hangover symptoms from the end of the session until the following morning. 78% of participants endorsed at least one hangover symptom following IV-ASA. There was no association between hangover scores and IV-ASA measures of alcohol consumption. Additional mediation and moderation analysis revealed that self-reported intoxication was a significant mediator of the relationship between recent drinking and hangover symptoms. Hangover symptoms may be an early marker of the relationship between subjective response to alcohol and heavy drinking for those with no prior history of AUD. In particular, the effects of hangover go beyond exposure to alcohol and the individual's subjective response to this exposure is associated with their experience of hangover. Future studies should further characterize the determinants of hangover across different populations of drinkers to better understand the risk for AUD and inform prevention methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany L Stangl
- Human Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Emily L Vogt
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lauren E Blau
- Human Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Corbin D Ester
- Human Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Nancy Diazgranados
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vatsalya Vatsalya
- Human Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Vijay A Ramchandani
- Human Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Oshima S, Shiiya S, Kato Y. Slow Drinking of Beer Attenuates Subjective Sedative Feeling in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized Crossover Pilot Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14214502. [PMID: 36364765 PMCID: PMC9653949 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The change in physiological parameters and subjective feelings according to the speed of drinking alcohol has not been reported to date. The aim of this randomized crossover pilot study was to investigate the objective and subjective effects of different speeds of alcohol ingestion in healthy volunteers. Accordingly, 11 male and 7 female healthy Japanese adults were asked to consume 480 mL of beer at three different drinking speeds (80, 40, and 20 mL/5 min). According to the objective measurement, the transient increase in blood alcohol and serum uric acid concentrations was most inhibited at a drinking speed of 20 mL/5 min. Acetate, lactate, pyruvate, and lactate/pyruvate ratios did not differ between the three drinking speeds. Stimulant feelings measured by the subjective scores of the Brief Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale did not differ between the three speeds. However, the sedative feeling score obtained at a drinking speed of 20 mL/5 min (the slowest speed of alcohol consumption) was significantly weakened in comparison with those obtained at drinking speeds of 40 and 80 mL/5 min. Therefore, a slower consumption of alcohol mitigated the subjective sedative feeling. The effects of slower alcohol consumption may be caused by the slower slope of the increasing trend of blood alcohol concentration.
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King AC, Vena A, Howe MM, Feather A, Cao D. Haven't lost the positive feeling: a dose-response, oral alcohol challenge study in drinkers with alcohol use disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:1892-1900. [PMID: 35701549 PMCID: PMC9485138 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01340-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Models of addiction are based on neurobiological, behavioral, and pharmacological studies in animals, but translational support from human studies is limited. Studies are lacking in examining acute responses to alcohol in drinkers with alcohol use disorder (AUD), particularly in terms of relevant intoxicating doses and measurement of stimulating and rewarding effects throughout the breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) time curve. Participants were N = 60 AUD drinkers enrolled in the Chicago Social Drinking Project and examined in three random-order and blinded sessions for subjective and physiological responses to a beverage containing 0.0 g/kg, 0.8 g/kg, and 1.2 g/kg alcohol. BrAC in the alcohol sessions at 60 min was 0.09 g/dL and 0.13 g/dL, respectively. Both doses of alcohol produced significant biphasic effects on subjective measures of stimulation, euphoria, reward (liking and wanting), sedation, and neuroendocrine and cardiovascular factors. Increased pleasurable effects of alcohol were pronounced during the rising limb-to-peak BrAC and sedating effects emerged during the declining limb. Alcohol dose-dependently increased feel drug ratings and rewarding effects at peak BrAC or early declining limb, and physiological responses at the rising limb. Thus, rather than the notion of an overall tolerance, results show an alcohol response phenotype characterized by sensitivity to alcohol's stimulating, rewarding and physiological effects. The results of this study may aid in the conceptualization of alcohol addiction as a disorder characterized by the persistence of enhanced hedonic alcohol responses rather than chronic tolerance and reward deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C King
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago 5841 S, Maryland Avenue (MC-3077), Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Ashley Vena
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago 5841 S, Maryland Avenue (MC-3077), Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Meghan M Howe
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago 5841 S, Maryland Avenue (MC-3077), Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Abigayle Feather
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago 5841 S, Maryland Avenue (MC-3077), Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Dingcai Cao
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago 5841 S, Maryland Avenue (MC-3077), Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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Wickens CM, Wright M, Mann RE, Brands B, Di Ciano P, Stoduto G, Fares A, Matheson J, George TP, Rehm J, Shuper PA, Sproule B, Samohkvalov A, Huestis MA, Le Foll B. Separate and combined effects of alcohol and cannabis on mood, subjective experience, cognition and psychomotor performance: A randomized trial. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 118:110570. [PMID: 35551928 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Co-use of alcohol and cannabis is associated with increased frequency and intensity of use and related problems. This study examined acute effects of alcohol and cannabis on mood, subjective experience, cognition, and psychomotor performance. Twenty-eight healthy cannabis users aged 19-29 years with recent history of binge drinking completed this within-subjects, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Participants received: placebo alcohol and placebo cannabis (<0.1% THC); alcohol (target breath alcohol content [BrAC] 80 mg/dL) and placebo cannabis; placebo alcohol and active cannabis (12.5% THC); and active alcohol and cannabis over four sessions. Profile of Mood States (POMS), Addiction Research Centre Inventory (ARCI), verbal free recall (VFR), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), Continuous Performance Test (CPT), and grooved pegboard (GPB) task were administered before and approximately 75 min after drinking alcohol (1 h after smoking cannabis ad libitum). Significant effects of condition were found for the POMS (Tension-Anxiety, Confusion) and ARCI (MBG, LSD, PCAG, Euphoria, Sedation), predominantly with greater increases emerging after cannabis or alcohol-cannabis combined relative to placebo. Significant effects were found for VFR (immediate total and delayed recall, percent retained), DSST (trials attempted, trials correct, reaction time), and GPB (non-dominant hand) predominantly with greater declines in performance after alcohol and alcohol-cannabis combined relative to placebo and/or cannabis. Cannabis appeared to affect mood and subjective experience, with minimal impact on cognitive performance. Alcohol appeared to impair cognitive and psychomotor performance, with minimal impact on mood and subjective experience. Acute effects of alcohol and cannabis combined were additive at most.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Wickens
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Madison Wright
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert E Mann
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruna Brands
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Controlled Substances and Cannabis Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia Di Ciano
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gina Stoduto
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Fares
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin Matheson
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tony P George
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation; Klinische Psychologie & Psychotherapie, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Paul A Shuper
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Beth Sproule
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Pharmacy Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andriy Samohkvalov
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Klinische Psychologie & Psychotherapie, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Burgess HJ, Rizvydeen M, Kikyo F, Kebbeh N, Tan M, Roecklein KA, Hasler BP, King AC, Cao D. Sleep and circadian differences between light and heavy adult alcohol drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:1181-1191. [PMID: 35908247 PMCID: PMC9357170 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background Numerous studies have reported that eveningness is associated with increased alcohol consumption. However, biological markers of circadian timing, such as dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) and circadian photoreceptor responsivity (post‐illumination pupil response, PIPR), have rarely been assessed in the context of habitual alcohol consumption. This study aimed to examine sleep, circadian timing, and photoreceptor responsivity in adult alcohol drinkers. Methods Participants (21 to 45 years) included 28 light and 50 heavy drinkers. The 8‐day study consisted of a week of adlib sleep monitored with wrist actigraphy, followed by a 9‐h laboratory session with a photoreceptor responsivity and circadian phase assessment. Results The heavy drinkers obtained on average 28 more minutes of sleep (p = 0.002) and reported more eveningness than the light drinkers (p = 0.029). There was a trend for a shorter DLMO‐midsleep interval (p = 0.059) in the heavy drinkers, reflecting a tendency for them to sleep at an earlier circadian phase. The PIPR in the heavy drinkers was significantly smaller than in the light drinkers (p = 0.032), suggesting reduced circadian photoreceptor responsivity in the heavy drinkers. A larger PIPR was significantly associated with a later DLMO in the light drinkers (r = 0.44, p = 0.019), but this relationship was absent in the heavy drinkers (r = −0.01, p = 0.94). Conclusions These results are consistent with earlier reports of more eveningness and a shorter DLMO‐midsleep interval being associated with heavier alcohol drinking. The novel finding of reduced circadian photoreceptor responsivity in heavy drinkers is consistent with prior rodent studies. Future studies should explore the impact of habitual alcohol consumption on other measures of circadian photoreceptor responsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J Burgess
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Muneer Rizvydeen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Fumitaka Kikyo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nema Kebbeh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kathryn A Roecklein
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brant P Hasler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrea C King
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dingcai Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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11
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Kärkkäinen O, Farokhnia M, Klåvus A, Auriola S, Lehtonen M, Deschaine SL, Piacentino D, Abshire KM, Jackson SN, Leggio L. Effect of intravenous ghrelin administration, combined with alcohol, on circulating metabolome in heavy drinking individuals with alcohol use disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:2207-2216. [PMID: 34590334 PMCID: PMC8642277 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin may influence several alcohol-related behaviors in animals and humans by modulating central and/or peripheral biological pathways. The aim of this exploratory analysis was to investigate associations between ghrelin administration and the human circulating metabolome during alcohol exposure in nontreatment seeking, heavy drinking individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD). METHODS We used serum samples from a randomized, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled human laboratory study with intravenous (IV) ghrelin or placebo infusion in two experiments. During each session, participants received a loading dose (3 µg/kg) followed by continuous infusion (16.9 ng/kg/min) of acyl ghrelin or placebo. The first experiment included an IV alcohol self-administration (IV-ASA) session and the second experiment included an IV alcohol clamp (IV-AC) session, both with the counterbalanced infusion of ghrelin or placebo. Serum metabolite profiles were analyzed from repeated blood samples collected during each session. RESULTS In both experiments, ghrelin infusion was associated with an altered serum metabolite profile, including significantly increased levels of cortisol (IV-ASA q-value = 0.0003 and IV-AC q < 0.0001), corticosterone (IV-ASA q = 0.0202 and IV-AC q < 0.0001), and glycochenodeoxycholic acid (IV-ASA q = 0.0375 and IV-AC q = 0.0013). In the IV-ASA experiment, ghrelin infusion increased levels of cortisone (q = 0.0352) and fatty acids 18:1 (q = 0.0406) and 18:3 (q = 0.0320). Moreover, in the IV-AC experiment, ghrelin infusion significantly increased levels of glycocholic acid (q < 0.0001) and phenylalanine (q = 0.0458). CONCLUSION IV ghrelin infusion, combined with IV alcohol administration, was associated with increases in the circulating metabolite levels of corticosteroids and glycine-conjugated bile acids, among other changes. Further research is needed to understand the role that metabolomic changes play in the complex interaction between ghrelin and alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli Kärkkäinen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mehdi Farokhnia
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anton Klåvus
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marko Lehtonen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sara L. Deschaine
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daria Piacentino
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Center on Compulsive Behaviors, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kelly M. Abshire
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shelley N. Jackson
- Translational Analytical Core, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Center on Compulsive Behaviors, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Translational Analytical Core, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Division of Addiction Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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12
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King A, Vena A, Hasin D, deWit H, O’Connor SJ, Cao D. Subjective Responses to Alcohol in the Development and Maintenance of Alcohol Use Disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2021; 178:560-571. [PMID: 33397141 PMCID: PMC8222099 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20030247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains an urgent public health problem. Longitudinal data are needed to clarify the role of acute subjective responses to alcohol in the development and maintenance of excessive drinking and AUD. The authors report on 10 years of repeated examination of acute alcohol responses in the Chicago Social Drinking Project. METHODS Young adult drinkers (N=190) participated in an initial alcohol challenge (0.8 g/kg of alcohol compared with placebo) that was repeated 5 and 10 years later. They were also assessed on drinking behavior and AUD symptoms at numerous intervals across the decade. Retention was high, as 184 of the 185 (99%) nondeceased active participants completed the 10-year follow-up, and 91% (163 of 179) of those eligible for alcohol consumption engaged in repeated laboratory testing during this interval. RESULTS At the end of the decade, 21% of participants met criteria for past-year AUD. Individuals who reported the greatest alcohol stimulation, liking, and wanting at the initial alcohol challenge were most likely to have developed AUD 10 years later. Further, alcohol-induced stimulation and wanting increased in reexamination testing among those with the highest AUD symptoms as the decade progressed. CONCLUSIONS Initial stimulant and rewarding effects of alcohol predicted heavy alcohol use, and the magnitude of these positive subjective effects increased over a 10-year period in those who developed AUD compared with those who did not develop the disorder. The findings demonstrate systematic changes in subjective responses to alcohol over time, providing an empirical basis for prevention, early intervention, and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea King
- University of Chicago, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, Chicago IL
| | - Ashley Vena
- University of Chicago, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, Chicago IL
| | - Deborah Hasin
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Psychiatry, Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, New York, NY
| | - Harriet deWit
- University of Chicago, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, Chicago IL
| | - Sean J. O’Connor
- Indiana University School of Medicine and Purdue University, Departments of Psychiatry and Biomedical Engineering, Indianapolis and West Lafayette, IN
| | - Dingcai Cao
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Chicago, IL
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Harmon DA, Haas AL, Peterkin A. Experimental tasks of behavioral risk taking in alcohol administration studies: A systematic review. Addict Behav 2021; 113:106678. [PMID: 33065446 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Research on emerging adults shows this population exhibits the highest rates of alcohol use and engages in the riskiest of behaviors (Boyer, 2006; Fromme, Corbin, & Kruse, 2008). Among experimental paradigms, prior reviews have established an increase in behavioral risk taking while under the influence of alcohol (Moskowitz & Robinson, 1988; Martin et al., 2013; Weafer & Fillmore, 2016). Previous research highlighted the importance of alcohol dose on behavioral risk taking and the lack of agreement on which psychometric tools are most accurate in assessing behavioral risk taking (Beulow & Blaine, 2015; King, Toule, De Wit, & Holdstock, 2002). This systematic review of experimental paradigms assessing the effects of the dose of alcohol on various behavioral risk taking tasks suggest that higher alcohol doses (0.6 g/kg and above) produces the most robust increase in behavioral risk taking across tasks, compared to lower doses of alcohol (<0.6 g/kg). Results suggest the BART is the most sensitive behavioral risk task used to detect increases in risk taking in moderate/higher doses compared to lower doses of alcohol. This review also highlights the difficulty in measuring behavioral risk taking, as behavioral risk taking is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon that may involve multiple constructs and means to capture it. Future research is needed to standardize experimental administration protocols, to aid in advancing the field of alcohol administration experiments, and to determine the most accurate measurement of behavioral risk taking. PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE: Past experimental paradigms measuring behavioral risk taking under the influence of alcohol in emerging adults have used various alcohol administration paradigms, experimental protocols, and behavioral risk tasks. Key to examining behavioral risk taking via experimental paradigms should use at higher alcohol doses. Future interventions need to assess for levels of blood alcohol concentration when assessing for at-risk populations for alchol use disorders.
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14
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Vena A, Howe M, Fridberg D, Cao D, King AC. The Feasibility, Tolerability, and Safety of Administering a Very High Alcohol Dose to Drinkers with Alcohol Use Disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:2588-2597. [PMID: 33038271 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There remains a paucity of research quantifying alcohol's effects in drinkers with alcohol use disorder (AUD), particularly responses to very high alcohol doses (≥0.8 g/kg). As drinkers with AUD frequently engage in very heavy drinking (8 to 10 drinks/occasion), doses of ≤0.8 g/kg may lack ecological validity. The present study examined the feasibility, tolerability, and safety of administering a very high alcohol dose (1.2 g/kg) to non-treatment-seeking AUD participants. METHODS Sixty-one young adult AUD drinkers enrolled in the Chicago Social Drinking Project and completed 3 laboratory sessions at which they consumed a beverage with 1.2, 0.8, and 0.0 g/kg alcohol. Physiological responses (vital signs, nausea and vomiting, breath alcohol concentrations [BrAC]) were monitored throughout the sessions. After each session, participants completed a next-day survey of substance use, engagement in risky behaviors, and related consequences. RESULTS Overall, the sample demonstrated good compliance with study procedures; 93% of participants adhered to presession alcohol abstinence requirements (indicated by BrAC < 0.003 g/dl), with no participants exhibiting serious alcohol withdrawal symptoms at arrival to study visits. The 1.2 g/kg alcohol dose achieved an expected mean peak BrAC of 0.13 g/dl at 60 minutes after drinking, which was well tolerated; the majority of the sample did not experience nausea (70%) or vomiting (93%), and dose effects on vital signs were not clinically significant. Finally, we demonstrated that the 1.2 g/kg alcohol dose is safe and not associated with postsession consequences, including reduced sleep time, atypical substance use, accidents or injuries, and severe hangovers. CONCLUSION Results support the feasibility, tolerability, and safety of administering a very high alcohol dose to young adult drinkers with AUD within the context of a well-validated laboratory alcohol challenge paradigm. Utilizing an alcohol dose more consistent with naturalistic drinking patterns may foster greater ecological validity of laboratory paradigms for persons with moderate to severe AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Vena
- From the, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, (AV, MH, DF, ACK), University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Meghan Howe
- From the, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, (AV, MH, DF, ACK), University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Daniel Fridberg
- From the, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, (AV, MH, DF, ACK), University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dingcai Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, (DC), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Andrea C King
- From the, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, (AV, MH, DF, ACK), University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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15
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Dunton GF, Kaplan JT, Monterosso J, Pang RD, Mason TB, Kirkpatrick MG, Eckel SP, Leventhal AM. Conceptualizing Health Behaviors as Acute Mood-Altering Agents: Implications for Cancer Control. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2020; 13:343-350. [PMID: 31948998 PMCID: PMC7158868 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-19-0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A massive portion of cancer burden is accounted for by a small collection of highly prevalent cancer risk behaviors (e.g., low physical activity, unhealthy diet, and tobacco use). Why people engage in numerous types of cancer risk behaviors and fail to adopt various cancer prevention behaviors has been poorly understood. In this commentary, we propose a novel scientific framework, which argues that a common affective (i.e., emotion based) mechanism underpins a diversity of such cancer risk and prevention behaviors. The scientific premise is that cancer risk and prevention behaviors produce immediate and robust changes in affective states that are translated into motivations and drives, which promote further pursuit of risk behaviors or avoidance of prevention behaviors. After describing the conceptual and scientific basis for this framework, we then propose central research questions that can address the validity and utility of the framework. Next, we selectively review and integrate findings on the mood-altering effects of various cancer risk and prevention behaviors from the addiction science, exercise science, and behavioral nutrition literatures, focusing on the nature and phenomenology of behavior-elicited mood changes and their value for predicting future behavior change. We conclude by discussing how this framework can be applied to address critical scientific questions in cancer control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve F Dunton
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jonas T Kaplan
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - John Monterosso
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Raina D Pang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tyler B Mason
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Matthew G Kirkpatrick
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sandrah P Eckel
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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16
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Poor inhibitory control is associated with greater stimulation and less sedation following alcohol. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:825-832. [PMID: 31832721 PMCID: PMC7039753 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05420-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE Poor inhibitory control is a well-established risk factor for alcohol use disorder (AUD). Similarly, greater sensitivity to the stimulant effects and less sensitivity to the sedative effects of alcohol are also strongly linked to risk for AUD. Traditionally, these two risk factors have been considered to be orthogonal, and thus they have been studied independently. However, recent evidence from animal and human studies suggests that they may be related. The current study examined the relationship between inhibitory control and subjective responses to alcohol in a sample of healthy young adults. METHODS Moderate social drinkers (N = 69) first completed the stop signal task to assess inhibitory control. They then participated in four sessions in which they received an oral dose of ethanol (0.8 g/kg) or placebo in alternating order, providing self-report measures of stimulation and sedation on the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) at regular intervals. RESULTS Linear mixed effects models showed that poor inhibitory control was associated with greater stimulation and less sedation following alcohol compared with placebo. CONCLUSION These findings provide the first direct evidence that individuals with poor inhibitory control experience greater sensitivity to the rewarding, stimulant effects of alcohol, and less sensitivity to the negative, sedative effects. These findings suggest that inhibition and subjective response to alcohol are not independent risk factors, and that together they constitute a heightened profile of risk for AUD.
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17
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Acevedo MB, Teran-Garcia M, Bucholz KK, Eagon JC, Bartholow BD, Burd NA, Khan N, Rowitz B, Pepino MY. Alcohol sensitivity in women after undergoing bariatric surgery: a cross-sectional study. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2020; 16:536-544. [PMID: 32075778 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2020.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG), the most common bariatric surgeries performed worldwide, increase the risk to develop an alcohol use disorder. This might be due, in part, to surgery-related changes in alcohol pharmacokinetics. Another risk factor, unexplored within this population, is having a reduced subjective response to alcohol's sedative effects. OBJECTIVES To assess whether the alcohol sensitivity questionnaire (ASQ), a simple self-report measure, could pinpoint reduced alcohol sensitivity in the bariatric population. SETTING University medical centers in Missouri and Illinois. METHODS Women who had RYGB (n = 16), SG (n = 28), or laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding surgery (n = 11) within the last 5 years completed the ASQ for both pre- and postsurgical timeframes, and 45 of them participated in oral alcohol challenge testing postsurgery. Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and subjective stimulation and sedation were measured before and for 3.5 hours after drinking. RESULTS In line with faster and higher peak BACs after RYGB and SG than laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding surgery (P < .001), postsurgery ASQ scores were more reduced from presurgery scores after RYGB/SG than after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding surgery (-2.3 ± .3 versus -1.2 ± .2; P < .05). However, despite the dramatic changes in BAC observed when ingesting alcohol after RYGB/SG surgeries, which resulted in peak BAC that were approximately 50% above the legal driving limit, a third of these women felt almost no alcohol-related sedative effects. CONCLUSIONS Although RYGB/SG dramatically increased sensitivity to alcohol in all participants, meaningful interindividual differences remained. The ASQ might help identify patients at increased risk to develop an alcohol use disorder after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Acevedo
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Margarita Teran-Garcia
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Kathleen K Bucholz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - J Christopher Eagon
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Bruce D Bartholow
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Naiman Khan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Blair Rowitz
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois; Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Marta Yanina Pepino
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.
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Cofresí RU, Bartholow BD, Piasecki TM. Evidence for incentive salience sensitization as a pathway to alcohol use disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:897-926. [PMID: 31672617 PMCID: PMC6878895 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The incentive salience sensitization (ISS) theory of addiction holds that addictive behavior stems from the ability of drugs to progressively sensitize the brain circuitry that mediates attribution of incentive salience (IS) to reward-predictive cues and its behavioral manifestations. In this article, we establish the plausibility of ISS as an etiological pathway to alcohol use disorder (AUD). We provide a comprehensive and critical review of evidence for: (1) the ability of alcohol to sensitize the brain circuitry of IS attribution and expression; and (2) attribution of IS to alcohol-predictive cues and its sensitization in humans and non-human animals. We point out gaps in the literature and how these might be addressed. We also highlight how individuals with different alcohol subjective response phenotypes may differ in susceptibility to ISS as a pathway to AUD. Finally, we discuss important implications of this neuropsychological mechanism in AUD for psychological and pharmacological interventions attempting to attenuate alcohol craving and cue reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto U Cofresí
- University of Missouri, Department of Psychological Sciences, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
| | - Bruce D Bartholow
- University of Missouri, Department of Psychological Sciences, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Thomas M Piasecki
- University of Missouri, Department of Psychological Sciences, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
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Predictors of quickly progressing from initiating alcohol use to engaging in binge drinking among adolescents. Addict Behav Rep 2019; 9:100165. [PMID: 31193836 PMCID: PMC6542839 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2019.100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A short delay to first intoxication confers alcohol-related risk, but risk factors for a short delay have yet to be examined. Methods 230 high school students (55.7% male; age 16.52 [1.19] years; 70.9% White) were surveyed about alcohol use. We examined whether sex, race, parental history of alcohol problems, age of onset, type of alcohol consumed, drinking company, and subjective response to alcohol were associated with 1) delay to first binge episode and 2) binge drinking status (i.e., never bingers, individuals who binge drank on their first drinking occasion, and individuals who binge drank at a later date). Finally, we examined whether first-occasion bingers reported heavier drinking and alcohol-related problems than later-occasion and never bingers. Results Overall, a shorter delay was associated with being male an older age of onset, and, during one's first drinking experience, consuming liquor, drinking with friends or alone, and experiencing high arousal negative alcohol effects. First-occasion bingers were more likely to be male, consume liquor, and experience stronger high arousal positive and negative alcohol effects than never bingers and to have a later age of onset, experience stronger high arousal negative, and weaker low arousal negative alcohol effects than later-occasion bingers. First-occasion bingers also reported heavier current drinking and more alcohol-related problems. Conclusions Characteristics of underage drinkers that confer risk for a shorter delay and first-occasion binging may provide fruitful targets for intervention, as efforts to delay binge drinking may mitigate alcohol-related risk associated with underage alcohol use.
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Jensen KP, Lieberman R, Kranzler HR, Gelernter J, Clinton K, Covault J. Alcohol-responsive genes identified in human iPSC-derived neural cultures. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:96. [PMID: 30862775 PMCID: PMC6414668 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use contributes to numerous diseases and injuries. The nervous system is affected by alcohol in diverse ways, though the molecular mechanisms of these effects are not clearly understood. Using human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), we developed a neural cell culture model to identify the mechanisms of alcohol's effects. iPSCs were generated from fibroblasts and differentiated into forebrain neural cells cultures that were treated with 50 mM alcohol or sham conditions (same media lacking alcohol) for 7 days. We analyzed gene expression using total RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) for 34 samples derived from 10 subjects and for 10 samples from 5 subjects in an independent experiment that had intermittent exposure to the same dose of alcohol. We also analyzed genetic effects on gene expression and conducted a weighted correlation network analysis. We found that differentiated neural cell cultures have the capacity to recapitulate gene regulatory effects previously observed in specific primary neural tissues and identified 226 genes that were differentially expressed (FDR < 0.1) after alcohol treatment. The effects on expression included decreases in INSIG1 and LDLR, two genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. We also identified a module of 58 co-expressed genes that were uniformly decreased following alcohol exposure. The majority of these effects were supported in independent alcohol exposure experiments. Enrichment analysis linked the alcohol responsive genes to cell cycle, notch signaling, and cholesterol biosynthesis pathways, which are disrupted in several neurological disorders. Our findings suggest that there is convergence between these disorders and the effects of alcohol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P. Jensen
- 0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 USA ,0000 0004 0419 3073grid.281208.1VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516 USA
| | - Richard Lieberman
- 0000000419370394grid.208078.5Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030–1410 USA
| | - Henry R. Kranzler
- 0000 0004 1936 8972grid.25879.31Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA ,VISN4 MIRECC, Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- 0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 USA ,0000 0004 0419 3073grid.281208.1VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516 USA
| | - Kaitlin Clinton
- 0000000419370394grid.208078.5Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030–1410 USA
| | - Jonathan Covault
- Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06030-1410, USA. .,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
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Berey BL, Leeman RF, Pittman B, Franco N, Krishnan-Sarin S. Does Self-Reported or Behavioral Impulsivity Predict Subjective Response to Low-Dose Alcohol? Alcohol Alcohol 2019; 54:180-187. [PMID: 30649160 PMCID: PMC6476413 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agy092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Subjective response to alcohol and impulsivity are both independent predictors of alcohol use and may be related risk factors for alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Recent findings suggest that more impulsive individuals may experience higher risk subjective response patterns at moderate-to-high doses of alcohol. However, whether these relationships are observable early in a drinking occasion remains an open question. This study examined multiple measures of impulsivity in relation to subjective response following low-dose alcohol. METHOD Eighty-seven non-treatment-seeking heavy drinkers were enrolled in a placebo-controlled alcohol administration study testing the effects of NMDA receptor antagonist, Memantine. Baseline impulsivity assessments included the Cued Go/No-Go Task, Experiential Discounting Task, and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Version 11 (BIS-11). Following consumption of low-dose alcohol aimed to increase blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.03%, subjective stimulation and sedation were measured using the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale. Models were tested to relate impulsivity measures to subjective response with a post hoc exploratory model exploring boredom as an alternate predictor. RESULTS Increases in stimulation and sedation were observed following low-dose alcohol, but were not predicted significantly by impulsivity measures. Although greater impulsivity on the BIS-11 was a trend-level predictor of increased sedation, post hoc analyses suggested these results were an artifact of boredom. CONCLUSION Although impulsivity did not predict subjective response to low-dose alcohol, the results suggest that small amounts of alcohol can produce a range of subjective effects, even among heavy drinkers. Future studies would benefit by examining subjective response across a range of BACs among both light and heavy drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Berey
- Department of Health Education and Behavior, University of Florida, 1908 Stadium Road, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Robert F Leeman
- Department of Health Education and Behavior, University of Florida, 1908 Stadium Road, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brian Pittman
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nicholas Franco
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Suchitra Krishnan-Sarin
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT, USA
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Plawecki MH, Durrani AM, Boes J, Wetherill L, Kosobud A, O'Connor S, Ramchandani VA. Comparison of Subjective Responses to Oral and Intravenous Alcohol Administration Under Similar Systemic Exposures. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:597-606. [PMID: 30721544 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals perceive the effects of alcohol differently, and the variation is commonly used in research assessing the risk for developing an alcohol use disorder. Such research is supported by both oral and intravenous (IV) alcohol administration techniques, and any differences attributable to the route employed should be understood. Our objective was to test whether an individual's subjective responses to alcohol are similar when the breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) trajectory resulting from oral administration is matched by IV administration. METHODS We conducted a 2-session, within-subject study in 44 young adult, healthy, nondependent drinkers (22 females and 22 males). In the first session, subjects ingested a dose of alcohol which was individually calculated, on the basis of total body water, to yield a peak BrAC near 80 mg/dl, and the resulting BrAC trajectory was recorded. A few days later, subjects received an IV alcohol infusion rate profile, precomputed to replicate each individual's oral alcohol BrAC trajectory. In both sessions, we assessed 4 subjective responses to alcohol: SEDATION, SIMULATION, INTOXICATION, and HIGH; at baseline and frequently for 4 hours. We compared the individuals' baseline-corrected responses at peak BrAC and at half-peak BrAC on both the ascending and descending limbs. We also computed and compared Pearson-product moment correlations of responses by route of administration, the Mellanby measure of acute adaptation to alcohol, and the area under the entire response curve for each subjective response. RESULTS No significant differences in any measure could be attributed to the route of alcohol administration. Eleven of 12 response comparisons were significantly correlated across the routes of alcohol administration, with 9 surviving correction for multiple measures, as did the Mellanby effect and area under the response curve correlations. CONCLUSIONS The route of alcohol administration has a minimal effect on subjective responses to alcohol when an individual's BrAC exposure profiles are similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Henry Plawecki
- Department of Psychiatry , Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Adnan Mahmood Durrani
- Section on Human Psychopharmacology , Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Julian Boes
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics , Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Leah Wetherill
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics , Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ann Kosobud
- Department of Neurology , Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sean O'Connor
- Department of Psychiatry , Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Vijay A Ramchandani
- Section on Human Psychopharmacology , Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland
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Tsang B, Ansari R, Gerlai R. Dose dependent behavioral effects of acute alcohol administration in zebrafish fry. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 179:124-133. [PMID: 30807782 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish is becoming increasingly utilized in behavioral neuroscience as it appears to strike a good compromise between practical simplicity and system complexity. Particularly in alcohol (ethanol) research, the zebrafish has been employed as a translationally relevant model organism. However, the majority of studies investigating the effects of alcohol on brain function and behavior has used adult zebrafish. In the current study, we utilize 6-8 post-fertilization day old larval zebrafish (fry) to investigate the effects of a 40 min-long, acute, immersion into the alcohol bath. We measure the behavioral responses of the fry during the immersion session in relatively large arenas, the petri dish, instead of the often employed 96 well plate, and report on significant modification of behavior induced by alcohol. For example, we found the intermediate dose of alcohol (0.5%, vol/vol) to exert a stimulant effect manifesting as slight elevation of swim speed, robust increase of turning, temporal variability of swim speed and turning, and diminished frequency of staying immobile. We also found the high dose of 1% alcohol to elicit an opposite response, a sedative effect. This biphasic dose response of alcohol mimics what has been found in mammals, including humans, and thus we conclude that a few day-old zebrafish fry may be a cost effective and efficient tool with which one can screen for small molecules or mutations with alcohol-effect modifying properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Tsang
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Canada
| | - Rida Ansari
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Canada
| | - Robert Gerlai
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Canada; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Canada.
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Comstock SM, Vaidya JG, Niciu MJ. Neurophysiological Correlates and Differential Drug Response in Subjects With a Family History of an Alcohol Use Disorder. CHRONIC STRESS (THOUSAND OAKS, CALIF.) 2019; 3:2470547019865267. [PMID: 31511840 PMCID: PMC6738944 DOI: 10.1177/2470547019865267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A family history of an alcohol use disorder (AUD) has been shown to increase one's risk of developing an AUD. Additionally, a positive family history of AUD (family history positive (FHP)) has neurobiological and neuropsychopharmacological consequences, and this review summarizes differential drug response as well as neuroanatomical and neurocognitive correlates. FHP status is related to altered responses to a number of drugs, including substances with abuse liability like alcohol, opioids, amphetamines, and ketamine. FHP individuals demonstrate fewer aversive effects and more rewarding response to both alcohol and subanesthetic dose ketamine. Ketamine is a rapid-acting antidepressant, and several studies have reported that ketamine is more effective for FHP treatment-resistant depressed individuals. In short, the reviewed neurophysiological differences may contribute to ketamine's enhanced antidepressant efficacy in FHP patients. Volumetric differences in the amygdala, nucleus accumbens, neocortex, and cerebellum are commonly reported. Furthermore, FHP has also been associated with altered neurocognitive performance, e.g., increased impulsivity. The imaging and psychological literature supports a neurodevelopmental lag hypothesis in FHP youth. The review will further discuss these findings in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sage M. Comstock
- Department of Psychiatry, Iowa
Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jatin G. Vaidya
- Department of Psychiatry, Iowa
Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mark J. Niciu
- Department of Psychiatry, Iowa
Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA, USA
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25
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Forward J, Akhurst J, Bruno R, Leong X, VanderNiet A, Bromfield H, Erny J, Bellamy T, Peacock A. Nature versus intensity of intoxication: Co-ingestion of alcohol and energy drinks and the effect on objective and subjective intoxication. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 180:292-303. [PMID: 28942033 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We report a series of studies examining the effect of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmEDs) versus alcohol on objective intoxication (breath alcohol concentration; BrAC), intensity, and nature of intoxication. We also aimed to disentangle the role of energy drink (ED) ingredients in any effects. METHOD Three within-subject double-blind placebo-controlled studies measured BrAC, subjective intoxication and impairment ('intensity of intoxication'), stimulation and sedation ('nature of intoxication') following administration of ED, Cola, Caffeine+Sugar, and Placebo with alcohol (Study 1, n=18); ED, Caffeine-only, Sugar-only and Placebo with alcohol (Study 2, n=20); and ED and Placebo with alcohol (Study 3, n=27). RESULTS Significant moderate-to-large magnitude BrAC decrements and delayed time to peak BrAC were observed after ED administration versus Placebo. However, no meaningful BrAC differences between ED and other active conditions were observed in Study 1 and 2. After BrAC adjustment, moderate-to-large magnitude reductions in intoxication and impairment ratings were observed after ED versus Placebo on the ascending limb in all studies and at peak in Study 2 and 3. No meaningful differences were observed in intoxication and impairment ratings between ED and Caffeine+Sugar and Cola conditions (Study 1); ratings were lower after ED versus Sugar-only (Study 2). Stimulation and sedation ratings did not differ between ED and Placebo. CONCLUSION Reductions in objective intoxication and perceived intensity of intoxication, but not nature of intoxication, were observed after AmED consumption. However, effects may be common to alcohol mixers containing sugars (objective intoxication) and caffeine (intensity of intoxication) and specific to a laboratory setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Forward
- School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Jane Akhurst
- School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Raimondo Bruno
- School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Xiao Leong
- School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Amelia VanderNiet
- School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Holly Bromfield
- School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Erny
- School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Tessa Bellamy
- School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Amy Peacock
- School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Bell RL, Hauser SR, Liang T, Sari Y, Maldonado-Devincci A, Rodd ZA. Rat animal models for screening medications to treat alcohol use disorders. Neuropharmacology 2017; 122:201-243. [PMID: 28215999 PMCID: PMC5659204 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to present animal research models that can be used to screen and/or repurpose medications for the treatment of alcohol abuse and dependence. The focus will be on rats and in particular selectively bred rats. Brief introductions discuss various aspects of the clinical picture, which provide characteristics of individuals with alcohol use disorders (AUDs) to model in animals. Following this, multiple selectively bred rat lines will be described and evaluated in the context of animal models used to screen medications to treat AUDs. Next, common behavioral tests for drug efficacy will be discussed particularly as they relate to stages in the addiction cycle. Tables highlighting studies that have tested the effects of compounds using the respective techniques are included. Wherever possible the Tables are organized chronologically in ascending order to describe changes in the focus of research on AUDs over time. In general, high ethanol-consuming selectively bred rats have been used to test a wide range of compounds. Older studies usually followed neurobiological findings in the selected lines that supported an association with a propensity for high ethanol intake. Most of these tests evaluated the compound's effects on the maintenance of ethanol drinking. Very few compounds have been tested during ethanol-seeking and/or relapse and fewer still have assessed their effects during the acquisition of AUDs. Overall, while a substantial number of neurotransmitter and neuromodulatory system targets have been assessed; the roles of sex- and age-of-animal, as well as the acquisition of AUDs, ethanol-seeking and relapse continue to be factors and behaviors needing further study. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Alcoholism".
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Bell
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Sheketha R Hauser
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Tiebing Liang
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Youssef Sari
- University of Toledo, Department of Pharmacology, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | | | - Zachary A Rodd
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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27
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Alcohol Stimulation and Sedation: a Critical Review of the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-017-0150-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Attenuating the alcohol allure: attentional broadening reduces rapid motivational response to alcohol pictures. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1247-1254. [PMID: 28238070 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Past research has found that exposure to alcohol cues causes a narrowing of attentional scope and enhances the neural responses associated with approach motivation. OBJECTIVE The current research sought to determine if a manipulated broadened (global) attentional scope would reduce approach-motivated neural reactivity to alcohol pictures. METHODS In the current study, participants (n = 82) were exposed to alcohol and neutral pictures following either a global or local attentional scope manipulation. Early motivated attentional processing was assessed using the N1 event-related potential (ERP), a neurophysiological marker of rapid motivated attention. RESULTS A global attentional scope reduced N1 amplitudes to alcohol pictures as compared to a local attentional scope. Self-reported binge drinking related to larger N1 amplitudes to alcohol pictures, but not to neutral pictures. Individuals with greater binge drinking experience demonstrated increased rapid motivated attentional processing to alcohol pictures. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that enhancing a global (vs. local) attentional scope attenuates rapid motivated attentional processing of alcohol pictures in comparison to neutral pictures. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Lutz JA, Childs E. Test-retest reliability of the underlying latent factor structure of alcohol subjective response. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1209-1216. [PMID: 28130647 PMCID: PMC5394794 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4535-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Alcohol subjective experiences are multi-dimensional and demonstrate wide inter-individual variability. Recent efforts have sought to establish a clearer understanding of subjective alcohol responses by identifying core constructs derived from multiple measurement instruments. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the temporal stability of this approach to conceptualizing alcohol subjective experiences across successive alcohol administrations in the same individuals. METHODS Healthy moderate alcohol drinkers (n = 104) completed six experimental sessions each, three with alcohol (0.8 g/kg), and three with a non-alcoholic control beverage. Participants reported subjective mood and drug effects using standardized questionnaires before and at repeated times after beverage consumption. We explored the underlying latent structure of subjective responses for all alcohol administrations using exploratory factor analysis and then tested measurement invariance over the three successive administrations using multi-group confirmatory factor analyses. RESULTS Exploratory factor analyses on responses to alcohol across all administrations yielded four factors representing "Positive mood," "Sedation," "Stimulation/Euphoria," and "Drug effects and Urges." A confirmatory factor analysis on the separate administrations indicated acceptable configural and metric invariance and moderate scalar invariance. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we demonstrate temporal stability of the underlying constructs of subjective alcohol responses derived from factor analysis. These findings strengthen the utility of this approach to conceptualizing subjective alcohol responses especially for use in prospective and longitudinal alcohol challenge studies relating subjective response to alcohol use disorder risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Lutz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Emma Childs
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Lopez MF, Miles MF, Williams RW, Becker HC. Variable effects of chronic intermittent ethanol exposure on ethanol drinking in a genetically diverse mouse cohort. Alcohol 2017; 58:73-82. [PMID: 27793543 PMCID: PMC5253308 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The BXD family of mice were generated by crossing and inbreeding ethanol-preferring C57BL/6J and ethanol-avoiding DBA/2J strains that differ greatly in genome sequence and other behaviors. This study evaluated variations in the level of voluntary ethanol intake in a cohort of 42 BXD strains and both progenitor strains using a model of alcohol dependence and relapse drinking. A total of 119 BXDs (85 males, 34 females) (n ∼ 4 per genotype; 1/genotype/sex/group) were evaluated along with males from both progenitor strains (n = 14-15/genotype). Mice were evaluated for intake using limited access (2 h/day) 2-bottle (15% v/v ethanol vs. water) model for 6 weeks (baseline intake). Each animal received 4 weekly cycles of chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) vapor exposure (CIE group) or air control exposure (CTL group) (16 h/day × 4 days) interleaved by 5-day drinking test cycles. Blood ethanol concentrations (BEC) ranged from 150 to 300 mg/dl across genotypes. Baseline intake varied greatly among cases-from ∼0.8 to ∼2.9 g/kg. As expected, CIE exposure induced a significant increase in ethanol drinking in C57BL/6J relative to baseline as well as air controls that remained relatively stable over the four test cycles. In contrast, DBA/2J cases did not show a significant increase in consumption. Heritability of variation in baseline consumption, calculated from C57BL/6J and DBA/2J strains is about 54% but this increases following treatment to 60-80%. As expected from the marked difference between progenitors, ethanol intake and level of escalation varied greatly among BXDs after exposure (∼-1.3 to 2.6 g/kg). Interestingly, the magnitude and direction of changes in ethanol intake did not relate to BEC values of the preceding CIE exposure cycle. Overall, these data indicate significant variation in consumption and even escalation, much of it under genetic control, following repeated CIE treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo F Lopez
- Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Michael F Miles
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Robert W Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Howard C Becker
- Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; RHJ Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Glover EJ, McDougle MJ, Siegel GS, Jhou TC, Chandler LJ. Role for the Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus in Signaling the Aversive Properties of Alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:1651-61. [PMID: 27388762 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the rewarding effects of alcohol contribute significantly to its addictive potential, it is becoming increasingly appreciated that alcohol's aversive properties also play an important role in the propensity to drink. Despite this, the neurobiological mechanism for alcohol's aversive actions is not well understood. The rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg) was recently characterized for its involvement in aversive signaling and has been shown to encode the aversive properties of cocaine, yet its involvement in alcohol's aversive actions have not been elucidated. METHODS Adult male and female Long-Evans rats underwent conditioned taste aversion (CTA) procedures where exposure to a novel saccharin solution was paired with intraperitoneal administration of saline, lithium chloride (LiCl), or ethanol (EtOH). Control rats underwent the same paradigm except that drug and saccharin exposure were explicitly unpaired. Saccharin consumption was measured on test day in the absence of drug administration, and rats were sacrificed 90 to 105 minutes following access to saccharin. Brains were subsequently harvested and processed for cFos immunohistochemistry. The number of cFos-labeled neurons was counted in the RMTg and the lateral habenula (LHb)-a region that sends prominent glutamatergic input to the RMTg. RESULTS In rats that received paired drug and saccharin exposure, EtOH and LiCl induced significant CTA compared to saline to a similar degree in males and females. Both EtOH- and LiCl-induced CTA significantly enhanced cFos expression in the RMTg and LHb but not the hippocampus. Similar to behavioral measures, no significant effect of sex on CTA-induced cFos expression was observed. cFos expression in both the RMTg and LHb was significantly correlated with CTA magnitude with greater cFos being associated with more pronounced CTA. In addition, cFos expression in the RMTg was positively correlated with LHb cFos. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the RMTg and LHb are involved in the expression of CTA and are consistent with previous work implicating the RMTg in aversive signaling. Furthermore, increased cFos expression in the RMTg following EtOH-induced CTA suggests that this region plays a role in signaling alcohol's aversive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Glover
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Center for Drug & Alcohol Programs, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Molly J McDougle
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Center for Drug & Alcohol Programs, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Griffin S Siegel
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Center for Drug & Alcohol Programs, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Thomas C Jhou
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - L Judson Chandler
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Center for Drug & Alcohol Programs, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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Verplaetse TL, Pittman BP, Shi JM, Tetrault JM, Coppola S, McKee SA. Effect of Varenicline Combined with High-Dose Alcohol on Craving, Subjective Intoxication, Perceptual Motor Response, and Executive Cognitive Function in Adults with Alcohol Use Disorders: Preliminary Findings. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:1567-76. [PMID: 27246567 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Varenicline has been found to decrease alcohol-motivated behaviors. Recent warnings regarding aversive events associated with varenicline used in conjunction with alcohol warrant further investigation into the safety of the drug when combined with alcohol. The purpose of this preliminary investigation was to examine the effect of combining varenicline with a high, fixed dose of alcohol on subjective reactivity and cognitive function in adults with alcohol use disorders (AUDs). METHODS This double-blind, placebo-controlled preliminary investigation examined the effects of varenicline (0, 1, 2 mg/d) on subjective reactivity, cognition, perceptual motor function, and physiologic reactivity to a fixed dose of alcohol (vs. nonalcohol control beverage) using an established laboratory paradigm in smokers and nonsmokers meeting criteria for AUDs (n = 44). All participants had completed a parent varenicline study evaluating alcohol self-administration. Each subject completed 2 fixed-dose laboratory sessions assessing reactivity to a high-dose alcohol (0.08 g/dl) or a nonalcoholic control beverage, order counterbalanced. RESULTS Varenicline attenuated alcohol-related increases in subjective intoxication and alcohol-related decreases in executive cognitive function. At baseline, varenicline reduced alcohol craving and diastolic blood pressure, and increased associative learning, working memory, and perceptual motor function. Varenicline produced nonspecific effects on diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. Overall, there were few differences in effects between 1 and 2 mg/d varenicline versus placebo. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary results continue to support the safety and use of varenicline in combination with alcohol in individuals meeting criteria for AUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terril L Verplaetse
- Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Brian P Pittman
- Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Julia M Shi
- Department of Internal Medicine , Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jeanette M Tetrault
- Department of Internal Medicine , Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sabrina Coppola
- Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sherry A McKee
- Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Oshima S, Shiiya S, Tokumaru Y, Kanda T. Alanine-fortified tomatoes relieve the acute alcohol-induced adverse effects in healthy men: a randomized cross-over study. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:25. [PMID: 27051456 PMCID: PMC4820955 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about the effects of dietary components on the regulation of the gastric emptying rate of alcohol and its impact on alcohol metabolism. We recently found that the crude water-insoluble dietary fibers from several types of botanical foods maintained aqueous ethanol solutions. Additionally, the ethanol-absorbing ability of the dietary fibers correlated with the inhibition of the blood ethanol elevation by delaying gastric emptying. Moreover, we found that the synergism between tomatoes and alanine to reduce the absorption of alcohol in rats was attributable to the effect of alanine on precipitates, such as the crude water-insoluble dietary fibers of tomatoes. In the present study, we assess whether an alanine-fortified tomato (AFT) is effective in relieving acute alcohol-induced adverse effects by lowering the alcohol action in healthy human volunteers following the ingestion of alcohol with a meal. Methods Twenty healthy males ingested the AFT or sugar as the control, with 1.2 g/kg of alcohol and a micronutrient-fortified meal in a randomized cross-over study. Breath alcohol concentrations were temporally measured, and blood and urine samples were obtained during the trial. The study protocol was repeated with the AFT and sugar groups reversed 4 weeks later. Results Various analyses were performed using the data from the 15 subjects. The breath alcohol concentrations significantly decreased when AFT was ingested. A decrease in the urinary pH was also noted following the ingestion of AFT. Moreover, the sum of seven sedative scores as subjective sensation after alcohol ingestion was significantly reduced by AFT the next morning. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that the simultaneous ingestion of AFT under the consumption of excess alcohol and a micronutrient-fortified meal relieved the acute alcohol-induced adverse effects in male volunteers. These results are consistent with the effectiveness observed in rats as previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Oshima
- Research & Development Laboratories for Innovation, Asahi Group Holdings, Ltd., 1-21, Midori 1-chome, Moriya-shi, Ibaraki 302-0106 Japan
| | - Sachie Shiiya
- Research & Development Laboratories for Innovation, Asahi Group Holdings, Ltd., 1-21, Midori 1-chome, Moriya-shi, Ibaraki 302-0106 Japan
| | - Yoshimi Tokumaru
- Research & Development Laboratories for Innovation, Asahi Group Holdings, Ltd., 1-21, Midori 1-chome, Moriya-shi, Ibaraki 302-0106 Japan
| | - Tomomasa Kanda
- Research & Development Laboratories for Innovation, Asahi Group Holdings, Ltd., 1-21, Midori 1-chome, Moriya-shi, Ibaraki 302-0106 Japan
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Jongen S, Vuurman EFPM, Ramaekers JG, Vermeeren A. The sensitivity of laboratory tests assessing driving related skills to dose-related impairment of alcohol: A literature review. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2016; 89:31-48. [PMID: 26802474 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory tests assessing driving related skills can be useful as initial screening tools to assess potential drug induced impairment as part of a standardized behavioural assessment. Unfortunately, consensus about which laboratory tests should be included to reliably assess drug induced impairment has not yet been reached. The aim of the present review was to evaluate the sensitivity of laboratory tests to the dose dependent effects of alcohol, as a benchmark, on performance parameters. In total, 179 experimental studies were included. Results show that a cued go/no-go task and a divided attention test with primary tracking and secondary visual search were consistently sensitive to the impairing effects at medium and high blood alcohol concentrations. Driving performance assessed in a simulator was less sensitive to the effects of alcohol as compared to naturalistic, on-the-road driving. In conclusion, replicating results of several potentially useful tests and their predictive validity of actual driving impairment should deserve further research. In addition, driving simulators should be validated and compared head to head to naturalistic driving in order to increase construct validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jongen
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
| | - E F P M Vuurman
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
| | - J G Ramaekers
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
| | - A Vermeeren
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
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King A, Hasin D, O’Connor SJ, McNamara PJ, Cao D. A Prospective 5-Year Re-examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79:489-98. [PMID: 26117308 PMCID: PMC4644521 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main neurobiological theories of the development of addiction, including tolerance, sensitization, incentive-sensitization, and allostasis, have not been tested in longitudinal human alcohol response research. To address this issue, we conducted the first controlled prospective investigation of subjective and neuroendocrine responses to alcohol measured over a 5-year interval in at-risk young adult heavy drinkers (HD) and light drinker control subjects. METHODS Participants were 156 individuals, 86 heavy drinkers and 70 light drinkers, undergoing an initial oral alcohol challenge testing (.8 g/kg alcohol vs. placebo) and an identical re-examination testing 5 to 6 years later. Alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptoms and drinking behaviors were assessed in the interim follow-up period. RESULTS At re-examination, HD continued to exhibit higher sensitivity on alcohol's stimulating and rewarding effects with lower sensitivity to sedative effects and cortisol reactivity, relative to light drinkers. In HD with high AUD symptom trajectories over follow-up, heightened alcohol stimulation and reward persisted at re-examination. HD with low AUD symptoms showed reduced alcohol stimulation over time and lower reward throughout compared with the HD with high and intermediate AUD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Results support the early stage phase of the allostasis model, with persistently heightened reward sensitivity and stimulation in heavy drinkers exhibiting AUD progression in early mid-adulthood. While there are multiple pathways to development of a disorder as complex as AUD, maintenance of alcohol stimulatory and rewarding effects may play an important role in the continuation and progression of alcohol addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea King
- University of Chicago, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, Chicago IL
| | - Deborah Hasin
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Psychiatry, Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, New York, NY
| | - Sean J. O’Connor
- Indiana University School of Medicine and Purdue University, Departments of Psychiatry and Biomedical Engineering, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Patrick J. McNamara
- University of Chicago, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, Chicago IL
| | - Dingcai Cao
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Chicago, IL
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Tran S, Facciol A, Gerlai R. Home tank water versus novel water differentially affect alcohol-induced locomotor activity and anxiety related behaviours in zebrafish. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 144:13-9. [PMID: 26921455 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish may be uniquely well suited for studying alcohol's mechanisms of action in vivo, since alcohol can be administered via immersion in a non-invasive manner. Despite the robust behavioural effects of alcohol administration in mammals, studies reporting the locomotor stimulant and anxiolytic effects of alcohol in zebrafish have been inconsistent. In the current study, we examined whether differences in the type of water used for alcohol exposure and behavioural testing contribute to these inconsistencies. To answer this question, we exposed zebrafish to either home water from their housing tanks or novel water from an isolated reservoir (i.e. water lacking zebrafish chemosensory and olfactory cues) with 0% or 1% v/v alcohol for 30 min, a 2 × 2 between subject experimental designs. Behavioural responses were quantified throughout the 30-minute exposure session via a video tracking system. Although control zebrafish exposed to home water and novel water were virtually indistinguishable in their behavioural responses, alcohol's effect on locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavioural responses were dependent on the type of water used for testing. Alcohol exposure in home tank water produced a mild anxiolytic and locomotor stimulant effect, whereas alcohol exposure in novel water produced an anxiogenic effect without altering locomotor activity. These results represent a dissociation between alcohol's effects on locomotor and anxiety related responses, and also illustrate how environmental factors, in this case familiarity with the water, may interact with such effects. In light of these findings, we urge researchers to explicitly state the type of water used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Tran
- University of Toronto, Department of Cell and Systems Biology, Canada.
| | - Amanda Facciol
- University of Toronto Mississauga, Department of Psychology, Canada
| | - Robert Gerlai
- University of Toronto, Department of Cell and Systems Biology, Canada; University of Toronto Mississauga, Department of Psychology, Canada.
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Kim DY, Lee JH. Development of a Virtual Approach–Avoidance Task to Assess Alcohol Cravings. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2015; 18:763-6. [DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2014.0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Yong Kim
- Department of Psychology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jang-Han Lee
- Department of Psychology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
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Vilenne A, Quertemont E. Explicit and Implicit Positive Alcohol Expectancies in Problem and Non-Problem Drinkers: Differences Across Age Groups from Young Adolescence to Adulthood. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1773. [PMID: 26635680 PMCID: PMC4646978 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Recent studies with animal models showed that the stimulant and sedative effects of alcohol change during the adolescent period. In humans, the stimulant effects of ethanol are most often indirectly recorded through the measurement of explicit and implicit alcohol effect expectancies. However, it is unknown how such implicit and explicit expectancies evolve with age in humans during adolescence. Methods: Adolescent (13–16 year old), young adult (17–18 year old), and adult (35–55 year old) participants were recruited. On the basis of their score on the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), they were classified as non-problem (AUDIT ≤ 7) or problem (AUDIT ≥ 11) drinkers. The participants completed the Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire (AEQ) and performed two unipolar Implicit Association Test (IAT) to assess implicit associations between alcohol and the concepts of “stimulation” and “sedation”. Results: Problem drinkers from the three age groups reported significantly higher positive alcohol expectancies than non-problem drinkers on all AEQ subscales. Positive alcohol explicit expectancies also gradually decreased with age, with adolescent problem drinkers reporting especially high positive expectancies. This effect was statistically significant for all positive expectancies, with the exception of relaxation expectancies that were only close to statistical significance. In contrast, stimulation and sedation alcohol implicit associations were not significantly different between problem and non-problem drinkers and did not change with age. Conclusion: These results indicate that explicit positive alcohol effect expectancies predict current alcohol consumption levels, especially in adolescents. Positive alcohol expectancies also gradually decrease with age in the three cross-sectional groups of adolescents, young adults, and adults. This effect might be related to changes in the physiological response to alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Vilenne
- Département Psychologie, Cognition et Comportement, Université de Liège Liège, Belgium
| | - Etienne Quertemont
- Département Psychologie, Cognition et Comportement, Université de Liège Liège, Belgium
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Stafford AM, Anderson SM, Shelton KL, Brunzell DH. Oral operant ethanol self-administration in the absence of explicit cues, food restriction, water restriction and ethanol fading in C57BL/6J mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:3783-95. [PMID: 26268145 PMCID: PMC4667783 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mouse models of ethanol (EtOH) self-administration are useful to identify genetic and biological underpinnings of alcohol use disorder. OBJECTIVES These experiments developed a novel method of oral operant EtOH self-administration in mice without explicitly paired cues, food/water restriction, or EtOH fading. METHODS Following magazine and lever training for 0.2 % saccharin (SAC), mice underwent nine weekly overnight sessions with lever pressing maintained by dipper presentation of 0, 3, 10, or 15 % EtOH in SAC or water vehicle. Ad libitum water was available from a bottle. RESULTS Water vehicle mice ingested most fluid from the water bottle in contrast to SAC vehicle mice, which despite lever pressing demands, drank most of their fluid from the liquid dipper. Although EtOH in SAC vehicle mice showed concentration-dependent increases of g/kg EtOH intake, lever pressing decreased with increasing EtOH concentration and did not exceed that of SAC vehicle alone at any EtOH concentration. Mice reinforced with EtOH in water ingested less EtOH than mice reinforced with EtOH in SAC. EtOH in water mice, however, showed concentration-dependent increases in g/kg EtOH intake and lever presses. Fifteen percent EtOH in water mice showed significantly greater levels of lever pressing than water vehicle mice and a significant escalation of responding across weeks of exposure. Naltrexone pretreatment reduced EtOH self-administration and intake in these mice without altering responding in the vehicle control condition during the first hour of the session. CONCLUSIONS SAC facilitated EtOH intake but prevented observation of EtOH reinforcement. Water vehicle unmasked EtOH's reinforcing effects.
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Zhuang X, Kang P, King A, Cao D. Alcohol Intoxication Impairs Mesopic Rod and Cone Temporal Processing in Social Drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:1842-9. [PMID: 26247196 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol-related driving accidents and fatalities occur most frequently at nighttime and at dawn, that is, a mesopic lighting condition in which visual processing depends on both rod and cone photoreceptors. The temporal functions of the rod and cone pathways are critical for driving in this lighting condition. However, how alcohol influences the temporal functions in the rod and cone pathways at mesopic light levels is inconclusive. To address this, this study investigated whether an acute intoxicating dose of alcohol impairs rod- and/or cone-mediated critical fusion frequency (CFF; the lowest frequency of which an intermittent or flickering light stimulus is perceived as steady). METHODS In Experiment I, we measured the CFFs for 3 types of visual stimuli (rod stimulus alone, cone stimulus alone, and the mixture of both stimuli types), under 3 illuminant light levels (dim illuminance: 2 Td; low illuminance: 20 Td; and medium illuminance: 80 Td) in moderate-heavy social drinkers before and after they consumed an intoxicating dose of alcohol (0.8 g/kg) compared with a placebo beverage. In Experiment II, we examined whether the illuminance level (dark vs. light) of the visual area surrounding the test stimuli alters alcohol's effect on the temporal processing of rods and cones. RESULTS The results showed that compared with placebo, alcohol significantly reduced CFFs of all stimulus types at all illuminance levels. Furthermore, alcohol intoxication produced a larger impairment on rod-pathway-mediated CFFs under light versus dark surround. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that alcohol intake slows down rod and cone-pathway-mediated temporal processing. Further research may elucidate whether this effect may play a role in alcohol-related injury and accidents, which often occur under low-light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Zhuang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Para Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Andrea King
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dingcai Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Kosobud AEK, Wetherill L, Plawecki MH, Kareken DA, Liang T, Nurnberger JL, Windisch K, Xuei X, Edenberg HJ, Foroud TM, O'Connor SJ. Adaptation of Subjective Responses to Alcohol is Affected by an Interaction of GABRA2 Genotype and Recent Drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:1148-57. [PMID: 26087834 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjective perceptions of alcohol intoxication are associated with altered risk for alcohol abuse and dependence. Acute adaptation of these perceptions may influence such risk and may involve genes associated with pleasant perceptions or the relief of anxiety. This study assessed the effect of variation in the GABAA receptor genes GABRG1 and GABRA2 and recent drinking history on the acute adaptation of subjective responses to alcohol. METHODS One hundred and thirty-two nondependent moderate to heavy drinkers, aged 21 to 27, participated in 2 single-blind, counterbalanced sessions, approximately 1 week apart. One session was an intravenous alcohol "clamp," during which breath alcohol concentration was held steady at 60 mg/dl (60 mg%) for 3 hours, and the other an identical session using saline infusion. Subjective perceptions of Intoxication, Enjoyment, Stimulation, Relaxation, Anxiety, Tiredness, and Estimated Number of Drinks were acquired before (baseline), and during the first and final 45 minutes of the clamp. A placebo-adjusted index of the subject's acute adaptation to alcohol was calculated for each of the 7 subjective measures and used in a principal component analysis to create a single aggregate estimate for each subject's adaptive response to alcohol. Analysis of covariance tested whether GABRA2 and GABRG1 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes, gender, placebo session, family history of alcoholism, recent drinking history, and the genotype × recent drinking history interaction significantly predicted the adaptive response. RESULTS Recent drinking history (p = 0.01), and recent drinking history × genotype interaction (p = 0.01) were significantly associated with acute adaptation of the subjective responses to alcohol for the GABRA2 SNP rs279858. CONCLUSIONS Higher recent drinking was found to be associated with reduced acute tolerance to positive, stimulating effects of alcohol in carriers of the rs279858 risk allele. We postulate that the GABRA2 effect on alcohol dependence may, in part, be due to its effect on subjective responses to alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E K Kosobud
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Leah Wetherill
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Psychology, Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Martin H Plawecki
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - David A Kareken
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Tiebing Liang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - John L Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kyle Windisch
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Xiaoling Xuei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Tatiana M Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sean J O'Connor
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,R.L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Marczinski CA, Fillmore MT. Energy drinks mixed with alcohol: what are the risks? Nutr Rev 2015; 72 Suppl 1:98-107. [PMID: 25293549 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy drinks are popular beverages that typically include high levels of caffeine and other ingredients such as taurine, or caffeine-containing herbs, such as guarana. While energy drinks are often consumed alone, they are also frequently used as mixers for alcoholic beverages. This review summarizes what is known about the scope of use of alcohol mixed with energy drinks, the risks associated with such mixtures, and the objective laboratory data examining how the effects of their consumption differ from consuming alcohol alone. The weight of the evidence reveals that consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks is riskier than consuming alcohol alone and constitutes a public health concern. Consumption of these mixed beverages is frequent, especially in young and underage drinkers, and compared with alcohol alone, their use is associated with elevated rates of binge drinking, impaired driving, risky sexual behavior, and risk of alcohol dependence. Laboratory research (human and animal) has demonstrated that consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks leads to altered subjective states including decreased perceived intoxication, enhanced stimulation, and increased desire to drink/increased drinking compared to consuming alcohol alone. Possible underlying mechanisms explaining these observations are highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile A Marczinski
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, Kentucky, USA
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The acute effects of tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption on video-lottery terminal gambling. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 130:34-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Poprawa R. A subjective assessment of the short-term effects of alcohol consumption. Preliminary studies on the Polish language adaptation of “The Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale”. ALCOHOLISM AND DRUG ADDICTION 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.alkona.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Abstract
Energy drinks, the fastest growing segment in the beverage market, have become popular mixers with alcohol. The emerging research examining the use of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmEDs) indicates that the combination of caffeine-containing energy drinks with alcohol may be riskier than the use of alcohol alone. The public health concerns arising from AmED use are documented in different research domains. Epidemiologic studies reveal that the consumption of AmEDs is frequent among young and underage drinkers, demographic groups that are more likely to experience the harms and hazards associated with alcohol use. In addition, for all consumers, elevated rates of binge drinking and risk of alcohol dependence have been associated with AmED use when compared to alcohol alone. Results from laboratory studies help explain why AmED use is associated with excessive intake of alcohol. When an energy drink (or caffeine) is combined with alcohol, the desire (or urge) to drink more alcohol is more pronounced in both humans and animals than with the same dose of alcohol alone. The experience of drinking alcohol appears to be more rewarding when combined with energy drinks. Given that caffeine in other foods and beverages increases preference for those products, further research on AmEDs may elucidate the underlying mechanisms that contribute to alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile A Marczinski
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY
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Rueger SY, Hu H, McNamara P, Cao D, Hao W, King AC. Differences in subjective response to alcohol in heavy- and light-drinking Chinese men versus Caucasian American men. Addiction 2015; 110:91-9. [PMID: 25203488 PMCID: PMC4270853 DOI: 10.1111/add.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare subjective responses to alcohol among Han Chinese and Caucasian American males. DESIGN Double-blinded, placebo-controlled human laboratory design. Participants completed three randomized experimental sessions with high and low alcohol and placebo beverages. SETTING Chinese participants were examined at Xinjiang Medical University, China. Caucasian participants were examined at the University of Chicago, USA. PARTICIPANTS Seventy Han Chinese (35 heavy/35 light drinkers) and 75 Caucasian Americans (43 heavy/32 light drinkers). MEASUREMENTS Breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) and the 'stimulation' and 'sedation' subscales of the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale were assessed at pre-drink baseline and four time-points after beverage consumption. The 'like' and 'want' subscales of the Drug Effects Questionnaire were also assessed at the post-drink assessments. FINDINGS Comparisons with light drinkers showed that high- and low-dose alcohol produced decreases in stimulation, liking and wanting in Chinese versus Caucasians (P < 0.05), and dose-dependent increases in sedation in both groups (P < 0.001). Among heavy drinkers, high-dose alcohol produced higher stimulation (P < 0.001) but with concomitant higher sedation for both doses (P < 0.05) for Chinese versus Caucasians. Alcohol also demonstrated significantly lower liking (P < 0.001) in Chinese versus Caucasian heavy drinkers for both doses. Interestingly, both groups showed dose-dependent increases in wanting relative to placebo (P < 0.05), but the magnitude of the increase was lower in Chinese drinkers. CONCLUSIONS Stimulating effects of alcohol are predominant in Chinese male binge drinkers, as has been found in Caucasians, but with less hedonic and motivational reward, potentially explaining some of the lower risk for alcohol disorders in Asian subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Yu Rueger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Psychology, Wheaton College, Wheaton IL, USA
| | - Hongxing Hu
- Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China,Clinical psychological department, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Patrick McNamara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dingcai Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wei Hao
- Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Andrea C. King
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Gubner NR, Cunningham CL, Phillips TJ. Nicotine enhances the locomotor stimulating but not the conditioned rewarding effect of ethanol in DBA/2J mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:64-72. [PMID: 25623407 PMCID: PMC4312001 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One hypothesis to explain the high rate of nicotine and alcohol (ethanol [EtOH]) co-abuse is that these drugs have enhanced rewarding effects when taken together. The goal of this work was to use the conditioned place preference (CPP) procedure to determine whether nicotine would enhance the development of EtOH-induced CPP. METHODS The conditioned rewarding effects of nicotine (1 or 2 mg/kg of nicotine tartrate), EtOH (1 g/kg), and nicotine plus EtOH in combination were assessed using a well-established CPP procedure chosen specifically for examining alterations in the development of EtOH-induced CPP by nicotine. In addition, the reference dose procedure was used to directly compare the conditioned rewarding effect of EtOH versus nicotine plus EtOH. DBA/2J mice were used because they are an inbred strain that has repeatedly been shown to develop CPP to EtOH. RESULTS Neither dose of nicotine alone produced CPP, whereas EtOH did, using the standard EtOH CPP procedure. The magnitude of EtOH-induced CPP was not affected by co-administration of 1 mg/kg nicotine, but 2 mg/kg nicotine interfered with the development of EtOH-induced CPP. Using the reference dose procedure, there was no significant preference or aversion for either nicotine + EtOH dose combination versus EtOH alone. However, combined nicotine and EtOH had a larger effect on locomotor activity, during the conditioning trials, compared to their additive effect when given alone, consistent with previous data. CONCLUSIONS These data do not support the hypothesis that nicotine enhances the conditioned rewarding effect of EtOH. This finding differs from the combined locomotor stimulant effects of nicotine and EtOH that were observed in this study and in our previously published work, and suggests that combined stimulant effects of nicotine and EtOH do not predict enhanced reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah R. Gubner
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Portland Alcohol Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Christopher L. Cunningham
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Portland Alcohol Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Tamara J. Phillips
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Portland Alcohol Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- VA Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA
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48
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Tran S, Gerlai R. Recent advances with a novel model organism: alcohol tolerance and sensitization in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 55:87-93. [PMID: 24593943 PMCID: PMC4225077 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse and dependence are a rapidly growing problem with few treatment options available. The zebrafish has become a popular animal model for behavioral neuroscience. This species may be appropriate for investigating the effects of alcohol on the vertebrate brain. In the current review, we examine the literature by discussing how alcohol alters behavior in zebrafish and how it may affect biological correlates. We focus on two phenomena that are often examined in the context of alcohol-induced neuroplasticity. Alcohol tolerance (a progressive decrease in the effect of alcohol over time) is often observed following continuous (chronic) exposure to low concentrations of alcohol. Alcohol sensitization also called reverse tolerance (a progressive increase in the effect of alcohol over time) is often observed following repeated discrete exposures to higher concentrations of alcohol. These two phenomena may underlie the development and maintenance of alcohol addiction. The phenotypical characterization of these responses in zebrafish may be the first important steps in establishing this species as a tool for the analysis of the molecular and neurobiological mechanisms underlying human alcohol addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Tran
- University of Toronto, Department of Cell and Systems Biology, Canada
| | - Robert Gerlai
- University of Toronto, Department of Cell and Systems Biology, Canada; University of Toronto at Mississauga, Department of Psychology, Canada.
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49
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Gubner NR, McKinnon CS, Phillips TJ. Effects of varenicline on ethanol-induced conditioned place preference, locomotor stimulation, and sensitization. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 38:3033-42. [PMID: 25581658 PMCID: PMC4293040 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Varenicline, a partial nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist, is a promising new drug for the treatment of alcohol (ethanol [EtOH]) dependence. Varenicline has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a smoking cessation therapeutic and has also been found to reduce EtOH consumption in humans and animal models of alcohol use. These studies examined the hypotheses that varenicline attenuates the stimulant and sensitizing effects of EtOH and reduces the motivational effects of EtOH-associated cues. The goal was to determine whether these effects of varenicline contribute to its pharmacotherapeutic effects for alcohol dependence. In addition, effects of varenicline on acute stimulation and/or on the acquisition of sensitization would suggest a role for nAChR involvement in these effects of EtOH. METHODS Dose-dependent effects of varenicline on the expression of EtOH-induced conditioned place preference (CPP), locomotor activation, and behavioral sensitization were examined. These measures model motivational effects of EtOH-associated cues, euphoric or stimulatory effects of EtOH, and EtOH-induced neuroadaptation. All studies used DBA/2J mice, an inbred strain with high sensitivity to these EtOH-related effects. RESULTS Varenicline did not significantly attenuate the expression of EtOH-induced CPP. Varenicline reduced locomotor activity and had the most pronounced effect in the presence of EtOH, with the largest effect on acute EtOH-induced locomotor stimulation and a trend for varenicline to attenuate the expression of EtOH-induced sensitization. CONCLUSIONS Because varenicline did not attenuate the expression of EtOH-induced CPP, it may not be effective at reducing the motivational effects of EtOH-associated cues. This outcome suggests that reductions in the motivational effects of EtOH-associated cues may not be involved in how varenicline reduces EtOH consumption. However, varenicline did have effects on locomotor behavior and significantly attenuated acute EtOH-induced locomotor stimulation. In humans who drink while taking varenicline, it might similarly reduce stimulant responses and have an impact on continued drinking. General sedative effects in such individuals should be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah R. Gubner
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Portland Alcohol Research Center,
Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Carrie S. McKinnon
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Portland Alcohol Research Center,
Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Tamara J. Phillips
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Portland Alcohol Research Center,
Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- VA Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA
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50
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Kahler CW, Metrik J, Spillane NS, Day A, Leventhal AM, McKee SA, Tidey JW, McGeary JE, Knopik VS, Rohsenow DJ. Acute effects of low and high dose alcohol on smoking lapse behavior in a laboratory analogue task. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:4649-57. [PMID: 24858377 PMCID: PMC4232980 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3613-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Smoking lapses (i.e., returns to smoking after quitting) often occur following alcohol consumption with observational data suggesting greater quantities of alcohol lead to greater risk. However, a causal dose-dependent effect of alcohol consumption on smoking lapse behavior has not been established, and the mechanisms that might account for such an effect have not been tested. OBJECTIVES In a within-subjects design, we examined the effects of low- (0.4 g/kg) and high-dose (0.8 g/kg) alcohol, relative to placebo, on smokers' ability to resist initiating smoking after acute smoking abstinence. METHODS Participants were 100 heavy alcohol drinkers, smoking 10-30 cigarettes per day. Across three separate days, participants consumed placebo, low-dose, or high-dose alcohol following 3 h of smoking abstinence and, 35 min later, were offered the opportunity to smoke while resisting smoking was monetarily reinforced proportional to the amount of time delayed. RESULTS Consistent with a dose-response effect, participants smoked 3.35 min (95 % confidence intervals (CI) [-7.09, 0.40], p = .08) earlier following low-dose alcohol and 6.36 min (95 % CI [-9.99, -2.73], p = .0006) earlier following high-dose alcohol compared to drinking a placebo beverage. Effects of dose on smoking behavior were partially mediated by increases in urge to smoke. There was no evidence that alcohol's effects on urge to smoke or ability to resist smoking were mediated through its stimulating or sedating effects. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol can reduce the ability to resist smoking in a dose-dependent fashion, in part, due to its effect on increasing the intensity of smoking urges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Kahler
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Box G-S121-4, Providence, RI, 02912, USA,
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