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Pamart G, Gosset P, Le Rouzic O, Pichavant M, Poulain-Godefroy O. Kynurenine Pathway in Respiratory Diseases. Int J Tryptophan Res 2024; 17:11786469241232871. [PMID: 38495475 PMCID: PMC10943758 DOI: 10.1177/11786469241232871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway is the primary route for tryptophan catabolism and has received increasing attention as its association with inflammation and the immune system has become more apparent. This review provides a broad overview of the kynurenine pathway in respiratory diseases, from the initial observations to the characterization of the different cell types involved in the synthesis of kynurenine metabolites and the underlying immunoregulatory mechanisms. With a focus on respiratory infections, the various attempts to characterize the kynurenine/tryptophan (K/T) ratio as an inflammatory marker are reviewed. Its implication in chronic lung inflammation and its exacerbation by respiratory pathogens is also discussed. The emergence of preclinical interventional studies targeting the kynurenine pathway opens the way for the future development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Pamart
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 -CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Gosset
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 -CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Olivier Le Rouzic
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 -CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Muriel Pichavant
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 -CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Odile Poulain-Godefroy
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 -CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
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Zhang Y, Chen R, Zhang D, Qi S, Liu Y. Metabolite interactions between host and microbiota during health and disease: Which feeds the other? Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 160:114295. [PMID: 36709600 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolites produced by the host and microbiota play a crucial role in how human bodies develop and remain healthy. Most of these metabolites are produced by microbiota and hosts in the digestive tract. Metabolites in the gut have important roles in energy metabolism, cellular communication, and host immunity, among other physiological activities. Although numerous host metabolites, such as free fatty acids, amino acids, and vitamins, are found in the intestine, metabolites generated by gut microbiota are equally vital for intestinal homeostasis. Furthermore, microbiota in the gut is the sole source of some metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Metabolites produced by microbiota, such as neurotransmitters and hormones, may modulate and significantly affect host metabolism. The gut microbiota is becoming recognized as a second endocrine system. A variety of chronic inflammatory disorders have been linked to aberrant host-microbiota interplays, but the precise mechanisms underpinning these disturbances and how they might lead to diseases remain to be fully elucidated. Microbiome-modulated metabolites are promising targets for new drug discovery due to their endocrine function in various complex disorders. In humans, metabolotherapy for the prevention or treatment of various disorders will be possible if we better understand the metabolic preferences of bacteria and the host in specific tissues and organs. Better disease treatments may be possible with the help of novel complementary therapies that target host or bacterial metabolism. The metabolites, their physiological consequences, and functional mechanisms of the host-microbiota interplays will be highlighted, summarized, and discussed in this overview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Anethesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, People's Republic of China.
| | - DuoDuo Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuang Qi
- Department of Anethesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, People's Republic of China.
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CRISPR Screens Identify Toxoplasma Genes That Determine Parasite Fitness in Interferon Gamma-Stimulated Human Cells. mBio 2023; 14:e0006023. [PMID: 36916910 PMCID: PMC10128063 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00060-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma virulence depends on its ability to evade or survive the toxoplasmacidal mechanisms induced by interferon gamma (IFNγ). While many Toxoplasma genes involved in the evasion of the murine IFNγ response have been identified, genes required to survive the human IFNγ response are largely unknown. In this study, we used a genome-wide loss-of-function screen to identify Toxoplasma genes important for parasite fitness in IFNγ-stimulated primary human fibroblasts. We generated gene knockouts for the top six hits from the screen and confirmed their importance for parasite growth in IFNγ-stimulated human fibroblasts. Of these six genes, three have homology to GRA32, localize to dense granules, and coimmunoprecipitate with each other and GRA32, suggesting they might form a complex. Deletion of individual members of this complex leads to early parasite egress in IFNγ-stimulated cells. Thus, prevention of early egress is an important Toxoplasma fitness determinant in IFNγ-stimulated human cells. IMPORTANCE Toxoplasma infection causes serious complications in immunocompromised individuals and in the developing fetus. During infection, certain immune cells release a protein called interferon gamma that activates cells to destroy the parasite or inhibit its growth. While most Toxoplasma parasites are cleared by this immune response, some can survive by blocking or evading the IFNγ-induced restrictive environment. Many Toxoplasma genes that determine parasite survival in IFNγ-activated murine cells are known but parasite genes conferring fitness in IFNγ-activated human cells are largely unknown. Using a Toxoplasma adapted genome-wide loss-of-function screen, we identified many Toxoplasma genes that determine parasite fitness in IFNγ-activated human cells. The gene products of four top hits play a role in preventing early parasite egress in IFNγ-stimulated human cells. Understanding how IFNγ-stimulated human cells inhibit Toxoplasma growth and how Toxoplasma counteracts this, could lead to the development of novel therapeutics.
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Deng S, Graham ML, Chen XM. The Complexity of Interferon Signaling in Host Defense against Protozoan Parasite Infection. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020319. [PMID: 36839591 PMCID: PMC9962834 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Protozoan parasites, such as Plasmodium, Leishmania, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, and Trypanosoma, are causative agents of health-threatening diseases in both humans and animals, leading to significant health risks and socioeconomic losses globally. The development of effective therapeutic and prevention strategies for protozoan-caused diseases requires a full understanding of the pathogenesis and protective events occurring in infected hosts. Interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines with diverse biological effects in host antimicrobial defense and disease pathogenesis, including protozoan parasite infection. Type II IFN (IFN-γ) has been widely recognized as the essential defense cytokine in intracellular protozoan parasite infection, whereas recent studies also revealed the production and distinct function of type I and III IFNs in host defense against these parasites. Decoding the complex network of the IFN family in host-parasite interaction is critical for exploring potential new therapeutic strategies against intracellular protozoan parasite infection. Here, we review the complex effects of IFNs on the host defense against intracellular protozoan parasites and the crosstalk between distinct types of IFN signaling during infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silu Deng
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Marion L. Graham
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Xian-Ming Chen
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Correspondence:
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Esmaeili SA, Hajavi J. The role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in allergic disorders. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:3297-3306. [PMID: 35028850 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-07067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The amino acid tryptophan (TRP) is critical for the expansion and survival of cells. During the past few years, the manipulation of tryptophan metabolism via indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) has been presented as a significant regulatory mechanism for tolerance stimulation and the regulation of immune responses. Currently, a considerable number of studies suggest that the role of IDO in T helper 2 (Th2) cell regulation may be different from that of T helper 1 (Th1) immune responses. IDO acts as an immunosuppressive tolerogenic enzyme to decrease allergic responses through the stimulation of the Kynurenine-IDO pathway, the subsequent reduction of TRP, and the promotion of Kynurenine products. Kynurenine products motivate T-cell apoptosis and anergy, the propagation of Treg and Th17 cells, and the aberration of the Th1/Th2 response. We suggest that the IDO-kynurenine pathway can function as a negative reaction round for Th1 cells; however, it may play a different role in upregulating principal Th2 immune responses. In this review, we intend to integrate novel results on this pathway in correlation with allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed-Alireza Esmaeili
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Jafar Hajavi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Science, 9691793718, Gonabad, Iran.
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Deficiency in indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase induces upregulation of guanylate binding protein 1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in the brain during cerebral infection with Toxoplasma gondii in genetically resistant BALB/c mice but not in genetically susceptible C57BL/6 mice. Microbes Infect 2021; 24:104908. [PMID: 34781010 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2021.104908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the roles of indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) in controlling cerebral Toxoplasma gondii infection in both genetically resistant and susceptible strains of mice. In susceptible C57BL/6 mice, IDO expression was immunohistochemically detected only in a minority (22.5 %) of tachyzoite-infected cells in their brains during the later stage of infection. When C57BL-6-background IDO1-deficient (IDO1-/-) mice were infected, their cerebral tachyzoite burden was equivalent to those of wild-type (WT) animals. In contrast, in resistant BALB/c mice, IDO expression was detected in a majority (84.0%) of tachyzoite-infected cerebral cells. However, tachyzoite burden in BALB/c-background IDO1-/- mice remained as low as that of WT mice, which was 78 times less than those of C57BL/6 mice. Of interest, IDO1-/- mice of only resistant BALB/c-background had markedly greater cerebral expressions of two other IFN-γ-mediated effector molecules, guanylate binding protein 1 (Gbp1) and nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2), than their WT mice. Therefore, it would be possible that IDO1 deficiency was effectively compensated by the upregulated expression of Gbp1 and NOS2 to control cerebral tachyzoite growth in genetically resistant BALB/c mice, whereas IDO1 did not significantly contribute to controlling cerebral tachyzoite growth in genetically susceptible C57BL/6 mice because of its suppressed expression in infected cells.
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Lawler NG, Gray N, Kimhofer T, Boughton B, Gay M, Yang R, Morillon AC, Chin ST, Ryan M, Begum S, Bong SH, Coudert JD, Edgar D, Raby E, Pettersson S, Richards T, Holmes E, Whiley L, Nicholson JK. Systemic Perturbations in Amine and Kynurenine Metabolism Associated with Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Inflammatory Cytokine Responses. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:2796-2811. [PMID: 33724837 PMCID: PMC7986977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We performed quantitative metabolic phenotyping of blood plasma in parallel with cytokine/chemokine analysis from participants who were either SARS-CoV-2 (+) (n = 10) or SARS-CoV-2 (-) (n = 49). SARS-CoV-2 positivity was associated with a unique metabolic phenotype and demonstrated a complex systemic response to infection, including severe perturbations in amino acid and kynurenine metabolic pathways. Nine metabolites were elevated in plasma and strongly associated with infection (quinolinic acid, glutamic acid, nicotinic acid, aspartic acid, neopterin, kynurenine, phenylalanine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and taurine; p < 0.05), while four metabolites were lower in infection (tryptophan, histidine, indole-3-acetic acid, and citrulline; p < 0.05). This signature supports a systemic metabolic phenoconversion following infection, indicating possible neurotoxicity and neurological disruption (elevations of 3-hydroxykynurenine and quinolinic acid) and liver dysfunction (reduction in Fischer's ratio and elevation of taurine). Finally, we report correlations between the key metabolite changes observed in the disease with concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines showing strong immunometabolic disorder in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan G. Lawler
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Nicola Gray
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Torben Kimhofer
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Berin Boughton
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Melvin Gay
- Bruker Pty Ltd., Preston,
VIC 3072, Australia
| | - Rongchang Yang
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Aude-Claire Morillon
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Sung-Tong Chin
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Monique Ryan
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Sofina Begum
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction,
Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander
Fleming Building, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Sze How Bong
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Jerome D. Coudert
- Centre for Molecular Medicine & Innovative
Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150,
Australia
| | - Dale Edgar
- State Adult Burn Unit, Fiona Stanley
Hospital, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Burn Injury Research Node, The University of
Notre Dame, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia
- Fiona Wood Foundation,
Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Edward Raby
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest
Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fiona
Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Sven Pettersson
- Singapore National Neuro Science
Centre, Singapore Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232,
Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine,
Nanyang Technological University, Mandalay Road, Singapore
308232, Singapore
- Department of Life Science Centre,
Sunway University, 55100 Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia
| | - Toby Richards
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical
Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009,
Australia
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction,
Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander
Fleming Building, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Luke Whiley
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and
Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009,
Australia
| | - Jeremy K. Nicholson
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical
Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009,
Australia
- Institute of Global Health Innovation,
Imperial College London, Level 1, Faculty Building South
Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
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Mukhopadhyay D, Arranz-Solís D, Saeij JPJ. Influence of the Host and Parasite Strain on the Immune Response During Toxoplasma Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:580425. [PMID: 33178630 PMCID: PMC7593385 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.580425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an exceptionally successful parasite that infects a very broad host range, including humans, across the globe. The outcome of infection differs remarkably between hosts, ranging from acute death to sterile infection. These differential disease patterns are strongly influenced by both host- and parasite-specific genetic factors. In this review, we discuss how the clinical outcome of toxoplasmosis varies between hosts and the role of different immune genes and parasite virulence factors, with a special emphasis on Toxoplasma-induced ileitis and encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - David Arranz-Solís
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jeroen P J Saeij
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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9
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Tsvetikova SA, Koshel EI. Microbiota and cancer: host cellular mechanisms activated by gut microbial metabolites. Int J Med Microbiol 2020; 310:151425. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2020.151425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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10
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Spekker-Bosker K, Ufermann CM, Oldenburg M, Däubener W, Eller SK. Interplay between IDO1 and iNOS in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:811-824. [PMID: 31267172 PMCID: PMC6817751 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00627-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human retinal pigment epithelial (hRPE) cells form a selectively permeable monolayer between the neural retina and the highly permeable choroidal vessels. Thus, hRPE cells bear important regulatory functions and are potential targets of pathogens in vivo. Endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis (EBE) is frequently caused by infections with the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Upon microbial infection, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), a major cytokine of the adaptive immune response, induces a broad spectrum of effector molecules, such as the tryptophan-degrading enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1). We stimulated human RPE (hRPE) cells in vitro with proinflammatory cytokines and analyzed the expression levels and enzymatic activities of IDO1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), another antimicrobial effector molecule. The antimicrobial capacity was analyzed in infection experiments using S. aureus and Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). Our aim was to characterize the particular importance of IDO1 and iNOS during EBE. We found that an IFN-γ stimulation of hPRE cells induced the expression of IDO1, which inhibited the growth of T. gondii and S. aureus. A co-stimulation with IFN-γ, interleukin-1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha induced a strong expression of iNOS. The iNOS-derived nitric oxide production was dependent on cell-culture conditions; however, it could not cause antimicrobial effects. iNOS did not act synergistically with IDO1. Instead, iNOS activity inhibited IDO1-mediated tryptophan degradation and bacteriostasis. This effect was reversible by the addition of the iNOS inhibitor NG-monomethyl-l-arginine. In conclusion, iNOS mediates anti-inflammatory effects in hRPE cells stimulated with high amounts of IFN-γ together with tumor necrosis factor alpha and Interleukin-1 beta and prevents potential IDO1-dependent tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Spekker-Bosker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Bldg. 22.21, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph-Martin Ufermann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Bldg. 22.21, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maike Oldenburg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Bldg. 22.21, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Walter Däubener
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Bldg. 22.21, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Silvia Kathrin Eller
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Bldg. 22.21, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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11
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hCMV-Mediated Immune Escape Mechanisms Favor Pathogen Growth and Disturb the Immune Privilege of the Eye. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040858. [PMID: 30781494 PMCID: PMC6413209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human retinal pigment epithelial (hRPE) cells are important for the establishment and maintenance of the immune privilege of the eye. They function as target cells for human cytomegalovirus (hCMV), but are able to restrict viral replication. hCMV causes opportunistic posterior uveitis such as retinitis and chorioretinitis. Both mainly occur in severely immunocompromised patients and rarely manifest in immunocompetent individuals. In this study, hRPE cells were infected with hCMV in vitro and activated with proinflammatory cytokines. The enzymatic activities of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were determined. The antimicrobial capacity of both molecules was analyzed in co-infection experiments using Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Toxoplasmagondii (T. gondii), causing uveitis in patients. We show that an hCMV infection of hRPE cells blocks IDO1 and iNOS mediated antimicrobial defense mechanisms necessary for the control of S. aureus and T. gondii. hCMV also inhibits immune suppressive effector mechanisms in hRPE. The interferon gamma-induced IDO1 dependent immune regulation was severely blocked, as detected by the loss of T cell inhibition. We conclude that an active hCMV infection in the eye might favor the replication of pathogens causing co-infections in immunosuppressed individuals. An hCMV caused blockade of IDO1 might weaken the eye’s immune privilege and favor the development of post-infectious autoimmune uveitis.
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12
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Jesus LB, Santos AB, Jesus EEV, Santos RGD, Grangeiro MS, Bispo-da-Silva A, Arruda MR, Argolo DS, Pinheiro AM, El-Bachá RS, Costa SL, Costa MFD. IDO, COX and iNOS have an important role in the proliferation of Neospora caninum in neuron/glia co-cultures. Vet Parasitol 2019; 266:96-102. [PMID: 30736955 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) is the main site for encystment of Neospora caninum in different animal species. In this tissue, glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) modulate responses to aggression in order to preserve homeostasis and neuronal function. Previous data showed that when primary cultures of glial cells are infected with N. caninum, they develop gliosis and the immune response is characterized by the release of TNF and IL-10, followed by the control of parasite proliferation. In order to elucidate this control, three enzymatic systems involved in parasite-versus-host interactions were observed on a model of neuron/glia co/cultures obtained from rat brains. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) responsible for the catabolism of tryptophan and arginine, respectively, and cycloxigenase (COX) were studied comparing their modulation by respective inhibitors with the number of tachyzoites or the immune response measured by the release of IL-10 and TNF. Cells were treated with the inhibitors of iNOS (1.5 mM L-NAME), IDO (1 mM 1-methyl tryptophan), COX-1 (1 μM indomethacin) and COX-2 (1 μM nimesulide) before infection with tachyzoites of N. caninum (1:1 cell: parasite). After 72 h of infection, immunocytochemistry showed astrogliosis and a significant increase in the number and length of neurites, compared with uninfected co-cultures, while an increase of IL-10 and TNF was verified. N. caninum did not change iNOS activity, but the inhibition of the basal levels of this enzyme stimulated parasite proliferation. Additionally, a significant increase of about 40% was verified in the IDO activity, whose inhibition caused 1.2-fold increase in parasitic growth. For COX-2 activity, infection of cultures stimulated a significant increase in release of PGE2 and its inhibition by nimesulide allowed the parasitic growth. These data indicate that iNOS, IDO and COX-2 control the proliferation of N. caninum in this in vitro model. On the other hand, the release of IL-10 by glia besides modulating the inflammation also allow the continuity of parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Jesus
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, CEP 41100-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - A B Santos
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, CEP 41100-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - E E V Jesus
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, CEP 41100-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - R G D Santos
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, CEP 41100-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - M S Grangeiro
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, CEP 41100-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - A Bispo-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, CEP 41100-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - M R Arruda
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, CEP 41100-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - D S Argolo
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, CEP 41100-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - A M Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, CEP 41100-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Centro de Ciências Agrárias Ambientais e Biológica, Universidade do Recôncavo da Bahia - URBA, R. Ruy Barbosa 710 Centro, CEP 44380-000, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
| | - R S El-Bachá
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, CEP 41100-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; INCT de Neurociência Translacional (INNT)- CNPq, Brazil
| | - S L Costa
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, CEP 41100-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; INCT de Neurociência Translacional (INNT)- CNPq, Brazil.
| | - M F D Costa
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, CEP 41100-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; INCT de Neurociência Translacional (INNT)- CNPq, Brazil.
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Bando H, Sakaguchi N, Lee Y, Pradipta A, Ma JS, Tanaka S, Lai DH, Liu J, Lun ZR, Nishikawa Y, Sasai M, Yamamoto M. Toxoplasma Effector TgIST Targets Host IDO1 to Antagonize the IFN-γ-Induced Anti-parasitic Response in Human Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2073. [PMID: 30283439 PMCID: PMC6156249 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an important human and animal pathogen that causes life-threatening toxoplasmosis. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is critical for anti-T. gondii cell-autonomous immunity in both humans and mice. To proliferate efficiently within the hosts, virulent strains of T. gondii can suppress IFN-γ-dependent immunity. During parasite infection, it is well-characterized that various virulence effectors are secreted to transcriptionally or post-translationally target IFN-γ-inducible GTPases, which are essential for anti-parasite responses in mice. However, the role of IFN-γ-inducible GTPases in anti-T. gondii responses in human cells is controversial since they are non-functional or absent in humans. Instead, IFN-γ-induced tryptophan degradation by indole-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is important for the anti-T. gondii human response. To date, the T. gondii virulent mechanism targeting IDO in human cells remains elusive. Here we show that although humans possess two IDO isozymes, IDO1 and IDO2, human cells of various origins require IDO1 but not IDO2 for IFN-γ-induced cell-autonomous immunity to T. gondii. T. gondii secretes an effector TgIST to inhibit IDO1 mRNA expression. Taken together, the data suggests that T. gondii possesses virulence programs operated by TgIST to antagonize IFN-γ-induced IDO1-mediated anti-parasite cell-autonomous immunity in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Bando
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakaguchi
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Youngae Lee
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ariel Pradipta
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ji Su Ma
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shun Tanaka
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - De-Hua Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Center for Parasitic Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianfa Liu
- Department of Pathology and Pathogenic Biology, Medical College of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhao-Rong Lun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Center for Parasitic Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Miwa Sasai
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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14
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Abstract
Recent technological advances have provided deeper insights into the role of small molecules in biological processes. Metabolic profiling has thus entered the arena of -omics studies and rapidly proven its value both as stand-alone and as complement to other more advanced approaches, notably transcriptomics. Here we describe the potential of metabolic profiling for vaccinology embedded in the context of infection and immunity. This discussion is preceded by a description of the relevant technical and analytical tools for biological interpretation of metabolic data. Although not as widely applied as other -omics technologies, we believe that metabolic profiling can make important contributions to the better understanding of mechanisms underlying vaccine-induced responses and their effects on the prevention of infection or disease.
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15
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The Lymphotoxin β Receptor Is Essential for Upregulation of IFN-Induced Guanylate-Binding Proteins and Survival after Toxoplasma gondii Infection. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:7375818. [PMID: 28845089 PMCID: PMC5563413 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7375818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR) signaling plays an important role in efficient initiation of host responses to a variety of pathogens, encompassing viruses, bacteria, and protozoans via induction of the type I interferon response. The present study reveals that after Toxoplasma gondii infection, LTβR−/− mice show a substantially reduced survival rate when compared to wild-type mice. LTβR−/− mice exhibit an increased parasite load and a more pronounced organ pathology. Also, a delayed increase of serum IL-12p40 and a failure of the protective IFNγ response in LTβR−/− mice were observed. Serum NO levels in LTβR−/− animals rose later and were markedly decreased compared to wild-type animals. At the transcriptional level, LTβR−/− animals exhibited a deregulated expression profile of several cytokines known to play a role in activation of innate immunity in T. gondii infection. Importantly, expression of the IFNγ-regulated murine guanylate-binding protein (mGBP) genes was virtually absent in the lungs of LTβR−/− mice. This demonstrates clearly that the LTβR is essential for the induction of a type II IFN-mediated immune response against T. gondii. The pronounced inability to effectively upregulate host defense effector molecules such as GBPs explains the high mortality rates of LTβR−/− animals after T. gondii infection.
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16
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The kynurenine pathway and parasitic infections that affect CNS function. Neuropharmacology 2017; 112:389-398. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Melvin JA, Bomberger JM. Compromised Defenses: Exploitation of Epithelial Responses During Viral-Bacterial Co-Infection of the Respiratory Tract. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005797. [PMID: 27631788 PMCID: PMC5025022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Melvin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Bomberger
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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The Janus-faced nature of IDO1 in infectious diseases: challenges and therapeutic opportunities. Future Med Chem 2015; 8:39-54. [PMID: 26692277 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of IDO1 is a strategy pursued to develop novel therapeutic treatments for cancer. Recent years have witnessed growing evidence that the enzyme plays a pivotal role in viral, bacterial and fungal infections. These studies have underscored the Janus-faced nature of IDO1 in the regulation of host-pathogen interactions and commensalism. Starting with an outlook on the advances in the structural features of IDO1, herein we report recent findings that pinpoint the involvement of IDO1 in infectious diseases. Then, we present an overview of IDO1 inhibitors that have been enrolled in clinical trials as well as other distinct modulators of the enzyme that may enable further investigations of IDO1 and its role in infectious disease.
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19
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Ryndak MB, Singh KK, Peng Z, Laal S. Transcriptional profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis replicating in type II alveolar epithelial cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123745. [PMID: 25844539 PMCID: PMC4386821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) infection is initiated by the few bacilli inhaled into the alveolus. Studies in lungs of aerosol-infected mice provided evidence for extensive replication of M. tb in non-migrating, non-antigen-presenting cells in the alveoli during the first 2-3 weeks post-infection. Alveoli are lined by type II and type I alveolar epithelial cells (AEC) which outnumber alveolar macrophages by several hundred-fold. M. tb DNA and viable M. tb have been demonstrated in AEC and other non-macrophage cells of the kidney, liver, and spleen in autopsied tissues from latently-infected subjects from TB-endemic regions indicating systemic bacterial dissemination during primary infection. M. tb have also been demonstrated to replicate rapidly in A549 cells (type II AEC line) and acquire increased invasiveness for endothelial cells. Together, these results suggest that AEC could provide an important niche for bacterial expansion and development of a phenotype that promotes dissemination during primary infection. In the current studies, we have compared the transcriptional profile of M. tb replicating intracellularly in A549 cells to that of M. tb replicating in laboratory broth, by microarray analysis. Genes significantly upregulated during intracellular residence were consistent with an active, replicative, metabolic, and aerobic state, as were genes for tryptophan synthesis and for increased virulence (ESAT-6, and ESAT-6-like genes, esxH, esxJ, esxK, esxP, and esxW). In contrast, significant downregulation of the DevR (DosR) regulon and several hypoxia-induced genes was observed. Stress response genes were either not differentially expressed or were downregulated with the exception of the heat shock response and those induced by low pH. The intra-type II AEC M. tb transcriptome strongly suggests that AEC could provide a safe haven in which M. tb can expand dramatically and disseminate from the lung prior to the elicitation of adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle B. Ryndak
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Krishna K. Singh
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Zhengyu Peng
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suman Laal
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Berstad
- Unger-Vetlesen’s Institute, Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Raa
- Unger-Vetlesen’s Institute, Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen Valeur
- Unger-Vetlesen’s Institute, Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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21
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Schlüter D, Däubener W, Schares G, Groß U, Pleyer U, Lüder C. Animals are key to human toxoplasmosis. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:917-29. [PMID: 25240467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an extremely sucessfull protozoal parasite which infects almost all mamalian species including humans. Approximately 30% of the human population worldwide is chronically infected with T. gondii. In general, human infection is asymptomatic but the parasite may induce severe disease in fetuses and immunocompromised patients. In addition, T. gondii may cause sight-threatening posterior uveitis in immunocompetent patients. Apart from few exceptions, humans acquire T. gondii from animals. Both, the oral uptake of T. gondii oocysts released by specific hosts, i.e. felidae, and of cysts persisting in muscle cells of animals result in human toxoplasmosis. In the present review, we discuss recent new data on the cell biology of T. gondii and parasite diversity in animals. In addition, we focus on the impact of these various parasite strains and their different virulence on the clinical outcome of human congenital toxoplasmosis and T. gondii uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Schlüter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Walter Däubener
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gereon Schares
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Uwe Groß
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Pleyer
- Eye Clinic, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Lüder
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
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22
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Blockade of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase reduces mortality from peritonitis and sepsis in mice by regulating functions of CD11b+ peritoneal cells. Infect Immun 2014; 82:4487-95. [PMID: 25114116 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02113-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (Ido), which catalyzes the first and limiting step of tryptophan catabolism, has been implicated in immune tolerance. However, the roles of Ido in systemic bacterial infection are complicated and remain controversial. To explore this issue, we examined the roles of Ido in bacterial peritonitis and sepsis after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in mice by using the Ido inhibitor 1-methyl-d,l-tryptophan (1-MT), by comparing Ido(+/+) and Ido(-/-) mice, or by using chimeric mice in which Ido in the bone marrow-derived cells was deficient. Ido expression in the peritoneal CD11b(+) cells and its metabolite l-kynurenine in the serum were increased after CLP. 1-MT treatment or Ido deficiency, especially in bone marrow-derived cells, reduced mortality after CLP. Compared to Ido(+/+) mice, Ido(-/-) mice showed increased recruitment of neutrophils and mononuclear cells into the peritoneal cavity and a decreased bacterial count in the blood accompanied by increased CXCL-2 and CXCL-1 mRNA in the peritoneal cells. Ido has an inhibitory effect on LPS-induced CXCL-2 and CXCL-1 production in cultured peritoneal cells. These findings indicate that inhibition of Ido reduces mortality from peritonitis and sepsis after CLP via recruitment of neutrophils and mononuclear cells by chemokine production in peritoneal CD11b(+) cells. Thus, blockade of Ido plays a beneficial role in host protection during bacterial peritonitis and sepsis.
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23
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Cell death of gamma interferon-stimulated human fibroblasts upon Toxoplasma gondii infection induces early parasite egress and limits parasite replication. Infect Immun 2013; 81:4341-9. [PMID: 24042117 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00416-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is a major food-borne illness and opportunistic infection for the immunosuppressed. Resistance to Toxoplasma is dependent on gamma interferon (IFN-γ) activation of both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells. Although IFN-γ-induced innate immunity in nonhematopoietic cells has been extensively studied in mice, it remains unclear what resistance mechanisms are relied on in nonhematopoietic human cells. Here, we report an IFN-γ-induced mechanism of resistance to Toxoplasma in primary human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) that does not depend on the deprivation of tryptophan or iron. In addition, infection is still controlled in HFFs deficient in the p65 guanylate binding proteins GBP1 or GBP2 and the autophagic protein ATG5. Resistance is coincident with host cell death that is not dependent on the necroptosis mediator RIPK3 or caspases and is correlated with early egress of the parasite before replication. This IFN-γ-induced cell death and early egress limits replication in HFFs and could promote clearance of the parasite by immune cells.
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24
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Niño-Castro A, Abdullah Z, Popov A, Thabet Y, Beyer M, Knolle P, Domann E, Chakraborty T, Schmidt SV, Schultze JL. The IDO1-induced kynurenines play a major role in the antimicrobial effect of human myeloid cells against Listeria monocytogenes. Innate Immun 2013; 20:401-11. [PMID: 23940074 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913496442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) is an established cellular response to infection with numerous pathogens. Several mechanisms, such as IDO1-mediated tryptophan (Trp) depletion, but also accumulation of Trp catabolites, have been associated with the antimicrobial effects of IDO(+) cells. Recent findings of IDO1 as an immunoinhibitory and signaling molecule extended these previous observations. Using infection of professional phagocytes with Listeria monocytogenes (L.m.) as a model, we illustrate that IDO1 induction is a species-specific event observed in human, but not murine myeloid, cells. Knockdown and inhibition experiments indicate that IDO1 enzymatic activity is required for the anti-L.m. effect. Surprisingly, the IDO1-mediated antimicrobial effect is less prominent when Trp is depleted, but can be significantly amplified by tryptophan excess, leading to increased accumulation of catabolites that promote enhanced bactericidal activity. We observed a pathogen-specific pattern with kynurenine and 3-hydroxy-kynurenine being most potent against L.m., but not against other bacteria. Hence, apparent discrepant findings concerning IDO1-mediated antimicrobial mechanisms can be reconciled by a model of species and pathogen-specificity of IDO1 function. Our findings highlight the necessity to consider species- and pathogen-specific aspects of host-pathogen interactions when elucidating the individual role of antimicrobial proteins such as IDO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Niño-Castro
- 1Genomics and Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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25
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Bax HI, Freeman AF, Ding L, Hsu AP, Marciano B, Kristosturyan E, Jancel T, Spalding C, Pechacek J, Olivier KN, Barnhart LA, Boris L, Frein C, Claypool RJ, Anderson V, Zerbe CS, Holland SM, Sampaio EP. Interferon alpha treatment of patients with impaired interferon gamma signaling. J Clin Immunol 2013; 33:991-1001. [PMID: 23512243 PMCID: PMC4136390 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-013-9882-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Patients with deficiency in the interferon gamma receptor (IFN-γR) are unable to respond properly to IFN-γ and develop severe infections with nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). IFN-γ and IFN-α are known to signal through STAT1 and activate many downstream effector genes in common. Therefore, we added IFN-α for treatment of patients with disseminated mycobacterial disease in an effort to complement their IFN-γ signaling defect. We treated four patients with IFN-γR deficiency with adjunctive IFN-α therapy in addition to best available antimicrobial therapy, with or without IFN-γ, depending on the defect. During IFN-α treatment, ex vivo induction of IFN target genes was detected. In addition, IFN-α driven gene expression in patients' cells and mycobacteria induced cytokine response were observed in vitro. Clinical responses varied in these patients. IFN-α therapy was associated with either improvement or stabilization of disease. In no case was disease exacerbated. In patients with profoundly impaired IFN-γ signaling who have refractory infections, IFN-α may have adjunctive anti-mycobacterial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- H I Bax
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, CRC B3-4233 MSC 1684, Bethesda, MD 20892-1684, USA
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26
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Bartee E, McFadden G. Cytokine synergy: an underappreciated contributor to innate anti-viral immunity. Cytokine 2013; 63:237-40. [PMID: 23693158 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor and the members of the interferon family, are potent mediators of the innate anti-viral immune response. The intracellular anti-viral states resulting from treatment of cultured cells with each of these molecules independently has been well studied; but, within complex tissues, the early inflammatory response is likely mediated by simultaneously expressed mixtures of these, and other, protective anti-viral cytokines. Such cytokine mixtures have been shown to induce potently synergistic anti-viral responses in vitro which are more complex than the simple summation of the individual cytokine response profiles. The physiological role of this 'cytokine synergy', however, remains largely unappreciated in vivo. This brief commentary will attempt to summarize the potential effects and mechanisms of anti-viral cytokine synergy as well as present several 'real-world' applications where this phenomenon might play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bartee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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27
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O'Connor MA, Green WR. The role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in LP-BPM5 murine retroviral disease progression. Virol J 2013; 10:154. [PMID: 23680027 PMCID: PMC3751850 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an immunomodulatory intracellular enzyme involved in tryptophan degradation. IDO is induced during cancer and microbial infections by cytokines, ligation of co-stimulatory molecules and/or activation of pattern recognition receptors, ultimately leading to modulation of the immune response. LP-BM5 murine retroviral infection induces murine AIDS (MAIDS), which is characterized by profound and broad immunosuppression of T- and B-cell responses. Our lab has previously described multiple mechanisms regulating the development of immunodeficiency of LP-BM5-induced disease, including Programmed Death 1 (PD-1), IL-10, and T-regulatory (Treg) cells. Immunosuppressive roles of IDO have been demonstrated in other retroviral models, suggesting a possible role for IDO during LP-BM5-induced retroviral disease progression and/or development of viral load. Methods Mice deficient in IDO (B6.IDO−/−) and wildtype C57BL/6 (B6) mice were infected with LP-BM5 murine retrovirus. MAIDS and LP-BM5 viral load were assessed at termination. Results As expected, IDO was un-inducible in B6.IDO−/− during LP-BM5 infection. B6.IDO−/− mice infected with LP-BM5 retrovirus succumbed to MAIDS as indicated by splenomegaly, serum hyper IgG2a and IgM, decreased responsiveness to B- and T-cell mitogens, conversion of a proportion of CD4+ T cells from Thy1.2+ to Thy1.2-, and increased percentages of CD11b+Gr-1+ cells. LP-BM5 infected B6.IDO−/− mice also demonstrated the development of roughly equivalent disease kinetics as compared to infected B6 mice. Splenic viral loads of B6 and B6.IDO−/− mice were also equivalent after infection as measured by LP-BM5-specific Def Gag and Eco Gag viral mRNA, determined by qRT-PCR. Conclusions Collectively, these results demonstrate IDO neither plays an essential role, nor is required, in LP-BM5-induced disease progression or LP-BM5 viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A O'Connor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA
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Wirthgen E, Tuchscherer M, Otten W, Domanska G, Wollenhaupt K, Tuchscherer A, Kanitz E. Activation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by LPS in a porcine model. Innate Immun 2013; 20:30-9. [PMID: 23606516 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913481252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a rate-limiting enzyme for the degradation of tryptophan (Trp) along the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway, and its increased activation is associated with immunologic disorders. Because the specific role of IDO activation is not yet completely clear, the aim of the present study was to establish a pig model of IDO activation for further research. The activation of IDO in pigs was induced experimentally by LPS stimulation in vivo and ex vivo. IDO activation was characterized by measuring Trp, Trp metabolites and IDO protein expression in blood, liver, lung, muscle and different brain areas. The results show that the in vivo LPS administration induced increased plasma concentrations of TNF-α and IL-10, a depletion of Trp and an increase of Kyn, indicating an elevated enzymatic activity of IDO. This was supported by an LPS-induced IDO protein expression in blood, liver and lung. The ex vivo LPS stimulation also resulted in increased TNF-α concentrations and an IDO activation, characterized by an increase of Trp metabolites and IDO protein expression. In conclusion, our data emphasize that the LPS stimulation is a suitable model for IDO activation in the domestic pig, which provides a basis for further research on immunoregulatory IDO functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Wirthgen
- 1Behavioural Physiology Research Unit, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
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Murakami Y, Hoshi M, Imamura Y, Arioka Y, Yamamoto Y, Saito K. Remarkable role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tryptophan metabolites in infectious diseases: potential role in macrophage-mediated inflammatory diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:391984. [PMID: 23476103 PMCID: PMC3588179 DOI: 10.1155/2013/391984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), the L-tryptophan-degrading enzyme, plays a key role in the immunomodulatory effects on several types of immune cells. Originally known for its regulatory function during pregnancy and chronic inflammation in tumorigenesis, the activity of IDO1 seems to modify the inflammatory state of infectious diseases. The pathophysiologic activity of L-tryptophan metabolites, kynurenines, is well recognized. Therefore, an understanding of the regulation of IDO1 and the subsequent biochemical reactions is essential for the design of therapeutic strategies in certain immune diseases. In this paper, current knowledge about the role of IDO1 and its metabolites during various infectious diseases is presented. Particularly, the regulation of type I interferons (IFNs) production via IDO1 in virus infection is discussed. This paper offers insights into new therapeutic strategies in the modulation of viral infection and several immune-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Murakami
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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30
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McGaha TL, Huang L, Lemos H, Metz R, Mautino M, Prendergast GC, Mellor AL. Amino acid catabolism: a pivotal regulator of innate and adaptive immunity. Immunol Rev 2013; 249:135-57. [PMID: 22889220 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01149.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced amino acid catabolism is a common response to inflammation, but the immunologic significance of altered amino acid consumption remains unclear. The finding that tryptophan catabolism helped maintain fetal tolerance during pregnancy provided novel insights into the significance of amino acid metabolism in controlling immunity. Recent advances in identifying molecular pathways that enhance amino acid catabolism and downstream mechanisms that affect immune cells in response to inflammatory cues support the notion that amino acid catabolism regulates innate and adaptive immune cells in pathologic settings. Cells expressing enzymes that degrade amino acids modulate antigen-presenting cell and lymphocyte functions and reveal critical roles for amino acid- and catabolite-sensing pathways in controlling gene expression, functions, and survival of immune cells. Basal amino acid catabolism may contribute to immune homeostasis that prevents autoimmunity, whereas elevated amino acid catalytic activity may reinforce immune suppression to promote tumorigenesis and persistence of some pathogens that cause chronic infections. For these reasons, there is considerable interest in generating novel drugs that inhibit or induce amino acid consumption and target downstream molecular pathways that control immunity. In this review, we summarize recent developments and highlight novel concepts and key outstanding questions in this active research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L McGaha
- Immunotherapy Center, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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31
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Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression is associated with chronic rhinosinusitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 13:37-44. [DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e32835b350e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Schmidt SK, Siepmann S, Kuhlmann K, Meyer HE, Metzger S, Pudelko S, Leineweber M, Däubener W. Influence of tryptophan contained in 1-Methyl-Tryptophan on antimicrobial and immunoregulatory functions of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44797. [PMID: 23028625 PMCID: PMC3441469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) has been identified as an important antimicrobial and immunoregulatory effector molecule essential for the establishment of tolerance by regulating local tryptophan (Trp) concentrations. On the other hand, the immunosuppressive capacity of IDO can have detrimental effects for the host as it can lead to deleterious alterations of the immune response by promoting tolerance to some types of tumors. To suppress this disadvantageous IDO effect, the competitive inhibitor 1-Methyl-Tryptophan (1-MT) is being tested in clinical trials. However, it remains inconclusive which stereoisomer of 1-MT is the more effective inhibitor of IDO-mediated immunosuppression. While IDO enzyme activity is more efficiently inhibited by 1-L-MT in cell-free or in vitro settings, 1-D-MT is superior to 1-L-MT in the enhancement of anti-tumor responses in vivo. Here, we present new data showing that commercially available 1-L-MT lots contain tryptophan in amounts sufficient to compensate for the IDO-mediated tryptophan depletion in vitro. The addition of 1-L-MT abrogated IDO-mediated antimicrobial effects and permitted the growth of the tryptophan-auxotroph microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus and Toxoplasma gondii. Consistent with this, the tryptophan within 1-L-MT lots was sufficient to antagonize IDO-mediated inhibition of T cell responses. Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis revealed not only tryptophan within 1-L-MT, but also the incorporation of this tryptophan in bacterial and human proteins that were generated in the presence of 1-L-MT in otherwise tryptophan-free conditions. In summary, these data reveal that tryptophan within 1-L-MT can affect the results of in vitro studies in an L-stereospecific and IDO-independent way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia K Schmidt
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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33
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Messori S, Trevisi P, Simongiovanni A, Priori D, Bosi P. Effect of susceptibility to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4 and of dietary tryptophan on gut microbiota diversity observed in healthy young pigs. Vet Microbiol 2012; 162:173-9. [PMID: 23021862 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Healthy weaned pigs susceptible to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4 (ETEC) require more tryptophan (Trp) to maximize their performance. This may be related to an effect on intestinal microbiota. We studied the intestinal bacterial diversity of healthy pigs with different susceptibility to ETEC and fed different Trp levels. Thirty-six littermate weaned pigs were selected to obtain a set potentially formed of 50% ETEC-susceptible and 50% non-susceptible pigs, based on a Mucin 4 gene polymorphism. Pigs were fed a diet with 0.17 (TrpL) or 0.22 (TrpH) standardized ileal digestible Trp:Lys ratio for 21 days. Slaughtered pigs were classified into non-susceptible, mildly susceptible, and susceptible, by testing ETEC adhesion to intestinal villi. Bacterial diversity in jejunum content was assessed by the 16S rRNA gene-targeted denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting analysis and expressed by the Shannon index. Susceptible pigs had a reduced bacterial diversity, particularly with TrpL diet (p=0.003). The ETEC adhesion class affected the quantification of enterobacteria DNA (p=0.027). One DGGE band, which referred to Clostridium bartlettii, was not evidenced in all the susceptible pigs; less DNA from this microbe was quantified by RT-PCR in the jejunum from TrpH susceptible pigs (p=0.025) compared to TrpL. The gene expression for β-galactoside α-2,3-sialyltransferase 1 was higher in jejunal tissue of ETEC-susceptible pigs (p=0.019). In studies on pig gut microbiota, the presence of intestinal receptors for ETEC should be considered because of their contribution to a reduced bacterial diversity. This effect could be partially reversed by dietary Trp addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Messori
- University of Bologna, Diproval, Via Rosselli 107, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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34
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Murakami Y, Hoshi M, Hara A, Takemura M, Arioka Y, Yamamoto Y, Matsunami H, Funato T, Seishima M, Saito K. Inhibition of increased indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity attenuates Toxoplasma gondii replication in the lung during acute infection. Cytokine 2012; 59:245-51. [PMID: 22609210 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of local L-tryptophan concentrations by tryptophan-degrading enzyme, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) induced by various stimuli such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is one of the key mechanisms in antimicrobial effect. Recently, IDO is also focused on an immunosuppressive mechanism shared by several different immune cell types. Here, we show that inhibition of increased IDO activity maybe involved in the antiparasitic mechanism during Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection in vivo. In this study, we investigated the role of IDO by using IDO-gene-deficient (IDO KO) mice and by administering a competitive enzyme inhibitor, 1-methyl-D,L-tryptophan (1MT), to wild-type mice following T. gondii infection. Although depletion of lung l-tryptophan did not occur in IDO KO mice after T. gondii infection, the increased mRNA expression of T. gondii surface antigen gene 2 (SAG2) and the inflammatory cytokines in the lung were drastically reduced in the IDO KO mice following infection. We also found that complete depletion of lung l-tryptophan was observed in wild-type mice after infection, but not in mice treated with 1MT. At the same time, 1MT suppressed the increased mRNA expression of SAG2. Taken together, we observed that the inflammatory damage was significantly decreased by the administration of 1MT in the lung after infection. Inhibition of the IDO activity or the elimination of IDO's substrate may be an effective therapy against microbial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Murakami
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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35
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Hoshi M, Matsumoto K, Ito H, Ohtaki H, Arioka Y, Osawa Y, Yamamoto Y, Matsunami H, Hara A, Seishima M, Saito K. L-tryptophan-kynurenine pathway metabolites regulate type I IFNs of acute viral myocarditis in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3980-7. [PMID: 22422885 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The activity of IDO that catalyzes the degradation of tryptophan (Trp) into kynurenine (Kyn) increases after diseases caused by different infectious agents. Previously, we demonstrated that IDO has an important immunomodulatory function in immune-related diseases. However, the pathophysiological role of IDO following acute viral infection is not fully understood. To investigate the role of IDO in the l-Trp-Kyn pathway during acute viral myocarditis, mice were infected with encephalomyocarditis virus, which induces acute myocarditis. We used IDO-deficient (IDO(-/-)) mice and mice treated with 1-methyl-d,l-Trp (1-MT), an inhibitor of IDO, to study the importance of Trp-Kyn pathway metabolites. Postinfection with encephalomyocarditis virus infection, the serum levels of Kyn increased, whereas those of Trp decreased, and IDO activity increased in the spleen and heart. The survival rate of IDO(-/-) or 1-MT-treated mice was significantly greater than that of IDO(+/+) mice. Indeed, the viral load was suppressed in the IDO(-/-) or 1-MT-treated mice. Furthermore, the levels of type I IFNs in IDO(-/-) mice and IDO(-/-) bone marrow-transplanted IDO(+/+) mice were significantly higher than those in IDO(+/+) mice, and treatment of IDO(-/-) mice with Kyn metabolites eliminated the effects of IDO(-/-) on the improved survival rates. These results suggest that IDO has an important role in acute viral myocarditis. Specifically, IDO increases the accumulation of Kyn pathway metabolites, which suppress type I IFNs production and enhance viral replication. We concluded that inhibition of the Trp-Kyn pathway ameliorates acute viral myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Hoshi
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
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36
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Lahdou I, Sadeghi M, Daniel V, Schenk M, Renner F, Weimer R, Löb S, Schmidt J, Mehrabi A, Schnitzler P, Königsrainer A, Döhler B, Opelz G, Terness P. Increased pretransplantation plasma kynurenine levels do not protect from but predict acute kidney allograft rejection. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:1067-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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37
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Le Floc'h N, Otten W, Merlot E. Tryptophan metabolism, from nutrition to potential therapeutic applications. Amino Acids 2010; 41:1195-205. [PMID: 20872026 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0752-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan is an indispensable amino acid that should to be supplied by dietary protein. Apart from its incorporation into body proteins, tryptophan is the precursor for serotonin, an important neuromediator, and for kynurenine, an intermediary metabolite of a complex metabolic pathway ending with niacin, CO(2), and kynurenic and xanthurenic acids. Tryptophan metabolism within different tissues is associated with numerous physiological functions. The liver regulates tryptophan homeostasis through degrading tryptophan in excess. Tryptophan degradation into kynurenine by immune cells plays a crucial role in the regulation of immune response during infections, inflammations and pregnancy. Serotonin is synthesized from tryptophan in the gut and also in the brain, where tryptophan availability is known to influence the sensitivity to mood disorders. In the present review, we discuss the major functions of tryptophan and its role in the regulation of growth, mood, behavior and immune responses with regard to the low availability of this amino acid and the competition between tissues and metabolic pathways for tryptophan utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Le Floc'h
- INRA, UMR, Système d'Elevage, Nutrition Animale et Humaine, Saint Gilles, France.
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38
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Hoshi M, Saito K, Hara A, Taguchi A, Ohtaki H, Tanaka R, Fujigaki H, Osawa Y, Takemura M, Matsunami H, Ito H, Seishima M. The absence of IDO upregulates type I IFN production, resulting in suppression of viral replication in the retrovirus-infected mouse. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:3305-12. [PMID: 20693424 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, the L-tryptophan-degrading enzyme, plays a key role in the powerful immunomodulatory effects on several different types of cells. Because modulation of IDO activities after viral infection may have great impact on disease progression, we investigated the role of IDO following infection with LP-BM5 murine leukemia virus. We found suppressed BM5 provirus copies and increased type I IFNs in the spleen from IDO knockout (IDO(-/-)) and 1-methyl-D-L-tryptophan-treated mice compared with those from wild-type (WT) mice. Additionally, the number of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in IDO(-/-) mice was higher in the former than in the WT mice. In addition, neutralization of type I IFNs in IDO(-/-) mice resulted in an increase in LP-BM5 viral replication. Moreover, the survival rate of IDO(-/-) mice or 1-methyl-D-L-tryptophan-treated mice infected with LP-BM5 alone or with both Toxoplasma gondii and LP-BM5 was clearly greater than the survival rate of WT mice. To our knowledge, the present study is the first report to observe suppressed virus replication with upregulated type I IFN in IDO(-/-) mice, suggesting that modulation of the IDO pathway may be an effective strategy for treatment of virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Hoshi
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu City, Gifu Prefecture, Japan
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Tan PH, Bharath AK. Manipulation of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase; a novel therapeutic target for treatment of diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 13:987-1012. [PMID: 19534572 DOI: 10.1517/14728220903018940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) as a modulator for the maintenance of fetomaternal immuno-privileged state has been heralded as a significant step in further defining the role of IDO in immunobiology. IDO is an IFN-inducible, intracellular enzyme that catalyzes the initial and rate-limiting step in the degradation of the essential amino acid, tryptophan. It has been suggested that IDO has the capacity to regulate the immune system via two discrete mechanisms; firstly the deprivation of tryptophan, which is essential for T cell proliferation and via the cytotoxic effects of tryptophan metabolites on T(H)1 cell survival. METHODS The sources of information used to prepare the paper are published work on Pubmed/Medline. In this review, we examine the therapeutic role of modulating IDO activity a variety of disease states including tumour tolerance, chronic infection, transplant rejection, autoimmunity and asthma. We propose that IDO represents a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of these diseases. We also explore the diverse strategies which are being employed, either to augment or to inhibit IDO activity in order to modify various disease processes. The limitations associated with these strategies are also scrutinized.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Tan
- Oxford University, John Radcliffe Hospital, Nuffield Department of Surgery, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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40
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Paveglio SA, Allard J, Foster Hodgkins SR, Ather JL, Bevelander M, Campbell JM, Whittaker LeClair LA, McCarthy SM, van der Vliet A, Suratt BT, Boyson JE, Uematsu S, Akira S, Poynter ME. Airway epithelial indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibits CD4+ T cells during Aspergillus fumigatus antigen exposure. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 44:11-23. [PMID: 20118221 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0167oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) suppresses the functions of CD4(+) T cells through its ability to metabolize the essential amino acid tryptophan. Although the activity of IDO is required for the immunosuppression of allergic airway disease by the Toll-Like-Receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist, oligonucleotides comprised of cytosine and guanine nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds (CpG) DNA, it is unclear whether IDO expression by resident lung epithelial cells is sufficient to elicit these effects. Therefore, we created a transgenic mouse inducibly overexpressing IDO within nonciliated airway epithelial cells. Upon inhalation of formalin-fixed Aspergillus fumigatus hyphal antigens, the overexpression of IDO from airway epithelial cells of these mice reduced the number of CD4(+) T cells within the inflamed lung and impaired the capacity of antigen-specific splenic CD4(+) effector T cells to secrete the cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IFN-γ. Despite these effects, allergic airway disease pathology was largely unaffected in mice expressing IDO in airway epithelium. In support of the concept that dendritic cells are the major cell type contributing to the IDO-inducing effects of CpG DNA, mice expressing TLR9 only in the airway epithelium did not augment IDO expression subsequent to the administration of CpG DNA. Furthermore, the systemic depletion of CD11c(+) cells rendered mice incapable of CpG DNA-induced IDO expression. Our results demonstrate that an overexpression of IDO within the airway epithelium represents a novel mechanism by which the number of CD4(+) T cells recruited to the lung and their capacity to produce cytokines can be diminished in a model of allergic airway disease, and these results also highlight the critical role of dendritic cells in the antiasthmatic effects of IDO induction by CpG DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Paveglio
- Vermont Lung Center, and Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, 149 Beaumont Ave., Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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41
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Desvignes L, Ernst JD. Interferon-gamma-responsive nonhematopoietic cells regulate the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Immunity 2009; 31:974-85. [PMID: 20064452 PMCID: PMC2807991 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans and in mice requires interferon gamma (IFN-gamma). Whereas IFN-gamma has been studied extensively for its effects on macrophages in tuberculosis, we determined that protective immunity to tuberculosis also requires IFN-gamma-responsive nonhematopoietic cells. Bone marrow chimeric mice with IFN-gamma-unresponsive lung epithelial and endothelial cells exhibited earlier mortality and higher bacterial burdens than control mice, underexpressed indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (Ido1) in lung endothelium and epithelium, and overexpressed interleukin-17 (IL-17) with massive neutrophilic inflammation in the lungs. We also found that the products of IDO catabolism of tryptophan selectively inhibit IL-17 production by Th17 cells, by inhibiting the action of IL-23. These results reveal a previously unsuspected role for IFN-gamma responsiveness in nonhematopoietic cells in regulation of immunity to M. tuberculosis and illustrate the role of IDO in the inhibition of Th17 cell responses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bacteremia/immunology
- Bacteremia/microbiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelial Cells/immunology
- Endothelial Cells/microbiology
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/immunology
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Interleukin-23/immunology
- Interleukin-23/metabolism
- Kynurenine/immunology
- Kynurenine/metabolism
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/microbiology
- Lung/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Neutrophil Infiltration/immunology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/enzymology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/immunology
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Respiratory Mucosa/immunology
- Respiratory Mucosa/microbiology
- Respiratory Mucosa/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/microbiology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/enzymology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Desvignes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine New York University School of Medicine 550 First Ave., Smilow 901 New York, NY, USA 10016
| | - Joel D. Ernst
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine New York University School of Medicine 550 First Ave., Smilow 901 New York, NY, USA 10016
- Department of Pathology New York University School of Medicine 550 First Ave., Smilow 901 New York, NY, USA 10016
- Department of Microbiology New York University School of Medicine 550 First Ave., Smilow 901 New York, NY, USA 10016
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42
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Schmidt SK, Müller A, Heseler K, Woite C, Spekker K, MacKenzie CR, Däubener W. Antimicrobial and immunoregulatory properties of human tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:2755-64. [PMID: 19637229 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, the regulation of local tryptophan concentrations by the IFN-gamma-i inducible enzyme IDO is a prominent antimicrobial and immunoregulatory effector mechanism. Here, we show for the first time that another tryptophan-degrading enzyme, the liver-specific tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), is also capable of mediating antimicrobial and immunoregulatory effects. Using a tetracycline inducible eukaryotic system, we were able to express recombinant TDO protein, which exhibits functional properties of native TDO. We found that HeLa cells expressing recombinant TDO were capable of inhibiting the growth of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), parasites (Toxoplasma gondii) and viruses (herpes simplex virus). These TDO-mediated antimicrobial effects could be blocked by the addition of tryptophan. In addition, we observed that, similar to IDO-positive cells, TDO-positive cells were capable of inhibiting anti CD3-driven T-cell proliferation and IFN-gamma production. Furthermore, TDO-positive cells also restricted alloantigen-induced T-cell activation. Here, we describe for the first time that TDO mediates antimicrobial and immunoregulatory effects and suggest that TDO-dependent inhibition of T-cell growth might be involved in the immunotolerance observed in vivo during allogeneic liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia K Schmidt
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
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43
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Increased plasma kynurenine values and kynurenine-tryptophan ratios after major trauma are early indicators for the development of sepsis. Shock 2009; 32:29-34. [PMID: 19060785 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e31819714fa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Kynurenine, the major degradation product of tryptophan has been shown to directly damage tissues, but its possible contribution to posttraumatic morbidity is unknown. Here, we studied the kinetics of kynurenine in patients after major trauma and whether this correlates with the development of posttraumatic sepsis. Kynurenine and tryptophan levels of 60 multiple-injured patients with Injury Severity Score of more than 16 were quantified prospectively by high-performance liquid chromatography. Blood samples were obtained daily from admission until day 10 after admission. Significantly increased kynurenine values were detectable already at day 1 after admission in blood from patients who later developed sepsis, regardless of injury pattern (P < 0.01). In contrast, kynurenine values of nonsepsis patients remained low throughout the observation period. However, all patients exhibited significantly decreased tryptophan values versus healthy controls (P < 0.01). Moreover, significantly increased kynurenine-tryptophan ratios rapidly predicted subsequent sepsis, multiple organ failure, and death (P < 0.01). Both increased kynurenine values and kynurenine-tryptophan ratios predicted posttraumatic development of sepsis and organ failure. This ought to be validated in subsequent studies.
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Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase is involved in defense against Neospora caninum in human and bovine cells. Infect Immun 2009; 77:4496-501. [PMID: 19620347 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00310-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite closely related to Toxoplasma gondii. In nature this parasite is found especially in dogs and cattle, but it may also infect other livestock. The growth of N. caninum, which is an obligate intracellular parasite, is controlled mainly by the cell-mediated immune response. During infection the cytokine gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) plays a prominent role in regulating the growth of N. caninum in natural and experimental disease. The present study showed that induction of the tryptophan-degrading enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is responsible for the inhibition of parasite growth that is mediated by IFN-gamma-activated bovine fibroblasts and endothelial cells. This antiparasite effect could be abrogated by addition of tryptophan, as well as by the IDO-specific inhibitor 1-L-methyltryptophan. In conclusion, our data show that human and bovine cells use the same effector mechanism to control the growth of N. caninum.
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O'Connor JC, Lawson MA, André C, Briley EM, Szegedi SS, Lestage J, Castanon N, Herkenham M, Dantzer R, Kelley KW. Induction of IDO by bacille Calmette-Guérin is responsible for development of murine depressive-like behavior. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:3202-12. [PMID: 19234218 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation activates the tryptophan-degrading enzyme IDO, which is well known to impair T cell proliferation. We have previously established that bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), an attenuated form of Mycobacterium bovis, is associated with persistent activation of IDO in the brain and chronic depressive-like behavior, but a causative role has not been established. In these experiments we used both pharmacologic and genetic approaches to test the hypothesis that IDO activation is responsible for the development of chronic depression that follows BCG infection. BCG induced TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IDO mRNA steady-state transcripts in the brain as well as the enzyme 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase (3-HAO) that lies downstream of IDO and generates the neuroactive metabolite, quinolinic acid. Behaviors characteristic of depression were apparent 1 wk after BCG infection. Pretreatment with the competitive IDO inhibitor 1-methyltryptophan fully blocked BCG-induced depressive-like behaviors. Importantly, IDO-deficient mice were completely resistant to BCG-induced depressive-like behavior but responded normally to BCG induction of proinflammatory cytokines. These results are the first to prove that the BCG-induced persistent activation of IDO is accompanied by the induction of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase and that IDO is required as an initial step for the subsequent development of chronic depressive-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C O'Connor
- Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Becerra A, Warke RV, Xhaja K, Evans B, Evans J, Martin K, de Bosch N, Rothman AL, Bosch I. Increased activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in serum from acutely infected dengue patients linked to gamma interferon antiviral function. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:810-817. [PMID: 19264674 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.004416-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The depletion of l-tryptophan (L-Trp) has been associated with the inhibition of growth of micro-organisms and also has profound effects on T cell proliferation and immune tolerance. The enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) catalyses the rate-limiting step in the catabolic pathway of L-Trp. Gene expression analysis has shown upregulation of genes involved in L-Trp catabolism in in vitro models of dengue virus (DENV) infection. To understand the role of IDO during DENV infection, we measured IDO activity in sera from control and DENV-infected patients. We found increased IDO activity, lower levels of L-Trp and higher levels of l-kynurenine in sera from DENV-infected patients during the febrile days of the disease compared with patients with other febrile illnesses and healthy donors. Furthermore, we confirmed upregulation of IDO mRNA expression in response to DENV infection in vitro, using a dendritic cell (DC) model of DENV infection. We found that the antiviral effect of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) in DENV-infected DCs in vitro was partially dependent on IDO activity. Our results demonstrate that IDO plays an important role in the antiviral effect of IFN-gamma against DENV infection in vitro and suggest that it has a role in the immune response to DENV infections in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniuska Becerra
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Rajas V Warke
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Kris Xhaja
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Barbara Evans
- University of Massachusetts Medical School Proteomic and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, 365 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - James Evans
- University of Massachusetts Medical School Proteomic and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, 365 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Katherine Martin
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Norma de Bosch
- Banco Municipal de Sangre del Distrito Capital, San Jose, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Alan L Rothman
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Irene Bosch
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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The addition of tumor necrosis factor plus beta interferon induces a novel synergistic antiviral state against poxviruses in primary human fibroblasts. J Virol 2008; 83:498-511. [PMID: 18971273 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01376-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and members of the interferon (IFN) family have been shown to independently inhibit the replication of a variety of viruses. In addition, previous reports have shown that treatment with various combinations of these antiviral cytokines induces a synergistic antiviral state that can be significantly more potent than addition of any of these cytokines alone. The mechanism of this cytokine synergy and its effects on global gene expression, however, are not well characterized. Here, we use DNA microarray analysis to demonstrate that treatment of uninfected primary human fibroblasts with TNF plus IFN-beta induces a distinct synergistic state characterized by significant perturbations of several hundred genes which are coinduced by the individual cytokines alone, as well as the induction of more than 850 novel host cell genes. This synergy is mediated directly by the two ligands, not by intermediate secreted factors, and is necessary and sufficient to completely block the productive replication and spread of myxoma virus in human fibroblasts. In contrast, the replication of two other poxviruses, vaccinia virus and tanapox virus, are only partially inhibited in these cells by the synergistic antiviral state, whereas the spread of both of these viruses to neighboring cells was efficiently blocked. Taken together, our data indicate that the combination of TNF and IFN-beta induces a novel synergistic antiviral state that is highly distinct from that induced by either cytokine alone.
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Tumor necrosis factor and interferon: cytokines in harmony. Curr Opin Microbiol 2008; 11:378-83. [PMID: 18595771 PMCID: PMC7108444 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2008.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 05/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Individually, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and the various interferons frequently display strong antiviral activities. Certain combinations of these cytokines, however, induce a synergistic antiviral state which is distinct from that induced by either one alone. This novel synergistic antiviral state likely occurs through several possible mechanisms, involves multiple signaling pathways, and inhibits a wider range of viruses than the individual cytokines alone. While underappreciated when first discovered, this synergistic phenomenon is proving to be of a much broader scope than initially thought. More work is needed to refine our understanding of this observation and its physiological implications for anti-pathogen responses.
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