1
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Hossen F, Sun GY, Lee JC. Oligomeric Tau-induced oxidative damage and functional alterations in cerebral endothelial cells: Role of RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 221:261-272. [PMID: 38815773 PMCID: PMC11184584 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Despite of yet unknown mechanism, microvascular deposition of oligomeric Tau (oTau) has been implicated in alteration of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) function in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. In this study, we employed an in vitro BBB model using primary mouse cerebral endothelial cells (CECs) to investigate the mechanism underlying the effects of oTau on BBB function. We found that exposing CECs to oTau induced oxidative stress through NADPH oxidase, increased oxidative damage to proteins, decreased proteasome activity, and expressions of tight junction (TJ) proteins including occludin, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and claudin-5. These effects were suppressed by the pretreatment with Fasudil, a RhoA/ROCK signaling inhibitor. Consistent with the biochemical alterations, we found that exposing the basolateral side of CECs to oTau in the BBB model disrupted the integrity of the BBB, as indicated by an increase in FITC-dextran transport across the model, and a decrease in trans endothelial electrical resistance (TEER). oTau also increased the transmigration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in the BBB model. These functional alterations in the BBB induced by oTau were also suppressed by Fasudil. Taken together, our findings suggest that targeting the RhoA/ROCK pathway can be a potential therapeutic strategy to maintain BBB function in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruk Hossen
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Grace Y Sun
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - James C Lee
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
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2
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Winfree RL, Erreger K, Phillips J, Seto M, Wang Y, Schneider JA, Bennett DA, Schrag MS, Hohman TJ, Hamm HE. Elevated protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) gene expression in Alzheimer's disease predicts cognitive decline. Neurobiol Aging 2024; 140:93-101. [PMID: 38761538 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Platelet activation of protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) and thrombin are at the top of a chain of events leading to fibrin deposition, microinfarcts, blood-brain barrier disruption, and inflammation. We evaluated mRNA expression of the PAR4 gene F2RL3 in human brain and global cognitive performance in participants with and without cognitive impairment or dementia. Data were acquired from the Religious Orders Study (ROS) and the Rush Memory and Aging Project (MAP). F2RL3 mRNA was elevated in AD cases and was associated with worse retrospective longitudinal cognitive performance. Moreover, F2RL3 expression interacted with clinical AD diagnosis on longitudinal cognition whereas this relationship was attenuated in individuals without cognitive impairment. Additionally, when adjusting for the effects of AD neuropathology, F2RL3 expression remained a significant predictor of cognitive decline. F2RL3 expression correlated positively with transcript levels of proinflammatory markers including TNFα, IL-1β, NFκB, and fibrinogen α/β/γ. Together, these results reveal that F2RL3 mRNA expression is associated with multiple AD-relevant outcomes and its encoded product, PAR4, may play a role in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Winfree
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kevin Erreger
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jared Phillips
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mabel Seto
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yanling Wang
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Julie A Schneider
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew S Schrag
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Timothy J Hohman
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Heidi E Hamm
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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3
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McManus RM, Latz E. NLRP3 inflammasome signalling in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2024; 252:109941. [PMID: 38565393 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Every year, 10 million people develop dementia, the most common of which is Alzheimer's disease (AD). To date, there is no way to prevent cognitive decline and therapies are limited. This review provides a neuroimmunological perspective on the progression of AD, and discusses the immune-targeted therapies that are in preclinical and clinical trials that may impact the development of this disease. Specifically, we look to the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome, its triggers in the brain and how its activation can contribute to the progression of dementia. We summarise the range of inhibitors targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome and its downstream pathways that are under investigation, and discuss future therapeutic perspectives for this devastating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róisín M McManus
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg Campus 1/99, 53127, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA; Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Gaire BP, Koronyo Y, Fuchs DT, Shi H, Rentsendorj A, Danziger R, Vit JP, Mirzaei N, Doustar J, Sheyn J, Hampel H, Vergallo A, Davis MR, Jallow O, Baldacci F, Verdooner SR, Barron E, Mirzaei M, Gupta VK, Graham SL, Tayebi M, Carare RO, Sadun AA, Miller CA, Dumitrascu OM, Lahiri S, Gao L, Black KL, Koronyo-Hamaoui M. Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology in the Retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 101:101273. [PMID: 38759947 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
The retina is an emerging CNS target for potential noninvasive diagnosis and tracking of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Studies have identified the pathological hallmarks of AD, including amyloid β-protein (Aβ) deposits and abnormal tau protein isoforms, in the retinas of AD patients and animal models. Moreover, structural and functional vascular abnormalities such as reduced blood flow, vascular Aβ deposition, and blood-retinal barrier damage, along with inflammation and neurodegeneration, have been described in retinas of patients with mild cognitive impairment and AD dementia. Histological, biochemical, and clinical studies have demonstrated that the nature and severity of AD pathologies in the retina and brain correspond. Proteomics analysis revealed a similar pattern of dysregulated proteins and biological pathways in the retina and brain of AD patients, with enhanced inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes, impaired oxidative-phosphorylation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Notably, investigational imaging technologies can now detect AD-specific amyloid deposits, as well as vasculopathy and neurodegeneration in the retina of living AD patients, suggesting alterations at different disease stages and links to brain pathology. Current and exploratory ophthalmic imaging modalities, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT-angiography, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, and hyperspectral imaging, may offer promise in the clinical assessment of AD. However, further research is needed to deepen our understanding of AD's impact on the retina and its progression. To advance this field, future studies require replication in larger and diverse cohorts with confirmed AD biomarkers and standardized retinal imaging techniques. This will validate potential retinal biomarkers for AD, aiding in early screening and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakta Prasad Gaire
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dieu-Trang Fuchs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Haoshen Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Altan Rentsendorj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ron Danziger
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Vit
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nazanin Mirzaei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonah Doustar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julia Sheyn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Harald Hampel
- Sorbonne University, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Andrea Vergallo
- Sorbonne University, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Miyah R Davis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ousman Jallow
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Filippo Baldacci
- Sorbonne University, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Ernesto Barron
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vivek K Gupta
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mourad Tayebi
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Roxana O Carare
- Department of Clinical Neuroanatomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Alfredo A Sadun
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carol A Miller
- Department of Pathology Program in Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Shouri Lahiri
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Liang Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Keith L Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Applied Cell Biology and Physiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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5
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Le NTN, Han CL, Delila L, Nebie O, Chien HT, Wu YW, Buée L, Blum D, Burnouf T. Proteomics of human platelet lysates and insight from animal studies on platelet protein diffusion to hippocampus upon intranasal administration. APL Bioeng 2024; 8:026111. [PMID: 38726021 PMCID: PMC11080963 DOI: 10.1063/5.0196553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Human platelet lysates (HPLs) from allogeneic platelet concentrates (PCs) are biomaterials, which are rich in various trophic factors, increasingly used in regenerative medicine and biotherapy. Understanding how preparation methods influence the HPL protein profile, biological function, and clinical outcomes is crucial. Our study sheds light on the proteomes and functionality of different HPLs, with the aim of advancing their scientifically grounded clinical applications. To achieve this, PCs suspended in plasma underwent three distinct processing methods, resulting in seven HPL types. We used three characterization techniques: label-free proteomics and tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomics, both before and after the immunodepletion of abundant plasma proteins. Bioinformatic tools assessed the proteome, and western blotting validated our quantitative proteomics data. Subsequent pre-clinical studies with fluorescent labeling and label-free proteomics were used as a proof of concept for brain diffusion. Our findings revealed 1441 proteins detected using the label-free method, 952 proteins from the TMT experiment before and after depletion, and 1114 proteins from the subsequent TMT experiment on depleted HPLs. Most detected proteins were cytoplasmic, playing key roles in catalysis, hemostasis, and immune responses. Notably, the processing methodologies significantly influenced HPL compositions, their canonical pathways, and, consequently, their functionality. Each HPL exhibited specific abundant proteins, providing valuable insight for tailored clinical applications. Immunoblotting results for selected proteins corroborated our quantitative proteomics data. The diffusion and differential effects to the hippocampus of a neuroprotective HPL administered intranasally to mice were demonstrated. This proteomics study advances our understanding of HPLs, suggesting ways to standardize and customize their production for better clinical efficacy in regenerative medicine and biotherapy. Proteomic analyses also offered objective evidence that HPPL, upon intranasal delivery, not only effectively diffuses to the hippocampus but also alters protein expression in mice, bolstering its potential as a treatment for memory impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhi Thao Ngoc Le
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Li Han
- Master Program in Clinical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liling Delila
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Hsin-Tung Chien
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - David Blum
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and . Tel.: +886 988 925 235
| | - Thierry Burnouf
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and . Tel.: +886 988 925 235
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6
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Singh PK, Simões-Pires EN, Chen ZL, Torrente D, Calvano M, Sharma A, Strickland S, Norris EH. Lecanemab blocks the effects of the Aβ/fibrinogen complex on blood clots and synapse toxicity in organotypic culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314450121. [PMID: 38621133 PMCID: PMC11047064 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314450121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteinaceous brain inclusions, neuroinflammation, and vascular dysfunction are common pathologies in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Vascular deficits include a compromised blood-brain barrier, which can lead to extravasation of blood proteins like fibrinogen into the brain. Fibrinogen's interaction with the amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide is known to worsen thrombotic and cerebrovascular pathways in AD. Lecanemab, an FDA-approved antibody therapy for AD, clears Aβ plaque from the brain and slows cognitive decline. Here, we show that lecanemab blocks fibrinogen's binding to Aβ protofibrils, preventing Aβ/fibrinogen-mediated delayed fibrinolysis and clot abnormalities in vitro and in human plasma. Additionally, we show that lecanemab dissociates the Aβ/fibrinogen complex and prevents fibrinogen from exacerbating Aβ-induced synaptotoxicity in mouse organotypic hippocampal cultures. These findings reveal a possible protective mechanism by which lecanemab may slow disease progression in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Singh
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Elisa Nicoloso Simões-Pires
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Zu-Lin Chen
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Daniel Torrente
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Marissa Calvano
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Anurag Sharma
- Electron Microscopy Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Sidney Strickland
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Erin H. Norris
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
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7
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Dean T, Mendiola AS, Yan Z, Meza-Acevedo R, Cabriga B, Akassoglou K, Ryu JK. Fibrin promotes oxidative stress and neuronal loss in traumatic brain injury via innate immune activation. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:94. [PMID: 38622640 PMCID: PMC11017541 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03092-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes significant blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, resulting in the extravasation of blood proteins into the brain. The impact of blood proteins, especially fibrinogen, on inflammation and neurodegeneration post-TBI is not fully understood, highlighting a critical gap in our comprehension of TBI pathology and its connection to innate immune activation. METHODS We combined vascular casting with 3D imaging of solvent-cleared organs (uDISCO) to study the spatial distribution of the blood coagulation protein fibrinogen in large, intact brain volumes and assessed the temporal regulation of the fibrin(ogen) deposition by immunohistochemistry in a murine model of TBI. Fibrin(ogen) deposition and innate immune cell markers were co-localized by immunohistochemistry in mouse and human brains after TBI. We assessed the role of fibrinogen in TBI using unbiased transcriptomics, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry for innate immune and neuronal markers in Fggγ390-396A knock-in mice, which express a mutant fibrinogen that retains normal clotting function, but lacks the γ390-396 binding motif to CD11b/CD18 integrin receptor. RESULTS We show that cerebral fibrinogen deposits were associated with activated innate immune cells in both human and murine TBI. Genetic elimination of fibrin-CD11b interaction reduced peripheral monocyte recruitment and the activation of inflammatory and reactive oxygen species (ROS) gene pathways in microglia and macrophages after TBI. Blockade of the fibrin-CD11b interaction was also protective from oxidative stress damage and cortical loss after TBI. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that fibrinogen is a regulator of innate immune activation and neurodegeneration in TBI. Abrogating post-injury neuroinflammation by selective blockade of fibrin's inflammatory functions may have implications for long-term neurologic recovery following brain trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Dean
- Gladstone Institute for Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andrew S Mendiola
- Gladstone Institute for Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zhaoqi Yan
- Gladstone Institute for Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rosa Meza-Acevedo
- Gladstone Institute for Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Belinda Cabriga
- Gladstone Institute for Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katerina Akassoglou
- Gladstone Institute for Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jae Kyu Ryu
- Gladstone Institute for Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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8
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Aburto MR, Cryan JF. Gastrointestinal and brain barriers: unlocking gates of communication across the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 21:222-247. [PMID: 38355758 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00890-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Crosstalk between gut and brain has long been appreciated in health and disease, and the gut microbiota is a key player in communication between these two distant organs. Yet, the mechanisms through which the microbiota influences development and function of the gut-brain axis remain largely unknown. Barriers present in the gut and brain are specialized cellular interfaces that maintain strict homeostasis of different compartments across this axis. These barriers include the gut epithelial barrier, the blood-brain barrier and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Barriers are ideally positioned to receive and communicate gut microbial signals constituting a gateway for gut-microbiota-brain communication. In this Review, we focus on how modulation of these barriers by the gut microbiota can constitute an important channel of communication across the gut-brain axis. Moreover, barrier malfunction upon alterations in gut microbial composition could form the basis of various conditions, including often comorbid neurological and gastrointestinal disorders. Thus, we should focus on unravelling the molecular and cellular basis of this communication and move from simplistic framing as 'leaky gut'. A mechanistic understanding of gut microbiota modulation of barriers, especially during critical windows of development, could be key to understanding the aetiology of gastrointestinal and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- María R Aburto
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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9
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Hu Y, Zhang F, Ikonomovic M, Yang T. The Role of NRF2 in Cerebrovascular Protection: Implications for Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (VCID). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3833. [PMID: 38612642 PMCID: PMC11012233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) represents a broad spectrum of cognitive decline secondary to cerebral vascular aging and injury. It is the second most common type of dementia, and the prevalence continues to increase. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is enriched in the cerebral vasculature and has diverse roles in metabolic balance, mitochondrial stabilization, redox balance, and anti-inflammation. In this review, we first briefly introduce cerebrovascular aging in VCID and the NRF2 pathway. We then extensively discuss the effects of NRF2 activation in cerebrovascular components such as endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, pericytes, and perivascular macrophages. Finally, we summarize the clinical potential of NRF2 activators in VCID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Hu
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA; (Y.H.); (F.Z.); (M.I.)
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) McKeesport, McKeesport, PA 15132, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA; (Y.H.); (F.Z.); (M.I.)
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
| | - Milos Ikonomovic
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA; (Y.H.); (F.Z.); (M.I.)
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
| | - Tuo Yang
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA; (Y.H.); (F.Z.); (M.I.)
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
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10
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Ma LY, Song JH, Gao PY, Ou YN, Fu Y, Huang LY, Wang ZT, Zhang DD, Cui RP, Mi YC, Tan L. Amyloid pathology mediates the associations between plasma fibrinogen and cognition in non-demented adults. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38533619 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Though previous studies revealed the potential associations of elevated levels of plasma fibrinogen with dementia, there is still limited understanding regarding the influence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers on these associations. We sought to investigate the interrelationships among fibrinogen, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers, and cognition in non-demented adults. We included 1996 non-demented adults from the Chinese Alzheimer's Biomarker and LifestylE (CABLE) study and 337 from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. The associations of fibrinogen with AD biomarkers and cognition were explored using multiple linear regression models. The mediation analyses with 10 000 bootstrapped iterations were conducted to explore the mediating effects of AD biomarkers on cognition. In addition, interaction analyses and subgroup analyses were conducted to assess the influence of covariates on the relationships between fibrinogen and AD biomarkers. Participants exhibiting low Aβ42 were designated as A+, while those demonstrating high phosphorylated tau (P-tau) and total tau (Tau) were labeled as T+ and N+, respectively. Individuals with normal measures of Aβ42 and P-tau were categorized as the A-T- group, and those with abnormal levels of both Aβ42 and P-tau were grouped under A+T+. Fibrinogen was higher in the A+ subgroup compared to that in the A- subgroup (p = 0.026). Fibrinogen was higher in the A+T+ subgroup compared to that in the A-T- subgroup (p = 0.011). Higher fibrinogen was associated with worse cognition and Aβ pathology (all p < 0.05). Additionally, the associations between fibrinogen and cognition were partially mediated by Aβ pathology (mediation proportion range 8%-28%). Interaction analyses and subgroup analyses showed that age and ApoE ε4 affect the relationships between fibrinogen and Aβ pathology. Fibrinogen was associated with both cognition and Aβ pathology. Aβ pathology may be a critical mediator for impacts of fibrinogen on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yun Ma
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing-Hui Song
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Pei-Yang Gao
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ya-Nan Ou
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Fu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Liang-Yu Huang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zuo-Teng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Rui-Ping Cui
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yin-Chu Mi
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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11
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Toribio-Fernandez R, Ceron C, Tristão-Pereira C, Fernandez-Nueda I, Perez-Castillo A, Fernandez-Ferro J, Moro MA, Ibañez B, Fuster V, Cortes-Canteli M. Oral anticoagulants: A plausible new treatment for Alzheimer's disease? Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:760-776. [PMID: 36633908 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are strongly associated. Both are multifactorial disorders with long asymptomatic phases and similar risk factors. Indeed, CVD signatures such as cerebral microbleeds, micro-infarcts, atherosclerosis, cerebral amyloid angiopathy and a procoagulant state are highly associated with AD. However, AD and CVD co-development and the molecular mechanisms underlying such associations are not understood. Here, we review the evidence regarding the vascular component of AD and clinical studies using anticoagulants that specifically evaluated the development of AD and other dementias. Most studies reported a markedly decreased incidence of composite dementia in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation, with the highest benefit for direct oral anticoagulants. However, sub-analyses by differential dementia diagnosis were scarce and inconclusive. We finally discuss whether anticoagulation could be a plausible preventive/therapeutic approach for AD and, if so, which would be the best drug and strategy to maximize clinical benefit and minimize potential risks. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue From Alzheimer's Disease to Vascular Dementia: Different Roads Leading to Cognitive Decline. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.6/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Toribio-Fernandez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Ceron
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Irene Fernandez-Nueda
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Perez-Castillo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Fernandez-Ferro
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Stroke Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos (HURJC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Angeles Moro
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja Ibañez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de enfermedades cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Valentin Fuster
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marta Cortes-Canteli
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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12
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Hernandez Torres LD, Rezende F, Peschke E, Will O, Hövener JB, Spiecker F, Özorhan Ü, Lampe J, Stölting I, Aherrahrou Z, Künne C, Kusche-Vihrog K, Matschl U, Hille S, Brandes RP, Schwaninger M, Müller OJ, Raasch W. Incidence of microvascular dysfunction is increased in hyperlipidemic mice, reducing cerebral blood flow and impairing remote memory. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1338458. [PMID: 38469142 PMCID: PMC10925718 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1338458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The development of cognitive dysfunction is not necessarily associated with diet-induced obesity. We hypothesized that cognitive dysfunction might require additional vascular damage, for example, in atherosclerotic mice. Methods We induced atherosclerosis in male C57BL/6N mice by injecting AAV-PCSK9DY (2x1011 VG) and feeding them a cholesterol-rich Western diet. After 3 months, mice were examined for cognition using Barnes maze procedure and for cerebral blood flow. Cerebral vascular morphology was examined by immunehistology. Results In AAV-PCSK9DY-treated mice, plaque burden, plasma cholesterol, and triglycerides are elevated. RNAseq analyses followed by KEGG annotation show increased expression of genes linked to inflammatory processes in the aortas of these mice. In AAV-PCSK9DY-treated mice learning was delayed and long-term memory impaired. Blood flow was reduced in the cingulate cortex (-17%), caudate putamen (-15%), and hippocampus (-10%). Immunohistological studies also show an increased incidence of string vessels and pericytes (CD31/Col IV staining) in the hippocampus accompanied by patchy blood-brain barrier leaks (IgG staining) and increased macrophage infiltrations (CD68 staining). Discussion We conclude that the hyperlipidemic PCSK9DY mouse model can serve as an appropriate approach to induce microvascular dysfunction that leads to reduced blood flow in the hippocampus, which could explain the cognitive dysfunction in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavia Rezende
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Rhine-Main, Germany
| | - Eva Peschke
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Olga Will
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan-Bernd Hövener
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Frauke Spiecker
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ümit Özorhan
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Josephine Lampe
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ines Stölting
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Zouhair Aherrahrou
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University Lübeck; University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
| | - Carsten Künne
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Kristina Kusche-Vihrog
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
- Institute for Physiology, University Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Urte Matschl
- Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Hille
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralf P. Brandes
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Rhine-Main, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
- CBBM (Centre for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Oliver J. Müller
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Walter Raasch
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
- CBBM (Centre for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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13
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Asghari K, Niknam Z, Mohammadpour-Asl S, Chodari L. Cellular junction dynamics and Alzheimer's disease: a comprehensive review. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:273. [PMID: 38302794 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09242-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive neuronal damage and cognitive decline. Recent studies have shed light on the involvement of not only the blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction but also significant alterations in cellular junctions in AD pathogenesis. In this review article, we explore the role of the BBB and cellular junctions in AD pathology, with a specific focus on the hippocampus. The BBB acts as a crucial protective barrier between the bloodstream and the brain, maintaining brain homeostasis and regulating molecular transport. Preservation of BBB integrity relies on various junctions, including gap junctions formed by connexins, tight junctions composed of proteins such as claudins, occludin, and ZO-1, as well as adherence junctions involving molecules like vascular endothelial (VE) cadherin, Nectins, and Nectin-like molecules (Necls). Abnormalities in these junctions and junctional components contribute to impaired neuronal signaling and increased cerebrovascular permeability, which are closely associated with AD advancement. By elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms governing BBB and cellular junction dysfunctions within the context of AD, this review offers valuable insights into the pathogenesis of AD and identifies potential therapeutic targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyvan Asghari
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Zahra Niknam
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shadi Mohammadpour-Asl
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Leila Chodari
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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14
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Singh PK, Pires ENS, Chen ZL, Torrente D, Calvano M, Sharma A, Strickland S, Norris EH. Lecanemab Blocks the Effects of the Aβ/Fibrinogen Complex on Blood Clots and Synapse Toxicity in Organotypic Culture. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.20.576458. [PMID: 38293058 PMCID: PMC10827200 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.20.576458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Proteinaceous brain inclusions, neuroinflammation, and vascular dysfunction are common pathologies in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Vascular deficits include a compromised blood-brain barrier, which can lead to extravasation of blood proteins like fibrinogen into the brain. Fibrinogen's interaction with the amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide is known to worsen thrombotic and cerebrovascular pathways in AD. Lecanemab, an FDA-approved antibody therapy for AD, shows promising results in facilitating reduction of Aβ from the brain and slowing cognitive decline. Here we show that lecanemab blocks fibrinogen's binding to Aβ protofibrils, normalizing Aβ/fibrinogen-mediated delayed fibrinolysis and clot abnormalities in vitro and in human plasma. Additionally, we show that lecanemab dissociates the Aβ/fibrinogen complex and prevents fibrinogen from exacerbating Aβ-induced synaptotoxicity in mouse organotypic hippocampal cultures. These findings reveal a possible protective mechanism by which lecanemab may slow disease progression in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Singh
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Elisa Nicoloso Simoes Pires
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Zu-Lin Chen
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Daniel Torrente
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Marissa Calvano
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Anurag Sharma
- Electron Microscopy Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Sidney Strickland
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Erin H. Norris
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065
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15
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Ding H, Liu C, Li Y, Ang TFA, Devine S, Liu Y, Au R, Doraiswamy PM. Sex-specific blood biomarkers linked to memory changes in middle-aged adults: The Framingham Heart Study. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 16:e12569. [PMID: 38545543 PMCID: PMC10966919 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The relationship between sex-specific blood biomarkers and memory changes in middle-aged adults remains unclear. We aimed to investigate this relationship using the data from the Framingham Heart Study (FHS). We conducted association analysis, partial correlation analysis, and causal dose-response curves using blood biomarkers and other data from 793 middle-aged participants (≤ 60 years) from the FHS Offspring Cohort. The results revealed associations of adiponectin and fasting blood glucose with midlife memory change, along with a U-shaped relationship of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with memory change. No significant associations were found for the other blood biomarkers (e.g., amyloid beta protein 42) with memory change. To our knowledge, this is the first sex-specific network analysis of blood biomarkers related to midlife memory change in a prospective cohort study. Our findings highlight the importance of targeting cardiometabolic risks and the need to validate midlife-specific biomarkers that can accelerate the development of primary preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huitong Ding
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Framingham Heart StudyBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Framingham Heart StudyBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Yi Li
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Ting Fang Alvin Ang
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Framingham Heart StudyBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Slone Epidemiology CenterBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Sherral Devine
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Framingham Heart StudyBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Yulin Liu
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Framingham Heart StudyBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Rhoda Au
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Framingham Heart StudyBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Slone Epidemiology CenterBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of NeurologyBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - P. Murali Doraiswamy
- Neurocognitive Disorders ProgramDepartments of Psychiatry and Medicineand the Duke Institute for Brain SciencesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
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16
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Fang X, Fan F, Border JJ, Roman RJ. Cerebrovascular Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease and Transgenic Rodent Models. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY 2024; 5:42-64. [PMID: 38434588 PMCID: PMC10906803 DOI: 10.33696/neurol.5.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Alzheimer's Disease-Related Dementia (ADRD) are the primary causes of dementia that has a devastating effect on the quality of life and is a tremendous economic burden on the healthcare system. The accumulation of extracellular beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain are the hallmarks of AD. They are also thought to be the underlying cause of inflammation, neurodegeneration, brain atrophy, and cognitive impairments that accompany AD. The discovery of APP, PS1, and PS2 mutations that increase Aβ production in families with early onset familial AD led to the development of numerous transgenic rodent models of AD. These models have provided new insight into the role of Aβ in AD; however, they do not fully replicate AD pathology in patients. Familial AD patients with mutations that elevate the production of Aβ represent only a small fraction of dementia patients. In contrast, those with late-onset sporadic AD constitute the majority of cases. This observation, along with the failure of previous clinical trials targeting Aβ or Tau and the modest success of recent trials using Aβ monoclonal antibodies, has led to a reappraisal of the view that Aβ accumulation is the sole factor in the pathogenesis of AD. More recent studies have established that cerebral vascular dysfunction is one of the earliest changes seen in AD, and 67% of the candidate genes linked to AD are expressed in the cerebral vasculature. Thus, there is an increasing appreciation of the vascular contribution to AD, and the National Institute on Aging (NIA) and the Alzheimer's Disease Foundation recently prioritized it as a focused research area. This review summarizes the strengths and limitations of the most commonly used transgenic AD animal models and current views about the contribution of Aβ accumulation versus cerebrovascular dysfunction in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Fang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Jane J. Border
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Richard J. Roman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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17
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Tubi MA, Wheeler K, Matsiyevskiy E, Hapenney M, Mack WJ, Chui HC, King K, Thompson PM, Braskie MN. White matter hyperintensity volume modifies the association between CSF vascular inflammatory biomarkers and regional FDG-PET along the Alzheimer's disease continuum. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 132:1-12. [PMID: 37708739 PMCID: PMC10843575 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
In older adults with abnormal levels of Alzheimer's disease neuropathology, lower cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels are associated with lower [¹⁸F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) signal, but whether this association is (1) specific to VEGF or broadly driven by vascular inflammation, or (2) modified by vascular risk (e.g., white matter hyperintensities [WMHs]) remains unknown. To address this and build upon our past work, we evaluated whether 5 CSF vascular inflammation biomarkers (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, VEGF, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and von Willebrand factor)-previously associated with CSF amyloid levels-were related to FDG-PET signal and whether WMH volume modified these associations in 158 Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative participants (55-90 years old, 39 cognitively normal, 80 mild cognitive impairment, 39 Alzheimer's disease). We defined regions both by cortical boundary and by the 3 major vascular territories: anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries. We found that WMH volume had interactive effects with CSF biomarkers (VEGF and C-reactive protein) on FDG-PET throughout the cortex in both vascular territories and conventionally defined regions of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meral A Tubi
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Koral Wheeler
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Matsiyevskiy
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Hapenney
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Wendy J Mack
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Helena C Chui
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kevin King
- Department of Neuroradiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Meredith N Braskie
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.
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18
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Chen Y, He Y, Han J, Wei W, Chen F. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease: associations, pathogenic mechanisms, and therapeutic potential. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1258640. [PMID: 38020775 PMCID: PMC10679748 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1258640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ), hyperphosphorylation of tau, and neuroinflammation in the brain. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits solutes from circulating blood from entering the brain, which is essential for neuronal functioning. Focusing on BBB function is important for the early detection of AD and in-depth study of AD pathogenic mechanisms. However, the mechanism of BBB alteration in AD is still unclear, which hinders further research on therapeutics that target the BBB to delay the progression of AD. The exact timing of the vascular abnormalities in AD and the complex cause-and-effect relationships remain uncertain. Thus, it is necessary to summarize and emphasize this process. First, in this review, the current evidence for BBB dysfunction in AD is summarized. Then, the interrelationships and pathogenic mechanisms between BBB dysfunction and the risk factors for AD, such as Aβ, tau, neuroinflammation, apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype and aging, were analyzed. Finally, we discuss the current status and future directions of therapeutic AD strategies targeting the BBB. We hope that these summaries or reviews will allow readers to better understand the relationship between the BBB and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Sixth People’s Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanfang He
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jinling Han
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Sixth People’s Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenyan Wei
- Department of Gerontology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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19
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Wang F, Yang X, Ren Z, Chen C, Liu C. Alternative splicing in mouse brains affected by psychological stress is enriched in the signaling, neural transmission and blood-brain barrier pathways. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4707-4718. [PMID: 37217679 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Psychological stress increases the risk of major psychiatric disorders. Psychological stress on mice was reported to induce differential gene expression (DEG) in mice brain regions. Alternative splicing is a fundamental aspect of gene expression and has been associated with psychiatric disorders but has not been investigated in the stressed brain yet. This study investigated changes in gene expression and splicing under psychological stress, the related pathways, and possible relationship with psychiatric disorders. RNA-seq raw data of 164 mouse brain samples from 3 independent datasets with stressors including chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), early life stress (ELS), and two-hit stress of combined CSDS and ELS were collected. There were more changes in splicing than in gene expression in the ventral hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex, but stress-induced changes of individual genes by differential splicing and differential expression could not be replicated. In contrast, pathway analyses produced robust findings: stress-induced differentially spliced genes (DSGs) were reproducibly enriched in neural transmission and blood-brain barrier systems, and DEGs were reproducibly enriched in stress response-related functions. The hub genes of DSG-related PPI networks were enriched in synaptic functions. The corresponding human homologs of stress-induced DSGs were robustly enriched in AD-related DSGs as well as BD and SCZ in GWAS. These results suggested that stress-induced DSGs from different datasets belong to the same biological system throughout the stress response process, resulting in consistent stress response effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiran Wang
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiuju Yang
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zongyao Ren
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
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20
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Chatanaka MK, Sohaei D, Diamandis EP, Prassas I. Beyond the amyloid hypothesis: how current research implicates autoimmunity in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2023; 60:398-426. [PMID: 36941789 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2023.2187342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid hypothesis has so far been at the forefront of explaining the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that leads to cognitive decline and eventual death. Recent evidence, however, points to additional factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease. These include the neurovascular hypothesis, the mitochondrial cascade hypothesis, the inflammatory hypothesis, the prion hypothesis, the mutational accumulation hypothesis, and the autoimmunity hypothesis. The purpose of this review was to briefly discuss the factors that are associated with autoimmunity in humans, including sex, the gut and lung microbiomes, age, genetics, and environmental factors. Subsequently, it was to examine the rise of autoimmune phenomena in AD, which can be instigated by a blood-brain barrier breakdown, pathogen infections, and dysfunction of the glymphatic system. Lastly, it was to discuss the various ways by which immune system dysregulation leads to AD, immunomodulating therapies, and future directions in the field of autoimmunity and neurodegeneration. A comprehensive account of the recent research done in the field was extracted from PubMed on 31 January 2022, with the keywords "Alzheimer's disease" and "autoantibodies" for the first search input, and "Alzheimer's disease" with "IgG" for the second. From the first search, 19 papers were selected, because they contained recent research on the autoantibodies found in the biofluids of patients with AD. From the second search, four papers were selected. The analysis of the literature has led to support the autoimmune hypothesis in AD. Autoantibodies were found in biofluids (serum/plasma, cerebrospinal fluid) of patients with AD with multiple methods, including ELISA, Mass Spectrometry, and microarray analysis. Through continuous research, the understanding of the synergistic effects of the various components that lead to AD will pave the way for better therapeutic methods and a deeper understanding of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyo K Chatanaka
- Department of Laboratory and Medicine Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dorsa Sohaei
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory and Medicine Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ioannis Prassas
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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21
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Behera A, Sa N, Pradhan SP, Swain S, Sahu PK. Metal Nanoparticles in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2023; 7:791-810. [PMID: 37662608 PMCID: PMC10473155 DOI: 10.3233/adr-220112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has emerged in different fields of biomedical application, including lifestyle diseases like diabetes, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease, neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, and different types of cancers. Metal nanoparticles are one of the most used drug delivery systems due to the benefits of their enhanced physicochemical properties as compared to bulk metals. Neurodegenerative diseases are the second most cause affecting mortality worldwide after cancer. Hence, they require the most specific and targeted drug delivery systems for maximum therapeutic benefits. Metal nanoparticles are the preferred drug delivery system, possessing greater blood-brain barrier permeability, biocompatibility, and enhanced bioavailability. But some metal nanoparticles exhibit neurotoxic activity owing to their shape, size, surface charge, or surface modification. This review article has discussed the pathophysiology of AD. The neuroprotective mechanism of gold, silver, selenium, ruthenium, cerium oxide, zinc oxide, and iron oxide nanoparticles are discussed. Again, the neurotoxic mechanisms of gold, iron oxide, titanium dioxide, and cobalt oxide are also included. The neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects of nanoparticles targeted for treating AD are discussed elaborately. The review also focusses on the biocompatibility of metal nanoparticles for targeting the brain in treating AD. The clinical trials and the requirement to develop new drug delivery systems are critically analyzed. This review can show a path for the researchers involved in the brain-targeted drug delivery for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Behera
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha’ O’Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Nishigandha Sa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha’ O’Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Sunsita Swain
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha’ O’Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Pratap Kumar Sahu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha’ O’Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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22
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Lam DV, Javadekar A, Patil N, Yu M, Li L, Menendez DM, Gupta AS, Capadona JR, Shoffstall AJ. Platelets and hemostatic proteins are co-localized with chronic neuroinflammation surrounding implanted intracortical microelectrodes. Acta Biomater 2023; 166:278-290. [PMID: 37211307 PMCID: PMC10330779 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Intracortical microelectrodes induce vascular injury upon insertion into the cortex. As blood vessels rupture, blood proteins and blood-derived cells (including platelets) are introduced into the 'immune privileged' brain tissues at higher-than-normal levels, passing through the damaged blood-brain barrier. Blood proteins adhere to implant surfaces, increasing the likelihood of cellular recognition leading to activation of immune and inflammatory cells. Persistent neuroinflammation is a major contributing factor to declining microelectrode recording performance. We investigated the spatial and temporal relationship of blood proteins fibrinogen and von Willebrand Factor (vWF), platelets, and type IV collagen, in relation to glial scarring markers for microglia and astrocytes following implantation of non-functional multi-shank silicon microelectrode probes into rats. Together with type IV collagen, fibrinogen and vWF augment platelet recruitment, activation, and aggregation. Our main results indicate blood proteins participating in hemostasis (fibrinogen and vWF) persisted at the microelectrode interface for up to 8-weeks after implantation. Further, type IV collagen and platelets surrounded the probe interface with similar spatial and temporal trends as vWF and fibrinogen. In addition to prolonged blood-brain barrier instability, specific blood and extracellular matrix proteins may play a role in promoting the inflammatory activation of platelets and recruitment to the microelectrode interface. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Implanted microelectrodes have substantial potential for restoring function to people with paralysis and amputation by providing signals that feed into natural control algorithms that drive prosthetic devices. Unfortunately, these microelectrodes do not display robust performance over time. Persistent neuroinflammation is widely thought to be a primary contributor to the devices' progressive decline in performance. Our manuscript reports on the highly local and persistent accumulation of platelets and hemostatic blood proteins around the microelectrode interface of brain implants. To our knowledge neuroinflammation driven by cellular and non-cellular responses associated with hemostasis and coagulation has not been rigorously quantified elsewhere. Our findings identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention and a better understanding of the driving mechanisms to neuroinflammation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny V Lam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Anisha Javadekar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Marina Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Longshun Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Dhariyat M Menendez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Anirban Sen Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Capadona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Andrew J Shoffstall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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23
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Wen T, Zhang Z. Cellular mechanisms of fibrin (ogen): insight from neurodegenerative diseases. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1197094. [PMID: 37529232 PMCID: PMC10390316 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1197094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are prevalent and currently incurable conditions that progressively impair cognitive, behavioral, and psychiatric functions of the central or peripheral nervous system. Fibrinogen, a macromolecular glycoprotein, plays a crucial role in the inflammatory response and tissue repair in the human body and interacts with various nervous system cells due to its unique molecular structure. Accumulating evidence suggests that fibrinogen deposits in the brains of patients with neurodegenerative diseases. By regulating pathophysiological mechanisms and signaling pathways, fibrinogen can exacerbate the neuro-pathological features of neurodegenerative diseases, while depletion of fibrinogen contributes to the amelioration of cognitive function impairment in patients. This review comprehensively summarizes the molecular mechanisms and biological functions of fibrinogen in central nervous system cells and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Vascular dementia, Huntington's disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Additionally, we discuss the potential of fibrinogen-related treatments in the management of neurodegenerative disorders.
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24
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Yang J, Li Y, Bhalla A, Maienschein-Cline M, Fukuchi KI. A novel co-culture model for investigation of the effects of LPS-induced macrophage-derived cytokines on brain endothelial cells. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288497. [PMID: 37440496 PMCID: PMC10343049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to study effects of macrophage-derived inflammatory mediators associated with systemic inflammation on brain endothelial cells, we have established a co-culture system consisting of bEnd.3 cells and LPS-activated Raw 264.7 cells and performed its cytokine profiling. The cytokine profile of the co-culture model was compared to that of mice treated with intraperitoneal LPS injection. We found that, among cytokines profiled, eight cytokines/chemokines were similarly upregulated in both in vivo mouse and in vitro co-culture model. In contrast to the co-culture model, the cytokine profile of a common mono-culture system consisting of only LPS-activated bEnd.3 cells had little similarity to that of the in vivo mouse model. These results indicate that the co-culture of bEnd.3 cells with LPS-activated Raw 264.7 cells is a better model than the common mono-culture of LPS-activated bEnd.3 cells to investigate the molecular mechanism in endothelial cells, by which systemic inflammation induces neuroinflammation. Moreover, fibrinogen adherence both to bEnd.3 cells in the co-culture and to brain blood vessels in a LPS-treated animal model of Alzheimer's disease increased. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first to utilize bEnd.3 cells co-cultured with LPS-activated Raw 264.7 cells as an in vitro model to investigate the consequence of macrophage-derived inflammatory mediators on brain endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, Illinois, United states of America
| | - Yinchuan Li
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ambuj Bhalla
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, Illinois, United states of America
| | - Mark Maienschein-Cline
- Research Informatics Core, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ken-ichiro Fukuchi
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, Illinois, United states of America
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25
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Teller N, Chad JA, Wong A, Gunraj H, Ji X, Goubran M, Gilboa A, Roudaia E, Sekuler A, Churchill N, Schweizer T, Gao F, Masellis M, Lam B, Heyn C, Cheng I, Fowler R, Black SE, MacIntosh BJ, Graham SJ, Chen JJ. Feasibility of diffusion-tensor and correlated diffusion imaging for studying white-matter microstructural abnormalities: Application in COVID-19. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:3998-4010. [PMID: 37162380 PMCID: PMC10258529 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been growing attention on the effect of COVID-19 on white-matter microstructure, especially among those that self-isolated after being infected. There is also immense scientific interest and potential clinical utility to evaluate the sensitivity of single-shell diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods for detecting such effects. In this work, the performances of three single-shell-compatible diffusion MRI modeling methods are compared for detecting the effect of COVID-19, including diffusion-tensor imaging, diffusion-tensor decomposition of orthogonal moments and correlated diffusion imaging. Imaging was performed on self-isolated patients at the study initiation and 3-month follow-up, along with age- and sex-matched controls. We demonstrate through simulations and experimental data that correlated diffusion imaging is associated with far greater sensitivity, being the only one of the three single-shell methods to demonstrate COVID-19-related brain effects. Results suggest less restricted diffusion in the frontal lobe in COVID-19 patients, but also more restricted diffusion in the cerebellar white matter, in agreement with several existing studies highlighting the vulnerability of the cerebellum to COVID-19 infection. These results, taken together with the simulation results, suggest that a significant proportion of COVID-19 related white-matter microstructural pathology manifests as a change in tissue diffusivity. Interestingly, different b-values also confer different sensitivities to the effects. No significant difference was observed in patients at the 3-month follow-up, likely due to the limited size of the follow-up cohort. To summarize, correlated diffusion imaging is shown to be a viable single-shell diffusion analysis approach that allows us to uncover opposing patterns of diffusion changes in the frontal and cerebellar regions of COVID-19 patients, suggesting the two regions react differently to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Teller
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jordan A Chad
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alexander Wong
- Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Hayden Gunraj
- Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Xiang Ji
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Maged Goubran
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Asaf Gilboa
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eugenie Roudaia
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Canada
| | - Allison Sekuler
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nathan Churchill
- Neuroscience Research Program, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tom Schweizer
- Neuroscience Research Program, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Fuqiang Gao
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Benjamin Lam
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chris Heyn
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ivy Cheng
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert Fowler
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sandra E Black
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bradley J MacIntosh
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Simon J Graham
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - J Jean Chen
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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26
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Pansieri J, Hadley G, Lockhart A, Pisa M, DeLuca GC. Regional contribution of vascular dysfunction in white matter dementia: clinical and neuropathological insights. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1199491. [PMID: 37396778 PMCID: PMC10313211 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1199491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of adequate blood supply and vascular integrity is fundamental to ensure cerebral function. A wide range of studies report vascular dysfunction in white matter dementias, a group of cerebral disorders characterized by substantial white matter damage in the brain leading to cognitive impairment. Despite recent advances in imaging, the contribution of vascular-specific regional alterations in white matter dementia has been not extensively reviewed. First, we present an overview of the main components of the vascular system involved in the maintenance of brain function, modulation of cerebral blood flow and integrity of the blood-brain barrier in the healthy brain and during aging. Second, we review the regional contribution of cerebral blood flow and blood-brain barrier disturbances in the pathogenesis of three distinct conditions: the archetypal white matter predominant neurocognitive dementia that is vascular dementia, a neuroinflammatory predominant disease (multiple sclerosis) and a neurodegenerative predominant disease (Alzheimer's). Finally, we then examine the shared landscape of vascular dysfunction in white matter dementia. By emphasizing the involvement of vascular dysfunction in the white matter, we put forward a hypothetical map of vascular dysfunction during disease-specific progression to guide future research aimed to improve diagnostics and facilitate the development of tailored therapies.
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27
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Immanuel J, Yun S. Vascular Inflammatory Diseases and Endothelial Phenotypes. Cells 2023; 12:1640. [PMID: 37371110 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological functions of endothelial cells control vascular tone, permeability, inflammation, and angiogenesis, which significantly help to maintain a healthy vascular system. Several cardiovascular diseases are characterized by endothelial cell activation or dysfunction triggered by external stimuli such as disturbed flow, hypoxia, growth factors, and cytokines in response to high levels of low-density lipoprotein and cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, aging, drugs, and smoking. Increasing evidence suggests that uncontrolled proinflammatory signaling and further alteration in endothelial cell phenotypes such as barrier disruption, increased permeability, endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT), and metabolic reprogramming further induce vascular diseases, and multiple studies are focusing on finding the pathways and mechanisms involved in it. This review highlights the main proinflammatory stimuli and their effects on endothelial cell function. In order to provide a rational direction for future research, we also compiled the most recent data regarding the impact of endothelial cell dysfunction on vascular diseases and potential targets that impede the pathogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenita Immanuel
- Department of Biotechnology, Inje University, Gimhae-si 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanguk Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, Inje University, Gimhae-si 50834, Republic of Korea
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28
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Rudge JD. The Lipid Invasion Model: Growing Evidence for This New Explanation of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD221175. [PMID: 37302030 PMCID: PMC10357195 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Lipid Invasion Model (LIM) is a new hypothesis for Alzheimer's disease (AD) which argues that AD is a result of external lipid invasion to the brain, following damage to the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The LIM provides a comprehensive explanation of the observed neuropathologies associated with the disease, including the lipid irregularities first described by Alois Alzheimer himself, and accounts for the wide range of risk factors now identified with AD, all of which are also associated with damage to the BBB. This article summarizes the main arguments of the LIM, and new evidence and arguments in support of it. The LIM incorporates and extends the amyloid hypothesis, the current main explanation of the disease, but argues that the greatest cause of late-onset AD is not amyloid-β (Aβ) but bad cholesterol and free fatty acids, let into the brain by a damaged BBB. It suggests that the focus on Aβ is the reason why we have made so little progress in treating the disease in the last 30 years. As well as offering new perspectives for further research into the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of AD, based on protecting and repairing the BBB, the LIM provides potential new insights into other neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease.
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29
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Musaeus CS, Gleerup HS, Hasselbalch SG, Waldemar G, Simonsen AH. Progression of Blood-Brain Barrier Leakage in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease as Measured with the Cerebrospinal Fluid/Plasma Albumin Ratio Over Time. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2023; 7:535-541. [PMID: 37313491 PMCID: PMC10259070 DOI: 10.3233/adr-230016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have found a disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), but there is little evidence of the changes in the BBB over time. The cerebrospinal fluid's (CSF) protein concentration can be used as an indirect measurement for the permeability of the BBB using the CSF/plasma albumin quotient (Q-Alb) or total CSF protein. Objective In the current study, we wanted to investigate the changes in Q-Alb in patients with AD over time. Methods A total of 16 patients diagnosed with AD, who had at least two lumbar punctures performed, were included in the current study. Results The difference in Q-Alb over time did not show a significant change. However, Q-Alb increased over time if the time interval was > 1 year between the measurements. No significant associations between Q-Alb and age, Mini-Mental State Examination, or AD biomarkers were found. Conclusion The increase in Q-Alb suggests that there is an increased leakage through the BBB, which may become more prominent as the disease progresses. This may be a sign of progressive underlying vascular pathology, even in patients with AD without major vascular lesions. More studies are needed to further understand the role of BBB integrity in patients with AD over time and the association with the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sandøe Musaeus
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helena Sophia Gleerup
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Gregers Hasselbalch
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunhild Waldemar
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja Hviid Simonsen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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30
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Kim S, Sharma C, Jung UJ, Kim SR. Pathophysiological Role of Microglial Activation Induced by Blood-Borne Proteins in Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051383. [PMID: 37239054 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts entry of neurotoxic plasma components, blood cells, and pathogens into the brain, leading to proper neuronal functioning. BBB impairment leads to blood-borne protein infiltration such as prothrombin, thrombin, prothrombin kringle-2, fibrinogen, fibrin, and other harmful substances. Thus, microglial activation and release of pro-inflammatory mediators commence, resulting in neuronal damage and leading to impaired cognition via neuroinflammatory responses, which are important features observed in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Moreover, these blood-borne proteins cluster with the amyloid beta plaque in the brain, exacerbating microglial activation, neuroinflammation, tau phosphorylation, and oxidative stress. These mechanisms work in concert and reinforce each other, contributing to the typical pathological changes in AD in the brain. Therefore, the identification of blood-borne proteins and the mechanisms involved in microglial activation and neuroinflammatory damage can be a promising therapeutic strategy for AD prevention. In this article, we review the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of microglial activation-mediated neuroinflammation caused by the influx of blood-borne proteins into the brain via BBB disruption. Subsequently, the mechanisms of drugs that inhibit blood-borne proteins, as a potential therapeutic approach for AD, along with the limitations and potential challenges of these approaches, are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehwan Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanchal Sharma
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Ju Jung
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ryong Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Zhukov O, He C, Soylu-Kucharz R, Cai C, Lauritzen AD, Aldana BI, Björkqvist M, Lauritzen M, Kucharz K. Preserved blood-brain barrier and neurovascular coupling in female 5xFAD model of Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1089005. [PMID: 37261266 PMCID: PMC10228387 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1089005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dysfunction of the cerebral vasculature is considered one of the key components of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the mechanisms affecting individual brain vessels are poorly understood. Methods Here, using in vivo two-photon microscopy in superficial cortical layers and ex vivo imaging across brain regions, we characterized blood-brain barrier (BBB) function and neurovascular coupling (NVC) at the level of individual brain vessels in adult female 5xFAD mice, an aggressive amyloid-β (Aβ) model of AD. Results We report a lack of abnormal increase in adsorptive-mediated transcytosis of albumin and preserved paracellular barrier for fibrinogen and small molecules despite an extensive load of Aβ. Likewise, the NVC responses to somatosensory stimulation were preserved at all regulatory segments of the microvasculature: penetrating arterioles, precapillary sphincters, and capillaries. Lastly, the Aβ plaques did not affect the density of capillary pericytes. Conclusion Our findings provide direct evidence of preserved microvascular function in the 5xFAD mice and highlight the critical dependence of the experimental outcomes on the choice of preclinical models of AD. We propose that the presence of parenchymal Aβ does not warrant BBB and NVC dysfunction and that the generalized view that microvascular impairment is inherent to Aβ aggregation may need to be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Zhukov
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chen He
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rana Soylu-Kucharz
- Biomarkers in Brain Disease, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Changsi Cai
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Blanca Irene Aldana
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Björkqvist
- Biomarkers in Brain Disease, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Lauritzen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Krzysztof Kucharz
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Custodia A, Aramburu-Núñez M, Rodríguez-Arrizabalaga M, Pías-Peleteiro JM, Vázquez-Vázquez L, Camino-Castiñeiras J, Aldrey JM, Castillo J, Ouro A, Sobrino T, Romaus-Sanjurjo D. Biomarkers Assessing Endothelial Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060962. [PMID: 36980302 PMCID: PMC10047803 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common degenerative disorder in the elderly in developed countries. Currently, growing evidence is pointing at endothelial dysfunction as a key player in the cognitive decline course of AD. As a main component of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the dysfunction of endothelial cells driven by vascular risk factors associated with AD allows the passage of toxic substances to the cerebral parenchyma, producing chronic hypoperfusion that eventually causes an inflammatory and neurotoxic response. In this process, the levels of several biomarkers are disrupted, such as an increase in adhesion molecules that allow the passage of leukocytes to the cerebral parenchyma, increasing the permeability of the BBB; moreover, other vascular players, including endothelin-1, also mediate artery inflammation. As a consequence of the disruption of the BBB, a progressive neuroinflammatory response is produced that, added to the astrogliosis, eventually triggers neuronal degeneration (possibly responsible for cognitive deterioration). Recently, new molecules have been proposed as early biomarkers for endothelial dysfunction that can constitute new therapeutic targets as well as early diagnostic and prognostic markers for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antía Custodia
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Aramburu-Núñez
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariña Rodríguez-Arrizabalaga
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Pías-Peleteiro
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Vázquez-Vázquez
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Camino-Castiñeiras
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Aldrey
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Castillo
- Neuroimaging and Biotechnology Laboratory (NOBEL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alberto Ouro
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Romaus-Sanjurjo
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Wang M, Zhang H, Liang J, Huang J, Chen N. Exercise suppresses neuroinflammation for alleviating Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:76. [PMID: 36935511 PMCID: PMC10026496 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02753-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease, with the characteristics of neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) and senile plaque (SP) formation. Although great progresses have been made in clinical trials based on relevant hypotheses, these studies are also accompanied by the emergence of toxic and side effects, and it is an urgent task to explore the underlying mechanisms for the benefits to prevent and treat AD. Herein, based on animal experiments and a few clinical trials, neuroinflammation in AD is characterized by long-term activation of pro-inflammatory microglia and the NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes. Damaged signals from the periphery and within the brain continuously activate microglia, thus resulting in a constant source of inflammatory responses. The long-term chronic inflammatory response also exacerbates endoplasmic reticulum oxidative stress in microglia, which triggers microglia-dependent immune responses, ultimately leading to the occurrence and deterioration of AD. In this review, we systematically summarized and sorted out that exercise ameliorates AD by directly and indirectly regulating immune response of the central nervous system and promoting hippocampal neurogenesis to provide a new direction for exploring the neuroinflammation activity in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Wang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jiling Liang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jielun Huang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) has emerged as a common factor driving age-dependent diseases, including stroke and dementia. CSVD-related dementia will affect a growing fraction of the aging population, requiring improved recognition, understanding, and treatments. This review describes evolving criteria and imaging biomarkers for the diagnosis of CSVD-related dementia. We describe diagnostic challenges, particularly in the context of mixed pathologies and the absence of highly effective biomarkers for CSVD-related dementia. We review evidence regarding CSVD as a risk factor for developing neurodegenerative disease and potential mechanisms by which CSVD leads to progressive brain injury. Finally, we summarize recent studies on the effects of major classes of cardiovascular medicines relevant to CSVD-related cognitive impairment. Although many key questions remain, the increased attention to CSVD has resulted in a sharper vision for what will be needed to meet the upcoming challenges imposed by this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny M. Elahi
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Neurology Service, VA Bronx Healthcare System, Bronx, NY
| | - Michael M. Wang
- Departments of Neurology and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Neurology Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI
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Roseborough AD, Zhu Y, Zhao L, Laviolette SR, Pasternak SH, Whitehead SN. Fibrinogen primes the microglial NLRP3 inflammasome and propagates pro-inflammatory signaling via extracellular vesicles: Implications for blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 177:106001. [PMID: 36646389 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain's response to acute injury is characterized by increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and pro-inflammatory microglia signaling, both of which have been linked to poor cognitive outcomes and neurological disease. The damaged BBB has increased leakiness, allowing serum proteins like fibrinogen into the brain, which interacts with local cells in a deleterious manner. At the same time, in response to injury, microglia demonstrate increased NLRP3 inflammasome activity and heightened release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The relationship between increased fibrinogen uptake and microglial inflammasome signaling in the injured brain has not been well described. In this work, we investigate fibrinogen mediated NLRP3 inflammasome priming of BV-2 cells and primary adult microglia and propose a role for extracellular vesicles (EVs) as propagators of this interaction. Following exposure to fibrinogen microglia significantly upregulate transcription of IL-1β, IL-6, NLRP3 and other pro-inflammatory cytokines which was sustained by repeated fibrinogen exposure. Inhibition of fibrinogen mediated NLRP3 signaling was achieved at the transcriptional and assembly level using cannabidiol (CBD) and the NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950, respectively. EVs released following NLRP3 priming carry IL-1β, IL-18 mRNA and fibrinogen, propagate inflammatory signaling and can be detected in the circulation following BBB disruption in a preclinical stroke model. In conclusion, the interplay between fibrinogen extravasation, microglial NLRP3 signaling, and EV release can perpetuate chronic pro-inflammatory signaling and represents a novel method of inflammatory propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Roseborough
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Y Zhu
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - L Zhao
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S R Laviolette
- Addictions Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S H Pasternak
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S N Whitehead
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Lacalle-Aurioles M, Iturria-Medina Y. Fornix degeneration in risk factors of Alzheimer's disease, possible trigger of cognitive decline. CEREBRAL CIRCULATION - COGNITION AND BEHAVIOR 2023; 4:100158. [PMID: 36703699 PMCID: PMC9871745 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccb.2023.100158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Risk factors of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) such as aging, type 2 diabetes, obesity, heart failure, and traumatic brain injury can facilitate the appearance of cognitive decline and dementia by triggering cerebrovascular pathology and neuroinflammation. White matter (WM) microstructure and function are especially vulnerable to these conditions. Microstructural WM changes, assessed with diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging, can already be detected at preclinical stages of AD, and in the presence of the aforementioned risk factors. Particularly, the limbic system and cortico-cortical association WM tracts, which myelinate late during brain development, degenerate at the earliest stages. The fornix, a C-shaped WM tract that originates from the hippocampus, is one of the limbic tracts that shows early microstructural changes. Fornix integrity is necessary for ensuring an intact executive function and memory performance. Thus, a better understanding of the mechanisms that cause fornix degeneration is critical in the development of therapeutic strategies aiming to prevent cognitive decline in populations at risk. In this literature review, i) we deepen the idea that partial loss of forniceal integrity is an early event in AD, ii) we describe the role that common risk factors of AD can play in the degeneration of the fornix, and iii) we discuss some potential cellular and physiological mechanisms of WM degeneration in the scenario of cerebrovascular disease and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Lacalle-Aurioles
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada,Corresponding author at: Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Yasser Iturria-Medina
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada,Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada,McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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McLarnon JG. Glial-derived Neuroinflammation induced with Amyloid-beta-peptide Plus Fibrinogen Injection in Rat Hippocampus. Curr Alzheimer Res 2023; 20:515-522. [PMID: 37702232 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666230912113501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study has examined microglial and astrocyte activation in association with neuronal degeneration in an animal model using an injection of amyloid-beta peptide Aβ1-42 (Aβ42) plus fibrinogen into rat hippocampus. METHODS The combination of stimuli is suggested as a novel and potent perturbation to induce gliosis and the production of glial-derived neurotoxic factors in an animal model exhibiting a leaky BBB (blood-brain barrier). Specifically, Aβ42 + fibrinogen stimulation elevated levels of COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) and iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) with a considerable extent of neuronal loss associated with microglia and astrocyte activation. RESULTS Treatment of injected rats with the broad spectrum anti-inflammatory agent, minocycline or the iNOS inhibitor, 1400 W inhibited gliosis, reduced levels of COX-2 and iNOS, and demonstrated efficacy for neuroprotection. CONCLUSION The findings suggest the utility of combining amyloid beta peptide plus fibrinogen as a potent and understudied neuroinflammatory stimulus for the induction of glial-derived neurotoxic factors in BBB-compromised AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G McLarnon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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Singh V, Mishra VN, Thakur MK. Identification of Plasma Proteomic Biomarkers in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment. Indian J Clin Biochem 2023; 38:33-41. [PMID: 36684491 PMCID: PMC9852370 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-022-01023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Plasma proteomic profiling may provide novel biomarkers for the identification of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The early diagnosis of MCI still remains a challenging task due to its diverse origin. Currently, molecular approaches have been used to identify MCI diversified origin as its onset is governed by a variety of molecular changes. Therefore, we aimed to find out molecular alteration in plasma using proteomics in patients with MCI for early detection of prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD). To achieve this, we performed two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis coupled with MALDI-TOF/MS, which is used to analyze the differentially expressed proteins. In our study, we found three significantly altered proteins. Out of three differentially expressed proteins, one was downregulated and two were upregulated in MCI individuals as compared to control. Further, In silico analysis showed that identified proteins are involved in pathways such as complement and coagulation cascades, platelet activation and AD. STRING interaction network analysis revealed that the majority of proteins including apolipoprotein E (APO-E) have a common association with Transthyretin (TTR) and fibrinogen chain beta (FGB) protein. This suggests that APO-E, TTR and FGB are the key proteins with which other proteins interact to exert other biological functions. Conclusively, these proteins showing differential expression in the plasma might be used as a potent signature in blood for the diagnosis of MCI individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineeta Singh
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP 221005 India
| | - Vijaya Nath Mishra
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP 221005 India
| | - Mahendra Kumar Thakur
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP 221005 India
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Bian Z, Hu X, Liu X, Yu H, Bian Y, Sun H, Fukui Y, Morihara R, Ishiura H, Yamashita T. Protective Effects of Rivaroxaban on White Matter Integrity and Remyelination in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease Combined with Cerebral Hypoperfusion. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:609-622. [PMID: 37840489 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by cognitive dysfunction and memory loss that is accompanied by pathological changes to white matter. Some clinical and animal research revealed that AD combined with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) exacerbates AD progression by inducing blood-brain barrier dysfunction and fibrinogen deposition. Rivaroxaban, an anticoagulant, has been shown to reduce the rates of dementia in atrial fibrillation patients, but its effects on white matter and the underlying mechanisms are unclear. OBJECTIVE The main purpose of this study was to explore the therapeutic effect of rivaroxaban on the white matter of AD+CCH mice. METHODS In this study, the therapeutic effects of rivaroxaban on white matter in a mouse AD+CCH model were investigated to explore the potential mechanisms involving fibrinogen deposition, inflammation, and oxidative stress on remyelination in white matter. RESULTS The results indicate that rivaroxaban significantly attenuated fibrinogen deposition, fibrinogen-related microglia activation, oxidative stress, and enhanced demyelination in AD+CCH mice, leading to improved white matter integrity, reduced axonal damage, and restored myelin loss. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that long-term administration of rivaroxaban might reduce the risk of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Bian
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Xinran Hu
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibo Yu
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuting Bian
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hongming Sun
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Fukui
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ryuta Morihara
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ishiura
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toru Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
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Sousa JA, Bernardes C, Bernardo-Castro S, Lino M, Albino I, Ferreira L, Brás J, Guerreiro R, Tábuas-Pereira M, Baldeiras I, Santana I, Sargento-Freitas J. Reconsidering the role of blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer's disease: From delivery to target. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1102809. [PMID: 36875694 PMCID: PMC9978015 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1102809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of a selective blood-brain barrier (BBB) and neurovascular coupling are two unique central nervous system vasculature features that result in an intimate relationship between neurons, glia, and blood vessels. This leads to a significant pathophysiological overlap between neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease whose pathogenesis is still to be unveiled but has mostly been explored under the light of the amyloid-cascade hypothesis. Either as a trigger, bystander, or consequence of neurodegeneration, vascular dysfunction is an early component of the pathological conundrum of AD. The anatomical and functional substrate of this neurovascular degeneration is the BBB, a dynamic and semi-permeable interface between blood and the central nervous system that has consistently been shown to be defective. Several molecular and genetic changes have been demonstrated to mediate vascular dysfunction and BBB disruption in AD. The isoform ε4 of Apolipoprotein E is at the same time the strongest genetic risk factor for AD and a known promoter of BBB dysfunction. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1), P-glycoprotein, and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) are examples of BBB transporters implicated in its pathogenesis due to their role in the trafficking of amyloid-β. This disease is currently devoid of strategies that change the natural course of this burdening illness. This unsuccess may partly be explained by our misunderstanding of the disease pathogenesis and our inability to develop drugs that are effectively delivered to the brain. BBB may represent a therapeutic opportunity as a target itself or as a therapeutic vehicle. In this review, we aim to explore the role of BBB in the pathogenesis of AD including the genetic background and detail how it can be targeted in future therapeutic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- João André Sousa
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Bernardes
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sara Bernardo-Castro
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Lino
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Albino
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lino Ferreira
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Brás
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Rita Guerreiro
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Miguel Tábuas-Pereira
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Baldeiras
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Santana
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Sargento-Freitas
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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41
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Merlini M, Sozmen EG, Subramanian KS, Nana AL, Seeley WW, Akassoglou K. Three-Dimensional Imaging of Fibrinogen and Neurovascular Alterations in Alzheimer’s Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2561:87-101. [PMID: 36399266 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2655-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular dysfunction is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that is linked to cognitive decline. However, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption in AD is focal and requires sensitive methods to detect extravasated blood proteins and vasculature in large brain volumes. Fibrinogen, a blood coagulation factor, is deposited in AD brains at sites of BBB disruption and cerebrovascular damage. This chapter presents the methodology of fibrinogen immunolabeling-enabled three-dimensional (3D) imaging of solvent-cleared organs (iDISCO) which, when combined with immunolabeling of amyloid β (Aβ) and vasculature, enables sensitive detection of focal BBB vascular abnormalities, and reveals the spatial distribution of Aβ plaques and fibrin deposits, in large tissue volumes from cleared human brains. Overall, fibrinogen iDISCO enables the investigation of neurovascular and neuroimmune mechanisms driving neurodegeneration in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Merlini
- Gladstone UCSF Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elif G Sozmen
- Gladstone UCSF Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute of Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Alissa L Nana
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute of Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute of Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katerina Akassoglou
- Gladstone UCSF Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute of Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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42
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Kantor AB, Akassoglou K, Stavenhagen JB. Fibrin-Targeting Immunotherapy for Dementia. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 2023; 10:647-660. [PMID: 37874085 PMCID: PMC11227370 DOI: 10.14283/jpad.2023.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption is an early event in the development of Alzheimer's disease. It precedes extracellular deposition of amyloid-β in senile plaques and blood vessel walls, the intracellular accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles containing phosphorylated tau protein, microglial activation, and neuronal cell death. BBB disruption allows the coagulation protein fibrinogen to leak from the blood into the brain, where it is converted by thrombin cleavage into fibrin and deposits in the parenchyma and CNS vessels. Fibrinogen cleavage by thrombin exposes a cryptic epitope termed P2 which can bind CD11b and CD11c on microglia, macrophages and dendritic cells and trigger an inflammatory response toxic to neurons. Indeed, genetic and pharmacological evidence demonstrates a causal role for fibrin in innate immune cell activation and the development of neurodegenerative diseases. The P2 inflammatory epitope is spatially and compositionally distinct from the coagulation epitope on fibrin. Mouse monoclonal antibody 5B8, which targets the P2 epitope without interfering with the clotting process, has been shown to reduce neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in animal models of Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. The selectivity and efficacy of this anti-human fibrin-P2 antibody in animal models supports the development of a monoclonal antibody drug targeting fibrin P2 for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. THN391 is a humanized, affinity-matured antibody which has a 100-fold greater affinity for fibrin P2 and improved development properties compared to the parental 5B8 antibody. It is currently in a Phase 1 clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Kantor
- Jeffrey Stavenhagen, PhD, Therini Bio, Inc, Sacramento, CA, USA,
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43
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Liu C, Li Y, Nwosu A, Ang TFA, Liu Y, Devine S, Au R, Doraiswamy PM. Sex-specific biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease progression: Framingham Heart Study. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 14:e12369. [PMID: 36348973 PMCID: PMC9633867 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Sex differences in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are not well understood. Methods We performed sex-specific analyses of AD and annualized cognitive decline with clinical and blood biomarker data in participants 60+ years old in the community-based longitudinal Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort (n = 1398, mean age 68 years, 55% women). Results During 11 years of follow-up, women were 96% more likely than men to be diagnosed with clinical AD dementia after adjusting for age and education in the younger age group 60 to 70 years (n = 946; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08 to 3.56) although not in the older age group (70+) (n = 452; hazard ratio = 0.98; 95% CI, 0.68 to 1.53). Sex-differences in incident AD rates decreased with increasing levels of education. The total contribution of the biomarkers to AD risk variance was 7.6% in women and 11.7% in men. One unit (pg/ml) lower plasma Aβ42 was associated with 0.0095 unit faster memory decline in women (p = 0.0002) but not in men (p = 0.55) after adjusting for age and education. Discussion Our study suggests that both early life and later-life pathological factors may contribute to potential sex differences in incident AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Liu
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Framingham Heart StudyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Yi Li
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Adaora Nwosu
- Departments of Psychiatry and MedicineNeurocognitive Disorders ProgramDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Ting Fang Alvin Ang
- Framingham Heart StudyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Yulin Liu
- Framingham Heart StudyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Sherral Devine
- Framingham Heart StudyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Rhoda Au
- Framingham Heart StudyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of NeurologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - P. Murali Doraiswamy
- Departments of Psychiatry and MedicineNeurocognitive Disorders ProgramDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
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44
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Yang Y, Zhao X, Zhu Z, Zhang L. Vascular dementia: A microglia's perspective. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 81:101734. [PMID: 36113763 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is a second most common form of age-related dementia. It is characterized by cognitive impairment associated with vascular pathology, symptoms mainly caused by cerebral damage due to inadequate blood flow to the brain. The pathogenesis of VaD is complex, and a growing body of literature emphasizes on the involvement of microglia in disease development and progression. Here, we review the current knowledge on the role of microglia in regulating neuroinflammation under the pathogenesis of VaD. The commonly used animal and cell models for understanding the disease pathogenesis were summarized. The mechanisms by which microglia contribute to VaD are multifactorial, and we specifically focus on some of the predominant functions of microglia, including chemotaxis, secretory property, phagocytosis, and its crosstalk with other neurovascular unit cells. Finally, potential therapeutic strategies targeting microglia-modulated neuroinflammation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zirui Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Lihui Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
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45
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Anwar MM, Özkan E, Gürsoy-Özdemir Y. The role of extracellular matrix alterations in mediating astrocyte damage and pericyte dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: A comprehensive review. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:5453-5475. [PMID: 34182602 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The brain is a highly vascularized tissue protected by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a complex structure allowing only necessary substances to pass through into the brain while limiting the entrance of harmful toxins. The BBB comprises several components, and the most prominent features are tight junctions between endothelial cells (ECs), which are further wrapped in a layer of pericytes. Pericytes are multitasked cells embedded in a thick basement membrane (BM) that consists of a fibrous extracellular matrix (ECM) and are surrounded by astrocytic endfeet. The primary function of astrocytes and pericytes is to provide essential blood supply and vital nutrients to the brain. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), long-term neuroinflammatory cascades associated with infiltration of harmful neurotoxic proteins may lead to BBB dysfunction and altered ECM components resulting in brain homeostatic imbalance, synaptic damage, and declined cognitive functions. Moreover, BBB structure and functional integrity may be lost due to induced ECM alterations, astrocyte damage, and pericytes dysfunction, leading to amyloid-beta (Aβ) hallmarks deposition in different brain regions. Herein, we highlight how BBB, ECM, astrocytes, and pericytes dysfunction can play a leading role in AD's pathogenesis and discuss their impact on brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai M Anwar
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Biochemistry, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR)/Egyptian Drug Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Esra Özkan
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Gürsoy-Özdemir
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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46
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Basova LV, Bortell N, Conti B, Fox HS, Milner R, Marcondes MCG. Age-associated changes in microglia activation and Sirtuin-1- chromatin binding patterns. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:8205-8220. [PMID: 36227148 PMCID: PMC9648798 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aging process is associated with changes in mechanisms maintaining physiology, influenced by genetics and lifestyle, and impacting late life quality and longevity. Brain health is critical in healthy aging. Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), a histone deacetylase with silencing properties, is one of the molecular determinants experimentally linked to health and longevity. We compared brain pathogenesis and Sirt1-chromatin binding dynamics in brain pre-frontal cortex from 2 groups of elder rhesus macaques, divided by age of necropsy: shorter-lived animals (18-20 years old (yo)), equivalent to 60-70 human yo; and longer-lived animals (23-29 yo), corresponding to 80-100 human yo and modeling successful aging. These were compared with young adult brains (4-7 yo). Our findings indicated drastic differences in the microglia marker Iba1, along with factors influencing Sirt1 levels and activity, such as CD38 (an enzyme limiting NAD that controls Sirt1 activity) and mir142 (a microRNA targeting Sirt1 transcription) between the elder groups. Iba1 was lower in shorter-lived animals than in the other groups, while CD38 was higher in both aging groups compared to young. mir142 and Sirt1 levels were inversely correlated in longer-lived brains (>23yo), but not in shorter-lived brains (18-20 yo). We also found that Sirt1 binding showed signs of better efficiency in longer-lived animals compared to shorter-lived ones, in genes associated with nuclear activity and senescence. Overall, differences in neuroinflammation and Sirt1 interactions with chromatin distinguished shorter- and longer-lived animals, suggesting the importance of preserving microglia and Sirt1 functional efficiency for longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana V. Basova
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Bruno Conti
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Howard S. Fox
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Richard Milner
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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47
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Lee DH, Lee JY, Hong DY, Lee EC, Park SW, Lee YK, Oh JS. Pharmacological Treatment for Neuroinflammation in Stress-Related Disorder. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102518. [PMID: 36289780 PMCID: PMC9599149 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is an organism’s response to a biological or psychological stressor, a method of responding to threats. The autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA axis) regulate adaptation to acute stress and secrete hormones and excitatory amino acids. This process can induce excessive inflammatory reactions to the central nervous system (CNS) by HPA axis, glutamate, renin-angiotensin system (RAS) etc., under persistent stress conditions, resulting in neuroinflammation. Therefore, in order to treat stress-related neuroinflammation, the improvement effects of several mechanisms of receptor antagonist and pharmacological anti-inflammation treatment were studied. The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor etc., effectively improved neuroinflammation. The interesting fact is that not only can direct anti-inflammation treatment improve neuroinflammation, but so can stress reduction or pharmacological antidepressants. The antidepressant treatments, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), also helped improve stress-related neuroinflammation. It presents the direction of future development of stress-related neuroinflammation drugs. Therefore, in this review, the mechanism of stress-related neuroinflammation and pharmacological treatment candidates for it were reviewed. In addition, treatment candidates that have not yet been verified but indicate possibilities were also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan 31151, Korea
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soon Chun Hyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan 31151, Korea
| | - Dong-Yong Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan 31151, Korea
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soon Chun Hyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea
| | - Eun-Chae Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan 31151, Korea
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soon Chun Hyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea
| | - Sang-Won Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan 31151, Korea
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soon Chun Hyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea
| | - Yun-Kyung Lee
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soon Chun Hyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.-K.L.); (J.-S.O.)
| | - Jae-Sang Oh
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan 31151, Korea
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soon Chun Hyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.-K.L.); (J.-S.O.)
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48
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Li TR, Liu FQ. β-Amyloid promotes platelet activation and activated platelets act as bridge between risk factors and Alzheimer's disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2022; 207:111725. [PMID: 35995275 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2022.111725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an evolving challenge that places an enormous burden on families and society. The presence of obvious brain β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition is a premise to diagnose AD, which induces the subsequent tau hyperphosphorylation and neurodegeneration. Platelets are the primary source of circulating amyloid precursor protein (APP). Upon activation, they can secrete significant amounts of Aβ into the blood, which can be actively transported to the brain across the blood-brain barrier and promote amyloid deposition. In this review, we summarized the changes in the platelet APP metabolic pathway in patients with AD and further comprehensively explored the targets and downstream events of Aβ-activated platelets. In addition, we attempted to clarify whether patients with AD are in a state of general platelet activation, with inconsistent results. Considering the increasingly evident bidirectional relationship between AD and vascular events, we speculate that the AD pathology alone seems to be insufficient to induce the general activation of platelets; however, the intervention of third-party factors, such as atherosclerosis, exposes the extracellular matrix and leads to platelet activation, further promoting AD progression. Therefore, we proposed a framework in which the relationship between platelets and AD is indirect and mediated by vascular factors. Therapies targeting platelets and interventions for vascular risk factors are likely to contribute to the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Ran Li
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Feng-Qi Liu
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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49
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Wiera G, Brzdąk P, Lech AM, Lebida K, Jabłońska J, Gmerek P, Mozrzymas JW. Integrins Bidirectionally Regulate the Efficacy of Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission and Control GABAergic Plasticity. J Neurosci 2022; 42:5830-5842. [PMID: 35701161 PMCID: PMC9337602 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1458-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
For many decades, synaptic plasticity was believed to be restricted to excitatory transmission. However, in recent years, this view started to change, and now it is recognized that GABAergic synapses show distinct forms of activity-dependent long-term plasticity, but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Herein, we asked whether signaling mediated by β1 or β3 subunit-containing integrins might be involved in regulating the efficacy of GABAergic synapses, including the NMDA receptor-dependent inhibitory long-term potentiation (iLTP) in the hippocampus. We found that activation of β3 integrin with fibrinogen induced a stable depression, whereas inhibition of β1 integrin potentiated GABAergic synapses at CA1 pyramidal neurons in male mice. Additionally, compounds that interfere with the interaction of β1 or β3 integrins with extracellular matrix blocked the induction of NMDA-iLTP. In conclusion, we provide the first evidence that integrins are key players in regulating the endogenous modulatory mechanisms of GABAergic inhibition and plasticity in the hippocampus.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Epilepsy, schizophrenia, and anxiety are just a few medical conditions associated with dysfunctional inhibitory synaptic transmission. GABAergic synapses are known for their extraordinary susceptibility to modulation by endogenous factors and exogenous pharmacological agents. We describe here that integrins, adhesion proteins, play a key role in the modulation of inhibitory synaptic transmission. Specifically, we show that interference with integrin-dependent adhesion results in a variety of effects on the amplitude and frequency of GABAergic mIPSCs. Activation of β3 subunit-containing integrins induces inhibitory long-term depression, whereas the inhibition of β1 subunit-containing integrins induces iLTP. Our results unveil an important mechanism controlling synaptic inhibition, which opens new avenues into the usage of integrin-aimed pharmaceuticals as modulators of GABAergic synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Wiera
- Department of Biophysics and Neuroscience, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Patrycja Brzdąk
- Department of Biophysics and Neuroscience, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Maria Lech
- Department of Biophysics and Neuroscience, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Wroclaw, 50-335 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Lebida
- Department of Biophysics and Neuroscience, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Jabłońska
- Department of Biophysics and Neuroscience, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Gmerek
- Department of Biophysics and Neuroscience, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Wroclaw, 50-335 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy W Mozrzymas
- Department of Biophysics and Neuroscience, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
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50
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Jagadapillai R, Qiu X, Ojha K, Li Z, El-Baz A, Zou S, Gozal E, Barnes GN. Potential Cross Talk between Autism Risk Genes and Neurovascular Molecules: A Pilot Study on Impact of Blood Brain Barrier Integrity. Cells 2022; 11:2211. [PMID: 35883654 PMCID: PMC9315816 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a common pediatric neurobiological disorder with up to 80% of genetic etiologies. Systems biology approaches may make it possible to test novel therapeutic strategies targeting molecular pathways to alleviate ASD symptoms. A clinical database of autism subjects was queried for individuals with a copy number variation (CNV) on microarray, Vineland, and Parent Concern Questionnaire scores. Pathway analyses of genes from pathogenic CNVs yielded 659 genes whose protein-protein interactions and mRNA expression mapped 121 genes with maximal antenatal expression in 12 brain regions. A Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)-derived neural circuits map revealed significant differences in anxiety, motor, and activities of daily living skills scores between altered CNV genes and normal microarrays subjects, involving Positive Valence (reward), Cognition (IQ), and Social Processes. Vascular signaling was identified as a biological process that may influence these neural circuits. Neuroinflammation, microglial activation, iNOS and 3-nitrotyrosine increase in the brain of Semaphorin 3F- Neuropilin 2 (Sema 3F-NRP2) KO, an ASD mouse model, agree with previous reports in the brain of ASD individuals. Signs of platelet deposition, activation, release of serotonin, and albumin leakage in ASD-relevant brain regions suggest possible blood brain barrier (BBB) deficits. Disruption of neurovascular signaling and BBB with neuroinflammation may mediate causative pathophysiology in some ASD subgroups. Although preliminary, these data demonstrate the potential for developing novel therapeutic strategies based on clinically derived data, genomics, cognitive neuroscience, and basic neuroscience methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Jagadapillai
- Department of Neurology, Pediatric Research Institute, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (R.J.); (X.Q.); (K.O.)
- University of Louisville Autism Center, Louisville, KY 40217, USA
| | - Xiaolu Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Pediatric Research Institute, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (R.J.); (X.Q.); (K.O.)
- University of Louisville Autism Center, Louisville, KY 40217, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Child Health, Jiangxi Provincial Children’s Hospital, Donghu District, Nanchang 330006, China;
| | - Kshama Ojha
- Department of Neurology, Pediatric Research Institute, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (R.J.); (X.Q.); (K.O.)
- University of Louisville Autism Center, Louisville, KY 40217, USA
| | - Zhu Li
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
| | - Ayman El-Baz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville Speed School, Louisville, KY 40292, USA;
| | - Shipu Zou
- Department of Child Health, Jiangxi Provincial Children’s Hospital, Donghu District, Nanchang 330006, China;
| | - Evelyne Gozal
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Gregory N. Barnes
- Department of Neurology, Pediatric Research Institute, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (R.J.); (X.Q.); (K.O.)
- University of Louisville Autism Center, Louisville, KY 40217, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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