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Fernández Casafuz AB, Brigante AMA, De Rossi MAC, Monastra AG, Bruno L. Deciphering the intracellular forces shaping mitochondrial motion. Sci Rep 2024; 14:23914. [PMID: 39397143 PMCID: PMC11471753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-74734-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024] Open
Abstract
We propose a novel quantitative method to explore the forces affecting mitochondria within living cells in an almost non-invasive fashion. This new tool enables the detection of localized mechanical impulses on these organelles that occur amidst the stationary fluctuations caused by the thermal jittering in the cytoplasm. Recent experimental evidence shows that the action of mechanical forces has important effects on the dynamics, morphology and distribution of mitochondria in cells. In particular, their crosstalk with the cytoskeleton has been found to alter these organelles function; however, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are largely unknown. Our results highlight the different functions that cytoskeletal networks play in shaping mitochondrial dynamics. This work presents a novel technique to extend our knowledge of how the impact of mechanical cues can be quantified at the single organelle level. Moreover, this approach can be expanded to the study of other organelles or biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Belén Fernández Casafuz
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Cálculo (IC), Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina.
| | - Azul Marí A Brigante
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina
| | - Marí A Cecilia De Rossi
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Gabriel Monastra
- Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento, Instituto de Ciencias, Los Polvorines, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Bruno
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Cálculo (IC), Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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2
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Gogishvili D, Honey MIJ, Verberk IMW, Vermunt L, Hol EM, Teunissen CE, Abeln S. The GFAP proteoform puzzle: How to advance GFAP as a fluid biomarker in neurological diseases. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 39289040 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is a well-established biomarker of reactive astrogliosis in the central nervous system because of its elevated levels following brain injury and various neurological disorders. The advent of ultra-sensitive methods for measuring low-abundant proteins has significantly enhanced our understanding of GFAP levels in the serum or plasma of patients with diverse neurological diseases. Clinical studies have demonstrated that GFAP holds promise both as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker, including but not limited to individuals with Alzheimer's disease. GFAP exhibits diverse forms and structures, herein referred to as its proteoform complexity, encompassing conformational dynamics, isoforms and post-translational modifications (PTMs). In this review, we explore how the proteoform complexity of GFAP influences its detection, which may affect the differential diagnostic performance of GFAP in different biological fluids and can provide valuable insights into underlying biological processes. Additionally, proteoforms are often disease-specific, and our review provides suggestions and highlights areas to focus on for the development of new assays for measuring GFAP, including isoforms, PTMs, discharge mechanisms, breakdown products, higher-order species and interacting partners. By addressing the knowledge gaps highlighted in this review, we aim to support the clinical translation and interpretation of GFAP in both CSF and blood and the development of reliable, reproducible and specific prognostic and diagnostic tests. To enhance disease pathology comprehension and optimise GFAP as a biomarker, a thorough understanding of detected proteoforms in biofluids is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dea Gogishvili
- Bioinformatics, Computer Science Department, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- AI Technology for Life, Department of Computing and Information Sciences, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Madison I J Honey
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inge M W Verberk
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Vermunt
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne Abeln
- Bioinformatics, Computer Science Department, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- AI Technology for Life, Department of Computing and Information Sciences, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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3
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Gogishvili D, Illes-Toth E, Harris MJ, Hopley C, Teunissen CE, Abeln S. Structural flexibility and heterogeneity of recombinant human glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Proteins 2024; 92:649-664. [PMID: 38149328 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is a promising biomarker for brain and spinal cord disorders. Recent studies have highlighted the differences in the reliability of GFAP measurements in different biological matrices. The reason for these discrepancies is poorly understood as our knowledge of the protein's 3-dimensional conformation, proteoforms, and aggregation remains limited. Here, we investigate the structural properties of GFAP under different conditions. For this, we characterized recombinant GFAP proteins from various suppliers and applied hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) to provide a snapshot of the conformational dynamics of GFAP in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) compared to the phosphate buffer. Our findings indicate that recombinant GFAP exists in various conformational species. Furthermore, we show that GFAP dimers remained intact under denaturing conditions. HDX-MS experiments show an overall decrease in H-bonding and an increase in solvent accessibility of GFAP in aCSF compared to the phosphate buffer, with clear indications of mixed EX2 and EX1 kinetics. To understand possible structural interface regions and the evolutionary conservation profiles, we combined HDX-MS results with the predicted GFAP-dimer structure by AlphaFold-Multimer. We found that deprotected regions with high structural flexibility in aCSF overlap with predicted conserved dimeric 1B and 2B domain interfaces. Structural property predictions combined with the HDX data show an overall deprotection and signatures of aggregation in aCSF. We anticipate that the outcomes of this research will contribute to a deeper understanding of the structural flexibility of GFAP and ultimately shed light on its behavior in different biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dea Gogishvili
- Bioinformatics, Computer Science Department, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- AI Technology for Life, Department of Computing and Information Sciences, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Illes-Toth
- National Measurement Laboratory at Laboratory of the Government Chemist (LGC), Teddington, UK
| | - Matthew J Harris
- National Measurement Laboratory at Laboratory of the Government Chemist (LGC), Teddington, UK
| | - Christopher Hopley
- National Measurement Laboratory at Laboratory of the Government Chemist (LGC), Teddington, UK
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne Abeln
- Bioinformatics, Computer Science Department, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- AI Technology for Life, Department of Computing and Information Sciences, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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4
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Cabrera-Rodríguez R, Pérez-Yanes S, Lorenzo-Sánchez I, Trujillo-González R, Estévez-Herrera J, García-Luis J, Valenzuela-Fernández A. HIV Infection: Shaping the Complex, Dynamic, and Interconnected Network of the Cytoskeleton. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13104. [PMID: 37685911 PMCID: PMC10487602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 has evolved a plethora of strategies to overcome the cytoskeletal barrier (i.e., actin and intermediate filaments (AFs and IFs) and microtubules (MTs)) to achieve the viral cycle. HIV-1 modifies cytoskeletal organization and dynamics by acting on associated adaptors and molecular motors to productively fuse, enter, and infect cells and then traffic to the cell surface, where virions assemble and are released to spread infection. The HIV-1 envelope (Env) initiates the cycle by binding to and signaling through its main cell surface receptors (CD4/CCR5/CXCR4) to shape the cytoskeleton for fusion pore formation, which permits viral core entry. Then, the HIV-1 capsid is transported to the nucleus associated with cytoskeleton tracks under the control of specific adaptors/molecular motors, as well as HIV-1 accessory proteins. Furthermore, HIV-1 drives the late stages of the viral cycle by regulating cytoskeleton dynamics to assure viral Pr55Gag expression and transport to the cell surface, where it assembles and buds to mature infectious virions. In this review, we therefore analyze how HIV-1 generates a cell-permissive state to infection by regulating the cytoskeleton and associated factors. Likewise, we discuss the relevance of this knowledge to understand HIV-1 infection and pathogenesis in patients and to develop therapeutic strategies to battle HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Cabrera-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Silvia Pérez-Yanes
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Iria Lorenzo-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Rodrigo Trujillo-González
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
- Analysis Department, Faculty of Mathematics, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Judith Estévez-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Jonay García-Luis
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
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Božić M, Pirnat S, Fink K, Potokar M, Kreft M, Zorec R, Stenovec M. Ketamine Reduces the Surface Density of the Astroglial Kir4.1 Channel and Inhibits Voltage-Activated Currents in a Manner Similar to the Action of Ba 2+ on K + Currents. Cells 2023; 12:1360. [PMID: 37408194 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A single sub-anesthetic dose of ketamine evokes rapid and long-lasting beneficial effects in patients with a major depressive disorder. However, the mechanisms underlying this effect are unknown. It has been proposed that astrocyte dysregulation of extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]o) alters neuronal excitability, thus contributing to depression. We examined how ketamine affects inwardly rectifying K+ channel Kir4.1, the principal regulator of K+ buffering and neuronal excitability in the brain. Cultured rat cortical astrocytes were transfected with plasmid-encoding fluorescently tagged Kir4.1 (Kir4.1-EGFP) to monitor the mobility of Kir4.1-EGFP vesicles at rest and after ketamine treatment (2.5 or 25 µM). Short-term (30 min) ketamine treatment reduced the mobility of Kir4.1-EGFP vesicles compared with the vehicle-treated controls (p < 0.05). Astrocyte treatment (24 h) with dbcAMP (dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate, 1 mM) or [K+]o (15 mM), which increases intracellular cAMP, mimicked the ketamine-evoked reduction of mobility. Live cell immunolabelling and patch-clamp measurements in cultured mouse astrocytes revealed that short-term ketamine treatment reduced the surface density of Kir4.1 and inhibited voltage-activated currents similar to Ba2+ (300 µM), a Kir4.1 blocker. Thus, ketamine attenuates Kir4.1 vesicle mobility, likely via a cAMP-dependent mechanism, reduces Kir4.1 surface density, and inhibits voltage-activated currents similar to Ba2+, known to block Kir4.1 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mićo Božić
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Samo Pirnat
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica Biomedical, Tehnološki Park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Fink
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Potokar
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica Biomedical, Tehnološki Park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Kreft
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica Biomedical, Tehnološki Park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica Biomedical, Tehnološki Park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Stenovec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica Biomedical, Tehnološki Park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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6
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Villablanca C, Vidal R, Gonzalez-Billault C. Are cytoskeleton changes observed in astrocytes functionally linked to aging? Brain Res Bull 2023; 196:59-67. [PMID: 36935053 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are active participants in the performance of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in both health and disease. During aging, astrocytes are susceptible to reactive astrogliosis, a molecular state characterized by functional changes in response to pathological situations, and cellular senescence, characterized by loss of cell division, apoptosis resistance, and gain of proinflammatory functions. This results in two different states of astrocytes, which can produce proinflammatory phenotypes with harmful consequences in chronic conditions. Reactive astrocytes and senescent astrocytes share morpho-functional features that are dependent on the organization of the cytoskeleton. However, such changes in the cytoskeleton have yet to receive the necessary attention to explain their role in the alterations of astrocytes that are associated with aging and pathologies. In this review, we summarize all the available findings that connect changes in the cytoskeleton of the astrocytes with aging. In addition, we discuss future avenues that we believe will guide such a novel topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristopher Villablanca
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
| | - René Vidal
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Gonzalez-Billault
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile; Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute for Nutrition and Food Technologies, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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7
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Astrocytes in the pathophysiology of neuroinfection. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:131-145. [PMID: 36562155 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Key homeostasis providing cells in the central nervous system (CNS) are astrocytes, which belong to the class of cells known as atroglia, a highly heterogeneous type of neuroglia and a prominent element of the brain defence. Diseases evolve due to altered homeostatic state, associated with pathology-induced astroglia remodelling represented by reactive astrocytes, astroglial atrophy and astrodegeneration. These features are hallmarks of most infectious insults, mediated by bacteria, protozoa and viruses; they are also prominent in the systemic infection. The COVID-19 pandemic revived the focus into neurotropic viruses such as SARS-CoV2 (Coronaviridae) but also the Flaviviridae viruses including tick-borne encephalitis (TBEV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) causing the epidemic in South America prior to COVID-19. Astrocytes provide a key response to neurotropic infections in the CNS. Astrocytes form a parenchymal part of the blood-brain barrier, the site of virus entry into the CNS. Astrocytes exhibit aerobic glycolysis, a form of metabolism characteristic of highly morphologically plastic cells, like cancer cells, hence a suitable milieu for multiplication of infectious agent, including viral particles. However, why the protection afforded by astrocytes fails in some circumstances is an open question to be studied in the future.
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8
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Kaplan L, Drexler C, Pfaller AM, Brenna S, Wunderlich KA, Dimitracopoulos A, Merl-Pham J, Perez MT, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Enzmann V, Samardzija M, Puig B, Fuchs P, Franze K, Hauck SM, Grosche A. Retinal regions shape human and murine Müller cell proteome profile and functionality. Glia 2023; 71:391-414. [PMID: 36334068 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The human macula is a highly specialized retinal region with pit-like morphology and rich in cones. How Müller cells, the principal glial cell type in the retina, are adapted to this environment is still poorly understood. We compared proteomic data from cone- and rod-rich retinae from human and mice and identified different expression profiles of cone- and rod-associated Müller cells that converged on pathways representing extracellular matrix and cell adhesion. In particular, epiplakin (EPPK1), which is thought to play a role in intermediate filament organization, was highly expressed in macular Müller cells. Furthermore, EPPK1 knockout in a human Müller cell-derived cell line led to a decrease in traction forces as well as to changes in cell size, shape, and filopodia characteristics. We here identified EPPK1 as a central molecular player in the region-specific architecture of the human retina, which likely enables specific functions under the immense mechanical loads in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lew Kaplan
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Corinne Drexler
- Max Perutz Labs, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Vienna, Austria.,Vienna Biocenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna M Pfaller
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Santra Brenna
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kirsten A Wunderlich
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Dimitracopoulos
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Juliane Merl-Pham
- Research Unit Protein Science and Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maria-Theresa Perez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Ophthalmology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,NanoLund, Nanometer Structure Consortium, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Volker Enzmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marijana Samardzija
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Berta Puig
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Fuchs
- Max Perutz Labs, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristian Franze
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science and Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Antje Grosche
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
More than 27 yr ago, the vimentin knockout (Vim-/- ) mouse was reported to develop and reproduce without an obvious phenotype, implying that this major cytoskeletal protein was nonessential. Subsequently, comprehensive and careful analyses have revealed numerous phenotypes in Vim-/- mice and their organs, tissues, and cells, frequently reflecting altered responses in the recovery of tissues following various insults or injuries. These findings have been supported by cell-based experiments demonstrating that vimentin intermediate filaments (IFs) play a critical role in regulating cell mechanics and are required to coordinate mechanosensing, transduction, signaling pathways, motility, and inflammatory responses. This review highlights the essential functions of vimentin IFs revealed from studies of Vim-/- mice and cells derived from them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Ridge
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - John E Eriksson
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Åbo Akademi University, FIN-20521 Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FIN-20521 Turku, Finland
- Euro-Bioimaging European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC), FIN-20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Milos Pekny
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales 2300, Australia
| | - Robert D Goldman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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10
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Kim H, Lee EJ, Lim YM, Kim KK. Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in Blood as a Disease Biomarker of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders. Front Neurol 2022; 13:865730. [PMID: 35370870 PMCID: PMC8968934 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.865730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is a type III intermediate filament protein found in astrocytes in the brain. Damaged astrocytes release GFAP into cerebrospinal fluid and blood. Thus, GFAP levels in these body fluids may reflect the disease state of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), which includes astrocytopathy, characterized by pathogenic antibodies against aquaporin 4 located on astrocytes. Recently, single-molecule array technology that can detect these synaptic proteins in blood, even in the subfemtomolar range, has been developed. Emerging evidence suggests that GFAP protein is a strong biomarker candidate for NMOSD. This mini-review provides basic information about GFAP protein and innovative clinical data that show the potential clinical value of blood GFAP levels as a biomarker for NMOSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jae Lee
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Medicine, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Min Lim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Kuk Kim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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11
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Montana V, Flint D, Waagepetersen HS, Schousboe A, Parpura V. Two Metabolic Fuels, Glucose and Lactate, Differentially Modulate Exocytotic Glutamate Release from Cultured Astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2551-2579. [PMID: 34057673 PMCID: PMC9015689 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03340-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes have a prominent role in metabolic homeostasis of the brain and can signal to adjacent neurons by releasing glutamate via a process of regulated exocytosis. Astrocytes synthesize glutamate de novo owing to the pyruvate entry to the citric/tricarboxylic acid cycle via pyruvate carboxylase, an astrocyte specific enzyme. Pyruvate can be sourced from two metabolic fuels, glucose and lactate. Thus, we investigated the role of these energy/carbon sources in exocytotic glutamate release from astrocytes. Purified astrocyte cultures were acutely incubated (1 h) in glucose and/or lactate-containing media. Astrocytes were mechanically stimulated, a procedure known to increase intracellular Ca2+ levels and cause exocytotic glutamate release, the dynamics of which were monitored using single cell fluorescence microscopy. Our data indicate that glucose, either taken-up from the extracellular space or mobilized from the intracellular glycogen storage, sustained glutamate release, while the availability of lactate significantly reduced the release of glutamate from astrocytes. Based on further pharmacological manipulation during imaging along with tandem mass spectrometry (proteomics) analysis, lactate alone, but not in the hybrid fuel, caused metabolic changes consistent with an increased synthesis of fatty acids. Proteomics analysis further unveiled complex changes in protein profiles, which were condition-dependent and generally included changes in levels of cytoskeletal proteins, proteins of secretory organelle/vesicle traffic and recycling at the plasma membrane in aglycemic, lactate or hybrid-fueled astrocytes. These findings support the notion that the availability of energy sources and metabolic milieu play a significant role in gliotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Montana
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Daniel Flint
- Luxumbra Strategic Research, LLC, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Helle S Waagepetersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arne Schousboe
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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12
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Plectin in the Central Nervous System and a Putative Role in Brain Astrocytes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092353. [PMID: 34572001 PMCID: PMC8464768 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plectin, a high-molecular-mass cytolinker, is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). Currently, a limited amount of data about plectin in the CNS prevents us from seeing the complete picture of how plectin affects the functioning of the CNS as a whole. Yet, by analogy to its role in other tissues, it is anticipated that, in the CNS, plectin also functions as the key cytoskeleton interlinking molecule. Thus, it is likely involved in signalling processes, thereby affecting numerous fundamental functions in the brain and spinal cord. Versatile direct and indirect interactions of plectin with cytoskeletal filaments and enzymes in the cells of the CNS in normal physiological and in pathologic conditions remain to be fully addressed. Several pathologies of the CNS related to plectin have been discovered in patients with plectinopathies. However, in view of plectin as an integrator of a cohesive mesh of cellular proteins, it is important that the role of plectin is also considered in other CNS pathologies. This review summarizes the current knowledge of plectin in the CNS, focusing on plectin isoforms that have been detected in the CNS, along with its expression profile and distribution alongside diverse cytoskeleton filaments in CNS cell types. Considering that the bidirectional communication between neurons and glial cells, especially astrocytes, is crucial for proper functioning of the CNS, we place particular emphasis on the known roles of plectin in neurons, and we propose possible roles of plectin in astrocytes.
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13
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Pirnat S, Božić M, Dolanc D, Horvat A, Tavčar P, Vardjan N, Verkhratsky A, Zorec R, Stenovec M. Astrocyte arborization enhances Ca 2+ but not cAMP signaling plasticity. Glia 2021; 69:2899-2916. [PMID: 34406698 PMCID: PMC9290837 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The plasticity of astrocytes is fundamental for their principal function, maintaining homeostasis of the central nervous system throughout life, and is associated with diverse exposomal challenges. Here, we used cultured astrocytes to investigate at subcellular level basic cell processes under controlled environmental conditions. We compared astroglial functional and signaling plasticity in standard serum‐containing growth medium, a condition mimicking pathologic conditions, and in medium without serum, favoring the acquisition of arborized morphology. Using opto−/electrophysiologic techniques, we examined cell viability, expression of astroglial markers, vesicle dynamics, and cytosolic Ca2+ and cAMP signaling. The results revealed altered vesicle dynamics in arborized astrocytes that was associated with increased resting [Ca2+]i and increased subcellular heterogeneity in [Ca2+]i, whereas [cAMP]i subcellular dynamics remained stable in both cultures, indicating that cAMP signaling is less prone to plastic remodeling than Ca2+ signaling, possibly also in in vivo contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samo Pirnat
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mićo Božić
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dorian Dolanc
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anemari Horvat
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Petra Tavčar
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nina Vardjan
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Stenovec
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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14
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Inactivation of vimentin in satellite glial cells affects dorsal root ganglion intermediate filament expression and neuronal axon growth in vitro. Mol Cell Neurosci 2021; 115:103659. [PMID: 34400333 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2021.103659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve trauma and regeneration are complex events, and little is known concerning how occurrences in the distal stump affect the cell body's response to injury. Intermediate filament (IF) proteins underpin cellular architecture and take part in nerve cell proliferation, differentiation and axon regeneration, but their role in these processes is not yet fully understood. The present study aimed to investigate the regulation and interrelationship of major neural IFs in adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and satellite glial cells (SGCs) following sciatic nerve injury. We demonstrated that the expression of neural IFs in DRG neurons and SGCs after axotomy depends on vimentin activity. In intact DRGs, synemin M and peripherin proteins are detected in small neurons while neurofilament L (NFL) and synemin L characterize large neurons. Both neuronal populations are surrounded by vimentin positive- and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-negative SGCs. In response to axotomy, synemin M and peripherin were upregulated in large wild-type DRG neurons and, to a lesser extent, in vim-/- and synm-/- DRG neurons, suggesting the role for these IFs in axon regeneration. However, an increase in the number of NFL-positive small neurons was observed in vim-/- mice, accompanied by a decrease of peripherin-positive small neurons. These findings suggest that vimentin is required for injury-induced neuronal IF remodeling. We further show that vimentin is also indispensable for nerve injury-induced GFAP upregulation in perineuronal SGCs and that inactivation of vimentin and synemin appears to accelerate the rate of DRG neurite regeneration at early stages in vitro.
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15
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Gould NR, Torre OM, Leser JM, Stains JP. The cytoskeleton and connected elements in bone cell mechano-transduction. Bone 2021; 149:115971. [PMID: 33892173 PMCID: PMC8217329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a mechano-responsive tissue that adapts to changes in its mechanical environment. Increases in strain lead to increased bone mass acquisition, whereas decreases in strain lead to a loss of bone mass. Given that mechanical stress is a regulator of bone mass and quality, it is important to understand how bone cells sense and transduce these mechanical cues into biological changes to identify druggable targets that can be exploited to restore bone cell mechano-sensitivity or to mimic mechanical load. Many studies have identified individual cytoskeletal components - microtubules, actin, and intermediate filaments - as mechano-sensors in bone. However, given the high interconnectedness and interaction between individual cytoskeletal components, and that they can assemble into multiple discreet cellular structures, it is likely that the cytoskeleton as a whole, rather than one specific component, is necessary for proper bone cell mechano-transduction. This review will examine the role of each cytoskeletal element in bone cell mechano-transduction and will present a unified view of how these elements interact and work together to create a mechano-sensor that is necessary to control bone formation following mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R Gould
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Olivia M Torre
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jenna M Leser
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Joseph P Stains
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA..
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16
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Liaci C, Camera M, Caslini G, Rando S, Contino S, Romano V, Merlo GR. Neuronal Cytoskeleton in Intellectual Disability: From Systems Biology and Modeling to Therapeutic Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116167. [PMID: 34200511 PMCID: PMC8201358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) is a pathological condition characterized by limited intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors. It affects 1–3% of the worldwide population, and no pharmacological therapies are currently available. More than 1000 genes have been found mutated in ID patients pointing out that, despite the common phenotype, the genetic bases are highly heterogeneous and apparently unrelated. Bibliomic analysis reveals that ID genes converge onto a few biological modules, including cytoskeleton dynamics, whose regulation depends on Rho GTPases transduction. Genetic variants exert their effects at different levels in a hierarchical arrangement, starting from the molecular level and moving toward higher levels of organization, i.e., cell compartment and functions, circuits, cognition, and behavior. Thus, cytoskeleton alterations that have an impact on cell processes such as neuronal migration, neuritogenesis, and synaptic plasticity rebound on the overall establishment of an effective network and consequently on the cognitive phenotype. Systems biology (SB) approaches are more focused on the overall interconnected network rather than on individual genes, thus encouraging the design of therapies that aim to correct common dysregulated biological processes. This review summarizes current knowledge about cytoskeleton control in neurons and its relevance for the ID pathogenesis, exploiting in silico modeling and translating the implications of those findings into biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Liaci
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.L.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (S.R.)
| | - Mattia Camera
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.L.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (S.R.)
| | - Giovanni Caslini
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.L.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (S.R.)
| | - Simona Rando
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.L.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (S.R.)
| | - Salvatore Contino
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 8, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Valentino Romano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Giorgio R. Merlo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.L.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0116706449; Fax: +39-0116706432
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17
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Winter MR, Morgulis M, Gildor T, Cohen AR, Ben-Tabou de-Leon S. Calcium-vesicles perform active diffusion in the sea urchin embryo during larval biomineralization. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008780. [PMID: 33617532 PMCID: PMC7932551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomineralization is the process by which organisms use minerals to harden their tissues and provide them with physical support. Biomineralizing cells concentrate the mineral in vesicles that they secret into a dedicated compartment where crystallization occurs. The dynamics of vesicle motion and the molecular mechanisms that control it, are not well understood. Sea urchin larval skeletogenesis provides an excellent platform for investigating the kinetics of mineral-bearing vesicles. Here we used lattice light-sheet microscopy to study the three-dimensional (3D) dynamics of calcium-bearing vesicles in the cells of normal sea urchin embryos and of embryos where skeletogenesis is blocked through the inhibition of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR). We developed computational tools for displaying 3D-volumetric movies and for automatically quantifying vesicle dynamics. Our findings imply that calcium vesicles perform an active diffusion motion in both, calcifying (skeletogenic) and non-calcifying (ectodermal) cells of the embryo. The diffusion coefficient and vesicle speed are larger in the mesenchymal skeletogenic cells compared to the epithelial ectodermal cells. These differences are possibly due to the distinct mechanical properties of the two tissues, demonstrated by the enhanced f-actin accumulation and myosinII activity in the ectodermal cells compared to the skeletogenic cells. Vesicle motion is not directed toward the biomineralization compartment, but the vesicles slow down when they approach it, and probably bind for mineral deposition. VEGFR inhibition leads to an increase of vesicle volume but hardly changes vesicle kinetics and doesn’t affect f-actin accumulation and myosinII activity. Thus, calcium vesicles perform an active diffusion motion in the cells of the sea urchin embryo, with diffusion length and speed that inversely correlate with the strength of the actomyosin network. Overall, our studies provide an unprecedented view of calcium vesicle 3D-dynamics and point toward cytoskeleton remodeling as an important effector of the motion of mineral-bearing vesicles. Biomineralization is a widespread, fundamental process by which organisms use minerals to harden their tissues. Mineral-bearing vesicles were observed in biomineralizing cells and play an essential role in biomineralization, yet little is known about their three-dimensional (3D) dynamics. Here we quantify 3D-vesicle-dynamics during calcite skeleton formation in sea urchin larvae, using lattice-light-sheet microscopy. We discover that calcium vesicles perform a diffusive motion in both calcifying and non-calcifying cells of the embryo. The diffusion coefficient and vesicle speed are higher in the mesenchymal skeletogenic cells compared to the epithelial ectodermal cells. This difference is possibly due to the higher rigidity of the ectodermal cells as demonstrated by the enhanced signal of f-actin and myosinII activity in these cells compared to the skeletogenic cells. The motion of the vesicles in the skeletogenic cells, is not directed toward the biomineralization compartment but the vesicles slow down near it, possibly to deposit their content. Blocking skeletogenesis through the inhibition of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR), increases vesicle volume but doesn’t change the diffusion mode and the cytoskeleton markers in the cells. Our studies reveal the active diffusive motion of mineral bearing vesicles that is apparently defined by the mechanical properties of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Winter
- Marine Biology Department, Charney School of Marine Sciences, the University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- * E-mail: (MRW); (SBD)
| | - Miri Morgulis
- Marine Biology Department, Charney School of Marine Sciences, the University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tsvia Gildor
- Marine Biology Department, Charney School of Marine Sciences, the University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Andrew R. Cohen
- Dept of Electrical Engineering, Drexel University, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Smadar Ben-Tabou de-Leon
- Marine Biology Department, Charney School of Marine Sciences, the University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- * E-mail: (MRW); (SBD)
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18
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Zhang L, Qu Z, Wu J, Yao S, Zhang Q, Zhang T, Mo L, Yao Q, Xu Y, Chen R. SARs of a novel series of s-triazine compounds targeting vimentin to induce methuotic phenotype. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 214:113188. [PMID: 33550185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of a series of novel s-triazine compounds can induce methuotic phenotype in various types of cancer cells. (E)-1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-(4-((4-morpholino-6-styryl-1,3,5-triazine-2-yl)amino)phenyl)urea, compound V6, exhibited a striking methuotic phenotype with a minimal effective concentration of less than 10 nM in U87 glioblastoma cells. Based on structure-activity relationship studies, we designed and synthesized an active probe P1 that retained the full potential of V6 in inducing the methuotic phenotype in U87 glioblastoma cells. Using this probe following affinity-based proteomic profiling strategy, we identified vimentin as the specific target protein of compound V6. Molecular docking revealed that V6 can form hydrogen bonds with vimentin at 273R and 276Y in its rod domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
| | - Zhipeng Qu
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Luoda Biosciences, Inc., Chuzhou, Auhui, 239234, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Luoda Biosciences, Inc., Chuzhou, Auhui, 239234, China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, China
| | - Shining Yao
- Najing Shiqi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Lian Mo
- Aluda Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Union City, CA, 94587, USA
| | - Qizheng Yao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
| | - Ying Xu
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
| | - Ruihuan Chen
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Luoda Biosciences, Inc., Chuzhou, Auhui, 239234, China; Aluda Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Union City, CA, 94587, USA.
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19
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Chatterjee P, Pedrini S, Stoops E, Goozee K, Villemagne VL, Asih PR, Verberk IMW, Dave P, Taddei K, Sohrabi HR, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Teunissen CE, Vanderstichele HM, Martins RN. Plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein is elevated in cognitively normal older adults at risk of Alzheimer's disease. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:27. [PMID: 33431793 PMCID: PMC7801513 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), an astrocytic cytoskeletal protein, can be measured in blood samples, and has been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, plasma GFAP has not been investigated in cognitively normal older adults at risk of AD, based on brain amyloid-β (Aβ) load. Cross-sectional analyses were carried out for plasma GFAP and plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio, a blood-based marker associated with brain Aβ load, in participants (65-90 years) categorised into low (Aβ-, n = 63) and high (Aβ+, n = 33) brain Aβ load groups via Aβ positron emission tomography. Plasma GFAP, Aβ1-42, and Aβ1-40 were measured using the Single molecule array (Simoa) platform. Plasma GFAP levels were significantly higher (p < 0.00001), and plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratios were significantly lower (p < 0.005), in Aβ+ participants compared to Aβ- participants, adjusted for covariates age, sex, and apolipoprotein E-ε4 carriage. A receiver operating characteristic curve based on a logistic regression of the same covariates, the base model, distinguished Aβ+ from Aβ- (area under the curve, AUC = 0.78), but was outperformed when plasma GFAP was added to the base model (AUC = 0.91) and further improved with plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio (AUC = 0.92). The current findings demonstrate that plasma GFAP levels are elevated in cognitively normal older adults at risk of AD. These observations suggest that astrocytic damage or activation begins from the pre-symptomatic stage of AD and is associated with brain Aβ load. Observations from the present study highlight the potential of plasma GFAP to contribute to a diagnostic blood biomarker panel (along with plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratios) for cognitively normal older adults at risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratishtha Chatterjee
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW Australia ,grid.1038.a0000 0004 0389 4302School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA Australia
| | - Steve Pedrini
- grid.1038.a0000 0004 0389 4302School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA Australia
| | | | - Kathryn Goozee
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW Australia ,grid.1038.a0000 0004 0389 4302School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA Australia ,grid.489025.2KaRa Institute of Neurological Diseases, Macquarie Park, NSW Australia ,Anglicare, Castle Hill Sydney, NSW Australia ,grid.1012.20000 0004 1936 7910School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA Australia ,The Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton South, Australia
| | - Victor L. Villemagne
- grid.410678.cDepartment of Molecular Imaging & Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Prita R. Asih
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW Australia
| | - Inge M. W. Verberk
- grid.484519.5Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Preeti Dave
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW Australia ,Anglicare, Castle Hill Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Kevin Taddei
- grid.1038.a0000 0004 0389 4302School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA Australia ,grid.429545.b0000 0004 5905 2729Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation, Nedlands, WA Australia
| | - Hamid R. Sohrabi
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW Australia ,grid.1038.a0000 0004 0389 4302School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA Australia ,grid.429545.b0000 0004 5905 2729Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation, Nedlands, WA Australia ,grid.1025.60000 0004 0436 6763Centre for Healthy Ageing, School of Psychology and Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA Australia
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden ,grid.1649.a000000009445082XClinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom ,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden ,grid.1649.a000000009445082XClinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Charlotte E. Teunissen
- grid.484519.5Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Ralph N. Martins
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW Australia ,grid.1038.a0000 0004 0389 4302School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA Australia ,grid.489025.2KaRa Institute of Neurological Diseases, Macquarie Park, NSW Australia ,grid.1012.20000 0004 1936 7910School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA Australia ,The Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton South, Australia ,grid.429545.b0000 0004 5905 2729Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation, Nedlands, WA Australia
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20
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Wang Y, Burghardt TP, Worrell GA, Wang HL. The frequency-dependent effect of electrical fields on the mobility of intracellular vesicles in astrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 534:429-435. [PMID: 33280815 PMCID: PMC8215681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Slow-wave sleep, defined by low frequency (<4 Hz) electrical brain activity, is a basic brain function affecting metabolite clearance and memory consolidation. The origin of low-frequency activity is related to cortical up and down states, but the underlying cellular mechanism of how low-frequency activities affect metabolite clearance and memory consolidation has remained elusive. We applied electrical stimulation with voltages comparable to in vivo sleep recordings over a range of frequencies to cultured glial astrocytes while monitored the trafficking of GFP-tagged intracellular vesicles using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM). We found that during low frequency (2 Hz) electrical stimulation the mobility of intracellular vesicle increased more than 20%, but remained unchanged under intermediate (20 Hz) or higher (200 Hz) frequency stimulation. We demonstrated a frequency-dependent effect of electrical stimulation on the mobility of astrocytic intracellular vesicles. We suggest a novel mechanism of brain modulation that electrical signals in the lower range frequencies embedded in brainwaves modulate the functionality of astrocytes for brain homeostasis and memory consolidation. The finding suggests a physiological mechanism whereby endogenous low-frequency brain oscillations enhance astrocytic function that may underlie some of the benefits of slow-wave sleep and highlights possible medical device approach for treating neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Wang
- Neurology Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Thomas P Burghardt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gregory A Worrell
- Neurology Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Hai-Long Wang
- Neurology Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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21
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Kim S, Kim I, Cho W, Oh GT, Park YM. Vimentin Deficiency Prevents High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Mice. Diabetes Metab J 2021; 45:97-108. [PMID: 32602277 PMCID: PMC7850873 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2019.0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are world-wide health problems, and lack of understanding of their linking mechanism is one reason for limited treatment options. We determined if genetic deletion of vimentin, a type 3 intermediate filament, affects obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS We fed vimentin-null (Vim-/-) mice and wild-type mice a high-fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks and measured weight change, adiposity, blood lipids, and glucose. We performed intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests and measured CD36, a major fatty acid translocase, and glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) in adipocytes from both groups of mice. RESULTS Vim-/- mice fed an HFD showed less weight gain, less adiposity, improved glucose tolerance, and lower serum level of fasting glucose. However, serum triglyceride and non-esterified fatty acid levels were higher in Vim-/- mice than in wild-type mice. Vimentin-null adipocytes showed 41.1% less CD36 on plasma membranes, 27% less uptake of fatty acids, and 50.3% less GLUT4, suggesting defects in intracellular trafficking of these molecules. CONCLUSION We concluded that vimentin deficiency prevents obesity and insulin resistance in mice fed an HFD and suggest vimentin as a central mediator linking obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeoYeon Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inyeong Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wonkyoung Cho
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- Immune and Vascular Cell Network Research Center, National Creative Initiatives, Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Mi Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Ling YTT, Pease ME, Jefferys JL, Kimball EC, Quigley HA, Nguyen TD. Pressure-Induced Changes in Astrocyte GFAP, Actin, and Nuclear Morphology in Mouse Optic Nerve. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:14. [PMID: 32910133 PMCID: PMC7488631 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.11.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To conduct quantitative analysis of astrocytic glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), actin and nuclei distribution in mouse optic nerve (ON) and investigate changes in the measured features after 3 days of ocular hypertension (OHT). Method Serial cross-sections of 3-day microbead-induced OHT and control ONs were fluorescently labelled and imaged using confocal microscope. Eighteen structural features were measured from the acquired images, including GFAP coverage, actin area fraction, process thickness, and aspect ratio of cell nucleus. The measured features were analyzed for variations with axial locations along ON and radial zones transverse to ON, as well as for the correlations with degree of intraocular pressure (IOP) change. Results The most significant changes in structural features after 3-day OHT occurred in the unmyelinated ON region (R1), and the changes were greater with greater IOP elevation. Although the GFAP, actin, axonal, and ON areas all increased in 3-day OHT ONs in R1 (P ≤ 0.004 for all), the area fraction of GFAP actually decreased (P = 0.02), the actin area fraction was stable and individual axon compartments were unchanged in size. Within R1, the number of nuclear clusters increased (P < 0.001), but the mean size of nuclear clusters was smaller (P = 0.02) and the clusters became rounder (P < 0.001). In all cross-sections of control ONs, astrocytic processes were thickest in the rim zone compared with the central and peripheral zones (P ≤ 0.002 for both), whereas the overall process width in R1 decreased after 3 days of OHT (P < 0.001). Conclusions The changes in structure elucidated IOP-generated alterations that underlie astrocyte mechanotranslational responses relevant to glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yik Tung Tracy Ling
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Mary E. Pease
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Joan L. Jefferys
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Elizabeth C. Kimball
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Harry A. Quigley
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Thao D. Nguyen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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23
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Wong CO. Endosomal-Lysosomal Processing of Neurodegeneration-Associated Proteins in Astrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145149. [PMID: 32708198 PMCID: PMC7404029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Most common neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are characterized by deposition of protein aggregates that are resulted from misfolding, dysregulated trafficking, and compromised proteolytic degradation. These proteins exert cellular toxicity to a broad range of brain cells and are found in both neurons and glia. Extracellular monomeric and oligomeric ND-associated proteins are taken up by astrocytes, the most abundant glial cell in the brain. Internalization, intracellular trafficking, processing, and disposal of these proteins are executed by the endosomal-lysosomal system of astrocytes. Endosomal-lysosomal organelles thus mediate the cellular impact and metabolic fate of these toxic protein species. Given the indispensable role of astrocytes in brain metabolic homeostasis, the endosomal-lysosomal processing of these proteins plays a fundamental role in altering the trajectory of neurodegeneration. This review aims at summarizing the mounting evidence that has established the essential role of astrocytic endosomal-lysosomal organelles in the processing of amyloid precursor proteins, Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), tau, alpha synuclein, and huntingtin, which are associated with NDs such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-On Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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24
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Potokar M, Morita M, Wiche G, Jorgačevski J. The Diversity of Intermediate Filaments in Astrocytes. Cells 2020; 9:E1604. [PMID: 32630739 PMCID: PMC7408014 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the remarkable complexity of the individual neuron and of neuronal circuits, it has been clear for quite a while that, in order to understand the functioning of the brain, the contribution of other cell types in the brain have to be accounted for. Among glial cells, astrocytes have multiple roles in orchestrating neuronal functions. Their communication with neurons by exchanging signaling molecules and removing molecules from extracellular space takes place at several levels and is governed by different cellular processes, supported by multiple cellular structures, including the cytoskeleton. Intermediate filaments in astrocytes are emerging as important integrators of cellular processes. Astrocytes express five types of intermediate filaments: glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP); vimentin; nestin; synemin; lamins. Variability, interactions with different cellular structures and the particular roles of individual intermediate filaments in astrocytes have been studied extensively in the case of GFAP and vimentin, but far less attention has been given to nestin, synemin and lamins. Similarly, the interplay between different types of cytoskeleton and the interaction between the cytoskeleton and membranous structures, which is mediated by cytolinker proteins, are understudied in astrocytes. The present review summarizes the basic properties of astrocytic intermediate filaments and of other cytoskeletal macromolecules, such as cytolinker proteins, and describes the current knowledge of their roles in normal physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Potokar
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology – Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Mitsuhiro Morita
- Department of Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, Kobe 657-8501, Japan;
| | - Gerhard Wiche
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jernej Jorgačevski
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology – Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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25
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Stenovec M, Li B, Verkhratsky A, Zorec R. Astrocytes in rapid ketamine antidepressant action. Neuropharmacology 2020; 173:108158. [PMID: 32464133 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine, a general anaesthetic and psychotomimetic drug, exerts rapid, potent and long-lasting antidepressant effect, albeit the cellular and molecular mechanisms of this action are yet to be discovered. Besides targeting neuronal NMDARs fundamental for synaptic transmission, ketamine affects the function of astroglia the key homeostatic cells of the central nervous system that contribute to pathophysiology of psychiatric diseases including depression. Here we review studies revealing that (sub)anaesthetic doses of ketamine elevate intracellular cAMP concentration ([cAMP]i) in astrocytes, attenuate stimulus-evoked astrocyte calcium signalling, which regulates exocytotic secretion of gliosignalling molecules, and stabilize the vesicle fusion pore in a narrow configuration possibly hindering cargo discharge or vesicle recycling. Next we discuss how ketamine affects astroglial capacity to control extracellular K+ by reducing cytoplasmic mobility of vesicles delivering the inward rectifying potassium channel (Kir4.1) to the plasmalemma. Modified astroglial K+ buffering impacts upon neuronal excitability as demonstrated in the lateral habenula rat model of depression. Finally, we highlight the recent discovery that ketamine rapidly redistributes cholesterol in the plasmalemma of astrocytes, but not in fibroblasts nor in neuronal cells. This alteration of membrane structure may modulate a host of processes that synergistically contribute to ketamine's rapid and prominent antidepressant action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matjaž Stenovec
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, Tehnološki Park 24, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Baoman Li
- Practical Teaching Centre, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China; Department of Poison Analysis, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, Tehnološki Park 24, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK; Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, 48011, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Robert Zorec
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, Tehnološki Park 24, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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26
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Basigin Associates with Integrin in Order to Regulate Perineurial Glia and Drosophila Nervous System Morphology. J Neurosci 2020; 40:3360-3373. [PMID: 32265259 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1397-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila nervous system is ensheathed by a layer of outer glial cells, the perineurial glia, and a specialized extracellular matrix, the neural lamella. The function of perineurial glial cells and how they interact with the extracellular matrix are just beginning to be elucidated. Integrin-based focal adhesion complexes link the glial membrane to the extracellular matrix, but little is known about integrin's regulators in the glia. The transmembrane Ig domain protein Basigin/CD147/EMMPRIN is highly expressed in the perineurial glia surrounding the Drosophila larval nervous system. Here we show that Basigin associates with integrin at the focal adhesions to uphold the structure of the glia-extracellular matrix sheath. Knockdown of Basigin in perineurial glia using RNAi results in significant shortening of the ventral nerve cord, compression of the glia and extracellular matrix in the peripheral nerves, and reduction in larval locomotion. We determined that Basigin is expressed in close proximity to integrin at the glial membrane, and that expression of the extracellular integrin-binding domain of Basigin is sufficient to rescue peripheral glial compression. We also found that a reduction in expression of integrin at the membrane rescues the ventral nerve cord shortening, peripheral glial compression, and locomotor phenotypes, and that reduction in the integrin-binding protein Talin can partially rescue glial compression. These results identify Basigin as a potential negative regulator of integrin in the glia, supporting proper glial and extracellular matrix ensheathment of the nervous system.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The glial cells and extracellular matrix play important roles in supporting and protecting the nervous system, but the interactions between these components have not been well characterized. Our study identified expression of a conserved Ig superfamily protein, Basigin, at the glial membrane of Drosophila where it associates with the integrin-based focal adhesion complexes to ensure proper ensheathment of the CNS and PNS. Loss of Basigin in the glia results in an overall compression of the nervous system due to integrin dysregulation, which causes locomotor defects in the animals. This underlies the importance of glia-matrix communication for structural and functional support of the nervous system.
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27
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Lasič E, Trkov Bobnar S, Wilhelmsson U, Pablo Y, Pekny M, Zorec R, Stenovec M. Nestin affects fusion pore dynamics in mouse astrocytes. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13399. [PMID: 31597221 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Astrocytes play a homeostatic role in the central nervous system and influence numerous aspects of neurophysiology via intracellular trafficking of vesicles. Intermediate filaments (IFs), also known as nanofilaments, regulate a number of cellular processes including organelle trafficking and adult hippocampal neurogenesis. We have recently demonstrated that the IF protein nestin, a marker of neural stem cells and immature and reactive astrocytes, is also expressed in some astrocytes in the unchallenged hippocampus and regulates neurogenesis through Notch signalling from astrocytes to neural stem cells, possibly via altered trafficking of vesicles containing the Notch ligand Jagged-1. METHODS We thus investigated whether nestin affects vesicle dynamics in astrocytes by examining single vesicle interactions with the plasmalemma and vesicle trafficking with high-resolution cell-attached membrane capacitance measurements and confocal microscopy. We used cell cultures of astrocytes from nestin-deficient (Nes-/- ) and wild-type (wt) mice, and fluorescent dextran and Fluo-2 to examine vesicle mobility and intracellular Ca2+ concentration respectively. RESULTS Nes-/- astrocytes exhibited altered sizes of vesicles undergoing full fission and transient fusion, altered vesicle fusion pore geometry and kinetics, decreased spontaneous vesicle mobility and altered ATP-evoked mobility. Purinergic stimulation evoked Ca2+ signalling that was slightly attenuated in Nes-/- astrocytes, which exhibited more oscillatory Ca2+ responses than wt astrocytes. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate at the single vesicle level that nestin regulates vesicle interactions with the plasmalemma and vesicle trafficking, indicating its potential role in astrocyte vesicle-based communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Lasič
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology‐Molecular Cell Physiology Institute of Pathophysiology Faculty of Medicine University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Saša Trkov Bobnar
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology‐Molecular Cell Physiology Institute of Pathophysiology Faculty of Medicine University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
- Celica Biomedical Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration Center for Brain Repair Department of Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Yolanda Pablo
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration Center for Brain Repair Department of Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Milos Pekny
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration Center for Brain Repair Department of Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Parkville Vic. Australia
- University of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology‐Molecular Cell Physiology Institute of Pathophysiology Faculty of Medicine University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
- Celica Biomedical Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Stenovec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology‐Molecular Cell Physiology Institute of Pathophysiology Faculty of Medicine University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
- Celica Biomedical Ljubljana Slovenia
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28
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Nguyen TMX, Vegrichtova M, Tlapakova T, Krulova M, Krylov V. The interconnection between cytokeratin and cell membrane-bound β-catenin in Sertoli cells derived from juvenile Xenopus tropicalis testes. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.043950. [PMID: 31822471 PMCID: PMC6955214 DOI: 10.1242/bio.043950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sertoli cells (SCs) play a central role in the determination of male sex during embryogenesis and spermatogenesis in adulthood. Failure in SC development is responsible for male sterility and testicular cancer. Before the onset of puberty, SCs are immature and differ considerably from mature cells in post-pubertal individuals regarding their morphology and biochemical activity. The major intermediate filament (IF) in mature SCs is vimentin, anchoring germ cells to the seminiferous epithelium. The collapse of vimentin has resulted in the disintegration of seminiferous epithelium and subsequent germ cell apoptosis. However, another IF, cytokeratin (CK) is observed only transiently in immature SCs in many species. Nevertheless, its function in SC differentiation is poorly understood. We examined the interconnection between CK and cell junctions using membrane β-catenin as a marker during testicular development in the Xenopus tropicalis model. Immunohistochemistry on juvenile (5 months old) testes revealed co-expression of CK, membrane β-catenin and E-cadherin. Adult (3-year-old males) samples confirmed only E-cadherin expression; CK and β-catenin were lost. To study the interconnection between CK and β-catenin-based cell junctions, the culture of immature SCs (here called XtiSCs) was employed. Suppression of CK by acrylamide in XtiSCs led to breakdown of membrane-bound β-catenin but not F-actin and β-tubulin or cell-adhesion proteins (focal adhesion kinase and integrin β1). In contrast to the obvious dependence of membrane β-catenin on CK stability, the detachment of β-catenin from the plasma membrane via uncoupling of cadherins by Ca2+ chelator EGTA had no effect on CK integrity. Interestingly, CHIR99021, a GSK3 inhibitor, also suppressed the CK network, resulting in the inhibition of XtiSCs cell-to-cell contacts and testicular development in juvenile frogs. This study suggests a novel role of CK in the retention of β-catenin-based junctions in immature SCs, and thus provides structural support for seminiferous tubule formation and germ cell development. Summary: Cytokeratin (CK) and β-catenin are expressed in juvenile testicles and cultivated Xenopus tropicalis immature Sertoli cells (SC). Acrylamide and CHIR99021 disrupted the CK network, immature SC connections and testes development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Minh Xuan Nguyen
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Vinicna 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic.,Department of Biotechnology, The University of Da-Nang, University of Science and Technology, 54 Nguyen Luong Bang, Da-Nang, 550000, Vietnam
| | - Marketa Vegrichtova
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Vinicna 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Tlapakova
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Vinicna 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Krulova
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Vinicna 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Krylov
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Vinicna 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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29
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Li D, Liu X, Liu T, Liu H, Tong L, Jia S, Wang YF. Neurochemical regulation of the expression and function of glial fibrillary acidic protein in astrocytes. Glia 2019; 68:878-897. [PMID: 31626364 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a type III intermediate filament, is a marker of mature astrocytes. The expression of GFAP gene is regulated by many transcription factors (TFs), mainly Janus kinase-2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 cascade and nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell signaling. GFAP expression is also modulated by protein kinase and other signaling molecules that are elicited by neuronal activity and hormones. Abnormal expression of GFAP proteins occurs in neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, brain edema-eliciting diseases, traumatic brain injury, psychiatric disorders and others. GFAP, mainly in α-isoform, is the major component of cytoskeleton and the scaffold of astrocytes, which is essential for the maintenance of astrocytic structure and shape. GFAP also has highly morphological plasticity because of its quick changes in assembling and polymerizing states in response to environmental challenges. This plasticity and its corresponding cellular morphological changes endow astrocytes the functions of physical barrier between adjacent neurons and stabilizer of extracellular environment. Moreover, GFAP colocalizes and even molecularly associates with many functional molecules. This feature allows GFAP to function as a platform for direct interactions between different molecules. Last, GFAP involves transportation and localization of other functional proteins and thus serves as a protein transport guide in astrocytes. This guiding role of GFAP involves an elastic retraction and extension cytoskeletal network that couples with GFAP reassembling, transporting, and membrane protein recycling machinery. This paper reviews our current understanding of the expression and functions of GFAP as well as their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Li
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianming Liu
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Tong
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuwei Jia
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yu-Feng Wang
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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30
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Nestin Null Mice Show Improved Reversal Place Learning. Neurochem Res 2019; 45:215-220. [PMID: 31562576 PMCID: PMC6942580 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02854-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The intermediate filament protein nestin is expressed by neural stem cells, but also by some astrocytes in the neurogenic niche of the hippocampus in the adult rodent brain. We recently reported that nestin-deficient (Nes−/−) mice showed increased adult hippocampal neurogenesis, reduced Notch signaling from Nes−/− astrocytes to the neural stem cells, and impaired long-term memory. Here we assessed learning and memory of Nes−/− mice in a home cage set up using the IntelliCage system, in which the mice learn in which cage corner a nose poke earns access to drinking water. Nes−/− and wildtype mice showed comparable place learning assessed as the incorrect corner visit ratio and the incorrect nose poke ratio. However, during reversal place learning, a more challenging task, Nes−/− mice, compared to wildtype mice, showed improved learning over time demonstrated by the incorrect visit ratio and improved memory extinction over time assessed as nose pokes per visit to the previous drinking corner. In addition, Nes−/− mice showed increased explorative activity as judged by the increased total numbers of corner visits and nose pokes. We conclude that Nes−/− mice exhibit improved reversal place learning and memory extinction, a finding which together with the previous results supports the concept of the dual role of hippocampal neurogenesis in cognitive functions.
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31
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Creighton BA, Ruffins TW, Lorenzo DN. Visualizing and Analyzing Intracellular Transport of Organelles and Other Cargos in Astrocytes. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 31524875 DOI: 10.3791/60230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are among the most abundant cell types in the adult brain, where they play key roles in a multiplicity of functions. As a central player in brain homeostasis, astrocytes supply neurons with vital metabolites and buffer extracellular water, ions, and glutamate. An integral component of the "tri-partite" synapse, astrocytes are also critical in the formation, pruning, maintenance, and modulation of synapses. To enable these highly interactive functions, astrocytes communicate among themselves and with other glial cells, neurons, the brain vasculature, and the extracellular environment through a multitude of specialized membrane proteins that include cell adhesion molecules, aquaporins, ion channels, neurotransmitter transporters, and gap junction molecules. To support this dynamic flux, astrocytes, like neurons, rely on tightly coordinated and efficient intracellular transport. Unlike neurons, where intracellular trafficking has been extensively delineated, microtubule-based transport in astrocytes has been less studied. Nonetheless, exo- and endocytic trafficking of cell membrane proteins and intracellular organelle transport orchestrates astrocytes' normal biology, and these processes are often affected in disease or in response to injury. Here we present a straightforward protocol to culture high quality murine astrocytes, to fluorescently label astrocytic proteins and organelles of interest, and to record their intracellular transport dynamics using time-lapse confocal microscopy. We also demonstrate how to extract and quantify relevant transport parameters from the acquired movies using available image analysis software (i.e., ImageJ/FIJI) plugins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake A Creighton
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Theodore W Ruffins
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Damaris N Lorenzo
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill;
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Stenovec M, Božić M, Pirnat S, Zorec R. Astroglial Mechanisms of Ketamine Action Include Reduced Mobility of Kir4.1-Carrying Vesicles. Neurochem Res 2019; 45:109-121. [PMID: 30793220 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02744-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The finding that ketamine, an anaesthetic, can elicit a rapid antidepressant effect at low doses that lasts for weeks in patients with depression is arguably a major achievement in psychiatry in the last decades. However, the mechanisms of action are unclear. The glutamatergic hypothesis of ketamine action posits that ketamine is a N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist modulating downstream cytoplasmic events in neurons. In addition to targeting NMDARs in synaptic transmission, ketamine may modulate the function of astroglia, key homeostasis-providing cells in the central nervous system, also playing a role in many neurologic diseases including depression, which affects to 20% of the population globally. We first review studies on astroglia revealing that (sub)anaesthetic doses of ketamine attenuate stimulus-evoked calcium signalling, a process of astroglial cytoplasmic excitability, regulating the exocytotic release of gliosignalling molecules. Then we address how ketamine alters the fusion pore activity of secretory vesicles, and how ketamine affects extracellular glutamate and K+ homeostasis, both considered pivotal in depression. Finally, we also provide evidence indicating reduced cytoplasmic mobility of astroglial vesicles carrying the inward rectifying potassium channel (Kir4.1), which may regulate the density of Kir4.1 at the plasma membrane. These results indicate that the astroglial capacity to control extracellular K+ concentration may be altered by ketamine and thus indirectly affect the action potential firing of neurons, as is the case in lateral habenula in a rat disease model of depression. Hence, ketamine-altered functions of astroglia extend beyond neuronal NMDAR antagonism and provide a basis for its antidepressant action through glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matjaž Stenovec
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, Tehnološki park 24, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mićo Božić
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Samo Pirnat
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, Tehnološki park 24, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Zorec
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, Tehnološki park 24, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia. .,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Potokar M, Jorgačevski J, Zorec R. Astrocytes in Flavivirus Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030691. [PMID: 30736273 PMCID: PMC6386967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infections of the central nervous system (CNS) can manifest in various forms of inflammation, including that of the brain (encephalitis) and spinal cord (myelitis), all of which may have long-lasting deleterious consequences. Although the knowledge of how different viruses affect neural cells is increasing, understanding of the mechanisms by which cells respond to neurotropic viruses remains fragmented. Several virus types have the ability to infect neural tissue, and astrocytes, an abundant and heterogeneous neuroglial cell type and a key element providing CNS homeostasis, are one of the first CNS cell types to get infected. Astrocytes are morphologically closely aligned with neuronal synapses, blood vessels, and ventricle cavities, and thereby have the capacity to functionally interact with neurons and endothelial cells. In this review, we focus on the responses of astrocytes to infection by neurotropic flaviviruses, including tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Zika virus (ZIKV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), which have all been confirmed to infect astrocytes and cause multiple CNS defects. Understanding these mechanisms may help design new strategies to better contain and mitigate virus- and astrocyte-dependent neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Potokar
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Jernej Jorgačevski
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Wilhelmsson U, Lebkuechner I, Leke R, Marasek P, Yang X, Antfolk D, Chen M, Mohseni P, Lasič E, Bobnar ST, Stenovec M, Zorec R, Nagy A, Sahlgren C, Pekna M, Pekny M. Nestin Regulates Neurogenesis in Mice Through Notch Signaling From Astrocytes to Neural Stem Cells. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:4050-4066. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The intermediate filament (nanofilament) protein nestin is a marker of neural stem cells, but its role in neurogenesis, including adult neurogenesis, remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of nestin in neurogenesis in adult nestin-deficient (Nes–/–) mice. We found that the proliferation of Nes–/– neural stem cells was not altered, but neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of Nes–/– mice was increased. Surprisingly, the proneurogenic effect of nestin deficiency was mediated by its function in the astrocyte niche. Through its role in Notch signaling from astrocytes to neural stem cells, nestin negatively regulates neuronal differentiation and survival; however, its expression in neural stem cells is not required for normal neurogenesis. In behavioral studies, nestin deficiency in mice did not affect associative learning but was associated with impaired long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Isabell Lebkuechner
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Renata Leke
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pavel Marasek
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiaoguang Yang
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Antfolk
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Meng Chen
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paria Mohseni
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eva Lasič
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology–Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Saša Trkov Bobnar
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology–Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Stenovec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology–Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Andras Nagy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cecilia Sahlgren
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Milos Pekny
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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Ramsey J, Martin EC, Purcell OM, Lee KM, MacLean AG. Self-injurious behaviours in rhesus macaques: Potential glial mechanisms. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2018; 62:1008-1017. [PMID: 30450801 PMCID: PMC6385863 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-injurious behaviour (SIB) can be classified as intentional, direct injuring of body tissue usually without suicidal intent. In its non-suicidal form it is commonly seen as a clinical sign of borderline personality disorder, autism, PTSD, depression, and anxiety affecting a wide range of ages and conditions. In rhesus macaques SIB is most commonly manifested through hair plucking, self-biting, self-hitting, and head banging. SIB in the form of self-biting is observed in approximately 5-15% of individually housed monkeys. Recently, glial cells are becoming recognised as key players in regulating behaviours. METHOD The goal of this study was to determine the role of glial activation, including astrocytes, in macaques that had displayed SIB. To this end, we performed immunohistochemistry and next generation sequence of brain tissues from rhesus macaques with SIB. RESULTS Our studies showed increased vimentin, but not nestin, expression on astrocytes of macaques displaying SIB. Initial RNA Seq analyses indicate activation of pathways involved in tissue remodelling, neuroinflammation and cAMP signalling. CONCLUSIONS Glia are most probably activated in primates with self-injury, and are therefore potential novel targets for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Ramsey
- Tulane Program in Neuroscience, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Elizabeth C. Martin
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Olivia M. Purcell
- Tulane Program in Neuroscience, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Kim M. Lee
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
- Tulane Program in Biomedical Science, Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Andrew G. MacLean
- Tulane Program in Neuroscience, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
- Tulane Program in Biomedical Science, Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, LA 70112
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, LA 70112
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University New Orleans, LA 70112
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36
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Resutek L, Hsieh AH. The vacuolated morphology of chordoma cells is dependent on cytokeratin intermediate filaments. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:3458-3468. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Resutek
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD
| | - Adam H. Hsieh
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD
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Schiweck J, Eickholt BJ, Murk K. Important Shapeshifter: Mechanisms Allowing Astrocytes to Respond to the Changing Nervous System During Development, Injury and Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:261. [PMID: 30186118 PMCID: PMC6111612 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most prevalent glial cells in the brain. Historically considered as “merely supporting” neurons, recent research has shown that astrocytes actively participate in a large variety of central nervous system (CNS) functions including synaptogenesis, neuronal transmission and synaptic plasticity. During disease and injury, astrocytes efficiently protect neurons by various means, notably by sealing them off from neurotoxic factors and repairing the blood-brain barrier. Their ramified morphology allows them to perform diverse tasks by interacting with synapses, blood vessels and other glial cells. In this review article, we provide an overview of how astrocytes acquire their complex morphology during development. We then move from the developing to the mature brain, and review current research on perisynaptic astrocytic processes, with a particular focus on how astrocytes engage synapses and modulate their formation and activity. Comprehensive changes have been reported in astrocyte cell shape in many CNS pathologies. Factors influencing these morphological changes are summarized in the context of brain pathologies, such as traumatic injury and degenerative conditions. We provide insight into the molecular, cellular and cytoskeletal machinery behind these shape changes which drive the dynamic remodeling in astrocyte morphology during injury and the development of pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Schiweck
- Institute for Biochemistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta J Eickholt
- Institute for Biochemistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Murk
- Institute for Biochemistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Zorec R, Županc TA, Verkhratsky A. Astrogliopathology in the infectious insults of the brain. Neurosci Lett 2018; 689:56-62. [PMID: 30096375 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Astroglia, a heterogeneous type of neuroglia, play key homeostatic functions in the central nervous system (CNS) and represent an important defence system. Impaired homeostatic capacity of astrocytes manifests in diseases and this is mirrored in various astrocyte-based pathological features including reactive astrogliosis, astrodegeneration with astroglial atrophy and pathological remodelling of astrocytes. All of these manifestations are most prominently associated with infectious insults, mediated by bacteria, protozoa and viruses. Here we focus onto neurotropic viruses such as tick-borne encephalitis (TBEV) and Zika virus (ZIKV), both belonging to Flaviviridae and both causing severe neurological impairments. We argue that astrocytes provide a route through which neurotropic infectious agents attack the CNS, since they are anatomically associated with the blood-brain barrier and exhibit aerobic glycolysis, a metabolic specialisation of highly morphologically dynamic cells, which may provide a suitable metabolic milieu for proliferation of infectious agents, including viral bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Zorec
- University of Ljubljana, Institute of Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Molecular Cell Physiology, Zaloska cesta 4, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Celica, BIOMEDICAL, Technology Park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tatjana Avšič Županc
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- University of Ljubljana, Institute of Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Molecular Cell Physiology, Zaloska cesta 4, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Celica, BIOMEDICAL, Technology Park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK; Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain.
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Pekny M, Wilhelmsson U, Tatlisumak T, Pekna M. Astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis-A new target in stroke? Neurosci Lett 2018; 689:45-55. [PMID: 30025833 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is an acute insult to the central nervous system (CNS) that triggers a sequence of responses in the acute, subacute as well as later stages, with prominent involvement of astrocytes. Astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis in the acute stage of stroke limit the tissue damage and contribute to the restoration of homeostasis. Astrocytes also control many aspects of neural plasticity that is the basis for functional recovery. Here, we discuss the concept of intermediate filaments (nanofilaments) and the complement system as two handles on the astrocyte responses to injury that both present attractive opportunities for novel treatment strategies modulating astrocyte functions and reactive gliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Pekny
- Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia; University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Turgut Tatlisumak
- Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia; University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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40
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Johnson CD, D'Amato AR, Puhl DL, Wich DM, Vesperman A, Gilbert RJ. Electrospun fiber surface nanotopography influences astrocyte-mediated neurite outgrowth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 13:054101. [PMID: 29762127 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aac4de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Aligned, electrospun fiber scaffolds provide topographical guidance for regenerating neurons and glia after central nervous system injury. To date, no study has explored how fiber surface nanotopography affects astrocyte response to fibrous scaffolds. Astrocytes play important roles in the glial scar, the blood brain barrier, and in maintaining homeostasis in the central nervous system. In this study, electrospun poly L-lactic acid fibers were engineered with smooth, pitted, or divoted surface nanotopography. Cortical or spinal cord primary rat astrocytes were cultured on the surfaces for either 1 or 3 d to examine the astrocyte response over time. The results showed that cortical astrocytes were significantly shorter and broader on the pitted and divoted fibers compared to those on smooth fibers. However, spinal cord astrocyte morphology was not significantly altered by the surface features. These findings indicate that astrocytes from unique anatomical locations respond differently to the presence of nanotopography. Western blot results show that the differences in morphology were not associated with significant changes in glial fibrillary acidicprotein (GFAP) or vinculin in either astrocyte population, suggesting that surface pits and divots do not induce a reactive phenotype in either cortical or spinal cord astrocytes. Finally, astrocytes were co-cultured with dorsal root ganglia to determine how the surfaces affected astrocyte-mediated neurite outgrowth. Astrocytes cultured on the fibers for shorter periods of time (1 d) generally supported longer neurite outgrowth. Pitted and divoted fibers restricted spinal cord astrocyte-mediated neurite outgrowth, while smooth fibers increased 3 d spinal cord astrocyte-mediated neurite outgrowth. In total, fiber surface nanotopography can influence astrocyte elongation and influence the capability of astrocytes to direct neurites. Therefore, fiber surface characteristics should be carefully controlled to optimize astrocyte-mediated axonal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180-3590, United States of America. Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180-3590, United States of America
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Stenovec M, Trkov Bobnar S, Smolič T, Kreft M, Parpura V, Zorec R. Presenilin PS1∆E9 disrupts mobility of secretory organelles in rat astrocytes. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 223:e13046. [PMID: 29392878 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM Alzheimer's disease (AD) is largely considered a neuron-derived insult, but also involves failure of astroglia. A recent study indicated that mutated presenilin 1 (PS1M146V), a putative endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ channel with decreased Ca2+ conductance, impairs the traffic of astroglial peptidergic vesicles. Whether other pathogenically relevant PS1 mutants, such as PS1ΔE9, which code for ER channel with putative increased Ca2+ conductance, similarly affect vesicle traffic, is unknown. METHODS Here, we cotransfected rat astrocytes with plasmids encoding mutant PS1ΔE9 and atrial natriuretic peptide or vesicular glutamate transporter 1 tagged with fluorescent proteins (pANP.emd or pVGLUT1-EGFP respectively), to microscopically examine whether alterations in vesicle mobility and Ca2+ -regulated release of gliosignalling molecules manifest as a general vesicle-based defect; control cells were transfected to co-express exogenous or native wild-type PS1 and pANP.emd or pVGLUT1-EGFP. The vesicle mobility was analysed at rest and after ATP stimulation that increased intracellular calcium activity. RESULTS In PS1ΔE9 astrocytes, spontaneous mobility of both vesicle types was reduced (P < .001) when compared to controls. Post-stimulatory recovery of fast vesicle mobility was hampered in PS1ΔE9 astrocytes. The ATP-evoked peptide release was less efficient in PS1ΔE9 astrocytes than in the controls (P < .05), as was the pre-stimulatory mobility of these vesicles. CONCLUSION Although the PS1 mutants PS1M146V and PS1ΔE9 differently affect ER Ca2+ conductance, our results revealed a common, vesicle-type indiscriminate trafficking defect in PS1ΔE9 astrocytes, indicating that reduced secretory vesicle-based signalling is a general deficit in AD astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Stenovec
- Celica BIOMEDICAL; Ljubljana Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology; Institute of Pathophysiology; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - S. Trkov Bobnar
- Celica BIOMEDICAL; Ljubljana Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology; Institute of Pathophysiology; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - T. Smolič
- Faculty of Medicine; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology; Institute of Pathophysiology; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - M. Kreft
- Celica BIOMEDICAL; Ljubljana Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology; Institute of Pathophysiology; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
- Biotechnical Faculty; CPAE; Department of Biology; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - V. Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology; Civitan International Research Center and Center for Glial Biology in Medicine; Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute; Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - R. Zorec
- Celica BIOMEDICAL; Ljubljana Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology; Institute of Pathophysiology; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
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Slow Release of HIV-1 Protein Nef from Vesicle-like Structures Is Inhibited by Cytosolic Calcium Elevation in Single Human Microglia. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:102-118. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Intermediate filament accumulation can stabilize microtubules in Caenorhabditis elegans motor neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:3114-3119. [PMID: 29511101 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1721930115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural circuits utilize a coordinated cellular machinery to form and eliminate synaptic connections, with the neuronal cytoskeleton playing a prominent role. During larval development of Caenorhabditis elegans, synapses of motor neurons are stereotypically rewired through a process facilitated by dynamic microtubules (MTs). Through a genetic suppressor screen on mutant animals that fail to rewire synapses, and in combination with live imaging and ultrastructural studies, we find that intermediate filaments (IFs) stabilize MTs to prevent synapse rewiring. Genetic ablation of IFs or pharmacological disruption of IF networks restores MT growth and rescues synapse rewiring defects in the mutant animals, indicating that IF accumulation directly alters MT stability. Our work sheds light on the impact of IFs on MT dynamics and axonal transport, which is relevant to the mechanistic understanding of several human motor neuron diseases characterized by IF accumulation in axonal swellings.
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Interlaminar Glia and Other Glial Themes Revisited: Pending Answers Following Three Decades of Glial Research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/neuroglia1010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to highlight the various significant matters in glial research stemming from personal work by the author and associates at the Unit of Applied Neurobiology (UNA, CEMIC-CONICET), and some of the pending questions. A reassessment and further comments on interlaminar astrocytes—an astroglial cell type that is specific to humans and other non-human primates, and is not found in rodents, is presented. Tentative hypothesis regarding their function and future possible research lines that could contribute to further the analysis of their development and possible role(s), are suggested. The possibility that they function as a separate entity from the “territorial” astrocytes, is also considered. In addition, the potential significance of our observations on interspecies differences in in vitro glial cell dye coupling, on glial diffusible factors affecting the induction of this glial phenotype, and on their interference with the cellular toxic effects of cerebrospinal fluid obtained from l-DOPA treated patients with Parkinson´s disease, is also considered. The major differences oberved in the cerebral cortex glial layout between human and rodents—the main model for studying glial function and pathology—calls for a careful assessment of known and potential species differences in all aspects of glial cell biology. This is essential to provide a better understanding of the organization and function of human and non-human primate brain, and of the neurobiological basis of their behavior.
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Zorec R, Parpura V, Verkhratsky A. Astroglial vesicular network: evolutionary trends, physiology and pathophysiology. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 222. [PMID: 28665546 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular organelles, including secretory vesicles, emerged when eukaryotic cells evolved some 3 billion years ago. The primordial organelles that evolved in Archaea were similar to endolysosomes, which developed, arguably, for specific metabolic tasks, including uptake, metabolic processing, storage and disposal of molecules. In comparison with prokaryotes, cell volume of eukaryotes increased by several orders of magnitude and vesicle traffic emerged to allow for communication between distant intracellular locations. Lysosomes, first described in 1955, a prominent intermediate of endo- and exocytotic pathways, operate virtually in all eukaryotic cells including astroglia, the most heterogeneous type of homeostatic glia in the central nervous system. Astrocytes support neuronal network activity in particular through elaborated secretion, based on a complex intracellular vesicle network dynamics. Deranged homeostasis underlies disease and astroglial vesicle traffic contributes to the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease), neurodevelopmental diseases (intellectual deficiency, Rett's disease) and neuroinfectious (Zika virus) disorders. This review addresses astroglial cell-autonomous vesicular traffic network, as well as its into primary and secondary vesicular network defects in diseases, and considers this network as a target for developing new therapies for neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Molecular Cell Physiology; Institute of Pathophysiology; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
- Celica; BIOMEDICAL; Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - V. Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology; Civitan International Research Center and Center for Glial Biology in Medicine; Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute; Atomic Force Microscopy and Nanotechnology Laboratories; University of Alabama; Birmingham AL USA
| | - A. Verkhratsky
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Molecular Cell Physiology; Institute of Pathophysiology; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
- Celica; BIOMEDICAL; Ljubljana Slovenia
- Faculty of Biology; Medicine and Health; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience; IKERBASQUE; Basque Foundation for Science; Bilbao Spain
- Department of Neurosciences; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED; Leioa Spain
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de Pablo Y, Chen M, Möllerström E, Pekna M, Pekny M. Drugs targeting intermediate filaments can improve neurosupportive properties of astrocytes. Brain Res Bull 2018; 136:130-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Civiero L, Greggio E. PAKs in the brain: Function and dysfunction. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:444-453. [PMID: 29129728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
p21-Activated kinases (PAKs) comprise a family of proteins covering a central role in signal transduction. They are downstream effectors of Rho GTPases and can affect a variety of processes in different cell types and tissues by remodeling the cytoskeleton and by promoting gene transcription and cell survival. Given the relevance of cytoskeletal organization in neuronal development as well as synaptic function and the importance of pro-survival signals in controlling neuronal cell fate, accumulating studies investigated the role of PAKs in the nervous system. In this review, we provide a critical overview of the role of PAKs in the nervous system, both in neuronal and non-neuronal cells, and discuss their potential link with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Parviainen L, Dihanich S, Anderson GW, Wong AM, Brooks HR, Abeti R, Rezaie P, Lalli G, Pope S, Heales SJ, Mitchison HM, Williams BP, Cooper JD. Glial cells are functionally impaired in juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis and detrimental to neurons. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:74. [PMID: 29041969 PMCID: PMC5645909 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0476-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs or Batten disease) are a group of inherited, fatal neurodegenerative disorders of childhood. In these disorders, glial (microglial and astrocyte) activation typically occurs early in disease progression and predicts where neuron loss subsequently occurs. We have found that in the most common juvenile form of NCL (CLN3 disease or JNCL) this glial response is less pronounced in both mouse models and human autopsy material, with the morphological transformation of both astrocytes and microglia severely attenuated or delayed. To investigate their properties, we isolated glia and neurons from Cln3-deficient mice and studied their basic biology in culture. Upon stimulation, both Cln3-deficient astrocytes and microglia also showed an attenuated ability to transform morphologically, and an altered protein secretion profile. These defects were more pronounced in astrocytes, including the reduced secretion of a range of neuroprotective factors, mitogens, chemokines and cytokines, in addition to impaired calcium signalling and glutamate clearance. Cln3-deficient neurons also displayed an abnormal organization of their neurites. Most importantly, using a co-culture system, Cln3-deficient astrocytes and microglia had a negative impact on the survival and morphology of both Cln3-deficient and wildtype neurons, but these effects were largely reversed by growing mutant neurons with healthy glia. These data provide evidence that CLN3 disease astrocytes are functionally compromised. Together with microglia, they may play an active role in neuron loss in this disorder and can be considered as potential targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Višnjar T, Chesi G, Iacobacci S, Polishchuk E, Resnik N, Robenek H, Kreft M, Romih R, Polishchuk R, Kreft ME. Uroplakin traffic through the Golgi apparatus induces its fragmentation: new insights from novel in vitro models. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12842. [PMID: 28993693 PMCID: PMC5634464 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Uroplakins (UPs) play an essential role in maintaining an effective urothelial permeability barrier at the level of superficial urothelial cell (UC) layer. Although the organization of UPs in the apical plasma membrane (PM) of UCs is well known, their transport in UCs is only partially understood. Here, we dissected trafficking of UPs and its differentiation-dependent impact on Golgi apparatus (GA) architecture. We demonstrated that individual subunits UPIb and UPIIIa are capable of trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum to the GA in UCs. Moreover, UPIb, UPIIIa or UPIb/UPIIIa expressing UCs revealed fragmentation and peripheral redistribution of Golgi-units. Notably, expression of UPIb or UPIb/UPIIIa triggered similar GA fragmentation in MDCK and HeLa cells that do not express UPs endogenously. The colocalization analysis of UPIb/UPIIIa-EGFP and COPI, COPII or clathrin suggested that UPs follow constitutively the post-Golgi route to the apical PM. Depolymerisation of microtubules leads to complete blockade of the UPIb/UPIIIa-EGFP post-Golgi transport, while disassembly of actin filaments shows significantly reduced delivery of UPIb/UPIIIa-EGFP to the PM. Our findings show the significant effect of the UPs expression on the GA fragmentation, which enables secretory Golgi-outpost to be distributed as close as possible to the sites of cargo delivery at the PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Višnjar
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Giancarlo Chesi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, (NA), Italy
| | - Simona Iacobacci
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, (NA), Italy
| | - Elena Polishchuk
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, (NA), Italy
| | - Nataša Resnik
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Horst Robenek
- Institute for experimental musculoskeletal medicine, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Domagkstrasse 3, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Marko Kreft
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, Slovenia & LN-MCP, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana & Celica Biomedical Center, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rok Romih
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Roman Polishchuk
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, (NA), Italy.
| | - Mateja Erdani Kreft
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Abstract
Regulated exocytosis can be split into a sequence of steps ending with the formation and the dilation of a fusion pore, a neck-like connection between the vesicle and the plasma membrane. Each of these steps is precisely controlled to achieve the optimal spatial and temporal profile of the release of signalling molecules. At the level of the fusion pore, tuning of the exocytosis can be achieved by preventing its formation, by stabilizing the unproductive narrow fusion pore, by altering the speed of fusion pore expansion and by completely closing the fusion pore. The molecular structure and dynamics of fusion pores have become a major focus of cell research, especially as a promising target for therapeutic strategies. Electrophysiological, optical and electrochemical methods have been used extensively to illuminate how cells regulate secretion at the level of a single fusion pore. Here, we describe recent advances in the structure and mechanisms of the initial fusion pore formation and the progress in therapeutic strategies with the focus on exocytosis.
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