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Ji J, Qian SY, Liu J, Gao HM. Occurrence of early epilepsy in children with traumatic brain injury: a retrospective study. World J Pediatr 2022; 18:214-221. [PMID: 35150398 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-021-00502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early post-traumatic seizures (EPTS) refer to epileptic seizures occurring within one week after brain injury. This study aimed to define the risk factors of EPTS and the protective factors that could prevent its occurrence. METHODS This is a single-center retrospective study in the PICU, Beijing Children's Hospital. Patients diagnosed with traumatic brain injury (TBI), admitted with and without EPTS between January 2016 and December 2020 were included in the study. RESULTS We included 108 patients diagnosed with TBI. The overall EPTS incidence was 33.98% (35/108). The correlation between EPTS and depressed fractures is positive (P = 0.023). Positive correlations between EPTS and intracranial hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage had been established (P = 0.011and P = 0.004, respectively). The detection rates of EPTS in the electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring was 80.00%. There was a significant difference in the EEG monitoring rate between the two groups (P = 0.041). Forty-one (37.86%, 41/108) post-neurosurgical patients were treated with prophylactic antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), and eight (19.51%, 8/41) still had seizures. No statistical significance was noted between the two groups in terms of prophylactic AEDs use (P = 0.519). Logistic regression analysis revealed that open craniocerebral injury and fever on admission were risk factors for EPTS, whereas, surgical intervention and use of hypertonic saline were associated with not developing EPTS. CONCLUSIONS Breakthrough EPTS occurred after severe TBI in 33.98% of pediatric cases in our cohort. This is a higher seizure incidence than that reported previously. Patients with fever on admission and open craniocerebral injuries are more likely to develop EPTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ji
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Nanlishi Road, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Su-Yun Qian
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Nanlishi Road, Beijing, 100045, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Nanlishi Road, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Heng-Miao Gao
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Nanlishi Road, Beijing, 100045, China
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Kanno K, Shimizu K, Shinoda M, Hayashi M, Takeichi O, Iwata K. Role of macrophage-mediated Toll-like receptor 4-interleukin-1R signaling in ectopic tongue pain associated with tooth pulp inflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:312. [PMID: 33081813 PMCID: PMC7576725 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01995-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The existence of referred pain and ectopic paresthesia caused by tooth pulp inflammation may make definitive diagnosis difficult and cause misdiagnosis or mistreatment; thus, elucidation of that molecular mechanism is urgent. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying ectopic pain, especially tongue hyperalgesia, after tooth pulp inflammation. Methods A rat model with mandibular first molar tooth pulp exposure was employed. Tooth pulp exposure-induced heat and mechanical-evoked tongue hypersensitivity was measured, and immunohistochemical staining for Iba1, a marker of active macrophages, IL-1β, IL-1 type I receptor (IL-1RΙ), and toll-like receptor 4 in the trigeminal ganglion was performed. In addition, we investigated the effects of injections of liposomal clodronate Clophosome-A (LCCA), a selective macrophage depletion agent, lipopolysaccharide from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (LPS-RS, a toll-like receptor 4 antagonist), IL-1β, or heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70, a selective agonist of toll-like receptor 4), to examine changes in tongue hypersensitivity and in the regulation of IL-1RΙ, toll-like receptor 4, and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) biosynthesis. Results At day 1 after tooth pulp exposure, obvious tooth pulp inflammation was observed. Tooth pulp exposure-induced heat and mechanical tongue hypersensitivity was observed from days 1 to 3 after tooth pulp exposure. The production of IL-1β in activated macrophages and toll-like receptor 4 and IL-1RΙ expression were significantly increased in trigeminal ganglion neurons innervating the tongue following tooth pulp exposure. Intra-trigeminal ganglion injection of LCCA significantly suppressed tongue hypersensitivity; however, toll-like receptor 4 and IL-1RΙ expression in trigeminal ganglion neurons innervating the tongue was not significantly altered. Intra-trigeminal ganglion injection of LPS-RS significantly suppressed tongue hypersensitivity and reduced IL-1RΙ expression in the trigeminal ganglion neurons innervating the tongue following tooth pulp exposure. Intra-trigeminal ganglion injection of recombinant Hsp70 significantly promoted tongue hypersensitivity and increased IL-1RI expression in trigeminal ganglion neurons innervating the tongue in naive rats. Furthermore, intra-trigeminal ganglion injection of recombinant IL-1β led to tongue hypersensitivity and enhanced TRPV1 expression in trigeminal ganglion neurons innervating the tongue in naive rats. Conclusions The present findings suggest that the neuron-macrophage interaction mediated by toll-like receptor 4 and IL-1RI activation in trigeminal ganglion neurons affects the pathogenesis of abnormal tongue pain following tooth pulp inflammation via IL-1RI and TRPV1 signaling in the trigeminal ganglion. Further research may contribute to the establishment of new therapeutic and diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kanno
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Kohei Shimizu
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan. .,Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masamichi Shinoda
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan.,Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Takeichi
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan.,Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Iwata
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Komiya H, Shimizu K, Noma N, Tsuboi Y, Honda K, Kanno K, Ohara K, Shinoda M, Ogiso B, Iwata K. Role of Neuron-Glial Interaction Mediated by IL-1β in Ectopic Tooth Pain. J Dent Res 2017; 97:467-475. [PMID: 29131694 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517741253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many reports have demonstrated that ectopic pain develops in the orofacial region following tooth pulp inflammation, which often causes misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment for patients with pulpitis, the precise mechanism remains unknown. In the present study, we hypothesized that the functional interaction between satellite glial cells and neurons mediated by interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) is involved in ectopic orofacial pain associated with tooth pulp inflammation. The digastric muscle electromyogram (D-EMG) activity elicited by capsaicin administration into the maxillary second molar tooth pulp was analyzed to evaluate the noxious reflex and was significantly increased in rats with inflammation of the maxillary first molar (M1) versus rats injected with saline. A significant increase in the expression of connexin43 (Cx43), a gap junction containing protein, was observed in activated satellite glial cells surrounding second molar-innervating neurons in the TG after M1 pulpitis. Daily administration of Gap26, a Cx43 mimetic peptide and inhibitor, in the TG significantly suppressed the enhancement of capsaicin-induced D-EMG activity and the percentage of Fluoro-Gold (FG)-labeled cells encircled by glial fibrillary acid protein-immunoreactive (IR) + Cx43-IR cells after M1 pulp inflammation ( P < 0.01). The percentage of FG-labeled cells encircled by glial fibrillary acid protein-IR + IL-1β-IR cells, IL-1 type I receptor-IR cells labeled with FG, and TRPV1-IR cells labeled with FG significantly increased after M1 pulp inflammation ( P < 0.01). Daily administration of IL-1ra, an IL-1 receptor antagonist, into the TG significantly reduced the enhancement of capsaicin-induced D-EMG activity and the percentage of TRPV1-IR neurons labeled with FG after M1 pulp inflammation ( P < 0.01). The present findings suggest that satellite glial cell is activated in the TG via activated gap junctions composed of Cx43 following tooth pulp inflammation, which leads to the hyperactivation of remote neurons via IL-1β mechanisms and results in ectopic tooth pulp pain in the adjacent tooth.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Komiya
- 1 Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Shimizu
- 1 Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,2 Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Noma
- 3 Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,4 Division of Clinical Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Tsuboi
- 5 Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,6 Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Honda
- 5 Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Kanno
- 1 Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Ohara
- 1 Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Shinoda
- 5 Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,6 Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - B Ogiso
- 1 Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,2 Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Iwata
- 5 Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,6 Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Effects of IL1B single nucleotide polymorphisms on depressive and anxiety symptoms are determined by severity and type of life stress. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 56:96-104. [PMID: 26891860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1β is one of the main mediators in the cross-talk between the immune system and the central nervous system. Higher interleukin-1β levels are found in mood spectrum disorders, and the stress-induced expression rate of the interleukin-1β gene (IL1B) is altered by polymorphisms in the region. Therefore we examined the effects of rs16944 and rs1143643 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the IL1B gene on depressive and anxiety symptoms, as measured by the Brief Symptom Inventory, in a Hungarian population sample of 1053 persons. Distal and proximal environmental stress factors were also included in our analysis, namely childhood adversity and recent negative life-events. We found that rs16944 minor (A) allele specifically interacted with childhood adversity increasing depressive and anxiety symptoms, while rs1143643's minor (A) allele showed protective effect against depressive symptoms after recent life stress. The genetic main effects of the two SNPs were not significant in the main analysis, but the interaction effects remained significant after correction for multiple testing. In addition, the effect of rs16944 A allele was reversed in a subsample with low-exposure to life stress, suggesting a protective effect against depressive symptoms, in the post hoc analysis. In summary, both of the two IL1B SNPs showed specific environmental stressor-dependent effects on mood disorder symptoms. We also demonstrated that the presence of exposure to childhood adversity changed the direction of the rs16944 effect on depression phenotype. Therefore our results suggest that it is advisable to include environmental factors in genetic association studies when examining the effect of the IL1B gene.
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Michael BD, Griffiths MJ, Granerod J, Brown D, Keir G, Wnęk M, Cox DJ, Vidyasagar R, Borrow R, Parkes LM, Solomon T. The Interleukin-1 Balance During Encephalitis Is Associated With Clinical Severity, Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability, Neuroimaging Changes, and Disease Outcome. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:1651-60. [PMID: 26712949 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Encephalitis is parenchymal brain inflammation, commonly due to herpes simplex virus (HSV). Key host inflammatory mediators and their relationship to blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, neuroimaging changes, and disease outcome are poorly understood. METHODS We measured levels of 38 mediators in serum (n = 78) and cerebrospinal fluid (n = 37) specimens from patients with encephalitis, including 17 with disease due to HSV infection. Outcome measures were Glasgow coma and outcome scores; CSF to serum albumin ratio, reflecting BBB permeability; and, in patients with HSV infection, magnetic resonance imaging-based temporal lobe volume. RESULTS Serum interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) levels were elevated in patients with a good outcome (P= .004). Among patients infected with HSV, the ratio of CSF IL-1β to IL-1RA was associated with a worse outcome (P= .009); a ratio of ≥0.55 pg/mL had high specificity and sensitivity for a poor outcome (100% and 83%;P= .015). Temporal lobe volume had a negative correlation with serum IL-1RA level (P= .012) and a positive correlation with serum IL-1α level (P= .0003) and CSF IL-1β level (P= .007). A normal coma score was associated with an elevated interleukin 10 (IL-10) level in serum specimens from HSV-infected patients (P= .007) and CSF specimens from all patients (P= .016); the IL-10 level correlated inversely with BBB permeability (P= .005). CONCLUSIONS A proinflammatory cytokine response is associated with greater clinical severity, BBB permeability, and neuroimaging damage during encephalitis. IL-1 antagonists should be investigated as adjunctive treatment in encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Daniel Michael
- Institute of Infection and Global Health Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, National Institute for Health Research, University of Liverpool Walton Centre National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust
| | - Michael J Griffiths
- Institute of Infection and Global Health Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, National Institute for Health Research, University of Liverpool Alderhey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool
| | | | - David Brown
- Public Health England, London Influenza and Measles Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Geoff Keir
- Walton Centre National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust
| | | | - Daniel J Cox
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Centre for Imaging Sciences, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester
| | - Rishma Vidyasagar
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Centre for Imaging Sciences, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester
| | - Ray Borrow
- Vaccine Evaluation Unit, Public Health England, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Laura M Parkes
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Centre for Imaging Sciences, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester
| | - Tom Solomon
- Institute of Infection and Global Health Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, National Institute for Health Research, University of Liverpool Walton Centre National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust
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Kuroishi T, Bando K, Endo Y, Sugawara S. Metal Allergens Induce Nitric Oxide Production by Mouse Dermal Fibroblasts via the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-2α–Dependent Pathway. Toxicol Sci 2013; 135:119-28. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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7
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Wang B, Zhu JM, Fan YG, Feng CC, Chen GM, Chen H, Pan HF, Ye DQ. The association of IL1α and IL1β polymorphisms with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis. Gene 2013; 527:95-101. [PMID: 23747396 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Many epidemiological studies have investigated IL1α and IL1β polymorphisms with SLE risk, but no conclusions are available because of conflicting results. This meta-analysis was performed to more precisely estimate the relationships. The databases of PubMed updated to September 1st, 2012 were retrieved. Odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) as effect size were calculated by a fixed- or random-effect model. In total, six case-control studies for IL1β-511C/T, four studies for IL1β+3953C/T, three studies for IL1α-889C/T and three studies for IL1α+4845G/T were involved in this analysis. The results indicated that for IL1α-889C/T polymorphism T allele was associated with decreased risk of SLE (OR (95% CI)) (T vs. C: 0.802 (0.679-0.949); TT+CT vs. CC: 0.615 (0.380-0.995); TT vs. CC: 0.679 (0.466-0.989)). However, when analysis for TT vs. CT+CC was conducted, the result indicated that IL1α-889C/T polymorphism was not associated with SLE (OR (95% CI): 0.847 (0.595-1.205)). Combined analysis indicated that IL1β-511C/T polymorphism was not overall associated with risk of SLE (OR (95% CI)) (T vs. C: 1.113 (0.954-1.298); TT vs. CT+CC: 1.146 (0.889-1.447); TT+CT vs. CC: 1.145 (0.903-1.452); TT vs. CC: 1.255 (0.928-1.698)). When subgroup analysis for Asian ethnicity was conducted, the results indicated that IL1β-511C/T polymorphism was associated with SLE only for TT vs. CT+CC (OR (95% CI): 1.468 (1.001-2.152)), but was not associated for T vs. C (OR (95% CI): 1.214 (0.955-1.544)), TT+CT vs. CC (OR (95% CI): 1.112 (0.765-1.615)) and TT vs.CC (OR (95% CI): 1.411 (0.896-2.222)). In addition, overall analyses indicated that IL1β+3953C/T and IL1α+4845G/C polymorphisms were also not associated with risk of SLE (OR (95% CI)) (for IL1β+3953C/T T vs. C: 0.996 (0.610-1.626), TT vs. CT+CC: 0.658 (0.318-1.358), TT+CT vs. CC: 1.021 (0.618-1.687), TT vs. CC: 0.640 (0.309-1.325); for IL1α+4845G/T T vs. G: 1.067 (0.791-1.440), TT+GT vs. GG: 0.934 (0.646-1.351)).This study inferred that IL1α-889C/T polymorphism might be moderately associated with SLE, but no sufficient evidence was available to support any associations between IL1β+3953C/T or IL1α+4845G/C polymorphisms and SLE. We could not draw a definite conclusion between IL1β-511C/T polymorphism and risk of SLE owing to the limited data. Further large sample-sized studies should be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, PR China
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8
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Sadava EE, Krpata DM, Gao Y, Rosen MJ, Novitsky YW. Wound healing process and mediators: Implications for modulations for hernia repair and mesh integration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:295-302. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel E. Sadava
- Case Comprehensive Hernia Center; Department of Surgery; University Hospitals Case Medical Center; 11100 Euclid Avenue Cleveland Ohio 44106-5047
| | - David M. Krpata
- Case Comprehensive Hernia Center; Department of Surgery; University Hospitals Case Medical Center; 11100 Euclid Avenue Cleveland Ohio 44106-5047
| | - Yue Gao
- Case Comprehensive Hernia Center; Department of Surgery; University Hospitals Case Medical Center; 11100 Euclid Avenue Cleveland Ohio 44106-5047
| | - Michael J. Rosen
- Case Comprehensive Hernia Center; Department of Surgery; University Hospitals Case Medical Center; 11100 Euclid Avenue Cleveland Ohio 44106-5047
| | - Yuri W. Novitsky
- Case Comprehensive Hernia Center; Department of Surgery; University Hospitals Case Medical Center; 11100 Euclid Avenue Cleveland Ohio 44106-5047
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Yamada A, Arakaki R, Kudo Y, Ishimaru N. Targeting IL-1 in Sjögren's syndrome. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:393-401. [PMID: 23320392 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.754427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION IL-1 plays key roles in the biological functions of various cells. In particular, many roles of IL-1 in the immune system have been discovered by numerous studies. This review focuses on the association of IL-1 with the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. AREAS COVERED An overview of the biological functions of the IL-1 family and the IL-1 receptors (IL-1Rs), including the maintenance of systemic or local homeostasis, and the signaling pathway through IL-1/IL-1R in various immune systems are described. Several functions of IL-1 in the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) have been demonstrated with a focus on the immune responses and target tissues in SS. In addition to the role of IL-1 in the immune responses in SS, the function of IL-1 in ocular mucosa lesions in SS has been described. Lastly, there is an overview of possible therapeutic strategies for IL-1 inhibition in SS. EXPERT OPINION IL-1 plays critical roles in the onset and development of SS by controlling systemic or local immune responses and maintaining the survival and mucosal defense of target epithelial cells. The inhibition of the pathogenic functions of IL-1 may be beneficial for treating SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Yamada
- Institute of Health Biosciences, Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
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Khalkhal A, Haddar A, Semiane N, Mallek A, Abdelmalek A, Castex F, Gross R, Dahmani Y. Obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes in the sand rat exposed to a hypercaloric diet; possible protective effect for IL1-β. C R Biol 2012; 335:271-8. [PMID: 22578573 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that, upon changing their natural desert low caloric (succulent halophilic plants) to a regular laboratory high caloric diet, sand rats undergo various phenotypic changes depending on their genetic background and including obesity and various degrees of insulin resistance. Our aim was to investigate the acute effects of Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) on glucose-induced insulin secretion in normal lean sand rats maintained on their natural diet and in obese insulin resistant normoglycemic or type 2 diabetic animals after a 9-month high caloric diet. Animals were fed either a low or a high caloric diet; after 9 months, pancreatic islets were isolated and incubated in the presence of increasing cytokine concentrations. At the end of the high-energy diet, animals were all over-weight, and probably due to a different genetic background, they displayed either insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and normoglycemia or a marked type-2 diabetic state. Pancreatic islets from obese insulin resistant normoglycemic animals were much more sensitive and responsive to IL-1β when compared to lean controls. The cytokine was inefficient in diabetic islets. In conclusion, the markedly increased insulinotropic effect of IL-1β in obese diabetes-resistant sand rat could participate and be involved in pancreatic β-cell hyperactivity that compensates for insulin resistance and thereby prevent the development of type 2 diabetes in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Khalkhal
- Nutrition and Metabolism, Physiology Laboratory, USTHB, Algiers, Algeria
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Andreasson AN, Szulkin R, Undén AL, von Essen J, Nilsson LG, Lekander M. Inflammation and positive affect are associated with subjective health in women of the general population. J Health Psychol 2012; 18:311-20. [PMID: 22496462 DOI: 10.1177/1359105311435428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor subjective health has been associated with higher levels of inflammatory cytokines. We investigated whether such an association would apply to women of the general population. Levels of cytokines, affect and subjective health were assessed in 347 women of the general population aged 45 to 90 years. Higher levels of interleukin-6 were associated with poor subjective health, especially in participants over 65 years of age. Positive affect was a more robust determinant of subjective health than negative affect. The presence of low-grade inflammation and absence of positive affect, rather than presence of negative affect, may be important determinants of subjective health.
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12
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Vezzani A, Maroso M, Balosso S, Sanchez MA, Bartfai T. IL-1 receptor/Toll-like receptor signaling in infection, inflammation, stress and neurodegeneration couples hyperexcitability and seizures. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:1281-9. [PMID: 21473909 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the involvement of immune and inflammatory processes in the etiopathogenesis of seizures. In particular, activation of innate immune mechanisms and the subsequent inflammatory responses, that are induced in the brain by infection, febrile seizures, neurotrauma, stroke are well documented conditions associated with acute symptomatic seizures and with a high risk of developing epilepsy. A decade ago, pharmacological experiments showed that elevated brain levels of the anti-inflammatory molecule IL-1 receptor antagonist reduced seizures in epilepsy models. This observation, together with the evidence of in situ induction of inflammatory mediators and their receptors in experimental and human epileptogenic brain tissue, established the proof-of-concept evidence that the activation of innate immunity and inflammation in the brain are intrinsic features of the pathologic hyperexcitable tissue. Recent breakthroughs in understanding the molecular organization of the innate immune system first in macrophages, then in the different cell types of the CNS, together with pharmacological and genetic studies in epilepsy models, showed that the activation of IL-1 receptor/Toll-like receptor (IL-1R/TLR) signaling significantly contributes to seizures. IL-1R/TLR mediated pro-excitatory actions are elicited in the brain either by mimicking bacterial or viral infections and inflammatory responses, or via the action of endogenous ligands. These ligands include proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1beta, or danger signals, such as HMGB1, released from activated or injured cells. The IL-1R/TLR signaling mediates rapid post-translational changes in voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels that increase excitability, and transcriptional changes in genes involved in neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity that contribute to lower seizure thresholds chronically. The anticonvulsant effects of inhibitors of the IL-1R/TLR signaling in various seizures models suggest that this system could be targeted to inhibit seizures in presently pharmaco-resistant epilepsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Via G. La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy.
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McClelland S, Dubé CM, Yang J, Baram TZ. Epileptogenesis after prolonged febrile seizures: mechanisms, biomarkers and therapeutic opportunities. Neurosci Lett 2011; 497:155-62. [PMID: 21356275 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological and recent prospective analyses of long febrile seizures (FS) and febrile status epilepticus (FSE) support the idea that in some children, such seizures can provoke temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Because of the high prevalence of these seizures, if epilepsy was to arise as their direct consequence, this would constitute a significant clinical problem. Here we discuss these issues, and describe the use of animal models of prolonged FS and of FSE to address the following questions: Are long FS epileptogenic? What governs this epileptogenesis? What are the mechanisms? Are there any predictive biomarkers of the epileptogenic process, and can these be utilized, together with information about the mechanisms of epileptogenesis, for eventual prevention of the TLE that results from long FS and FSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn McClelland
- Department of Anatomy/Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4475, USA
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14
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Cytokines and neuronal channels: A molecular basis for age-related decline of neuronal function? Exp Gerontol 2011; 46:199-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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15
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Eberwine J, Bartfai T. Single cell transcriptomics of hypothalamic warm sensitive neurons that control core body temperature and fever response Signaling asymmetry and an extension of chemical neuroanatomy. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 129:241-59. [PMID: 20970451 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report on an 'unbiased' molecular characterization of individual, adult neurons, active in a central, anterior hypothalamic neuronal circuit, by establishing cDNA libraries from each individual, electrophysiologically identified warm sensitive neuron (WSN). The cDNA libraries were analyzed by Affymetrix microarray. The presence and frequency of cDNAs were confirmed and enhanced with Illumina sequencing of each single cell cDNA library. cDNAs encoding the GABA biosynthetic enzyme Gad1 and of adrenomedullin, galanin, prodynorphin, somatostatin, and tachykinin were found in the WSNs. The functional cellular and in vivo studies on dozens of the more than 500 neurotransmitters, hormone receptors and ion channels, whose cDNA was identified and sequence confirmed, suggest little or no discrepancy between the transcriptional and functional data in WSNs; whenever agonists were available for a receptor whose cDNA was identified, a functional response was found. Sequencing single neuron libraries permitted identification of rarely expressed receptors like the insulin receptor, adiponectin receptor 2 and of receptor heterodimers; information that is lost when pooling cells leads to dilution of signals and mixing signals. Despite the common electrophysiological phenotype and uniform Gad1 expression, WSN transcriptomes show heterogeneity, suggesting strong epigenetic influence on the transcriptome. Our study suggests that it is well-worth interrogating the cDNA libraries of single neurons by sequencing and chipping.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Eberwine
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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16
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Brugos B, Kiss E, Dul C, Gubisch W, Szegedi G, Sipka S, Zeher M. Measurement of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus could predict renal manifestation of the disease. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:874-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2010] [Revised: 05/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Thomas EA, Hawkins RJ, Richards KL, Xu R, Gazina EV, Petrou S. Heat opens axon initial segment sodium channels: A febrile seizure mechanism? Ann Neurol 2009; 66:219-26. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.21712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Febrile seizures: mechanisms and relationship to epilepsy. Brain Dev 2009; 31:366-71. [PMID: 19232478 PMCID: PMC2698702 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2008.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Studies of febrile seizures have been driven by two major enigmas: first, how these most common of human seizures are generated by fever has not been known. Second, epidemiological studies have linked prolonged febrile seizures with the development of temporal lobe epilepsy, yet whether long or recurrent febrile seizures cause temporal lobe epilepsy has remained unresolved. To investigate these questions, a model of prolonged (complex) febrile seizures was developed in immature rats and mice, permitting mechanistic examination of the potential causal relationships of fever and seizures, and of febrile seizures and limbic epilepsy. Although the model relied on hyperthermia, it was discovered that the hyperthermia-induced secretion of endogenous fever mediators including interleukin-1beta, which contributed to the generation of these 'febrile' seizures. In addition, prolonged experimental febrile seizures provoked epilepsy in a third of the animals. Investigations of the mechanisms of this epileptogenesis demonstrated that expression of specific ion (HCN) channels and of endocannabinoid signaling, may be involved. These may provide novel drug targets for intervention in the epileptogenic process.
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19
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Osborn O, Brownell SE, Sanchez-Alavez M, Salomon D, Gram H, Bartfai T. Treatment with an Interleukin 1 beta antibody improves glycemic control in diet-induced obesity. Cytokine 2008; 44:141-8. [PMID: 18723371 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokine Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta) is elevated in obese individuals and rodents and it is implicated in impaired insulin secretion, decreased cell proliferation and apoptosis of pancreatic beta cells. In this study we describe the therapeutic effects by an IL-1beta antibody to improve glucose control in hyperglycemic mice with diet-induced obesity. After 13 weeks of treatment the IL-1beta antibody treated group showed reduced glycated hemoglobin (( *)P=0.049), reduced serum levels of proinsulin (( *)P=0.015), reduced levels of insulin and smaller islet size (( *)P=1.65E-13) relative to the control antibody treated group. Neutralization of IL-1beta also significantly reduced serum amyloid A (SAA) which is an indicator of inflammation-induced acute phase response (( *)P=0.024). While there was no improvement of obesity, a significant improvement of glycemic control and of beta cell function is achieved by this pharmacological treatment which may slow/prevent disease progression in Type 2 Diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Osborn
- The Harold L. Dorris Neurological Research Institute and Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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20
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Abstract
Most clinically available thermometers accurately report the temperature of whatever tissue is being measured. The difficulty is that no reliably core-temperature-measuring sites are completely noninvasive and easy to use-especially in patients not undergoing general anesthesia. Nonetheless, temperature can be reliably measured in most patients. Body temperature should be measured in patients undergoing general anesthesia exceeding 30 min in duration and in patients undergoing major operations during neuraxial anesthesia. Core body temperature is normally tightly regulated. All general anesthetics produce a profound dose-dependent reduction in the core temperature, triggering cold defenses, including arteriovenous shunt vasoconstriction and shivering. Anesthetic-induced impairment of normal thermoregulatory control, with the resulting core-to-peripheral redistribution of body heat, is the primary cause of hypothermia in most patients. Neuraxial anesthesia also impairs thermoregulatory control, although to a lesser extent than does general anesthesia. Prolonged epidural analgesia is associated with hyperthermia whose cause remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I Sessler
- Department of Outcomes Research, The Cleveland Clinic-P77, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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21
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Utagawa A, Truettner JS, Dietrich WD, Bramlett HM. Systemic inflammation exacerbates behavioral and histopathological consequences of isolated traumatic brain injury in rats. Exp Neurol 2008; 211:283-91. [PMID: 18355811 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Revised: 02/02/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) is induced rapidly after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and contributes to the inflammatory events that lead to neuronal loss. Although an important source of IL-1beta is from the injured brain itself, in patients with multiple organ trauma (polytrauma) IL-1beta is also released into the bloodstream which may potentially influence brain vulnerability. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of systemic inflammation induced by peripheral administration of IL-1beta on histopathological and behavioral outcome after moderate fluid percussion (FP) brain injury in rats. At 30 min or 24 h after TBI, saline, 20 mug/kg or 40 mug/kg of IL-1beta was injected (n=4-9/group) intraperitoneally (IP). Sham operated animals (n=9) received either saline or IL-1beta (20 or 40 mug/kg) injections. The somatosensory tactile placing test was administered at 1, 2 and 3 days posttrauma. IL-1beta-treated animals showed significant placing deficits compared to vehicle-treated TBI animals. Three days after injection, contusion areas and volumes were significantly increased (p<0.05) with both IL-1beta doses and at both treatment times compared to vehicle-treated animals. IL-1beta-treated rats showed more contusion injury and hippocampal neuronal damage as well as enhanced perivascular neutrophil accumulation. Cortical IL-1r1 mRNA increased as early as 1 h following TBI, peaking at 24 h and remained elevated 3 days posttrauma. These data show that the posttraumatic administration of IL-1beta significantly aggravates behavioral outcome and increases overall contusion volume after TBI. Increased systemic inflammatory processes, including extravasation of activated leukocytes and proinflammatory cytokines could participate in this detrimental outcome. Because peripherally circulating cytokines and other neurotoxic factors may be increased following multi-organ trauma, these findings may be important in targeting therapeutic interventions in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Utagawa
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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22
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Dubé CM, Brewster AL, Richichi C, Zha Q, Baram TZ. Fever, febrile seizures and epilepsy. Trends Neurosci 2007; 30:490-6. [PMID: 17897728 PMCID: PMC2766556 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Seizures induced by fever (febrile seizures) are the most common type of pathological brain activity in infants and children. These febrile seizures and their potential contribution to the mechanisms of limbic (temporal lobe) epilepsy have been a topic of major clinical and scientific interest. Key questions include the mechanisms by which fever generates seizures, the effects of long febrile seizures on neuronal function and the potential contribution of these seizures to epilepsy. This review builds on recent advances derived from animal models and summarizes our current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying febrile seizures and of changes in neuronal gene expression and function that facilitate the enduring effects of prolonged febrile seizures on neuronal and network excitability. The review also discusses the relevance of these findings to the general mechanisms of epileptogenesis during development and points out gaps in our knowledge, including the relationship of animal models to human febrile seizures and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline M Dubé
- Department of Anatomy/Neurobiology, University of California at Irvine, ZOT 4475, Irvine, CA 92697-4475, USA
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23
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Viviani B, Gardoni F, Marinovich M. Cytokines and neuronal ion channels in health and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2007; 82:247-63. [PMID: 17678965 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(07)82013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The biophysical properties and the spatial distribution of ion channels define the signaling characteristics of individual neurons. Function, number localization, and ratio of receptor and ion channels are dynamically modulated in response to diverse stimuli and undergo dynamic changes in both physiological and pathological conditions. Increasing evidence indicates that cytokines may specifically interact with receptor and ion channels regulating neuronal excitability, synaptic plasticity, and injury. Interleukin (IL)-1beta and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, two proinflammatory cytokines implicated in various pathophysiological conditions of the CNS, have been particularly studied. Literature data indicate that these cytokines (1) directly and promptly modulate ion channel activity, (2) exert different (and often opposite) effects on the same channels, and (3) act on ion channels both at physiological and pathological concentrations. Consequently, cytokines are now regarded as novel neuromodulators, opening important perspectives in the current view of brain behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Viviani
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
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24
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Bartfai T, Sanchez-Alavez M, Andell-Jonsson S, Schultzberg M, Vezzani A, Danielsson E, Conti B. Interleukin-1 system in CNS stress: seizures, fever, and neurotrauma. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1113:173-7. [PMID: 17656565 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1391.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) system include the secreted agonist IL-1beta, and the receptor antagonist IL-1ra, both competing for binding to the IL-1 receptor (IL-1R). IL-1beta and IL-1ra are highly inducible under different forms of stress, such as excitatory neurotransmitter excess occurring during seizures, in infection and inflammation, and during neurotrauma. In each of these conditions induction of IL-1beta precedes that of IL-1ra, resulting in up to 10-20-fold elevation of IL-1beta concentrations. Consequently, IL-1beta induces the elevation of other proinflammatory molecules, including IL-6, IL-1R1, COX2, and iNOS, as well as of IL-1ra. Elevation of IL-1ra is of key importance for quenching the inflammatory response at the IL-1R1 as part of an autoregulatory loop. In seizures, IL-1ra is a strong anticonvulsant and in IL-1beta-dependent fever, a powerful antipyretic. In traumatic brain injury (TBI), the ability of patients to mount an IL-1ra response, as measured in the CSF, strongly correlated with the neurological outcome. Selective induction or pharmacological application of IL-1ra may be sparing neurons in seizures and neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Bartfai
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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25
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Sanchez-Alavez M, Klein I, Brownell SE, Tabarean IV, Davis CN, Conti B, Bartfai T. Night eating and obesity in the EP3R-deficient mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:3009-14. [PMID: 17307874 PMCID: PMC1800735 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611209104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult mice carrying a null mutation of the prostanoid receptor EP3R (EP3R(-/-) mice) exhibit increased frequency of feeding during the light cycle of the day and develop an obese phenotype under a normal fat diet fed ad libitum. EP3R(-/-) mice show increased motor activity, which is not sufficient to offset the increased feeding leading to increased body weight. Altered "nocturnal" activity and feeding behavior is present from a very early age and does not seem to require age-dependent factors for the development of obesity. Obesity in EP3R(-/-) mice is characterized by elevated leptin and insulin levels and >20% higher body weight compared with WT littermates. Abdominal and subcutaneous fat and increased liver weight account for the weight increase in EP3R(-/-) mice. These observations expand the roles of prostaglandin E(2) signaling in metabolic regulation beyond the reported stimulation of leptin release from adipose tissue to involve actions mediated by EP3R in the regulation of sleep architecture and feeding behavior. The findings add to the growing literature on links between inflammatory signaling and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Sanchez-Alavez
- The Harold L. Dorris Neurological Research Institute and Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Izabella Klein
- The Harold L. Dorris Neurological Research Institute and Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Sara E. Brownell
- The Harold L. Dorris Neurological Research Institute and Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Iustin V. Tabarean
- The Harold L. Dorris Neurological Research Institute and Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Christopher N. Davis
- The Harold L. Dorris Neurological Research Institute and Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Bruno Conti
- The Harold L. Dorris Neurological Research Institute and Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Tamas Bartfai
- The Harold L. Dorris Neurological Research Institute and Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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26
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Chakfe Y, Zhang Z, Bourque CW. IL-1β directly excites isolated rat supraoptic neurons via upregulation of the osmosensory cation current. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 290:R1183-90. [PMID: 16293679 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00716.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that IL-1β can excite the magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) of the hypothalamus. However, it is not known whether IL-1β can have direct IL-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1)-mediated effects on MNCs, and little is known about the cellular mechanisms by which IL-1β influences electrical activity in these cells. Here, we used patch-clamp recordings to examine the effects of IL-1β on acutely isolated rat MNCs. We found that IL-1β directly excites MNCs in a dose-dependent manner and that this response can be blocked by an inhibitor of the IL-1R1. Voltage-clamp analysis of the current evoked by IL-1β revealed a linear current-voltage relationship between −90 and −20 mV, and a reversal potential near −35 mV. This value was not affected by reducing the concentration of chloride ions in the external solution, indicating the involvement of a nonselective cation conductance. The effects of IL-1β were inhibited by Na-salicylate, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase. Moreover. the effects of IL-1β were mimicked and occluded by PGE2, and were inhibited by AH-23848, an antagonist of the PGE2 type 4 (i.e., EP4) receptor. The current evoked by IL-1β was also abolished by 100 μM gadolinium (Gd3+), but was significantly larger when examined in cells preshrunk by negative pressure applied via the recording pipette. IL-1β alone did not cause changes in cell volume nor in the mechanosensitivity of MNCs. We conclude that IL-1β directly excites MNCs via an IL-1R1-mediated induction of PGE2 synthesis and EP4 receptor-dependent autocrine upregulation of the nonselective cation conductance that underlies osmoreception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassar Chakfe
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Montreal General Hospital and McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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27
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Gopee NV, Cui Y, Olson G, Warbritton AR, Miller BJ, Couch LH, Wamer WG, Howard PC. Response of mouse skin to tattooing: use of SKH-1 mice as a surrogate model for human tattooing. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005; 209:145-58. [PMID: 15913690 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Revised: 03/31/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tattooing is a popular cosmetic practice involving more than 45 million US citizens. Since the toxicology of tattoo inks and pigments used to formulate tattoo inks has not been reported, we studied the immunological impact of tattooing and determined recovery time from this trauma. SKH-1 hairless mice were tattooed using commercial tattoo inks or suspensions of titanium dioxide, cadmium sulfide, or iron oxide, and sacrificed at 0.5, 1, 3, 4, 7, or 14 days post-tattooing. Histological evaluation revealed dermal hemorrhage at 0.5 and 1 day. Acute inflammation and epidermal necrosis were initiated at 0.5 day decreasing in incidence by day 14. Dermal necrosis and epidermal hyperplasia were prominent by day 3, reducing in severity by day 14. Chronic active inflammation persisted in all tattooed mice from day 3 to 14 post-tattooing. Inguinal and axillary lymph nodes were pigmented, the inguinal being most reactive as evidenced by lymphoid hyperplasia and polymorphonuclear infiltration. Cutaneous nuclear protein concentrations of nuclear factor-kappa B were elevated between 0.5 and 4 days. Inflammatory and proliferative biomarkers, cyclooxygenase-1, cyclooxygenase-2, and ornithine decarboxylase protein levels were elevated between 0.5 and 4 days in the skin and decreased to control levels by day 14. Interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-10 were elevated in the lymph nodes but suppressed in the tattooed skin, with maximal suppression occurring between days 0.5 and 4. These data demonstrate that mice substantially recover from the tattooing insult by 14 days, leaving behind pigment in the dermis and the regional lymph nodes. The response seen in mice is similar to acute injury seen in humans, suggesting that the murine model might be a suitable surrogate for investigating the toxicological and phototoxicological properties of ingredients used in tattooing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neera V Gopee
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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28
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Lobmann R, Schultz G, Lehnert H. Proteases and the diabetic foot syndrome: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Diabetes Care 2005; 28:461-71. [PMID: 15677818 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.28.2.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Lobmann
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Magdeburg University Medical School, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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29
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Aronica E, Gorter JA, Rozemuller AJ, Yankaya B, Troost D. Interleukin-1 beta down-regulates the expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in cultured human astrocytes. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 160:188-94. [PMID: 15710472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2004] [Revised: 11/23/2004] [Accepted: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) protein is known to be plastic and to depend critically on the astrocytes' microenvironment. In the present study we investigated whether interleukins, which are involved in the immune response following brain injury, could contribute to the regulation of mGluR5 protein in human astrocytes in culture. Using Western blotting and immunocytochemistry, no detectable changes in the expression of the mGluR5 protein were observed with both interleukin 1beta and interleukin 6 in undifferentiated cultures (growing in serum free media). In contrast, in cultures that had been morphologically differentiated by exposure to epidermal growth factor (EGF), addition of interleukin 1beta (but not interleukin 6) reduced mGluR5 protein expression. In addition, stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis by the selective group I agonist (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) was reduced after exposure to interleukin 1beta. The suppressive effect on mGluR5 was prevented by the interleukin 1 receptor antagonist. Thus, interleukin 1beta may represent an additional pathway through which mGluR5 expression and function can be modulated in astrocytes under different pathological conditions associated with an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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30
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Hui H, Dotta F, Di Mario U, Perfetti R. Role of caspases in the regulation of apoptotic pancreatic islet beta-cells death. J Cell Physiol 2004; 200:177-200. [PMID: 15174089 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The homeostatic control of beta-cell mass in normal and pathological conditions is based on the balance of proliferation, differentiation, and death of the insulin-secreting cells. A considerable body of evidence, accumulated during the last decade, has emphasized the significance of the disregulation of the mechanisms regulating the apoptosis of beta-cells in the sequence of events that lead to the development of diabetes. The identification of agents capable of interfering with this process needs to be based on a better understanding of the beta-cell specific pathways that are activated during apoptosis. The aim of this article is fivefold: (1) a review of the evidence for beta-cell apoptosis in Type I diabetes, Type II diabetes, and islet transplantation, (2) to review the common stimuli and their mechanisms in pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis, (3) to review the role of caspases and their activation pathway in beta-cell apoptosis, (4) to review the caspase cascade and morphological cellular changes in apoptotic beta-cells, and (5) to highlight the putative strategies for preventing pancreatic beta-cells from apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Hui
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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31
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Wei R, Sternberg EM. IL-1β-mediated neuropeptide and immediate early gene mRNA induction is defective in Lewis hypothalamic cell cultures. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 146:114-25. [PMID: 14698853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2003.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously found that Lewis (LEW/N) hypothalamic cells respond to interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) with reduced corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) peptide synthesis and secretion compared to Fischer (F344/N) cells. To investigate whether this peptide hyporesponsiveness in LEW/N cells is secondary to their deficient mRNA expression, temporal mRNA expression patterns of CRH, AVP, and several hypothalamic neuropeptides induced by IL-1beta in LEW/N and F344/N hypothalamic dissociated cell cultures were delineated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying neuropeptide mRNA induction in cells of both strains, temporal mRNA expression patterns of immediate early genes (IEGs) and several signal transduction-associated molecules were also examined. We found that LEW/N hypothalamic cells were hyporesponsive to IL-1beta induction of neuropeptide and IEG mRNA, while LEW/N cells transcribed more IL-1 receptor and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) compared to F344N/N cells, suggesting that LEW/N and F344/N hypothalamic cells are differentially activated by IL-1beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongtai Wei
- Integrative Neural Immune Program, NIMH, NIH, 36 Convent Drive, Building 36, Room 1A23, Bethesda, MD 20892-4020, USA
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Tonelli LH, Maeda S, Rapp KL, Sternberg EM. Differential induction of interleukin-I beta mRNA in the brain parenchyma of Lewis and Fischer rats after peripheral injection of lipopolysaccharides. J Neuroimmunol 2003; 140:126-36. [PMID: 12864980 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(03)00171-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The expression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) mRNA was compared in the brain of inflammatory susceptible LEW/N and resistant F344/N rats at 3, 6, and 12 h after peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline. No differences between strains were observed in the circumventricular organs (CVOs) and choroid plexus. At 12 h after LPS administration, increased IL-1beta mRNA expression was detected in the hypothalamus of LEW/N rats. In contrast, increased IL-1beta mRNA expression was detected in the cerebral cortex of F344/N rats. These data show region-specific differences of IL-1beta mRNA expression in the brain of these rat strains that differ in their susceptibility to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo H Tonelli
- Section of Neuroendocrine Immunology and Behavior, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, DHHS, 36 Convent Drive MSC 4020, Building 36, Room 1A23, Bethesda, MD 20892-4020, USA
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Raivich G, Bohatschek M, Werner A, Jones LL, Galiano M, Kloss CUA, Zhu XZ, Pfeffer K, Liu ZQ. Lymphocyte infiltration in the injured brain: role of proinflammatory cytokines. J Neurosci Res 2003; 72:726-33. [PMID: 12774313 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Studies using mouse axotomised facial motoneuron model show a strong and highly selective entry of CD3+ lymphocytes into the affected nucleus, with a maximum at Day 14, which coincides with the peak of neuronal cell death, microglial phagocytosis, and increased synthesis of interleukin-1 beta (IL1beta), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) and interferon-gamma (IFNgamma). We explored the possible involvement of these cytokines during the main phase of lymphocyte recruitment into the axotomised facial motor nucleus 7-21 days after nerve cut using mice homozygously deficient for IL1 receptor type 1 (IL1R1-/-), TNF receptor type 1 (TNFR1-/-), type 2 (TNFR2-/-) and type 1 and 2 (TNFR1&2-/-), IFNgamma receptor type 1 (IFNgammaR1-/-), and the appropriate controls for the genetic background. Transgenic deletion of IL1R1 led to a 54% decrease and that of TNFR2 to a 44% reduction in the number of CD3+ T-cells in the axotomised facial motor nucleus, with a similar relative decrease at Day 7, 14, and 21. Deletion of TNFR1 or IFNgammaR1 had no significant effect. Deletion of both TNFR1 and 2 (TNFR1&2-/-) caused a somewhat stronger, 63% decrease than did TNFR2 deletion alone, but this could be due to an almost complete inhibition of neuronal cell death. No mutations seemed to inhibit aggregation of CD3+ T-cells around glial nodules consisting of Ca-ion binding adaptor protein-1 (IBA1)+ phagocytotic microglia and neuronal debris. Altogether, the current data show the importance of IL1R1 and TNFR2 as the key players during the main phase of lymphocyte recruitment to the damaged part of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennadij Raivich
- Department of Neuromorphology, Max-Planck Institute for Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany.
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Abstract
Cytokines constitute a significant portion of the immuno- and neuromodulatory messengers that can be released by activated microglia. By virtue of potent effects on resident and invading cells, microglial cyto- and chemokines regulate innate defense mechanisms, help the initiation and influence the type of immune responses, participate in the recruitment of leukocytes to the CNS, and support attempts of tissue repair and recovery. Microglia can also receive cyto- and chemokine signals as part of auto- and paracrine communications with astrocytes, neurons, the endothelium, and leukocyte infiltrates. Strong responses and modulatory influences can be demonstrated, adding to the emerging view that microglial behavior is highly dependent on the (cytokine) environment and that reactions to a challenge may vary with the stimulation context. In principle, microglial activation aims at CNS protection. However, failed microglial engagement due to excessive or sustained activation could significantly contribute to acute and chronic neuropathologies. Dysregulation of microglial cytokine production could thereby promote harmful actions of the defense mechanisms, result in direct neurotoxicity, as well as disturb neural cell functions as they are sensitive to cytokine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe-Karsten Hanisch
- Department of Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany
- University of Applied Sciences Lausitz, Senftenberg, Germany
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Clarke DJ, Branton RL. IL-1 beta is released from the host brain following transplantation but does not compromise embryonic dopaminergic neuron survival. Brain Res 2002; 952:78-85. [PMID: 12363407 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03199-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poor survival of transplanted dopaminergic (DA) neurons remains a serious obstacle to the success of cell replacement therapy as an alternative to the current treatments for Parkinson's disease. We have examined the temporal release profile of an inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) following transplantation of fetal mesencephalic tissue into the rat striatum. The amounts of IL-1 beta released in vivo when added to cultures of embryonic DA neurons, did not significantly reduce the survival of DA neurons in vitro, and inclusion of the naturally-occurring IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-1ra, did not appear to affect the numbers of surviving DA neurons present after 5 days in vitro. Neither did inclusion of IL-1ra in cell suspensions during transplantation increase the survival of transplanted fetal DA neurons. Thus, although IL-1 beta is released following implantation of a neural transplant, we suggest that this pro-inflammatory cytokine does not play an active role in reducing survival of transplanted DA neurons, unlike other cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha. Modulation of IL-1 beta activity, therefore, will not offer significant improvements to neural transplantation as a treatment for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Clarke
- Department of Human Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QX, Oxford, UK.
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37
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Véga C, Pellerin L, Dantzer R, Magistretti PJ. Long-term modulation of glucose utilization by IL-1 alpha and TNF-alpha in astrocytes: Na+ pump activity as a potential target via distinct signaling mechanisms. Glia 2002; 39:10-8. [PMID: 12112371 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) markedly stimulate glucose utilization in primary cultures of mouse cortical astrocytes. The mechanism that gives rise to this effect, which takes place several hours after application of cytokine, has remained unclear. Experiments were conducted to identify the major signaling cascades involved in the metabolic action of cytokine. First, the selective IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) prevents the effect of IL-1alpha on glucose utilization in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas it has no effect on the action of TNF-alpha. Then, using inhibitors of three classical signaling cascades known to be activated by cytokines, it appears that the PI3 kinase is essential for the effect of both IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha, whereas the action of IL-1alpha also requires activation of the MAP kinase pathway. Participation of a phospholipase C-dependent pathway does not appear critical for both IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha. Inhibition of NO synthase by L-NAME did not prevent the metabolic response to both IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha, indicating that nitric oxide is probably not involved. In contrast, the Na(+)/K(+) ATPase inhibitor ouabain prevents the IL-1alpha- and TNF-alpha-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) uptake. When treatment of astrocytes with a cytokine was followed 24 h later by an acute application of glutamate, a synergistic enhancement in glucose utilization was observed. This effect was greatly reduced by ouabain. These data suggest that Na(+) pump activity is a common target for both the long-term metabolic action of cytokines promoted by the activation of distinct signaling pathways and the enhanced metabolic response to glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Véga
- Institut de Physiologie, Lausanne, Switzerland
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38
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de Jong BA, Huizinga TWJ, Bollen ELEM, Uitdehaag BMJ, Bosma GPT, van Buchem MA, Remarque EJ, Burgmans ACS, Kalkers NF, Polman CH, Westendorp RGJ. Production of IL-1beta and IL-1Ra as risk factors for susceptibility and progression of relapse-onset multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 126:172-9. [PMID: 12020968 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) is present in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) moderates the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Here, we show that families that are characterized by high IL-1beta over IL-1Ra production ratio are at 2.2-fold (95% CI, 1.0-4.8; p=0.05) increased risk to have a patient relative with relapse-onset MS than families with a low ratio. It is also related to the reduction of volumetric magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) histogram height, a measure of parenchymal integrity (p=0.04). Those families who combine a high IL-1beta over IL-1Ra ratio with a high tumor necrosis factor (TNF) over IL-10 production ratio have a 6.2-fold (95% CI, 1.8-21; p=0.002) increased risk. Innate production of IL-1beta and IL-1Ra is not related to the outcome of primary progressive MS. Taq1 polymorphism in the IL-1beta gene and the variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism of 86-base pairs within the IL-1Ra gene cannot explain these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigit A de Jong
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Hayley S, Staines W, Merali Z, Anisman H. Time-dependent sensitization of corticotropin-releasing hormone, arginine vasopressin and c-fos immunoreactivity within the mouse brain in response to tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Neuroscience 2002; 106:137-48. [PMID: 11564424 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stressor or cytokine treatments, such as interleukin-1beta, promote time-dependent alterations of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal functioning, including increased arginine vasopressin stores within corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) terminals in the external zone of the median eminence. Likewise, we have previously shown that the proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), provoked a time-dependent sensitization of neuroendocrine and brain monoamine activity. To further explore the protracted consequences of TNF-alpha, the present investigation determined whether the cytokine sensitized activity of neuroendocrine regulatory brain regions, as assessed by c-fos expression, and had protracted consequences on amygdaloid CRH, as well as hypothalamic corticotropin secretagogues. Indeed, immunoreactivity for arginine vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing hormone, and their colocalization within cell terminals of the median eminence, varied over time following an initial 4.0-microg tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment, peaking after 7 days and normalizing within 28 days. Within the central amygdala, a sensitization effect was evident as reflected by increased CRH immunoreactivity, but this effect required re-exposure to the cytokine, unlike the median eminence changes that simply evolved with the passage of time. As well, tumor necrosis factor-alpha provoked a marked sensitization of c-fos staining within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, supraoptic nucleus and the central amygdala. From these data we suggest that tumor necrosis factor-alpha influences responsivity of stressor-reactive brain regions and has protracted effects on central neuropeptide expression within the hypothalamus and central amygdala, although the time course for the effects vary across brain regions. Evidently, exposure to tumor necrosis factor-alpha may promote neuroplasticity of brain circuits involved in mediating neuroendocrine, sickness or inflammatory responses. It is suggested that such a sensitization may influence the response to immunological and traumatic insults and may thus be relevant to behavioral pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hayley
- Institute of Neuroscience, Life Science Research Building, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6.
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40
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Bohatschek M, Werner A, Raivich G. Systemic LPS injection leads to granulocyte influx into normal and injured brain: effects of ICAM-1 deficiency. Exp Neurol 2001; 172:137-52. [PMID: 11681847 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.2001.7764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) constituents of the gram-negative bacterial wall are among the most potent activators of inflammation. In the current study, we examined the effect of subcutaneous injection of Escherichia coli LPS on leukocyte influx into the normal and injured brain using endogenous peroxidase (EP). Normal brain parenchyma does not contain granulocytes and this does not change after indirect trauma, in facial axotomy. However, systemic injection of 1 mg LPS led to a gradual appearance of EP-positive parenchymal granulocytes within 12 h, with a maximum at 1-4 days after injection. Facial axotomy (day 14) led to a further 50-300% increase in granulocyte number. Of the five mouse strains tested in the current study, four--Balb/C, FVB, C57Bl/6, and C3H/N--showed vigorous granulocyte influx (60-90 cells per 20-microm section in axotomized facial nucleus, 20-40 cells per section on the contralateral side). The influx was an order of magnitude lower in the SJL mice. The peroxidase-positive cells were immunoreactive for neutrophil antigen 7/4 and alpha M beta 2 integrin, were negative for IBA1 (monocytes) and CD3 (T cells), and could be prelabeled by subcutaneous injection with rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RITC), confirming their origin as blood-borne granulocytes. All RITC-positive cells were IBA1 negative. This influx of granulocytes was accompanied by a disruption of the blood-brain barrier to albumin and induction of the cell adhesion molecule ICAM-1 on affected blood vessels. Transgenic deletion of ICAM-1 led to a more than 50% reduction in the number of infiltrating granulocytes compared to litter-matched wild-type controls, in normal brain as well as in axotomized facial motor nucleus. In summary, systemic injection of LPS leads to invasion of granulocytes into the mouse brain and a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier to blood-borne cells and to soluble molecules. Moreover, this mechanism may play a pathogenic role in the etiology of meningitis and in severe bacterial sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bohatschek
- Department of Neuromorphology, Max-Planck Institute for Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18A, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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41
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Graves DT, Nooh N, Gillen T, Davey M, Patel S, Cottrell D, Amar S. IL-1 plays a critical role in oral, but not dermal, wound healing. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:5316-20. [PMID: 11673547 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.9.5316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing is a well-orchestrated complex process leading to the repair of injured tissues. After injury, proinflammatory cytokines act as important modulators of the inflammatory process. IL-1 expression has been regarded as necessary for healing; however, its effects have also been implicated in delayed wound repair. Currently, there is no consensus or direct evidence that IL-1 activity plays a central role in the healing process. The present investigation was undertaken to define the role of IL-1R signaling in the healing outcome of an excisional wound in the palate or scalp of mice that had targeted deletions of the IL-1R type 1 (IL-1R1(-/-)) compared with matched wild-type mice. Histomorphometric analysis was undertaken to assess the degree of healing and the recruitment of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear phagocytes. After 14 days, wild-type mice exhibited complete closure of intraoral wounds, while IL-1R1(-/-) animals had only partial closure (50%). In the IL-1R1(-/-) mice, healing tissues exhibited a persistent inflammatory cell infiltrate, which did not occur in wild-type animals. Treatment with antibiotics significantly diminished the persistent inflammatory infiltrate and improved healing in the experimental animals. In contrast to oral wounds, the rate of healing and recruitment of polymorphonuclear cells in scalp wounds was similar in IL-1R1(-/-) and wild-type mice. The present data underscore the importance of IL-1 in wound healing in a challenging environment and identify its principal role in facilitating the healing process by protecting an open wound from bacterial insult. In a less challenging environment, the production of new connective tissue and its coverage by migrating epithelium are minimally affected by the absence of IL-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Graves
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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42
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Li S, Ballou LR, Morham SG, Blatteis CM. Cyclooxygenase-2 mediates the febrile response of mice to interleukin-1beta. Brain Res 2001; 910:163-73. [PMID: 11489266 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02707-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Various lines of evidence have implicated cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 as a modulator of the fever induced by the exogenous pyrogen lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Thus, treatment with specific inhibitors of COX-2 suppresses the febrile response without affecting basal body (core) temperature (T(c)). Furthermore, COX-2 gene-ablated mice are unable to develop a febrile response to intraperitoneal (i.p.) LPS, whereas their COX-1-deficient counterparts produce fevers not different from their wild-type (WT) controls. To extend the apparently critical role of COX-2 for LPS-induced fevers to fevers produced by endogenous pyrogens, we studied the thermal responses of COX-1- and COX-2 congenitally deficient mice to i.p. and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of recombinant murine (rm) interleukin (IL)-1beta. We also assessed the effects of one selective COX-1 inhibitor, SC-560, and two selective COX-2 inhibitors, nimesulide (NIM) and dimethylfuranone (DFU), on the febrile responses of WT and COX-1(-/-) mice to LPS and rmIL-1beta, i.p. Finally, we verified the integrity of the animals' responses to PGE2, i.c.v. I.p. and i.c.v. rmIL-1beta induced similar fevers in WT and COX-1 knockout mice, but provoked no rise in the T(c)s of COX-2 null mutants. The fever produced in WT mice by i.p. LPS was not affected by SC-560, but it was attenuated and abolished by NIM and DFU, respectively, while that caused by i.p. rmIL-1beta was converted into a T(c) fall by DFU. There were no differences in the responses to i.c.v. PGE2 among the WT and COX knockout mice. These results, therefore, further support the notion that the production of PGE2 in response to pyrogens is critically dependent on COX-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Li
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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43
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Hartung T, Aaberge I, Berthold S, Carlin G, Charton E, Coecke S, Fennrich S, Fischer M, Gommer M, Halder M, Haslov K, Jahnke M, Montag-Lessing T, Poole S, Schechtman L, Wendel A, Werner-Felmayer G. Novel pyrogen tests based on the human fever reaction. The report and recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 43. European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods. European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods. Altern Lab Anim 2001; 29:99-123. [PMID: 11262757 DOI: 10.1177/026119290102900203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Hartung
- Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, P.O. Box M 655, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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44
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Jansson A, Lippoldt A, Mazel T, Bartfai T, Ogren SO, Syková E, Agnati LF, Fuxe K. Long distance signalling in volume transmission. Focus on clearance mechanisms. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2001; 125:399-413. [PMID: 11098675 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(00)25028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Jansson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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45
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Abstract
Study of the communication between nervous and immune systems culminated in the understanding that cytokines, formerly considered exclusively as immune system-derived peptides, are endogenous to the brain and display central actions. More recently, immune cells have been recognized as a peripheral source of "brain-specific" peptides with immunomodulatory actions. This article reviews studies concerning reciprocal effects of selected cytokines and neuropeptides in the nervous and immune systems, respectively. The functional equivalence of these two categories of communicators is discussed with reference to the example of the actions of neuropeptide somatostatin in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Krantic
- INSERM 407, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Sud BP12, 69921 Oullins, France.
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46
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Restifo NP. Building better vaccines: how apoptotic cell death can induce inflammation and activate innate and adaptive immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2000; 12:597-603. [PMID: 11007365 PMCID: PMC1955758 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(00)00148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The immunological consequences of apoptosis have been hotly debated. Apoptosis was originally described as a set of cellular morphological changes that occur in the absence of inflammation but the term has been redefined on the basis of a set of conserved molecular events that include the activation of caspases. Though the apoptosis occurring during normal development is immunologically bland or even tolerizing, the apoptotic death after viral infection or after the ligation of Fas can trigger powerful innate and adaptive immune responses. The molecular machinery at the nexus of apoptosis and inflammation includes caspase-1 --an activator of IL-1beta and IL-18 - as well as the double-stranded-RNA-dependent protein kinase pathway and RNaseL pathway, which are key effectors of antiviral immunity. New proapoptotic vaccines induce immune responses that may be able to prevent or treat infectious disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Restifo
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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47
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Chou HH, Takashiba S, Maeda H, Naruishi K, Nishimura F, Arai H, Lu H, Murayama Y. Induction of intracellular interleukin-1 beta signals via type II interleukin-1 receptor in human gingival fibroblasts. J Dent Res 2000; 79:1683-8. [PMID: 11023264 DOI: 10.1177/00220345000790090801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The type II interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1RII) has been thought to be incapable of transducing signals to cells because of its short intracellular domain, while type I IL-1 receptor (IL-1RI) does transduce signals. Since over-expression of IL-1RII has been demonstrated to inhibit cytokine production in the fibroblastic cell line, it has been proposed to use IL-1RII to prevent IL-1-induced inflammation in connective tissue. In this study, trace amounts of IL-1RII mRNA expression were detected in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs), which are affected by cytokines in inflammatory periodontal disease. Cloning of the cDNA encoding IL-1RII expressed in HGFs revealed 3 amino acid substitutions in the extracellular domain, when compared with the 408 residues predicted from human B-cells. Over-expression of IL-1RII on HGFs by gene transfer down-regulated the expression of IL-1 beta mRNA and IL-6 mRNA in response to IL-1 beta stimulation, while the expression of IL-8 mRNA was not affected. In the IL-1RII-transfected HGFs, phosphorylation of 25- and 74-kDa proteins was up-regulated upon IL-1 beta stimulation in the transfected HGFs. The phosphorylation of these proteins was suppressed by the addition of a neutralizing antibody against IL-1RII. These results suggest that the IL-1RII may regulate HGFs expression of cytokine mRNA upon IL-1 beta stimulation, possibly by altering the IL-1RI-dependent signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Chou
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Okayama University Dental School, Japan
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48
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Graves DT, Chen CP, Douville C, Jiang Y. Interleukin-1 receptor signaling rather than that of tumor necrosis factor is critical in protecting the host from the severe consequences of a polymicrobe anaerobic infection. Infect Immun 2000; 68:4746-51. [PMID: 10899881 PMCID: PMC98426 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.8.4746-4751.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of the dental pulp leads to an osteolytic lesion that results from a polymicrobial infection consisting largely of pathogenic anaerobes. Infection causes significant morbidity and mortality mediated by bacterial factors and in some cases by the up-regulation of inflammatory cytokines. The inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), in particular, play a complex and central role in the responses to microbial pathogens. However, relatively little is known about the significance of these cytokines in protecting the host from focal polymicrobial anaerobic infections. To establish the relative importance of IL-1 and TNF in mediating the response to a mixed anaerobic infection, we inoculated the dental pulp of mice with six anaerobic pathogens containing functional deletions of receptors to IL-1 (IL-1R1(-/-)), TNF (TNFRp55(-/-)-p75(-/-)), or both (TNFRp55(-/-)-IL-1RI(-/-)). The results indicate that IL-1 receptor signaling and TNF receptor signaling both play similarly important roles in protecting the host from local tissue damage. However, IL-1 receptor signaling is considerably more important than TNF receptor signaling in preventing the spread of infection into surrounding fascial planes, since IL-1R1(-/-) but not TNFRp55(-/-)-p75(-/-) mice exhibited significantly higher morbidity and mortality. Moreover, all of the fatal infections occurred in male mice, suggesting the importance of gender differences in limiting the impact of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Graves
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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49
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by multifocal areas within the CNS of demyelination with relative but not absolute axonal sparing. Initial lesion development appears dependent on T cell infiltration into the CNS; however, lesion expansion may reflect tissue injury induced by additional effector mechanisms derived from cells of the immune system and endogenous CNS cells (glial cells). This relative susceptibility to injury in MS of myelin and its cell of origin, the oligodendrocyte (OL), could reflect either the properties of the effectors or the targets. Effector-determined susceptibility could relate to presence of OL/myelin-restricted T cells or antibody. OLs, at least in vitro, express MHC class I molecules and are susceptible to CD8(+)T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. OL/myelin-specific antibodies are identified in MS lesions and could induce injury via complement- or ADCC-dependent mechanisms. OLs are susceptible to injury-mediated by non-specific cell effectors including NK cells, NK-like T cells (CD56(+)), and gamma/delta T cells via perforin/granzyme-dependent mechanisms. In vitro studies of OL injury mediated via tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and CD95 indicate that differential glial cell susceptibility to injury can depend on cell surface receptor expression and intracellular signaling pathways that are activated. These target-determined susceptibility factors may be amenable to neuroprotective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pouly
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montréal Neurological Institute, 3801 University Street, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada
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Raivich G, Bohatschek M, Kloss CU, Werner A, Jones LL, Kreutzberg GW. Neuroglial activation repertoire in the injured brain: graded response, molecular mechanisms and cues to physiological function. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 1999; 30:77-105. [PMID: 10407127 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0173(99)00007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 623] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Damage to the central nervous system (CNS) leads to cellular changes not only in the affected neurons but also in adjacent glial cells and endothelia, and frequently, to a recruitment of cells of the immune system. These cellular changes form a graded response which is a consistent feature in almost all forms of brain pathology. It appears to reflect an evolutionarily conserved program which plays an important role in the protection against infectious pathogens and the repair of the injured nervous system. Moreover, recent work in mice that are genetically deficient for different cytokines (MCSF, IL1, IL6, TNFalpha, TGFbeta1) has begun to shed light on the molecular signals that regulate this cellular response. Here we will review this work and the insights it provides about the biological function of the neuroglial activation in the injured brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Raivich
- Department of Neuromorphology, Max-Planck Institute for Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18A, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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