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Chaqroun A, El Soufi G, Gerber Z, Loutreul J, Cluzel N, Delafoy D, Sandron F, Di Jorio L, Raffestin S, Maréchal V, Gantzer C, Olaso R, Deleuze JF, Rohr O, Boudaud N, Wallet C, Bertrand I. Definition of a concentration and RNA extraction protocol for optimal whole genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater (ANRS0160). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 952:175823. [PMID: 39197764 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring the presence of RNA from emerging pathogenic viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, in wastewater (WW) samples requires suitable methods to ensure an effective response. Genome sequencing of WW is one of the crucial methods, but it requires high-quality RNA in sufficient quantities, especially for monitoring emerging variants. Consequently, methods for viral concentration and RNA extraction from WW samples have to be optimized before sequencing. The purpose of this study was to achieve high coverage (≥ 90 %) and sequencing depth (at least ≥200×) even for low initial RNA concentrations (< 105 genome copies (GC)/L) in WW. A further objective was to determine the range of SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations that allow high-quality sequencing, and the optimal sample volume for analysis. Ultrafiltration (UF) methods were used to concentrate viral particles from large influent samples (up to 500 mL). An RNA extraction protocol using silica beads, neutral phenol-chloroform treatment, and a PCR inhibitor removal kit was chosen for its effectiveness in extracting RNA and eliminating PCR inhibitors, as well as its adaptability for use with large influent samples. Recovery rates ranged from 24 % to 63 % (N = 17) for SARS-CoV-2 naturally present in WW samples. 200 mL WW samples can be enough for UF concentration, as they showed high quality sequencing analyses with between 5 × 104 GC/L and 6 × 103 GC/L. Below 6 × 103 GC/L, high-quality sequencing was also achieved for ∼40 % of the samples using 500 mL of WW. Sequencing analysis for variant detection was performed on 200 mL WW samples with coverage of >95 % and sequencing depth of >1000×. Analyses revealed the predominance of variant EG.5, known as Eris (66 %-100 %). The use of UF methods in combination with a suitable RNA extraction protocol appear promising for sequencing enveloped viruses in WW in a context of viral emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam Chaqroun
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France; OBEPINE consortium, Paris, France
| | - Ghina El Soufi
- Université de Strasbourg, UPR CNRS 9002 ARN, F-67300 Schiltigheim, France; Université de Strasbourg, IUT Louis Pasteur, F-67300 Schiltigheim, France; OBEPINE consortium, Paris, France
| | - Zuzana Gerber
- CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91057 Evry, France
| | - Julie Loutreul
- ACTALIA, F-50000 Saint Lô, France; OBEPINE consortium, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Cluzel
- Maison des Modélisations Ingénieries et Technologies (SUMMIT), Sorbonne Université, Paris 75005, France; OBEPINE consortium, Paris, France
| | - Damien Delafoy
- CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91057 Evry, France
| | - Florian Sandron
- CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91057 Evry, France
| | - Léo Di Jorio
- Université de Strasbourg, UPR CNRS 9002 ARN, F-67300 Schiltigheim, France; Université de Strasbourg, IUT Louis Pasteur, F-67300 Schiltigheim, France; OBEPINE consortium, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Raffestin
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, French Guiana, Cayenne 97300, France; OBEPINE consortium, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Maréchal
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris 75012, France; OBEPINE consortium, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Gantzer
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France; OBEPINE consortium, Paris, France
| | - Robert Olaso
- CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91057 Evry, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91057 Evry, France
| | - Olivier Rohr
- Université de Strasbourg, UPR CNRS 9002 ARN, F-67300 Schiltigheim, France; Université de Strasbourg, IUT Louis Pasteur, F-67300 Schiltigheim, France; OBEPINE consortium, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Boudaud
- ACTALIA, F-50000 Saint Lô, France; OBEPINE consortium, Paris, France
| | - Clémentine Wallet
- Université de Strasbourg, UPR CNRS 9002 ARN, F-67300 Schiltigheim, France; Université de Strasbourg, IUT Louis Pasteur, F-67300 Schiltigheim, France; OBEPINE consortium, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Bertrand
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France; OBEPINE consortium, Paris, France.
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Wolken M, Wang M, Schedler J, Campos RH, Ensor K, Hopkins L, Treangen T, Stadler LB. PreK-12 school and citywide wastewater monitoring of the enteric viruses astrovirus, rotavirus, and sapovirus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172683. [PMID: 38663617 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater monitoring is an efficient and effective way to surveil for various pathogens in communities. This is especially beneficial in areas of high transmission, such as preK-12 schools, where infections may otherwise go unreported. In this work, we apply wastewater disease surveillance using school and community wastewater from across Houston, Texas to monitor three major enteric viruses: astrovirus, sapovirus genogroup GI, and group A rotavirus. We present the results of a 10-week study that included the analysis of 164 wastewater samples for astrovirus, rotavirus, and sapovirus in 10 preK-12 schools, 6 wastewater treatment plants, and 2 lift stations using newly designed RT-ddPCR assays. We show that the RT-ddPCR assays were able to detect astrovirus, rotavirus, and sapovirus in school, lift station, and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) wastewater, and that a positive detection of a virus in a school sample was paired with a positive detection of the same virus at a downstream lift station or wastewater treatment plant over 97 % of the time. Additionally, we show how wastewater detections of rotavirus in schools and WWTPs were significantly associated with citywide viral intestinal infections. School wastewater can play a role in the monitoring of enteric viruses and in the detection of outbreaks, potentially allowing public health officials to quickly implement mitigation strategies to prevent viral spread into surrounding communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Wolken
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS-519, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Michael Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Julia Schedler
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS 138, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Roberto H Campos
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS-519, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Katherine Ensor
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS 138, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Loren Hopkins
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS 138, Houston, TX, United States of America; Houston Health Department, 8000 N. Stadium Dr., Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Todd Treangen
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, United States of America; Department of Computer Science, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Lauren B Stadler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS-519, Houston, TX, United States of America.
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3
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Schmitz BW, Polanco JA, Chen H, Manaktala A, Gu X, Goh SG, Gin KYH. Virus surrogates throughout a full-scale advanced water reuse system. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 256:121556. [PMID: 38604066 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Water reuse as an alternative water supply is increasing throughout the world due to water stress and scarcity; however, there are no standard practices for monitoring virus pathogens in such systems. This study aimed to identify suitable surrogates for virus fate, transport, and removal throughout a water reuse scheme. Various microbial targets (11 viruses, two phage, and three bacteria) were monitored using molecular and culture methods across all treatment stages in a wastewater reclamation facility and advanced water treatment facility. Criteria were established for identifying suitable surrogates, which included reliable detection, observable fate and transport, calculable log-reduction values (LRVs), correlations with other targets, and various morphological types. In total, five viruses (PMMoV, AiV, GII NoV, AdV, FRNA GII) met these stringent criteria and were suggested as potential virus surrogates. These surrogates enabled successful comparison of assigned versus actual LRVs throughout a water reuse scheme. Results suggest that virus pathogens are effectively removed throughout water reuse treatment and the suggested surrogates can be utilized for monitoring treatment performance and ensuring public health safety. This study provides a framework that water utilities across the world can reference for establishing virus monitoring practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley W Schmitz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E1A, #07-03, No. 1 Engineering Drive 2 117576, Singapore; Current affiliation: Loudoun Water, 44865 Loudoun Water Way, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
| | - Julio A Polanco
- Orange County Water District (OCWD), Department of Research and Development, 18700 Ward St., Fountain Valley, CA 92708, USA
| | - Hongjie Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E1A, #07-03, No. 1 Engineering Drive 2 117576, Singapore
| | - Avnika Manaktala
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E1A, #07-03, No. 1 Engineering Drive 2 117576, Singapore
| | - Xiaoqiong Gu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E1A, #07-03, No. 1 Engineering Drive 2 117576, Singapore
| | - Shin Giek Goh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E1A, #07-03, No. 1 Engineering Drive 2 117576, Singapore
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E1A, #07-03, No. 1 Engineering Drive 2 117576, Singapore
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Tang Y, Sasaki K, Ihara M, Sugita D, Yamashita N, Takeuchi H, Tanaka H. Evaluation of virus removal in membrane bioreactor (MBR) and conventional activated sludge (CAS) processes based on long-term monitoring at two wastewater treatment plants. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 253:121197. [PMID: 38341968 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
The membrane bioreactor (MBR) process always offers better wastewater treatment than conventional activated sludge (CAS) treatment. However, the difference in their efficacy of virus reduction remains unknown. To investigate this, we monitored virus concentrations before and after MBR and CAS processes over 2 years. Concentrations of norovirus genotypes I and II (NoV GI and GII), aichivirus (AiV), F-specific RNA phage genotypes I, II, and III (GI-, GII-, and GIII-FRNAPHs), and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) were measured by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method at two municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs A and B) in Japan. Virus concentration datasets containing left-censored data were estimated by using both maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) and robust regression on order statistics (rROS) approaches. PMMoV was the most prevalent at both WWTPs, with median concentrations of 7.5 to 8.8 log10 copies/L before treatment. Log10 removal values (LRVs) of all viruses based on means and standard deviations of concentrations before and after treatment were consistently higher following MBR than following CAS. We used NoV GII as a model pathogen in a quantitative microbial risk assessment of the treated water, and we estimated the additional reductions required following MBR and CAS processes to meet the guideline of 10-6 DALYs pppy for safe wastewater reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tang
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Shiga 520-0811, Japan.
| | - Kenta Sasaki
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Masaru Ihara
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Shiga 520-0811, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Daichi Sugita
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamashita
- Course of Rural Engineering, Department of Science and Technology for Biological Resources and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7, Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
| | - Haruka Takeuchi
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
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Long A, Loethen K, Behzadnezhad A, Zhang W. A snapshot of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA throughout wastewater treatment plants in Arkansas. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2024; 96:e10992. [PMID: 38291790 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can spread the viral RNA in wastewater by the feces of those experience COVID-19 symptoms. While wastewater monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in the raw sewage has been confirmed as an effective tool to predict COVID-19 infection, the goal of this study is to assess the presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA throughout various wastewater treatment processes. Wastewater samples were collected from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the state of Arkansas from August 2020 to June 2021 and measured for the relative concentration of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA using RT-qPCR. The gene concentrations in the raw wastewater measured in this study were similar to other published studies, targeting the N1 and N2 genes of the virus. The viral RNA concentration was measured after each wastewater treatment step within WWTPs, including primary sedimentation, activated sludge, filtration and disinfection. Results show the most viral RNA removal occurred in the secondary treatment (activated sludge). The viral RNA was only occasionally detected after disinfection (chlorination or UV disinfection). Overall, WWTPs can remove the SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA at an average of 98.7%, while complete removal was achieved on 82% of the sampling days. Further investigation is required to ensure complete viral RNA removal from wastewater such as improving existing treatment process or supplementing with additional treatment steps. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The viral RNA of SARS-CoV-2 was detected in Arkansas wastewater treatment plants. SARS-CoV-2 was rarely detected in treated effluent from wastewater treatment plants. Activated sludge was effective removing SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA from wastewater. This study was limited by the direct RNA extraction from wastewater, which lowered the sensitivity of detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Long
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Katie Loethen
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Asal Behzadnezhad
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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Alamin M, Hara-Yamamura H, Hata A, Zhao B, Ihara M, Tanaka H, Watanabe T, Honda R. Reduction of SARS-CoV-2 by biological nutrient removal and disinfection processes in full-scale wastewater treatment plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 895:165097. [PMID: 37356766 PMCID: PMC10290167 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater poses people's concerns regarding the potential risk in water bodies receiving wastewater treatment effluent, despite the infectious risk of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater being speculated to be low. Unlike well-studied nonenveloped viruses, SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater is present abundantly in both solid and liquid fractions of wastewater. Reduction of SARS-CoV-2 in past studies were likely underestimated, as SARS-CoV-2 in influent wastewater were quantified in either solid or liquid fraction only. The objectives of this study were (i) to clarify the reduction in SARS-CoV-2 RNA during biological nutrient removal and disinfection processes in full-scale WWTPs, considering the SARS-CoV-2 present in both solid and liquid fractions of wastewater, and (ii) to evaluate applicability of pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) as a performance indicator for reduction of SARS-CoV-2 in WWTPs. Accordingly, large amount of SARS-CoV-2 RNA were partitioned in the solid fraction of influent wastewater for composite sampling than grab sampling. When SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the both solid and liquid fractions were considered, log reduction values (LRVs) of SARS-CoV-2 during step-feed multistage biological nitrogen removal (SM-BNR) and enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) processes ranged between>2.1-4.4 log and did not differ significantly from those in conventional activated sludge (CAS). The LRVs of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in disinfection processes by ozonation and chlorination did not differ significantly. PMMoV is a promising performance indicator to secure reduction of SARS-CoV-2 in WWTPs, because of its higher persistence in wastewater treatment processes and abundance at a detectable concentration even in the final effluent after disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Alamin
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | | | - Akihiko Hata
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Japan
| | - Bo Zhao
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Masaru Ihara
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan
| | | | - Ryo Honda
- Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Kanazawa University, Japan; Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan.
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Meuchi Y, Nakada M, Kuroda K, Hanamoto S, Hata A. Applicability of F-specific bacteriophage subgroups, PMMoV and crAssphage as indicators of source specific fecal contamination and viral inactivation in rivers in Japan. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288454. [PMID: 37450468 PMCID: PMC10348522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, several microbes have been proposed as potential source-specific indicators of fecal pollution. 16S ribosomal RNA gene markers of the Bacteroidales species are the most widely applied due to their predominance in the water environment and source specificity. F-specific bacteriophage (FPH) subgroups, especially FRNA phage genogroups, are also known as potential source-specific viral indicators. Since they can be quantified by both culture-based and molecular assays, they may also be useful as indicators for estimating viral inactivation in the environment. Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) and crAssphage, which are frequently present in human feces, are also potentially useful as human-specific indicators of viral pollution. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of FPH subgroups, PMMoV, and crAssphage as indicators of source-specific fecal contamination and viral inactivation using 108 surface water samples collected at five sites affected by municipal and pig farm wastewater. The host specificity of the FPH subgroups, PMMoV, and crAssphage was evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA) along with other microbial indicators, such as 16S ribosomal RNA gene markers of the Bacteroidales species. The viabilities (infectivity indices) of FRNA phage genogroups were estimated by comparing their numbers determined by infectivity-based and molecular assays. The PCA explained 58.2% of the total information and classified microbes into three groups: those considered to be associated with pig and human fecal contamination and others. Infective and gene of genogroup IV (GIV)-FRNA phage were assumed to be specific to pig fecal contamination, while the genes of GII-FRNA phage and crAssphage were identified to be specific to human fecal contamination. However, PMMoV, infective GI-FRNA phage, and FDNA phage were suggested to not be specific to human or pig fecal contamination. FRNA phage genogroups, especially the GIV-FRNA phage, were highly inactivated in the warm months in Japan (i.e., July to November). Comparing the infectivity index of several FRNA phage genogroups or other viruses may provide further insight into viral inactivation in the natural environment and by water treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuno Meuchi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Miu Nakada
- Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kuroda
- Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Seiya Hanamoto
- Environment Preservation Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Akihiko Hata
- Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
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Bhatt A, Dada AC, Prajapati SK, Arora P. Integrating life cycle assessment with quantitative microbial risk assessment for a holistic evaluation of sewage treatment plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160842. [PMID: 36509266 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
An integrated approach was employed in the present study to combine life cycle assessment (LCA) with quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to assess an existing sewage treatment plant (STP) at Roorkee, India. The midpoint LCA modeling revealed that high electricity consumption (≈ 576 kWh.day-1) contributed to the maximum environmental burdens. The LCA endpoint result of 0.01 disability-adjusted life years per person per year (DALYs pppy) was obtained in terms of the impacts on human health. Further, a QMRA model was developed based on representative sewage pathogens, including E. coli O157:H7, Giardia sp., adenovirus, norovirus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The public health risk associated with intake of pathogen-laden aerosols during treated water reuse in sprinkler irrigation was determined. A cumulative health risk of 0.07 DALYs pppy was obtained, where QMRA risks contributed 86 % of the total health impacts. The annual probability of illness per person was highest for adenovirus and norovirus, followed by SARS-CoV-2, E. coli O157:H7 and Giardia sp. Overall, the study provides a methodological framework for an integrated LCA-QMRA assessment which can be applied across any treatment process to identify the hotspots contributing maximum environmental burdens and microbial health risks. Furthermore, the integrated LCA-QMRA approach could support stakeholders in the water industry to select the most suitable wastewater treatment system and establish regulations regarding the safe reuse of treated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Bhatt
- Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Sanjeev Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pratham Arora
- Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.
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Michaelis C, Grohmann E. Horizontal Gene Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Biofilms. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020328. [PMID: 36830238 PMCID: PMC9952180 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Most bacteria attach to biotic or abiotic surfaces and are embedded in a complex matrix which is known as biofilm. Biofilm formation is especially worrisome in clinical settings as it hinders the treatment of infections with antibiotics due to the facilitated acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Environmental settings are now considered as pivotal for driving biofilm formation, biofilm-mediated antibiotic resistance development and dissemination. Several studies have demonstrated that environmental biofilms can be hotspots for the dissemination of ARGs. These genes can be encoded on mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as conjugative and mobilizable plasmids or integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs). ARGs can be rapidly transferred through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) which has been shown to occur more frequently in biofilms than in planktonic cultures. Biofilm models are promising tools to mimic natural biofilms to study the dissemination of ARGs via HGT. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art of biofilm studies and the techniques that visualize the three main HGT mechanisms in biofilms: transformation, transduction, and conjugation.
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Sabar MA, Honda R, Haramoto E. CrAssphage as an indicator of human-fecal contamination in water environment and virus reduction in wastewater treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 221:118827. [PMID: 35820313 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Viral indicators of human-fecal contamination in wastewaters and environmental waters have been getting much attention in the past decade. Cross-assembly phage (crAssphage) is the most abundant DNA virus in human feces. Recently, the usefulness of crAssphage as a microbial source tracking and water quality monitoring tool for human-fecal contamination has been highlighted. Here, we conducted a comprehensive review on crAssphage in water, focusing on detection methodology, concentration range in various waters and wastewaters, specificity to human-fecal contamination, and reduction in wastewater treatment systems. This review highlights that crAssphage is globally distributed in wastewaters and various fecal-contaminated water bodies at high concentrations without seasonal fluctuations. CrAssphage is highly specific to human-fecal contamination and is rarely found in animal feces. It also has a good potential as a performance indicator to ensure virus reduction in wastewater treatment systems. Accordingly, crAssphage could be an effective tool for monitoring of human-fecal contamination and potential presence of fecal pathogenic microbes in environmental waters. Bridging the research gaps highlighted in this review would make crAssphage a powerful tool to support the control of water-related health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryo Honda
- Faculty of Geoscience and Civil Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Eiji Haramoto
- Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Japan
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11
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Alamin M, Tsuji S, Hata A, Hara-Yamamura H, Honda R. Selection of surrogate viruses for process control in detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 823:153737. [PMID: 35149069 PMCID: PMC8824713 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Since SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater is often present at low concentration or under detection limit, ensuring the reliability of detection processes using appropriate process controls is essential. The objective of this study was to evaluate applicability and limitations of candidate surrogate viruses as process controls under combinations of different virus concentration and RNA extraction methods. Detection efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 spiked in wastewater was compared with those of candidate surrogate viruses of bacteriophage ϕ6, pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), F-specific coliphage (F-phage), and murine norovirus (MNV). After inactivated SARS-CoV-2 and ϕ6 were spiked in two different wastewaters, the viruses in solid and liquid fractions of wastewater were concentrated by centrifuge and polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, respectively. Viral RNA was extracted by using QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit and 3 other commercially available extraction kits, then quantified by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR using CDCN1 assay. Regardless of extraction kits, SARS-CoV-2 was consistently detected with good efficiency from both liquid (11-200%) and solid fractions (7.1-93%). Among the candidate process controls, PMMoV was widely detected at good efficiencies from both liquid and solid fractions regardless of selection of RNA extraction kits. F-phage and MNV also showed good detection efficiencies in most combinations of wastewater fractions and RNA extraction kits. An enveloped virus ɸ6 was found often undetected or to have very low detection efficiency (0.1-4.2%) even when SARS-CoV-2 spiked in wastewater was detected with good efficiency. Consequently, PMMoV is widely applicable as process control for detection of SARS-CoV-2 either in liquid fractions concentrated by PEG precipitation, or in solid fractions concentrated by centrifuge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Alamin
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Shohei Tsuji
- School of Environmental Design, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Akihiko Hata
- Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Japan
| | | | - Ryo Honda
- Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Kanazawa University, Japan.
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12
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Twigg C, Wenk J. Review and Meta‐Analysis: SARS‐CoV‐2 and Enveloped Virus Detection in Feces and Wastewater. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2022. [PMCID: PMC9083821 DOI: 10.1002/cben.202100039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Detection and quantification of viruses supplies key information on their spread and allows risk assessment for public health. In wastewater, existing detection methods have been focusing on non‐enveloped enteric viruses due to enveloped virus transmission, such as coronaviruses, by the fecal‐oral route being less likely. Since the beginning of the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic, interest and importance of enveloped virus detection in wastewater has increased. Here, quantitative studies on SARS‐CoV‐2 occurrence in feces and raw wastewater and other enveloped viruses via quantitative real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) during the early stage of the pandemic until April 2021 are reviewed, including statistical evaluation of the positive detection rate and efficiency throughout the detection process involving concentration, extraction, and amplification stages. Optimized and aligned sampling protocols and concentration methods for enveloped viruses, along with SARS‐CoV‐2 surrogates, in wastewater environments may improve low and variable recovery rates providing increased detection efficiency and comparable data on viral load measured across different studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Twigg
- University of Bath Department of Chemical Engineering and Water Innovation and Research Centre (WIRC@Bath) Claverton Down BA2 7AY Bath Somerset United Kingdom
| | - Jannis Wenk
- University of Bath Department of Chemical Engineering and Water Innovation and Research Centre (WIRC@Bath) Claverton Down BA2 7AY Bath Somerset United Kingdom
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13
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Chen C, Guo L, Yang Y, Oguma K, Hou LA. Comparative effectiveness of membrane technologies and disinfection methods for virus elimination in water: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149678. [PMID: 34416607 PMCID: PMC8364419 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has brought viruses into the public horizon. Since viruses can pose a threat to human health in a low concentration range, seeking efficient virus removal methods has been the research hotspots in the past few years. Herein, a total of 1060 research papers were collected from the Web of Science database to identify technological trends as well as the research status. Based on the analysis results, this review elaborates on the state-of-the-art of membrane filtration and disinfection technologies for the treatment of virus-containing wastewater and drinking water. The results evince that membrane and disinfection methods achieve a broad range of virus removal efficiency (0.5-7 log reduction values (LRVs) and 0.09-8 LRVs, respectively) that is attributable to the various interactions between membranes or disinfectants and viruses having different susceptibility in viral capsid protein and nucleic acid. Moreover, this review discusses the related challenges and potential of membrane and disinfection technologies for customized virus removal in order to prevent the dissemination of the waterborne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Lihui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Kumiko Oguma
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Li-An Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China; Xi'an High-Tech Institute, Xi'an 710025, China.
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14
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Hamadieh Z, Hamilton KA, Silverman AI. Systematic review of the relative concentrations of noroviruses and fecal indicator bacteria in wastewater: considerations for use in quantitative microbial risk assessment. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2021; 19:918-932. [PMID: 34874900 PMCID: wh_2021_068 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2021.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses are a leading cause of food- and water-borne disease, which has led to an interest in quantifying norovirus health risks using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). Given the limited availability of quantitative norovirus data to input to QMRA models, some studies have applied a conversion factor to estimate norovirus exposure based on measured fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentrations. We conducted a review of peer-reviewed publications to identify the concentrations of noroviruses and FIB in raw, secondary-treated, and disinfected wastewater. A meta-analysis was performed to determine the ratios of norovirus-FIB pairs in each wastewater matrix and the variables that significantly impact these ratios. Norovirus-to-FIB ratios were found to be significantly impacted by the norovirus genotype, month of sample collection, geographic location, and the extent of wastewater treatment. Additionally, we evaluated the impact of using a FIB-to-virus conversion factor in QMRA and found that the choice of conversion ratio has a great impact on estimated health risks. For example, the use of a conversion ratio previously used in the World Health Organization Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater predicted health risks that were significantly lower than those estimated with measured norovirus concentrations used as inputs. This work emphasizes the gold standard of using measured pathogen concentrations directly as inputs to exposure assessment in QMRA. While not encouraged, if one must use a FIB-to-virus conversion ratio to estimate norovirus dose, the ratio should be chosen carefully based on the target microorganisms (i.e., strain, genotype, or class), prevalence of disease, and extent of wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelfa Hamadieh
- Department of Civil and Urban Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA E-mail:
| | - Kerry A Hamilton
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; The Biodesign Institute Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Andrea I Silverman
- Department of Civil and Urban Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA E-mail: ; School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Bhattarai B, Sahulka SQ, Podder A, Hong S, Li H, Gilcrease E, Beams A, Steed R, Goel R. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 genes in water reclamation facilities: From influent to anaerobic digester. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 796:148905. [PMID: 34271386 PMCID: PMC8259039 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Several treatment plants were sampled for influent, primary clarifier sludge, return activated sludge (RAS), and anaerobically digested sludge throughout nine weeks during the summer of the COVID-19 pandemic. Primary clarifier sludge had a significantly higher number of SARS-CoV-2 gene copy number per liter (GC/L) than other sludge samples, within a range from 1.0 × 105 to 1.0 × 106 GC/L. Gene copy numbers in raw influent significantly correlated with gene copy numbers in RAS in Silver Creek (p-value = 0.007, R2 = 0.681) and East Canyon (p-value = 0.009, R2 = 0.775) WRFs; both of which lack primary clarifiers or industrial pretreatment processes. This data indicates that SARS-CoV-2 gene copies tend to partition into primary clarifier sludges, at which point a significant portion of them are removed through sedimentation. Furthermore, it was found that East Canyon WRF gene copy numbers in influent were a significant predictor of daily cases (p-value = 0.0322, R2 = 0.561), and gene copy numbers in RAS were a significant predictor of weekly cases (p-value = 0.0597, R2 = 0.449). However, gene copy numbers found in primary sludge samples from other plants significantly predicted the number of COVID-19 cases for the following week (t = 2.279) and the week after that (t = 2.122) respectively. These data indicate that SARS-CoV-2 extracted from WRF biosolids may better suit epidemiological monitoring that exhibits a time lag. It also supports the observation that primary sludge removes a significant portion of SARS-CoV-2 marker genes. In its absence, RAS can also be used to predict the number of COVID-19 cases due to direct flow through from influent. This research represents the first of its kind to thoroughly examine SARS-CoV-2 gene copy numbers in biosolids throughout the wastewater treatment process and the relationship between primary, return activated, and anaerobically digested sludge and reported positive COVID-19 cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishav Bhattarai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, UT, USA
| | | | - Aditi Podder
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, UT, USA
| | - Soklida Hong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, UT, USA
| | - Hanyan Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, UT, USA
| | - Eddie Gilcrease
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, UT, USA
| | - Alex Beams
- Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, UT, USA
| | - Rebecca Steed
- Department of Geography, University of Utah, UT, USA
| | - Ramesh Goel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, UT, USA.
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16
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Ahmad J, Ahmad M, Usman ARA, Al-Wabel MI. Prevalence of human pathogenic viruses in wastewater: A potential transmission risk as well as an effective tool for early outbreak detection for COVID-19. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 298:113486. [PMID: 34391102 PMCID: PMC8352675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Millions of human pathogenic viral particles are shed from infected individuals and introduce into wastewater, subsequently causing waterborne diseases worldwide. These viruses can be transmitted from wastewater to human beings via direct contact and/or ingestion/inhalation of aerosols. Even the advanced wastewater treatment technologies are unable to remove pathogenic viruses from wastewater completely, posing a serious health risk. Recently, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been urged globally due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has resulted in >4.1 million deaths until July 2021. A rapid human-to-human transmission, uncertainties in effective vaccines, non-specific medical treatments, and unclear symptoms compelled the world into complete lockdown, social distancing, air-travel suspension, and closure of educational institutions, subsequently damaging the global economy and trade. Although, few medical treatments, rapid detection tools, and vaccines have been developed so far to curb the spread of COVID-19; however, several uncertainties exist in their applicability. Further, the acceptance of vaccines among communities is lower owing to the fear of side effects such as blood-clotting and heart inflammation. SARS-CoV-2, an etiologic agent of COVID-19, has frequently been detected in wastewater, depicting a potential transmission risk to healthy individuals. Contrarily, the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater can be used as an early outbreak detection tool via water-based epidemiology. Therefore, the spread of SARS-CoV-2 through fecal-oral pathway can be reduced and any possible outbreak can be evaded by proper wastewater surveillance. In this review, wastewater recycling complications, potential health risks of COVID-19 emergence, and current epidemiological measures to control COVID-19 spread have been discussed. Moreover, the viability of SARS-CoV-2 in various environments and survival in wastewater has been reviewed. Additionally, the necessary actions (vaccination, face mask, social distancing, and hand sanitization) to limit the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 have been recommended. Therefore, wastewater surveillance can serve as a feasible, efficient, and reliable epidemiological measure to lessen the spread of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahangir Ahmad
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Munir Ahmad
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel R A Usman
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Soils and Water, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Mohammad I Al-Wabel
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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17
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Saba B, Hasan SW, Kjellerup BV, Christy AD. Capacity of existing wastewater treatment plants to treat SARS-CoV-2. A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 15:100737. [PMID: 34179735 PMCID: PMC8216935 DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2021.100737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Water is one of many viral transmission routes, and the presence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in wastewater has brought attention to its treatment. SARS CoV-2 primarily transmits in the air but the persistence of the virus in the water possibly can serve as a secondary source even though current studies do not show this. In this paper, an evaluation of the current literature with regards to the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents and biosolids is presented. Treatment efficiencies of WWTPs are compared for viral load reduction on the basis of publicly available data. The results of this evaluation indicate that existing WWTPs are effectively removing 1-6 log10 viable SARS-CoV-2. However, sludge and biosolids provide an umbrella of protection from treatment and inactivation to the virus. Hence, sludge treatment factors like high temperature, pH changes, and predatory microorganisms can effectively inactivate SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beenish Saba
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, 590 Woody Hayes Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, 46300, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Shadi W Hasan
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Birthe V Kjellerup
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ann D Christy
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, 590 Woody Hayes Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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18
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Hata A, Shirasaka Y, Ihara M, Yamashita N, Tanaka H. Spatial and temporal distributions of enteric viruses and indicators in a lake receiving municipal wastewater treatment plant discharge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 780:146607. [PMID: 33773350 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although lake water can be used as a source of drinking water and recreational activities, there is a dearth of research on the occurrence and fate of enteric viruses. Over a period of 14 months at six points in 2014-2015, we conducted monthly monitoring of the virological water quality of a Japanese lake. The lake receives effluent from three surrounding wastewater treatment plants and retains water for about two weeks. These features allowed us to investigate the occurrence and fate of viruses in the lake environment. Human enteric viruses such as noroviruses and their indicators (pepper mild mottle virus and F-specific RNA bacteriophage [FRNAPH] genogroups) were quantified by PCR-based assays. Additionally, FRNAPH genogroups were quantified by infectivity-based assays to estimate the degree of virus inactivation. Pepper mild mottle virus, genogroup II (GII) norovirus, and GI-FRNAPH were identified in relatively high frequencies (positive in >40% out of 64 samples), with concentrations ranging from 1.3 × 101 to 2.9 × 104 copies/L. Human enteric viruses and some indicators were not detected and less prevalent, respectively, after April 2015. Principal component analysis revealed that the virological water quality changed gradually over time, but its differences between the sampling points were not apparent. FRNAPH genogroups were inactivated during the warm season (averaged water temperature of >20 °C) compared to the cool season (averaged water temperature of <20 °C), which may have been due to the more severe environmental stresses such as sunlight and water temperature. This suggests that the infection risk associated with the use of the lake water may have been overestimated by the gene quantification assay during the warm season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Hata
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan.
| | - Yuya Shirasaka
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Masaru Ihara
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamashita
- Course of Rural Engineering, Department of Science and Technology for Biological Resources and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agriculture Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
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19
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Zhang D, Zhang X, Ma R, Deng S, Wang X, Wang X, Zhang X, Huang X, Liu Y, Li G, Qu J, Zhu Y, Li J. Ultra-fast and onsite interrogation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in waters via surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). WATER RESEARCH 2021; 200:117243. [PMID: 34029872 PMCID: PMC8116665 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia challenges the rapid interrogation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in human and environmental samples. In this study, we developed an assay using surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) coupled with multivariate analysis to detect SARS-CoV-2 in an ultra-fast manner without any pretreatment (e.g., RNA extraction). Using silver-nanorod SERS array functionalized with cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), we obtained strong SERS signals of ACE2 at 1032, 1051, 1089, 1189, 1447 and 1527 cm-1. The recognition and binding of receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on SERS assay significantly quenched the spectral intensities of most peaks and exhibited a shift from 1189 to 1182 cm-1. On-site tests on 23 water samples with a portable Raman spectrometer proved its accuracy and easy-operation for spot detection of SARS-CoV-2 to evaluate disinfection performance, explore viral survival in environmental media, assess viral decay in wastewater treatment plant and track SARS-CoV-2 in pipe network. Our findings raise a state-of-the-art spectroscopic tool to screen and interrogate viruses with RBD for human cell entry, proving its feasibility and potential as an ultra-fast detection tool for wastewater-based epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayi Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China.
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Suzhou Yiqing Environmental Science and Technology LTD., Suzhou 215163, P.R. China
| | - Rui Ma
- Suzhou Yiqing Environmental Science and Technology LTD., Suzhou 215163, P.R. China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Tsinghua-Suzhou), Suzhou 215163, P.R. China
| | - Songqiang Deng
- Suzhou Yiqing Environmental Science and Technology LTD., Suzhou 215163, P.R. China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Tsinghua-Suzhou), Suzhou 215163, P.R. China
| | - Xinzi Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Xian Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Xia Huang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Guanghe Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Junyi Li
- Suzhou Yiqing Environmental Science and Technology LTD., Suzhou 215163, P.R. China.
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20
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Nasser A, Sasi S, Nitzan Y. Coliphages as Indicators for the Microbial Quality of Treated Wastewater Effluents. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:170-178. [PMID: 33428162 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09459-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater effluents are a reliable water source for non-potable water reuse including unrestricted crop irrigation in arid regions suffering from water scarcity. This study was performed to develop and optimize a procedure to concentrate coliphages from 100 L of treated effluent. Moreover, the reduction of coliphages by filtration and disinfection by either chlorine or UV was compared with that of fecal coliform (FC). The adsorption efficiency of MS2 and Qβ coliphages by the NanoCeram filter was similar and reached 99.8%. Elution efficiency of MS2 coliphage from the NanoCeram filters by a solution of 1% NaPP and 0.05 M glycine, pH 9.5, was 74 ± 9.5%. The highest reconcentration efficiency of MS2 and Qβ coliphages was obtained with polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation and reached 76 ± 28% and 90 ± 11%, respectively. In comparison, the reconcentration efficiency of organic flocculation was 0% and 1.3% for Qβ and MS2 coliphages, respectively. The overall recovery efficiency of MS2 coliphages from 100 L tertiary effluent was 57 ± 1.5%. Poor reduction was observed for coliphages compared to FC by filtration and chlorine disinfection although; the reduction of FC, as measured by cultivation, was satisfactory and within the guidelines for unrestricted irrigation. High correlation between the reduction of FC and coliphages was recorded for tertiary effluent disinfected by UV irradiation. Monitoring the microbial quality of tertiary effluent using qPCR for the enumeration of FC was found unsuitable, because DNA levels were unaffected by the treatment processes. The results of this study demonstrated that monitoring the microbial quality of tertiary effluent by FC may not reflect the health risks encountered by the application of these effluents and the addition of coliphages to the monitoring programs may allow for accurate assessment of the health risks introduced by the application of tertiary effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abidelfatah Nasser
- Water Quality Research Laboratory, National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Sivan Sasi
- Water Quality Research Laboratory, National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yeshayahu Nitzan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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21
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Oliveira TJJ, Santiago ADF, Lanna MCDS, Fongaro G, Milagres NL, Cunha TR, Corrêa ALI. Rural blackwater treatment by a full-scale Brazilian Biodigester Septic Tank: microbial indicators and pathogen removal efficiency. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:23235-23242. [PMID: 33442807 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Brazilian Biodigester Septic Tank (BBST) is an on-site appropriate technology for blackwater treatment, which was developed to yield an effluent suitable for agricultural use. Although several studies have proven its efficacy for secondary blackwater treatment, there are few published studies about the microbiological quality of its effluent, and most of them focus on the quantification of total or thermotolerant coliforms. This study evaluates the performance of a BBST for the removal of human adenovirus (HAdV), Enterococcus spp., Salmonella sp., and Escherichia coli. The results further clarify the safety and risks associated with the reuse of the obtained effluent. The full-scale system consists of three 1.2 m3 interconnected reactors, with a blackwater input of 0.045 m3/day, and hydraulic retention time of 80 days. Six sample campaigns were performed at different stages of the monthly operating cycle. The system presented an average removal efficiency of 5.09 log10 for E. coli, 3.22 log10 for Enterococcus spp., 1.2 log10 for Salmonella sp., and 3.0 log10 for HAdV. According to the World Health Organization standards, the obtained effluent is suitable for subsurface irrigation, and for use in crops that develop distant from the soil or highly mechanized crop systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaíssa Jucá Jardim Oliveira
- Laboratório de Saneamento Ambiental, Escola de Minas, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, 35400-000, Brazil.
| | - Aníbal da Fonseca Santiago
- Laboratório de Saneamento Ambiental, Escola de Minas, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Célia da Silva Lanna
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia (MIP), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88037-000, Brazil
| | - Natália Ladeira Milagres
- Laboratório de Saneamento Ambiental, Escola de Minas, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Thalita Ramos Cunha
- Laboratório de Saneamento Ambiental, Escola de Minas, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, 35400-000, Brazil
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Diversity of β-lactamase-encoding genes in wastewater: bacteriophages as reporters. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1337-1344. [PMID: 33683473 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05024-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is present in pathogenic, commensal, and environmental bacteria as well as in mobile genetic elements, including bacteriophages. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are considered hotspots for the spread of ARGs. The aim of this work was to analyze the diversity of the highly prevalent ARGs blaCTX-M and blaTEM in bacterial and bacteriophage fractions associated with human and animal environments through the study of urban waste and animal residues discharged into WWTPs to provide information about the composition and maintenance of the current resistome in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The results showed that a putative extended-spectrum variant of the blaTEM gene was the most frequently detected, with blaTEM-116 being the most prevalent, while a recently described type, blaTEM-229, was also found. In the bacteriophage fraction, we detected blaCTX-M genes from four out of the five clusters described. The detection of blaCTX- M-9-like and blaCTX-M-25-like genes was unexpected based on surveys of the ARGs from clinical pathogens circulating regionally. The finding of divergent blaCTX-M sequences associated with previously reported environmental genes argues in favor of the natural environment as a reservoir of resistance genes. ARGs were detected in bacteriophages as frequently as in bacterial communities, and furthermore, the blaCTX-M genes were more diverse in the bacteriophage fraction. Bacteriophages might therefore play a role in the spread of ARGs in the environment, but they might also be used as "reporters" for monitoring circulating ARGs.
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Torii S, Miura F, Itamochi M, Haga K, Katayama K, Katayama H. Impact of the Heterogeneity in Free Chlorine, UV 254, and Ozone Susceptibilities Among Coxsackievirus B5 on the Prediction of the Overall Inactivation Efficiency. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:3156-3164. [PMID: 33583178 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The disinfection susceptibilities of viruses vary even among variants, yet the inactivation efficiency of a certain virus genotype, species, or genus was determined based on the susceptibility of its laboratory strain. The objectives were to evaluate the variability in susceptibilities to free chlorine, UV254, and ozone among 13 variants of coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5) and develop the model allowing for predicting the overall inactivation of heterogeneous CVB5. Our results showed that the susceptibilities differed by up to 3.4-fold, 1.3-fold, and 1.8-fold in free chlorine, UV254, and ozone, respectively. CVB5 in genogroup B exhibited significantly lower susceptibility to free chlorine and ozone than genogroup A, where the laboratory strain, Faulkner, belongs. The capsid protein in genogroup B contained a lower number of sulfur-containing amino acids, readily reactive to oxidants. We reformulated the Chick-Watson model by incorporating the probability distributions of inactivation rate constants to capture the heterogeneity. This expanded Chick-Watson model indicated that up to 4.2-fold larger free chlorine CT is required to achieve 6-log inactivation of CVB5 than the prediction by the Faulkner strain. Therefore, it is recommended to incorporate the variation in disinfection susceptibilities for predicting the overall inactivation of a certain type of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Torii
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Fuminari Miura
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Matsuyama-shi, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Masae Itamochi
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu-shi, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Kei Haga
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, O̅mura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, O̅mura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
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24
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Sangkaew W, Kongprajug A, Chyerochana N, Ahmed W, Rattanakul S, Denpetkul T, Mongkolsuk S, Sirikanchana K. Performance of viral and bacterial genetic markers for sewage pollution tracking in tropical Thailand. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116706. [PMID: 33310444 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Identifying sewage contamination via microbial source tracking (MST) marker genes has proven useful for effective water quality management worldwide; however, performance evaluations for these marker genes in tropical areas are limited. Therefore, this research evaluated four human-associated MST marker genes (human polyomaviruses (JC and BK viruses [HPyVs]), bacteriophage crAssphage (CPQ_056), Lachnospiraceae Lachno3, and Bacteroides BacV6-21) for tracking sewage pollution in aquatic environments of Thailand. The viral marker genes, HPyV and crAssphage were highly sensitive and specific to sewage from onsite wastewater treatment plants (OWTPs; n = 19), with no cross-detection in 120 composite swine, cattle, chicken, duck, goat, sheep, and buffalo fecal samples. The bacterial marker genes, Lachno3 and BacV6-21, demonstrated high sensitivity but moderate specificity; however, using both markers could improve specificity to >0.80 (max value of 1.00). The most abundant markers in OWTP samples were Lachno3 and BacV6-21 (5.42-8.02 and nondetect-8.05 log10 copies/100 mL), crAssphage (5.28-7.38 log10 copies/100 mL), and HPyVs (3.66-6.53 log10 copies/100 mL), respectively. Due to their increased specificity, the abundance of viral markers were further investigated in environmental waters, in which HPyVs showed greater levels (up to 4.33 log10 copies/100 mL) and greater detection rates (92.7%) in two coastal beaches (n = 41) than crAssphage (up to 3.51 log10 copies/100 mL and 56.1%). HPyVs were also found at slightly lower levels (up to 5.10 log10 copies/100 mL), but at higher detection rates (92.6%), in a freshwater canal (n = 27) than crAssphage (up to 5.21 log10 copies/100 mL and 88.9%). HPyVs and crAssphage marker genes were identified as highly sensitive and specific for tracking sewage pollution in aquatic environments of Thailand. This study underlines the importance of characterizing and validating MST markers in host groups and environmental waters before including them in a water quality management toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Watsawan Sangkaew
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kampangpetch 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Akechai Kongprajug
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kampangpetch 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Natcha Chyerochana
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kampangpetch 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Surapong Rattanakul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, 126 Pracha Uthit Rd., Bang Mod, Thung Khru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Thammanitchpol Denpetkul
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Skorn Mongkolsuk
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kampangpetch 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, CHE, Ministry of Education, 272 Rama 6 Road, Ratchathevi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Kwanrawee Sirikanchana
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kampangpetch 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, CHE, Ministry of Education, 272 Rama 6 Road, Ratchathevi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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25
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Bicudo B, van Halem D, Trikannad SA, Ferrero G, Medema G. Low voltage iron electrocoagulation as a tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater: removal of enteric pathogen indicators and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 188:116500. [PMID: 33059157 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we analyse the feasibility of low voltage iron electrocoagulation as a means of municipal secondary effluent treatment with a focus on removal of microbial indicators, Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria (ARB) and nutrients. A laboratory scale batch unit equipped with iron electrodes was used on synthetic and real secondary effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Synthetic secondary effluent was separately assayed with spiked Escherichia coli WR1 and with bacteriophage ΦX174, while real effluent samples were screened before and after treatment for E. coli, Extended Spectrum Betalactamase-producing E. coli, Enterococci, Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci, Clostridium perfringens spores and somatic coliphages. Charge dosage (CD) and charge dosage rate (CDR) were used as the main process control parameters. Experiments with synthetic secondary effluent showed >4log10 and >5log10 removal for phage ΦX174 and for E. coli WR1, respectively. In real effluents, bacterial indicator removal exceeded 3.5log10, ARB were removed below detection limit (≥2.5log10), virus removal reached 2.3log10 and C. perfringens spore removal exceeded 2.5log10. Experiments in both real and synthetic wastewater showed that bacterial removal increased with increasing CD and decreasing CDR. Virus removal increased with increasing CD but was irresponsive to CDR. C. perfringens spore removal increased with increasing CD yet reached a removal plateau, being also irresponsive to CDR. Phosphate removal exceeded 99%, while total nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand removal were below 15% and 58%, respectively. Operational cost estimates were made for power and iron plate consumption, and were found to be in the range of 0.01 to 0.24€/m3 for the different assayed configurations. In conclusion, low voltage Fe-EC is a promising technology for pathogen reduction of secondary municipal effluents, with log10 removals comparable to those achieved by conventional disinfection methods such as chlorination, UV or ozonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bicudo
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Water Management Department, TU Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Doris van Halem
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Water Management Department, TU Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Shreya Ajith Trikannad
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Water Management Department, TU Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Giuliana Ferrero
- Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering Department, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, The Netherlands
| | - Gertjan Medema
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Water Management Department, TU Delft, The Netherlands; KWR Watercycle Research Institute, The Netherlands; Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
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26
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Bhatt A, Arora P, Prajapati SK. Occurrence, fates and potential treatment approaches for removal of viruses from wastewater: A review with emphasis on SARS-CoV-2. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 8:104429. [PMID: 32895629 PMCID: PMC7467108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2020.104429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The world is combating the emergence of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by novel coronavirus; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Further, due to the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage and stool samples, its transmission through water routes cannot be neglected. Thus, the efficient treatment of wastewater is a matter of utmost importance. The conventional wastewater treatment processes demonstrate a wide variability in absolute removal of viruses from wastewater, thereby posing a severe threat to human health and environment. The fate of SARS-CoV-2 in the wastewater treatment plants and its removal during various treatment stages remains unexplored and demands immediate attention; particularly, where treated effluent is utilised as reclaimed water. Consequently, understanding the prevalence of pathogenic viruses in untreated/treated waters and their removal techniques has become the topical issue of the scientific community. The key objective of the present study is to provide an insight into the distribution of viruses in wastewater, as well as the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2, and its possible transmission by the faecal-oral route. The review also gives a detailed account of the major waterborne and non-waterborne viruses, and environmental factors governing the survival of viruses. Furthermore, a comprehensive description of the potential methods (physical, chemical, and biological) for removal of viruses from wastewater has been presented. The present study also intends to analyse the research trends in microalgae-mediated virus removal and, inactivation. The review also addresses the UN SDG 'Clean Water and Sanitation' as it is aimed at providing pathogenically safe water for recycling purposes.
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Key Words
- ASP, Activated Sludge Process
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease 2019
- DUV-LED, Deep Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diode
- E.coli, Escherichia coli
- EPS, Exopolysaccharide
- LRV, Log Reduction Value
- MBR, Membrane Bioreactor
- MERS-CoV, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
- MLSS, Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids
- Microalgaee
- PMR, Photocatalytic Membrane Reactor
- Phycoremediationn
- RH, Relative Humidity
- SARS-CoV, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
- SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
- SBBGR, Sequencing Batch Biofilter Granular Reactor
- SEM, Scanning Electron Microscopy
- SSF, Slow Sand Filtration
- UASB, Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
- UN SDG, United Nations Sustainable Development Goal
- UV, Ultraviolet
- WHO, World Health Organisation
- WWTP, Wastewater Treatment Plant
- Waterbornee
- dsDNA, Double stranded Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- dsRNA, Double stranded Ribonucleic acid
- ssRNA, Single stranded Ribonucleic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Bhatt
- Environment and Biofuel Research Lab (EBRL), Hydro and Renewable Energy Department, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Pratham Arora
- Hydro and Renewable Energy Department, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Prajapati
- Environment and Biofuel Research Lab (EBRL), Hydro and Renewable Energy Department, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
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27
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Tandukar S, Sherchan SP, Haramoto E. Reduction of Human Enteric and Indicator Viruses at a Wastewater Treatment Plant in Southern Louisiana, USA. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2020; 12:260-263. [PMID: 32613519 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09433-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed wastewater quality through the quantification of four human enteric viruses and the applicability of pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) as indicators of viral reduction during wastewater treatment. Thirty-three samples were collected from three steps of a wastewater treatment plant in Southern Louisiana, USA for a year between March 2017 and February 2018. Noroviruses of genogroup I were the most prevalent human enteric viruses in influent samples. The concentrations of PMMoV in influent samples (5.9 ± 0.7 log10 copies/L) and biologically treated effluent samples (5.9 ± 0.5 log10 copies/L) were significantly higher than those of TMV (P < 0.05), and the reduction ratio of PMMoV (1.0 ± 0.8 log10) was found comparable to those of TMV and Aichi virus 1. Because of the high prevalence, high correlations with human enteric viruses, and lower reduction ratios, PMMoV was deemed an appropriate indicator of human enteric viral reduction during wastewater treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmila Tandukar
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8511, Japan
| | - Samendra P Sherchan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2100, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Eiji Haramoto
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8511, Japan.
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28
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Profile of the Spatial Distribution Patterns of the Human and Bacteriophage Virome in a Wastewater Treatment Plant Located in the South of Spain. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12082316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In wastewater treatment plants, most microbial characterization has focused on bacterial, archaeal, and fungal populations. Due to the difficult isolation, quantification, and identification of viruses, only a limited number of virome studies associated with wastewater treatment plants have been carried out. However, the virus populations play an important role in the microbial dynamics in wastewater treatment systems and the biosafety of effluents. In this work, the viral members present in influent wastewater, mixed liquor (aerobic bioreactor), excess sludge, and effluent water of a conventional activated sludge system for the treatment of urban wastewater were identified. Viral members were observed by transmission electron microscopy and studied through next-generation sequencing studies. The results showed the dominance of bacteriophages in the viral community in all samples, with the dominant viral phylotype classified as Escherichia coli O157 typing phage 7. Moreover, different human viruses, such as Cynomolgus cytomegalovirus and Gammaherpesvirus, were also detected.
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29
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Inoue K, Asami T, Shibata T, Furumai H, Katayama H. Spatial and temporal profiles of enteric viruses in the coastal waters of Tokyo Bay during and after a series of rainfall events. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 727:138502. [PMID: 32335450 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Recreational activities in coastal waters that are polluted by enteric viruses can result in gastroenteritis etc. In this study, the pollution profiles of enteric viruses were examined in the coastal area of Tokyo Bay, Japan, by collecting 57 water samples from three different depths (0.5 m, 3.0 m, and 5.0 m) during and after a series of heavy rainfall events. Vertically spatial and temporal changes in the concentrations of NoV genogroup I (GI) and genogroup II (GII), pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), and Aichi virus (AiV) were determined using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, while those of the bacterial indicator, Escherichia coli, and F-specific RNA bacteriophages (FRNA phages) were monitored using culture methods. PMMoV was highly abundant (1.4 × 104-6.8 × 106 genome copies/L), whereas the concentrations of the other enteric viruses were relatively low (AiV, 1.3 × 102-2.9 × 104; GI, 2.9 × 10-5.6 × 103; GII, 2.5 × 10-1.2 × 104 genome copies/L). All of the viruses showed lower fluctuations in concentration than E. coli, which increased up to 460-fold after the rainfall event and then decreased over the subsequent two weeks. The maximum vertical difference in E. coli concentration was observed immediately after the rainfall. The E. coli reached the surface and then gradually spread down, whereas the virus concentrations exhibited few fluctuations due to the remaining effects of the previous combined sewer overflows. These findings indicate that viruses have a relatively long retention period over fecal indicator bacteria in this coastal area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Inoue
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Asami
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Shibata
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Research Center for Water Environment Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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30
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Hata A, Furumai H, Katayama H. Sequential treatment using a hydrophobic resin and gel filtration to improve viral gene quantification from highly complex environmental concentrates. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 174:115652. [PMID: 32135428 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Assays based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are widely applied to quantify enteric viruses in aquatic environments to study their fates and potential infection risks. However, inhibitory substances enriched by virus concentration processes can result in inaccurate quantification. This study aimed to find a method for improving virus quantification by mitigating the effects of inhibitory environmental concentrates, using previous knowledge of the properties of the inhibitory substances. Performances of anion exchange resins, gel filtration, and a hydrophobic resin (DAX-8) were comparatively evaluated using poliovirus and its extracted RNA spiked into humic acid solutions. These solutions served as good representatives of the inhibitory environmental concentrates. A sequential treatment using DAX-8 resin and gel filtration produced the most favorable results, i.e., low virus losses that were stable and a reduced inhibitory effect. Furthermore, the sequential treatment was applied to another set of 15 environmental concentrates. Without the sequential treatment, serious underestimation (>4.0 log10 to 1.1 log10) of a molecular process control (murine norovirus) was measured for eight samples. With the treatment, the control was detected with <1.0 log10 underestimation for all samples. The treatment improved the quantification of seven types of indigenous viruses. In summary, the sequential treatment is effective in improving the viral quantification in various of environmental concentrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Hata
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu-shi, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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31
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Wu Z, Greaves J, Arp L, Stone D, Bibby K. Comparative fate of CrAssphage with culturable and molecular fecal pollution indicators during activated sludge wastewater treatment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 136:105452. [PMID: 31931347 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants are typically monitored using fecal indicator bacteria to ensure adequate microbial water quality of the treated effluent. Fecal indicator bacteria exhibit poor correlation with virus fate in the environment, including during wastewater treatment. Viral-based microbial source tracking methods have the potential to overcome this limitation. The recently discovered human gut bacteriophage crAssphage is a promising viral human fecal indicator. In this current study, primary influent, primary effluent, secondary effluent, and final effluent of a conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment plant were analyzed for a suite of fecal indicators to evaluate the suitability of crAssphage as a wastewater process indicator for virus removal. CrAssphage was the most abundant fecal indicator measured through the wastewater treatment process. Culturable and molecular bacterial fecal pollution indicators showed higher removal than viral fecal pollution indicators, including crAssphage, confirming the necessity of a viral-specific fecal monitoring target. CrAssphage was strongly correlated with adenovirus and polyomavirus molecular indicators through the wastewater treatment process. Literature comparison demonstrated site-specific removal of molecular fecal indicators during wastewater treatment highlighting the need for local performance validation. The high abundance of crAssphage and correlation with pathogenic viruses suggests the potential suitability of crAssphage as a viral fecal pollution process indicator during wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Justin Greaves
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Lillian Arp
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Daniel Stone
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, 46556, USA.
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32
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Applicability of crAssphage, pepper mild mottle virus, and tobacco mosaic virus as indicators of reduction of enteric viruses during wastewater treatment. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3616. [PMID: 32107444 PMCID: PMC7046655 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the applicability of crAssphage, pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) as indicators of the reduction of human enteric viruses during wastewater treatment. Thirty-nine samples were collected from three steps at a wastewater treatment plant (raw sewage, secondary-treated sewage, and final effluent) monthly for a 13-month period. In addition to the three indicator viruses, eight human enteric viruses [human adenoviruses, JC and BK polyomaviruses, Aichi virus 1 (AiV-1), enteroviruses, and noroviruses of genogroups I, II, and IV] were tested by quantitative PCR. Indicator viruses were consistently detected in the tested samples, except for a few final effluents for crAssphage and TMV. The mean concentrations of crAssphage were significantly higher than those of most tested viruses. The concentrations of crAssphage in raw sewage were positively correlated with the concentrations of all tested human enteric viruses (p <0.05), suggesting the applicability of crAssphage as a suitable indicator to estimate the concentrations of human enteric viruses in raw sewage. The reduction ratios of AiV-1 (1.8 ± 0.7 log10) were the lowest among the tested viruses, followed by TMV (2.0 ± 0.3 log10) and PMMoV (2.0 ± 0.4 log10). Our findings suggested that the use of not only AiV-1 and PMMoV but also TMV as indicators of reductions in viral levels can be applicable during wastewater treatment.
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Rachmadi AT, Kitajima M, Kato T, Kato H, Okabe S, Sano D. Required Chlorination Doses to Fulfill the Credit Value for Disinfection of Enteric Viruses in Water: A Critical Review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2068-2077. [PMID: 31927958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A credit value of virus inactivation has been assigned to the disinfection step in international and domestic guidelines for wastewater reclamation and reuse. To fulfill the credit value for water disinfection, water engineers need to apply an appropriate disinfection strength, expressed as a CT value (mg × min/L), which is a product of disinfectant concentration and contact time, against enteric viruses in wastewater. In the present study, we extracted published experimental data on enteric virus inactivation using free chlorine and monochloramine and applied the Tobit analysis and simple linear regression analysis to calculate the range of CT values (mg × min/L) needed for 4-log10 inactivation. Data were selected from peer-reviewed papers containing kinetics data of virus infectivity and chlorine residual in water. Coxsackie B virus and echovirus require higher CT values (lower susceptibility) for 4-log10 inactivation than adenovirus and a human norovirus surrogate (murine norovirus) with free chlorine. On the other hand, adenovirus has lower susceptibility to monochloramine compared to murine norovirus, coxsackievirus, and echovirus. The factors that influence the required CT value are virus type, pH, water temperature, and water matrix. This systematic review demonstrates that enteroviruses and adenovirus are appropriate representative enteric viruses to evaluate water disinfection using free chlorine and monochloramine, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andri Taruna Rachmadi
- Department of Frontier Science for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies , Tohoku University , Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku , Sendai , Miyagi 980-8579 , Japan
- Division of Environmental Engineering , Hokkaido University , North 13, West 8, Kita-ku , Sapporo , Hokkaido 060-8628 , Japan
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC) , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering , Hokkaido University , North 13, West 8, Kita-ku , Sapporo , Hokkaido 060-8628 , Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kato
- Division of Electronics and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology , Gunma University , Tenjin-cho 1-5-1 , Kiryu , Gunma 376-8515 , Japan
- Center for Research on Adoption of NextGen Transportation Systems (CRANTS) , Gunma University , Aramaki-machi 4-2 , Maebashi , Gunma 371-8510 , Japan
- Integrated Institute for Regulatory Science , Waseda University , Tsurumaki-cho 513, Shinjuku-ku , Tokyo 162-0041 , Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Japan Institute of Wastewater Engineering and Technology , 3-1 Suido-Cho, Shinjuku-ku , Tokyo 162-0811 , Japan
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center , Tohoku University , Aoba 6-6-10, Aramaki, Aoba-ku , Sendai , Miyagi 980-8579 , Japan
| | - Satoshi Okabe
- Division of Environmental Engineering , Hokkaido University , North 13, West 8, Kita-ku , Sapporo , Hokkaido 060-8628 , Japan
| | - Daisuke Sano
- Department of Frontier Science for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies , Tohoku University , Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku , Sendai , Miyagi 980-8579 , Japan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Tohoku University , Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku , Sendai , Miyagi 980-8579 , Japan
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Barrios-Hernández ML, Pronk M, Garcia H, Boersma A, Brdjanovic D, van Loosdrecht MC, Hooijmans CM. Removal of bacterial and viral indicator organisms in full-scale aerobic granular sludge and conventional activated sludge systems. WATER RESEARCH X 2020; 6:100040. [PMID: 31909394 PMCID: PMC6940708 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2019.100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the novel aerobic granular sludge (AGS) wastewater treatment technology in removing faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) compared to the conventional activated sludge (CAS) treatment system. The work was carried out at two full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in the Netherlands, Vroomshoop and Garmerwolde. Both treatment plants have a CAS and AGS system operated in parallel. The parallel treatment lines are provided with the same influent wastewater. The concentrations of the measured FIOs in the influent of the two WWTPs were comparable with reported literature values as follows: F-specific RNA bacteriophages at 106 PFU/100 mL, and Escherichia coli (E. coli), Enterococci, and Thermotolerant coliforms (TtC) at 105 to 106 CFU/100 mL. Although both systems (CAS and AGS) are different in terms of design, operation, and microbial community, both systems showed similar FIOs removal efficiency. At the Vroomshoop WWTP, Log10 removals for F-specific RNA bacteriophages of 1.4 ± 0.5 and 1.3 ± 0.6 were obtained for the AGS and CAS systems, while at the Garmerwolde WWTP, Log10 removals for F-specific RNA bacteriophages of 1.9 ± 0.7 and 2.1 ± 0.7 were found for the AGS and CAS systems. Correspondingly, E. coli, Enterococci, and TtC Log10 removals of 1.7 ± 0.7 and 1.1 ± 0.7 were achieved for the AGS and CAS systems at Vroomshoop WWTP. For Garmerwolde WWTP Log10 removals of 2.3 ± 0.8 and 1.9 ± 0.7 for the AGS and CAS systems were found, respectively. The measured difference in removal rates between the plants was not significant. Physicochemical water quality parameters, such as the concentrations of organic matter, nutrients, and total suspended solids (TSS) were also determined. Overall, it was not possible to establish a direct correlation between the physicochemical parameters and the removal of FIOs for any of the treatment systems (CAS and AGS). Only the removal of TSS could be positively correlated to the E. coli removal for the AGS technology at the evaluated WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Luz Barrios-Hernández
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601, DA, Delft, the Netherlands
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ, Delft, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author. Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ, Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Mario Pronk
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ, Delft, the Netherlands
- Royal HaskoningDHV B.V., P.O Box 1132, 3800, BC, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Hector Garcia
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601, DA, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Arne Boersma
- Royal HaskoningDHV B.V., P.O Box 1132, 3800, BC, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Damir Brdjanovic
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601, DA, Delft, the Netherlands
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Mark C.M. van Loosdrecht
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Christine M. Hooijmans
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601, DA, Delft, the Netherlands
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Two Drinking Water Outbreaks Caused by Wastewater Intrusion Including Sapovirus in Finland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16224376. [PMID: 31717479 PMCID: PMC6888097 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Drinking water outbreaks occur worldwide and may be caused by several factors, including raw water contamination, treatment deficiencies, and distribution network failure. This study describes two drinking water outbreaks in Finland in 2016 (outbreak I) and 2018 (outbreak II). Both outbreaks caused approximately 450 illness cases and were due to drinking water pipe breakage and subsequent wastewater intrusion into the distribution system. In both outbreaks, the sapovirus was found in patient samples as the main causative agent. In addition, adenoviruses and Dientamoeba fragilis (outbreak I), and noroviruses, astroviruses, enterotoxigenic and enterohemorragic Escherichia coli (ETEC and EHEC, respectively) and Plesiomonas shigelloides (outbreak II) were detected in patient samples. Water samples were analyzed for the selected pathogens largely based on the results of patient samples. In addition, traditional fecal indicator bacteria and host-specific microbial source tracking (MST) markers (GenBac3 and HF183) were analyzed from water. In drinking water, sapovirus and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) were found in outbreak II. The MST markers proved useful in the detection of contamination and to ensure the success of contaminant removal from the water distribution system. As mitigation actions, boil water advisory, alternative drinking water sources and chlorination were organized to restrict the outbreaks and to clean the contaminated distribution network. This study highlights the emerging role of sapoviruses as a waterborne pathogen and warrants the need for testing of multiple viruses during outbreak investigation.
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Lee S, Suwa M, Shigemura H. Metagenomic Analysis of Infectious F-Specific RNA Bacteriophage Strains in Wastewater Treatment and Disinfection Processes. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040217. [PMID: 31684172 PMCID: PMC6963950 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
F-specific RNA bacteriophages (FRNAPHs) can be used to indicate water contamination and the fate of viruses in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). However, the occurrence of FRNAPH strains in WWTPs is relatively unknown, whereas FRNAPH genotypes (GI–GIV) are well documented. This study investigated the diversity of infectious FRNAPH strains in wastewater treatment and disinfection processes using cell culture combined with next-generation sequencing (integrated culture–NGS (IC–NGS)). A total of 32 infectious strains belonging to FRNAPH GI (nine strains), GI-JS (two strains), GII (nine strains), GIII (seven strains), and GIV (five strains) were detected in wastewater samples. The strains of FRNAPH GI and GII exhibited greater resistance to wastewater treatment than those of GIII. The IC–NGS results in the disinfected samples successfully reflected the infectivity of FRNAPHs by evaluating the relationship between IC–NGS results and the integrated culture–reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction combined with the most probable number assay, which can detect infectious FRNAPH genotypes. The diversity of infectious FRNAPH strains in the disinfected samples indicates that certain strains are more resistant to chlorine (DL52, GI-JS; T72, GII) and ultraviolet (T72, GII) disinfection. It is possible that investigating these disinfectant-resistant strains could reveal effective mechanisms of viral disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suntae Lee
- Innovative Materials and Resources Research Center, Public Works Research Institute, Ibaraki 305-8516, Japan.
| | - Mamoru Suwa
- Innovative Materials and Resources Research Center, Public Works Research Institute, Ibaraki 305-8516, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Shigemura
- Innovative Materials and Resources Research Center, Public Works Research Institute, Ibaraki 305-8516, Japan.
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Shingare RP, Thawale PR, Raghunathan K, Mishra A, Kumar S. Constructed wetland for wastewater reuse: Role and efficiency in removing enteric pathogens. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 246:444-461. [PMID: 31200179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Water stress has become a perennial concern in most of the developing countries due to rapid urbanization and population growth. As the growing population requires more fresh water and better ways for wastewater disposal, the demand for wastewater reclamation has increased drastically in recent years. Wastewater, either raw or treated, is being widely used for agricultural irrigation in developing countries, which cause a serious threat to human health mainly because of its pathogenic content. One of the alternative methods to treat wastewater and make it reusable for agricultural irrigation is to implement constructed wetland (CW); a sustainable and cost-effective technology that is applicable for the elimination of both pollutants and pathogens from wastewater. Despite its wide application, the role of macrophytes that form an integral part of CW and specific mechanisms involved in pathogen removal by them is still barely understood due to complexities involved and influencing factors. This has, therefore, attracted various scientific studies to reveal further functional mechanisms involved in vegetated CW to increase its proficiencies. This review paper illustrates the comparative studies of different CW and their pathogen removal efficiencies with major emphasis on macrophytes involved and factors influencing related mechanism. Further, the paper also covers detailed information on the enteric pathogens present in wastewater and the associated health risks involved in its reuse. The ultimate objective is to further clarify the role of CW in enteric pathogen removal and its efficiency for wastewater purification in perspective with safe reuse in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita P Shingare
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India.
| | | | - Karthik Raghunathan
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
| | - Apurva Mishra
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Technology Development Centre, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
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Worley‐Morse T, Mann M, Khunjar W, Olabode L, Gonzalez R. Evaluating the fate of bacterial indicators, viral indicators, and viruses in water resource recovery facilities. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2019; 91:830-842. [PMID: 30848516 PMCID: PMC6849880 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A year-long sampling campaign at nine water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) was conducted to assess the treatability and fate of bacterial indicators, viral indicators, and viruses. Influent concentrations of viral indicators (male-specific and somatic coliphages) and bacterial indicators (Escherichia coli and enterococci) remained relatively constant, typically varying by one order of magnitude over the course of the year. Annual average bacterial indicator reduction ranged from 4.0 to 6.7 logs, and annual average viral indicator reduction ranged from 1.6 to 5.4 logs. Bacterial and viral indicator reduction depended on the WRRF's treatment processes, and bacterial indicator reduction was greater than viral indicator reduction for many processes. Viral reduction (adenovirus 41, norovirus GI, and norovirus GII) was more similar to viral indicator reduction than bacterial indicator reduction. Overall, this work suggests that viral indicator reduction in WRRFs is variable and depends on specific unit processes. Moreover, for the same unit treatment process, viral indicator reduction and bacterial indicator reduction can vary. PRACTITIONER POINTS: A year-long sampling campaign was conducted at nine water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs). The treatability and fate of bacterial indicators, viral indicators, and viruses were assessed. Viral indicator reduction in WRRFs is variable and depends on specific unit processes. For the same unit treatment process, viral indicator reduction and bacterial indicator reduction can vary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Raul Gonzalez
- Hampton Roads Sanitation DistrictVirginia BeachVirginia
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Lee S, Tasaki S, Hata A, Yamashita N, Tanaka H. Evaluation of virus reduction at a large-scale wastewater reclamation plant by detection of indigenous F-specific RNA bacteriophage genotypes. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2019; 40:2527-2537. [PMID: 29471753 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1444675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating the reduction of virus load in water reclamation plants is important to ensuring the hygienic safety of the reclaimed water. A virus-spiking test is usually used to estimate virus reduction but is not practicable at large-scale plants. Thus, we evaluated virus reduction by ultrafiltration (UF) plus ultraviolet (UV) irradiation at a large-scale reclamation plant (1000 m3/d) by quantifying indigenous F-specific RNA bacteriophages (FRNAPHs). To detect the infectious FRNAPH, we used both plaque assay and integrated culture-reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction combined with the most probable number assay, which can detect infectious FRNAPH genotypes. For comparison, we determined reductions of indigenous FRNAPHs and spiked MS2 at a small-scale pilot plant (10 m3/d) at the same time. Reductions by UF were not significantly different among the bacteriophages at pilot plants. This result suggests that indigenous bacteriophages could be used for evaluating virus reduction by UF at large-scale plants. Indigenous Genotype I (GI) FRNAPH showed the highest UV resistance, followed by GII, GIII, and GIV. The resistance of GI-FRNAPH was equivalent to that of spiked MS2. The reduction of the total infectious FRNAPHs determined by plaque assay was affected by the predominant FRNAPH genotype, presumably because of their different UV resistances. Our results reveal that indigenous GI-FRNAPH can be a good alternative indicator to spiked MS2 in view of virus reduction during water reclamation. The reclaimed water from our large-scale reclamation plant could be used for irrigation because the expected reduction (6.3 log10) of indigenous GI-FRNAPH achieved the Title 22 (>5 log10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Suntae Lee
- a Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Otsu , Japan
| | - Shota Tasaki
- a Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Otsu , Japan
| | - Akihiko Hata
- a Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Otsu , Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamashita
- a Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Otsu , Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- a Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Otsu , Japan
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Lun JH, Crosbie ND, White PA. Genetic diversity and quantification of human mastadenoviruses in wastewater from Sydney and Melbourne, Australia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 675:305-312. [PMID: 31030137 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Human mastadenoviruses (HAdVs) are DNA viruses that can cause a wide range of clinical diseases, including gastroenteritis, respiratory illnesses, conjunctivitis, and in more severe cases hepatitis, pancreatitis and disseminated diseases. HAdV infections are generally asymptomatic or self-limiting, but can cause adverse outcomes within vulnerable populations. Since most HAdV serotypes replicate within the human gastrointestinal tract, high levels of HAdV DNA are excreted into wastewater systems. In this study, we identified the genetic diversity of HAdV at a population level using wastewater samples collected from Sydney and Melbourne from 2016 to 2017, with the use of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. In addition, HAdV DNA levels were quantified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) based methods to better understand the health risks involved if wastewater contamination occurs. An average of 1.8 × 107 genome copies of HAdV DNA was detected in one litre of wastewater collected in Sydney and Melbourne, over the two-year study period. A total of six major groups of HAdV were identified in wastewater samples using MiSeq, which included 19 different serotypes. Of those, the most prevalent was F41 (83.5%), followed by F40 (11.0%) and A31 (3.7%). In contrast, five groups of HAdV were identified in clinical samples with F41 as the most dominant serotype, (52.5% of gastroenteritis cases), followed by C1 and C2 (each responsible for 15.0%), and B3 was the fourth most common serotype (7.5%). This study demonstrated the practicability of using amplicon based NGS to identify HAdV diversity and quantify HAdV genome levels in environmental water samples, as well as broadening our current understanding of circulating HAdV in the Australian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Lun
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Nicholas D Crosbie
- Melbourne Water Corporation, Docklands, VIC, Australia; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Peter A White
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Capsid Integrity qPCR—An Azo-Dye Based and Culture-Independent Approach to Estimate Adenovirus Infectivity after Disinfection and in the Aquatic Environment. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11061196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recreational, reclaimed and drinking source waters worldwide are under increasing anthropogenic pressure, and often contain waterborne enteric bacterial, protozoan, and viral pathogens originating from non-point source fecal contamination. Recently, the capsid integrity (ci)-qPCR, utilizing the azo-dyes propidium monoazide (PMA) or ethidium monoazide (EMA), has been shown to reduce false-positive signals under laboratory conditions as well as in food safety applications, thus improving the qPCR estimation of virions of public health significance. The compatibility of two widely used human adenovirus (HAdV) qPCR protocols was evaluated with the addition of a PMA/EMA pretreatment using a range of spiked and environmental samples. Stock suspensions of HAdV were inactivated using heat, UV, and chlorine before being quantified by cell culture, qPCR, and ci-qPCR. Apparent inactivation of virions was detected for heat and chlorine treated HAdV while there was no significant difference between ci-qPCR and qPCR protocols after disinfection by UV. In a follow-up comparative analysis under more complex matrix conditions, 51 surface and 24 wastewater samples pre/post UV treatment were assessed for enteric waterborne HAdV to evaluate the ability of ci-qPCR to reduce the number of false-positive results when compared to conventional qPCR and cell culture. Azo-dye pretreatment of non-UV inactivated samples was shown to improve the ability of molecular HAdV quantification by reducing signals from virions with an accessible genome, thereby increasing the relevance of qPCR results for public health purposes, particularly suited to resource-limited low and middle-income settings.
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Gonzales-Gustavson E, Rusiñol M, Medema G, Calvo M, Girones R. Quantitative risk assessment of norovirus and adenovirus for the use of reclaimed water to irrigate lettuce in Catalonia. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 153:91-99. [PMID: 30703677 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater is an important resource in water-scarce regions of the world, and its use in agriculture requires the guarantee of acceptable public health risks. The use of fecal indicator bacteria to evaluate safety does not represent viruses, the main potential health hazards. Viral pathogens could complement the use of fecal indicator bacteria in the evaluation of water quality. In this study, we characterized the concentration and removal of human adenovirus (HAdV) and norovirus genogroup II (NoV GII), highly abundant and important viral pathogens found in wastewater, in two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) that use different tertiary treatments (constructed wetland vs conventional UV, chlorination and Actiflo® treatments) for a year in Catalonia. The main objective of this study was to develop a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment for viral gastroenteritis caused by norovirus GII and adenovirus, associated with the ingestion of lettuce irrigated with tertiary effluents from these WWTPs. The results show that the disease burden of NoV GII and HAdV for the consumption of lettuce irrigated with tertiary effluent from either WWTP was higher than the WHO recommendation of 10-6 DALYs for both viruses. The WWTP with constructed wetland showed a higher viral reduction on average (3.9 and 2.8 logs for NoV GII and HAdV, respectively) than conventional treatment (1.9 and 2.5 logs) but a higher variability than the conventional WWTP. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the input parameters used to estimate the viral reduction by treatment and viral concentrations accounted for much of the model output variability. The estimated reductions required to reach the WHO recommended levels in tertiary effluent are influenced by the characteristics of the treatments developed in the WWTPs, and additional average reductions are necessary (in WWTP with a constructed wetland: A total of 6.7 and 5.1 logs for NoV GII and HAdV, respectively; and in the more conventional treatment: 7 and 5.6 logs). This recommendation would be achieved with an average quantification of 0.5 genome copies per 100 mL in reclaimed water for both viruses. The results suggest that the analyzed reclaimed water would require additional treatments to achieve acceptable risk in the irrigation of vegetables with reclaimed water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloy Gonzales-Gustavson
- Laboratory of Virus Contaminants of Water and Food, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Tropical and Highlands Veterinary Research Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, San Marcos University, Carretera Central s/n, El Mantaro, Peru.
| | - Marta Rusiñol
- Laboratory of Virus Contaminants of Water and Food, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Gertjan Medema
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430, BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; The Netherlands and Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands.
| | - Miquel Calvo
- Section of Statistics, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Rosina Girones
- Laboratory of Virus Contaminants of Water and Food, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Abstract
The immense global burden of infectious disease outbreaks and the need to establish prediction and prevention systems have been recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the United States Agency of International Development (USAID), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and the international scientific community. Despite multiple efforts, this infectious burden is still increasing. For example, it has been reported that between 1.5 and 12 million people die each year from waterborne diseases and diarrheal diseases are listed within the top 15 leading causes of death worldwide. Rapid population growth, climate change, natural disasters, immigration, globalization, and the corresponding sanitation and waste management challenges are expected to intensify the problem in the years to come.
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Lee S, Suwa M, Shigemura H. Occurrence and reduction of F-specific RNA bacteriophage genotypes as indicators of human norovirus at a wastewater treatment plant. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2019; 17:50-62. [PMID: 30758303 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2018.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
F-specific RNA bacteriophages (FRNAPHs) have been suggested as good indicators of the presence of human enteric viruses in water treatment facilities. The occurrence and reduction of norovirus (NoV) and FRNAPH genotypes in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been well studied; however, the relationship between these genotypes in WWTPs has not been fully elucidated. Thus, we aimed to investigate the occurrence and reduction of FRNAPH genotypes in an attempt to identify NoV indicators in a WWTP via a 1-year survey. All FRNAPH and NoV genotypes were detected in WWTP influents at high rates (71-100%), including the infectious FRNAPH genotype IV (GIV), which has been rarely detected in previous studies. The reductions of FRNAPH GII and NoV GII during wastewater treatment indicated a relationship between the two (r = 0.69, P < 0.01), and the mean values were not significantly different. These results suggested that FRNAPH GII could be used as an appropriate indicator of NoV GII during wastewater treatment. FRNAPH GI was also found to be an appropriate indicator of viral reduction because of its high resistance to wastewater treatment compared with the other FRNAPH and NoV genotypes; therefore, it can be considered as a worst-case scenario organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suntae Lee
- Innovative Materials and Resources Research Center, Public Works Research Institute, 1-6 Minamihara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8516, Japan E-mail:
| | - Mamoru Suwa
- Innovative Materials and Resources Research Center, Public Works Research Institute, 1-6 Minamihara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8516, Japan E-mail:
| | - Hiroyuki Shigemura
- Innovative Materials and Resources Research Center, Public Works Research Institute, 1-6 Minamihara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8516, Japan E-mail:
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García-Aljaro C, Blanch AR, Campos C, Jofre J, Lucena F. Pathogens, faecal indicators and human-specific microbial source-tracking markers in sewage. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 126:701-717. [PMID: 30244503 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this review is to assess the current state of knowledge of pathogens, general faecal indicators and human-specific microbial source tracking markers in sewage. Most of the microbes present in sewage are from the microbiota of the human gut, including pathogens. Bacteria and viruses are the most abundant groups of microbes in the human gut microbiota. Most reports on this topic show that raw sewage microbiological profiles reflect the human gut microbiota. Human and animal faeces share many commensal microbes as well as pathogens. Faecal-orally transmitted pathogens constitute a serious public health problem that can be minimized through sanitation. Assessing both the sanitation processes and the contribution of sewage to the faecal contamination of water bodies requires knowledge of the content of pathogens in sewage, microbes indicating general faecal contamination and microbes that are only present in human faecal remains, which are known as the human-specific microbial source-tracking (MST) markers. Detection of pathogens would be the ideal option for managing sanitation and determining the microbiological quality of waters contaminated by sewage; but at present, this is neither practical nor feasible in routine testing. Traditionally, faecal indicator bacteria have been used as surrogate indicators of general faecal residues. However, in many water management circumstances, it becomes necessary to detect both the origin of faecal contamination, for which MST is paramount, and live micro-organisms, for which molecular methods are not suitable. The presence and concentrations of pathogens, general faecal indicators and human-specific MST markers most frequently reported in different areas of the world are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- C García-Aljaro
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,The Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A R Blanch
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,The Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Campos
- Departamento de Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - J Jofre
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,The Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Lucena
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,The Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Hata A, Hanamoto S, Ihara M, Shirasaka Y, Yamashita N, Tanaka H. Comprehensive Study on Enteric Viruses and Indicators in Surface Water in Kyoto, Japan, During 2014-2015 Season. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2018; 10:353-364. [PMID: 30151619 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-9355-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Certain enteric viruses that are present in the water environment are potential risk factors of waterborne infections. To better understand the impact of viruses in water, both enteric viruses and their potential indicators should be comparatively investigated. In this study, occurrences of GI- and GII-noroviruses (NoVs), sapovirus (SaV), rotavirus (RoV), Aichi virus 1 (AiV-1), enterovirus (EV), and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) were quantitatively determined in surface water samples in Japan. Additionally, the genotype distribution of GI- and GII-NoVs was determined using a next-generation amplicon sequencing. PMMoV was the most abundant virus regardless of season and location, indicating its usefulness as an indicator for the viral contamination of water. Other potential indicators, AiV and EV, were less abundant than GII-NoV. Viruses other than PMMoV showed seasonality, i.e., EV and other viruses (NoVs, SaV, RoV, and AiV-1) became prevalent during summer and winter, respectively. SaV showed a relatively high abundance at a location that was affected by untreated wastewater. Regarding NoV genotypes, GI.1, GI.2, GI.4, GI.5, GI.6, GII.3, GII.4, GII.6, and GII.17 were found from the surface water samples. GII.4 and GII.17 seemed to have contributed to the high abundance of GII-NoV in the samples. Interestingly, GII.17 strains became prevalent in the water samples before becoming prevalent among gastroenteritis patients in Japan. These findings provide further insights into the properties of viruses as contaminants in the water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Hata
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan.
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Seiya Hanamoto
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan
- Water Quality Research Team, Public Works Research Institute, 1-6 Minamihara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8516, Japan
| | - Masaru Ihara
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan
| | - Yuya Shirasaka
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamashita
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan
- Course of Rural Engineering, Department of Science and Technology for Biological Resources and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agriculture Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan
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Viral tools for detection of fecal contamination and microbial source tracking in wastewater from food industries and domestic sewage. J Virol Methods 2018; 262:79-88. [PMID: 30336954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alternative indicators may be more suitable than thermotolerant coliform bacteria to assess enteric virus pollution in environmental waters and their removal from wastewaters. In this study, F-specific RNA bacteriophages (F-RNAPh) showed to be potential viral indicators of fecal contamination when they were quantified from domestic and food-industrial effluents containing human, chicken, swine or bovine wastes. In addition, they showed to be resistant to the primary and secondary treatments of the wastewater treatment plants. The viable F-RNAPh count showed correlation with viable thermotolerant coliforms but also with human polyomaviruses (HPyV) quantified by a new molecular method. In domestic effluents, F-RNAPh and HPyV indicators significantly correlated with a human viral pathogen, norovirus, while the bacterial indicator did not, being then better predictors of the behavior of enteric pathogenic viruses. In addition, we assessed human, bovine and fowl microbial source tracking markers, based on the molecular detections of human polyomavirus, bovine polyomavirus, and fowl adenovirus, respectively. The techniques implemented extend the range of viruses detected, since they target different viral types simultaneously. These markers could be applied when multiple source pollution is suspected, contributing to making decisions on public health interventions.
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McGinnis S, Spencer S, Firnstahl A, Stokdyk J, Borchardt M, McCarthy DT, Murphy HM. Human Bacteroides and total coliforms as indicators of recent combined sewer overflows and rain events in urban creeks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 630:967-976. [PMID: 29554782 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) are a known source of human fecal pollution and human pathogens in urban water bodies, which may present a significant public health threat. To monitor human fecal contamination in water, bacterial fecal indicator organisms (FIOs) are traditionally used. However, because FIOs are not specific to human sources and do not correlate with human pathogens, alternative fecal indicators detected using qPCR are becoming of interest to policymakers. For this reason, this study measured correlations between the number and duration of CSOs and mm of rainfall, concentrations of traditional FIOs and alternative indicators, and the presence of human pathogens in two urban creeks. Samples were collected May-July 2016 and analyzed for concentrations of FIOs (total coliforms and E. coli) using membrane filtration as well as for three alternative fecal indicators (human Bacteroides HF183 marker, human polyomavirus (HPoV), pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV)) and nine human pathogens using qPCR. Four of the nine pathogens analyzed were detected at these sites including adenovirus, Enterohemorrhagic E. coli, norovirus, and Salmonella. Among all indicators studied, human Bacteroides and total coliforms were significantly correlated with recent CSO and rainfall events, while E. coli, PMMoV, and HPoV did not show consistent significant correlations. Further, human Bacteroides were a more specific indicator, while total coliforms were a more sensitive indicator of CSO and rainfall events. Results may have implications for the use and interpretation of these indicators in future policy or monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon McGinnis
- College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan Spencer
- US Department of Agriculture-US Geological Survey, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Aaron Firnstahl
- US Department of Agriculture-US Geological Survey, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Joel Stokdyk
- US Department of Agriculture-US Geological Survey, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Mark Borchardt
- US Department of Agriculture-US Geological Survey, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | | | - Heather M Murphy
- College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Free-Chlorine Disinfection as a Selection Pressure on Norovirus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.00244-18. [PMID: 29703740 PMCID: PMC6007107 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00244-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses are excreted in feces from infected individuals and included in wastewater. It is critical to remove/inactivate them in wastewater treatment processes, particularly in the disinfection step, before release to aquatic environments. However, the high mutation rates of human noroviruses raise concerns about the emergence of strains that are less susceptible to disinfectants and can survive even after wastewater treatment. This study aimed to demonstrate the strain-dependent susceptibility of norovirus to free chlorine. A population originated from the murine norovirus strain S7-PP3, a surrogate for human noroviruses in environmental testing, was exposed to free chlorine and then propagated in a host cell. This cycle of free chlorine exposure followed by propagation in cells was repeated 10 times, and populations with lower susceptibility to free chlorine were obtained from two independent trials of chlorine exposure cycles. Open reading frame 2 (ORF2) and ORF3 of the murine norovirus genome were analyzed by next-generation sequencing, and a unique nonsynonymous mutation (corresponding to a change from phenylalanine to serine) at nucleotide (nt) 7280 in ORF3, which encodes the minor capsid protein VP2, was found in chlorine-exposed populations from both trials. It was confirmed that all of the clones from the chlorine-treated population had lower susceptibility to free chlorine than those from the control population. These results indicate that exposure to free chlorine and dilution exert different driving forces to form murine norovirus (MNV) quasispecies, and that there is a selective force to form MNV quasispecies under free chlorine exposure.IMPORTANCE This study showed that free chlorine disinfection exerted a selection pressure for murine norovirus (MNV). The strain-dependent viral susceptibility to the disinfectant elucidated in this study highlights the importance of employing less susceptible strains as representative viruses in disinfection tests, because the disinfection rate values obtained from more susceptible strains would be less useful in predicting the virus inactivation efficiency of circulating strains under practical disinfection conditions.
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Assis ASF, Fumian TM, Miagostovich MP, Drumond BP, da Rosa E Silva ML. Adenovirus and rotavirus recovery from a treated effluent through an optimized skimmed-milk flocculation method. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:17025-17032. [PMID: 29633189 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1873-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sewage treatment may be insufficient for the complete removal of enteric viruses, such as human adenoviruses (HAdV) and group A rotavirus (RVA). The differences in the efficiency of the treatment methodologies used may interfere with the detection of these viruses. The objective of this study was to optimize a skimmed-milk flocculation technique for the recovery of HAdV and RVA in the samples of treated effluent. The treated effluent collected at the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was processed via four protocols including modifications in the initial centrifugation step and the final concentration of skimmed-milk. The viral load and recovery rate were determined by quantitative PCR TaqMan® System. The highest recovery rates of HAdV, RVA, and bacteriophage PP7 (internal control process) were obtained when the concentration of skimmed-milk was doubled and no centrifugation step was used for the sample clarification. The optimized protocol was assessed in a field study conducted with 24 treated effluent samples collected bi-monthly during 2015. HAdV and RVA were detected in 50.0% (12/24) and 33.3% (08/24) of the samples tested, respectively, throughout the year, without seasonal variation (p > 0.05). This study corroborates the use of the organic flocculation method for virus recovery in environmental samples with the adaptation of the protocols to different aquatic matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrêssa Silvino Ferreira Assis
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Betânia Paiva Drumond
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Virus, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Maria Luzia da Rosa E Silva
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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