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Li LJ, Zhong XX, Tan GZ, Song MX, Li P, Liu ZX, Xiong SC, Yang DQ, Liang ZJ. Investigation of causal relationships between cortical structure and osteoporosis using two-sample Mendelian randomization. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad529. [PMID: 38216542 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The mutual interaction between bone characteristics and brain had been reported previously, yet whether the cortical structure has any relevance to osteoporosis is questionable. Therefore, we applied a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis to investigate this relationship. We utilized the bone mineral density measurements of femoral neck (n = 32,735) and lumbar spine (n = 28,498) and data on osteoporosis (7300 cases and 358,014 controls). The global surficial area and thickness and 34 specific functional regions of 51,665 patients were screened by magnetic resonance imaging. For the primary estimate, we utilized the inverse-variance weighted method. The Mendelian randomization-Egger intercept test, MR-PRESSO, Cochran's Q test, and "leave-one-out" sensitivity analysis were conducted to assess heterogeneity and pleiotropy. We observed suggestive associations between decreased thickness in the precentral region (OR = 0.034, P = 0.003) and increased chance of having osteoporosis. The results also revealed suggestive causality of decreased bone mineral density in femoral neck to declined total cortical surface area (β = 1400.230 mm2, P = 0.003), as well as the vulnerability to osteoporosis and reduced thickness in the Parstriangularis region (β = -0.006 mm, P = 0.002). Our study supports that the brain and skeleton exhibit bidirectional crosstalk, indicating the presence of a mutual brain-bone interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Jun Li
- The Third Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xian-Xing Zhong
- Guangdong Research Institute for Orthopedics and Traumatology of Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510378, PR China
| | - Guo-Zhi Tan
- The Third Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Ming-Xi Song
- Department of Education and Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510378, PR China
| | - Pian Li
- The Third Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhen-Xin Liu
- The Third Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Si-Cheng Xiong
- The Third Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Da-Qi Yang
- The Third Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zu-Jian Liang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510378, PR China
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Li W, Liu J, Zhang Q, Ma X, Duan J, Wang J, Tian Y, Shi W. Bioinformatics analysis identifies the protective targets of omentin in mice with focal cerebral ischemia injury. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2023; 169:106780. [PMID: 37704123 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2023.106780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Omentin is known to play a protective role in ischemic stroke. However, its regulatory networks and downstream targets in the pathogenesis of IS are incompletely revealed now. In this study, the model of photochemical brain ischemia was constructed after omentin over-expression. 8 key differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained and analyzed by transcriptome analysis. These DEGs were mainly related to the negative regulation of hormone secretion, cellular phosphate ion homeostasis, and other pathways. Moreover, the mRNA expression of predicted gene 3435 (Gm3435), ankyrin repeat domain 53 (Ankrd53), fibroblast growth factor 23 (Fgf23) and the Fgf23 protein expression were down-regulated after omentin over-expression in HT22 cells injured by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). In conclusion, our findings identified 8 key DEGs regulated by omentin after IS. In vitro models, the Gm3435, Ankrd53, Fgf23 mRNA expression and the Fgf23 protein expression were further verified to consistent with the transcriptomics results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Li
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710018, China; Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710018, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710018, China; Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710018, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710018, China; The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xiaojuan Ma
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710018, China; Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710018, China
| | - Jinwei Duan
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710018, China; Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710018, China
| | - Jiachen Wang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710018, China; The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710018, China; Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710018, China.
| | - Wenzhen Shi
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710018, China; Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710018, China.
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Wang Y, Chen K, Qiao ZX, Bao XR. Chronic Kidney Disease Induces Cognitive Impairment in the Early Stage. Curr Med Sci 2023; 43:988-997. [PMID: 37755634 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-023-2783-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous research indicates a link between cognitive impairment and chronic kidney disease (CKD), but the underlying factors are not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the progression of CKD-induced cognitive impairment and the involvement of cognition-related proteins by developing early- and late-stage CKD models in Sprague-Dawley rats. METHODS The Morris water maze test and the step-down passive avoidance task were performed to evaluate the cognitive abilities of the rats at 24 weeks after surgery. Histopathologic examinations were conducted to examine renal and hippocampal damage. Real-time PCR, Western blotting analysis, and immunohistochemical staining were carried out to determine the hippocampal expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and synaptophysin (SYP). RESULTS Compared with the control rats, the rats with early-stage CKD exhibited mild renal damage, while those with late-stage CKD showed significantly increased serum creatinine levels as well as apparent renal and brain damage. The rats with early-stage CKD also demonstrated significantly impaired learning abilities and memory compared with the control rats, with further deterioration observed in the rats with late-stage CKD. Additionally, we observed a significant downregulation of cognition-related proteins in the hippocampus of rats with early-stage CKD, which was further exacerbated with declining renal function as well as worsening brain and renal damage in rats with late-stage CKD. CONCLUSION These results suggest the importance of early screening to identify CKD-induced cognitive dysfunction promptly. In addition, the downregulation of cognition-related proteins may play a role in the progression of cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Zi-Xuan Qiao
- Department of Nephrology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Bao
- Department of Nephrology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
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Zheng XQ, Lin JL, Huang J, Wu T, Song CL. Targeting aging with the healthy skeletal system: The endocrine role of bone. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2023; 24:695-711. [PMID: 37402956 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09812-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging is an inevitable biological process, and longevity may be related to bone health. Maintaining strong bone health can extend one's lifespan, but the exact mechanism is unclear. Bone and extraosseous organs, including the heart and brain, have complex and precise communication mechanisms. In addition to its load bearing capacity, the skeletal system secretes cytokines, which play a role in bone regulation of extraosseous organs. FGF23, OCN, and LCN2 are three representative bone-derived cytokines involved in energy metabolism, endocrine homeostasis and systemic chronic inflammation levels. Today, advanced research methods provide new understandings of bone as a crucial endocrine organ. For example, gene editing technology enables bone-specific conditional gene knockout models, which allows the study of bone-derived cytokines to be more precise. We systematically evaluated the various effects of bone-derived cytokines on extraosseous organs and their possible antiaging mechanism. Targeting aging with the current knowledge of the healthy skeletal system is a potential therapeutic strategy. Therefore, we present a comprehensive review that summarizes the current knowledge and provides insights for futures studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Qi Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Liang Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Li Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease Research, Beijing, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Beijing, China.
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Cui Y, Yang B, Lin S, Huang L, Xie F, Feng W, Lin Z. FGF23 alleviates neuronal apoptosis and inflammation, and promotes locomotion recovery via activation of PI3K/AKT signalling in spinal cord injury. Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:340. [PMID: 37383378 PMCID: PMC10294607 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) regulates neuronal morphology, synaptic growth and inflammation; however, its involvement in spinal cord injury (SCI) remains unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of FGF23 on neuronal apoptosis, inflammation and locomotion recovery, as well as its underlying mechanism in experimental SCI models. Primary rat neurons were stimulated with H2O2 to establish an in vitro model of SCI and were then transfected with an FGF23 overexpression (oeFGF23) or short hairpin RNA (shFGF23) adenovirus-associated virus and treated with or without LY294002 (a PI3K/AKT inhibitor). Subsequently, an SCI rat model was constructed, followed by treatment with oeFGF23, LY294002 or a combination of the two. FGF23 overexpression (oeFGF23 vs. oeNC) decreased the cell apoptotic rate and cleaved-caspase3 expression, but increased Bcl-2 expression in H2O2-stimulated neurons, whereas shFGF23 transfection (shFGF23 vs. shNC) exhibited the opposite effect (all P<0.05). Furthermore, FGF23 overexpression (oeFGF23 vs. oeNC) could activate the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway, whereas treatment with the PI3K/AKT inhibitor (LY294002) (oeFGF23 + LY294002 vs. LY294002) attenuated these effects in H2O2-stimulated neurons (all P<0.05). In SCI model rats, FGF23 overexpression (oeFGF23 vs. oeNC) reduced the laceration and inflammatory cell infiltration in injured tissue, decreased TNF-α and IL-1β levels, and improved locomotion recovery (all P<0.05); these effects were attenuated by additional administration of LY294002 (oeFGF23 + LY294002 vs. LY294002) (all P<0.05). In conclusion, FGF23 alleviated neuronal apoptosis and inflammation, and promoted locomotion recovery via activation of the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway in SCI, indicating its potential as a treatment option for SCI; however, further studies are warranted for validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cui
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
| | - Shaoyi Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
| | - Luqiang Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
| | - Feibin Xie
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
| | - Zhenzong Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
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Zhai W, Zhang T, Jin Y, Huang S, Xu M, Pan J. The fibroblast growth factor system in cognitive disorders and dementia. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1136266. [PMID: 37214403 PMCID: PMC10196031 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1136266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is the core precursor to dementia and other cognitive disorders. Current hypotheses suggest that they share a common pathological basis, such as inflammation, restricted neurogenesis, neuroendocrine disorders, and the destruction of neurovascular units. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are cell growth factors that play essential roles in various pathophysiological processes via paracrine or autocrine pathways. This system consists of FGFs and their receptors (FGFRs), which may hold tremendous potential to become a new biological marker in the diagnosis of dementia and other cognitive disorders, and serve as a potential target for drug development against dementia and cognitive function impairment. Here, we review the available evidence detailing the relevant pathways mediated by multiple FGFs and FGFRs, and recent studies examining their role in the pathogenesis and treatment of cognitive disorders and dementia.
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Patricia da Silva E, da Silva Feltran G, Alexandre Alcântara Dos Santos S, Cardoso de Oliveira R, Assis RIF, Antônio Justulin Junior L, Carleto Andia D, Zambuzzi WF, Latini A, Foganholi da Silva RA. Hyperglycemic microenvironment compromises the homeostasis of communication between the bone-brain axis by the epigenetic repression of the osteocalcin receptor, Gpr158 in the hippocampus. Brain Res 2023; 1803:148234. [PMID: 36634900 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease, mainly characterized by increased blood glucose and insulin dysfunction. In response to the persistent systemic hyperglycemic state, numerous metabolic and physiological complications have already been well characterized. However, its relationship to bone fragility, cognitive deficits and increased risk of dementia still needs to be better understood. The impact of chronic hyperglycemia on bone physiology and architecture was assessed in a model of chronic hyperglycemia induced by a single intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (STZ; 55 mg/kg) in Wistar rats. In addition, the bone-to-brain communication was investigated by analyzing the gene expression and methylation status of genes that encode the main osteokines released by the bone [Fgf23 (fibroblast growth factor 23), Bglap (bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein) and Lcn2 (lipocalin 2) and their receptors in both, the bone and the brain [Fgfr1 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 1), Gpr6A (G-protein coupled receptor family C group 6 member A), Gpr158 (G protein-coupled receptor 158) and Slc22a17 (Solute carrier family 22 member 17)]. It was observed that chronic hyperglycemia negatively impacted on bone biology and compromised the balance of the bone-brain endocrine axis. Ultrastructural disorganization was accompanied by global DNA hypomethylation and changes in gene expression of DNA-modifying enzymes that were accompanied by changes in the methylation status of the osteokine promoter region Bglap and Lcn2 (lipocalin 2) in the femur. Additionally, the chronic hyperglycemic state was accompanied by modulation of gene expression of the osteokines Fgf23 (fibroblast growth factor 23), Bglap (bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein) and Lcn2 (lipocalin 2) in the different brain regions. However, transcriptional regulation mediated by DNA methylation was observed only for the osteokine receptors, Fgfr1(fibroblast growth factor receptor 1) in the striatum and Gpr158 (G protein-coupled receptor 158) in the hippocampus. This is a pioneer study demonstrating that the chronic hyperglycemic state compromises the crosstalk between bone tissue and the brain, mainly affecting the hippocampus, through transcriptional silencing of the Bglap receptor by hypermethylation of Gpr158 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ericka Patricia da Silva
- CEEpiRG, Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University - UNIP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geórgia da Silva Feltran
- Laboratory of Bioassays and Cellular Dynamics, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Cardoso de Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo -FOB, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rahyza I F Assis
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Luis Antônio Justulin Junior
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise Carleto Andia
- School of Dentistry, Health Science Institute, Paulista University - UNIP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Willian F Zambuzzi
- Laboratory of Bioassays and Cellular Dynamics, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Latini
- LABOX, Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianopolis, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo A Foganholi da Silva
- CEEpiRG, Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University - UNIP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Dentistry, University of Taubaté - UNITAU, Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Bloudeau L, Linglart A, Flammier S, Portefaix A, Bertholet-Thomas A, Eddiry S, Barosi A, Salles JP, Porquet-Bordes V, Rothenbuhler A, Roger C, Bacchetta J. X-linked hypophosphatemia, obesity and arterial hypertension: data from the XLH21 study. Pediatr Nephrol 2023; 38:697-704. [PMID: 35758999 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-022-05636-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The underlying mechanisms of obesity in X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) are not known. We aimed to evaluate whether FGF21, an endocrine FGF involved in the regulation of carbohydrate-lipid metabolism, could be involved. METHODS We performed a prospective multicenter cross-sectional study comparing FGF23, Klotho, and FGF21 levels in teenagers with XLH compared to healthy controls (VITADOS cohort) after matching for age, gender, and puberty. Non-parametric tests were performed (results presented as median (min-max)). RESULTS A total of 40 XLH teenagers (n = 20 Standard Of Care, SOC, n = 20 burosumab) were included. While patients receiving burosumab displayed increased BMI as compared to patients receiving SOC, systolic blood pressure expressed as percentile was progressively and significantly lower when comparing the three groups: 77 (4-99) in SOC, 47 (9-98) in burosumab, and 28 (1-94) in controls (p = 0.007). When compared to patients receiving SOC, patients receiving burosumab displayed significantly increased phosphate and 1,25(OH)2D levels. We found increased Klotho levels in patients receiving burosumab. No differences were found for either carbohydrate-lipid biomarkers or FGF21 between the three groups. A total of 21 XLH patients (53%) had insulin resistance (HOMA > 2.4, N = 10 SOC, N = 11 burosumab). CONCLUSION FGF21 does not explain obesity/overweight in XLH. Of note, this study was performed in France in 2018-2019, early after the approval authorizing burosumab only in case of severe XLH despite SOC. As such, the data on systolic blood pressure highlighting a possible impact of burosumab to decrease blood pressure as well as increase Klotho levels deserve further studies given their potential effect on long-term cardiovascular risk. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Bloudeau
- Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rares du Calcium Et du Phosphate, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rénales Rares, Filières Maladies Rares OSCAR, ORKID Et ERK-Net, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, 69500, France
| | - Agnès Linglart
- Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rares du Calcium Et du Phosphate, Filière de Santé Maladies Rares OSCAR, Endocrinologie Et Diabète de L'enfant, Hôpital Bicêtre Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Saclay, AP-HP, DMU SEA, INSERM U1185, Paris, 94270, France
| | - Sacha Flammier
- Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rares du Calcium Et du Phosphate, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rénales Rares, Filières Maladies Rares OSCAR, ORKID Et ERK-Net, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, 69500, France
| | - Aurélie Portefaix
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique, EPICIME-CIC 1407, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, 69500, France
| | - Aurélia Bertholet-Thomas
- Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rares du Calcium Et du Phosphate, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rénales Rares, Filières Maladies Rares OSCAR, ORKID Et ERK-Net, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, 69500, France
| | - Sanaa Eddiry
- Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rares du Calcium Et du Phosphate, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, 31059, France
| | - Anna Barosi
- Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rares du Calcium Et du Phosphate, Filière de Santé Maladies Rares OSCAR, Endocrinologie Et Diabète de L'enfant, Hôpital Bicêtre Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Saclay, AP-HP, DMU SEA, INSERM U1185, Paris, 94270, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Salles
- Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rares du Calcium Et du Phosphate, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, 31059, France
| | - Valérie Porquet-Bordes
- Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rares du Calcium Et du Phosphate, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, 31059, France
| | - Anya Rothenbuhler
- Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rares du Calcium Et du Phosphate, Filière de Santé Maladies Rares OSCAR, Endocrinologie Et Diabète de L'enfant, Hôpital Bicêtre Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Saclay, AP-HP, DMU SEA, INSERM U1185, Paris, 94270, France
| | - Christelle Roger
- Service de Biochimie Et Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, 69310, France.,Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, INSERM, UMR 1033, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, 69008, France
| | - Justine Bacchetta
- Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rares du Calcium Et du Phosphate, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rénales Rares, Filières Maladies Rares OSCAR, ORKID Et ERK-Net, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, 69500, France. .,Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, INSERM, UMR 1033, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, 69008, France. .,Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, 69008, France. .,Néphrologie, Rhumatologie Et Dermatologie Pédiatriques Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, 59 boulevard Pinel, Bron Cedex, 69677, France.
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Sun T, Yu X. FGF23 Actions in CKD-MBD and other Organs During CKD. Curr Med Chem 2023; 30:841-856. [PMID: 35761503 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220627122733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a new endocrine product discovered in the past decade. In addition to being related to bone diseases, it has also been found to be related to kidney metabolism and parathyroid metabolism, especially as a biomarker and a key factor to be used in kidney diseases. FGF23 is upregulated as early as the second and third stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in response to relative phosphorus overload. The early rise of FGF23 has a protective effect on the body and is essential for maintaining phosphate balance. However, with the decline in renal function, eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate) declines, and the phosphorus excretion effect caused by FGF23 is weakened. It eventually leads to a variety of complications, such as bone disease (Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Metabolism Disorder), vascular calcification (VC), and more. Monoclonal antibodies against FGF23 are currently used to treat genetic diseases with increased FGF23. CKD is also a state of increased FGF23. This article reviews the current role of FGF23 in CKD and discusses the crosstalk between various organs under CKD conditions and FGF23. Studying the effect of hyperphosphatemia on different organs of CKD is important. The prospect of FGF23 for therapy is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Sun
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rare Disease Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xijie Yu
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rare Disease Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Parthasarathy G, Pattison MB, Midkiff CC. The FGF/FGFR system in the microglial neuroinflammation with Borrelia burgdorferi: likely intersectionality with other neurological conditions. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:10. [PMID: 36650549 PMCID: PMC9847051 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02681-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lyme neuroborreliosis, caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi affects both the central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS, PNS). The CNS manifestations, especially at later stages, can mimic/cause many other neurological conditions including psychiatric disorders, dementia, and others, with a likely neuroinflammatory basis. The pathogenic mechanisms associated with Lyme neuroborreliosis, however, are not fully understood. METHODS In this study, using cultures of primary rhesus microglia, we explored the roles of several fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) in neuroinflammation associated with live B. burgdorferi exposure. FGFR specific siRNA and inhibitors, custom antibody arrays, ELISAs, immunofluorescence and microscopy were used to comprehensively analyze the roles of these molecules in microglial neuroinflammation due to B. burgdorferi. RESULTS FGFR1-3 expressions were upregulated in microglia in response to B. burgdorferi. Inhibition of FGFR 1, 2 and 3 signaling using siRNA and three different inhibitors showed that FGFR signaling is proinflammatory in response to the Lyme disease bacterium. FGFR1 activation also contributed to non-viable B. burgdorferi mediated neuroinflammation. Analysis of the B. burgdorferi conditioned microglial medium by a custom antibody array showed that several FGFs are induced by the live bacterium including FGF6, FGF10 and FGF12, which in turn induce IL-6 and/or CXCL8, indicating a proinflammatory nature. To our knowledge, this is also the first-ever described role for FGF6 and FGF12 in CNS neuroinflammation. FGF23 upregulation, in addition, was observed in response to the Lyme disease bacterium. B. burgdorferi exposure also downregulated many FGFs including FGF 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 20 and 21. Some of the upregulated FGFs have been implicated in major depressive disorder (MDD) or dementia development, while the downregulated ones have been demonstrated to have protective roles in epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, spinal cord injury, blood-brain barrier stability, and others. CONCLUSIONS In this study we show that FGFRs and FGFs are novel inducers of inflammatory mediators in Lyme neuroborreliosis. It is likely that an unresolved, long-term (neuro)-Lyme infection can contribute to the development of other neurologic conditions in susceptible individuals either by augmenting pathogenic FGFs or by suppressing ameliorative FGFs or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Parthasarathy
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, 18703, Three Rivers Road, Room 109, Covington, LA, 70433, USA.
| | - Melissa B Pattison
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, 18703, Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Cecily C Midkiff
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, 18703, Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
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11
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iPSC-Derived Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons from Patients with Multiple System Atrophy Show Hypoexcitability and Elevated α-Synuclein Release. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020223. [PMID: 36672158 PMCID: PMC9856678 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy of the parkinsonian type (MSA-P) is a rare, fatal neurodegenerative disease with sporadic onset. It is still unknown if MSA-P is a primary oligodendropathy or caused by neuronal pathophysiology leading to severe, α-synuclein-associated neurodegeneration, mainly in the striatum. In this study, we generated and differentiated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patients with the clinical diagnosis of probable MSA-P (n = 3) and from three matched healthy controls into GABAergic striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs). We found a significantly elevated release and neuronal distribution for α-synuclein, as well as hypoexcitability in the MSNs derived from the MSA-P patients compared to the healthy controls. These data suggest that the striatal hypoexcitable neurons of MSA-P patients contribute to a pathological α-synuclein burden which is likely to spread to neighboring cells and projection targets, facilitating disease progression.
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12
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Mao M, Wang LY, Zhu LY, Wang F, Ding Y, Tong JH, Sun J, Sun Q, Ji MH. Higher serum PGE2 is a predicative biomarker for postoperative delirium following elective orthopedic surgery in elderly patients. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:685. [PMID: 35982410 PMCID: PMC9389800 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-03367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Postoperative delirium (POD), one of the most common complications following major surgery, imposes a heavy burden on patients and society. The objective of this exploratory study was to conduct a secondary analysis to identify whether there exist novel and reliable serum biomarkers for the prediction of POD. Methods A total of 131 adult patients (≥ 65 years) undergoing lower extremity orthopedic surgery with were enrolled in this study. Cognitive function was assessed preoperatively with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Delirium was diagnosed according to the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) criteria on preoperative day and postoperative days 1–3. The preoperative serum levels of a panel of 16 biochemical parameters were measured by ELISA. Results Thirty-five patients developed POD, with an incidence of 26.7%. Patients in POD group were older (P = 0.001) and had lower preoperative MMSE scores (P = 0.001). Preoperative serum levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2, P < 0.001), S100β (P < 0.001), glial fibrillary acidic protein (P < 0.001) and neurofilament light (P = 0.002) in POD group were significantly increased. Logistic regression analysis showed that advanced age (OR = 1.144, 95%CI: 1.008 ~ 1.298, P = 0.037), higher serum neurofilament light (OR = 1.003, 95%CI: 1.000 ~ 1.005, P = 0.036) and PGE2 (OR = 1.031, 95%CI: 1.018 ~ 1.044, P < 0.001) levels were associated with the development of POD. In addition, serum level of PGE2 yielded an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.897 to predict POD (P < 0.001), with a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 83.3%. Conclusions Our study showed that higher preoperative serum PGE2 level might be a biomarker to predict the occurrence of POD in elderly patients undergoing elective orthopedic surgery. Trial registration NCT03792373 www.clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lei-Yuan Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, China
| | - Lan-Yue Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Hua Tong
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Mu-Huo Ji
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, China.
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13
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The regulation of FGF23 under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:281-292. [PMID: 35084563 PMCID: PMC8837506 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02668-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is an important bone hormone that regulates phosphate homeostasis in the kidney along with active vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D3) and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Endocrine effects of FGF23 depend, at least in part, on αKlotho functioning as a co-receptor whereas further paracrine effects in other tissues are αKlotho-independent. Regulation of FGF23 production is complex under both, physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Physiological regulators of FGF23 include, but are not limited to, 1,25(OH)2D3, PTH, dietary phosphorus intake, and further intracellular and extracellular factors, kinases, cytokines, and hormones. Moreover, several acute and chronic diseases including chronic kidney disease (CKD) or further cardiovascular disorders are characterized by early rises in the plasma FGF23 level pointing to further mechanisms effective in the regulation of FGF23 under pathophysiological conditions. Therefore, FGF23 also serves as a prognostic marker in several diseases. Our review aims to comprehensively summarize the regulation of FGF23 in health and disease.
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14
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Phosphate Dysregulation and Neurocognitive Sequelae. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1362:151-160. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91623-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are cell-signaling proteins with diverse functions in cell development, repair, and metabolism. The human FGF family consists of 22 structurally related members, which can be classified into three separate groups based on their action of mechanisms, namely: intracrine, paracrine/autocrine, and endocrine FGF subfamilies. FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 belong to the hormone-like/endocrine FGF subfamily. These endocrine FGFs are mainly associated with the regulation of cell metabolic activities such as homeostasis of lipids, glucose, energy, bile acids, and minerals (phosphate/active vitamin D). Endocrine FGFs function through a unique protein family called klotho. Two members of this family, α-klotho, or β-klotho, act as main cofactors which can scaffold to tether FGF19/21/23 to their receptor(s) (FGFRs) to form an active complex. There are ongoing studies pertaining to the structure and mechanism of these individual ternary complexes. These studies aim to provide potential insights into the physiological and pathophysiological roles and therapeutic strategies for metabolic diseases. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the history, structure–function relationship(s), downstream signaling, physiological roles, and future perspectives on endocrine FGFs.
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16
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Ursem SR, Diepenbroek C, Bacic V, Unmehopa UA, Eggels L, Maya‐Monteiro CM, Heijboer AC, la Fleur SE. Localization of fibroblast growth factor 23 protein in the rat hypothalamus. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:5261-5271. [PMID: 34184338 PMCID: PMC8456796 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is an endocrine growth factor and known to play a pivotal role in phosphate homeostasis. Interestingly, several studies point towards a function of FGF23 in the hypothalamus. FGF23 classically activates the FGF receptor 1 in the presence of the co-receptor αKlotho, of both gene expression in the brain was previously established. However, studies on gene and protein expression of FGF23 in the brain are scarce and have been inconsistent. Therefore, our aim was to localise FGF23 gene and protein expression in the rat brain with focus on the hypothalamus. Also, we investigated the protein expression of αKlotho. Adult rat brains were used to localise and visualise FGF23 and αKlotho protein in the hypothalamus by immunofluorescence labelling. Furthermore, western blots were used for assessing hypothalamic FGF23 protein expression. FGF23 gene expression was investigated by qPCR in punches of the arcuate nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus, choroid plexus, ventrolateral thalamic nucleus and the ventromedial hypothalamus. Immunoreactivity for FGF23 and αKlotho protein was found in the hypothalamus, third ventricle lining and the choroid plexus. Western blot analysis of the hypothalamus confirmed the presence of FGF23. Gene expression of FGF23 was not detected, suggesting that the observed FGF23 protein is not brain-derived. Several FGF receptors are known to be present in the brain. Therefore, we conclude that the machinery for FGF23 signal transduction is present in several brain areas, indeed suggesting a role for FGF23 in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stan R. Ursem
- Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Charlene Diepenbroek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Metabolism and Reward Group, Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAn Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Vesna Bacic
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Metabolism and Reward Group, Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAn Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Unga A. Unmehopa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Metabolism and Reward Group, Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAn Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Leslie Eggels
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Metabolism and Reward Group, Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAn Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Clarissa M. Maya‐Monteiro
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Metabolism and Reward Group, Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAn Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC)Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Annemieke C. Heijboer
- Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & MetabolismAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Susanne E. la Fleur
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Metabolism and Reward Group, Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAn Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
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17
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Landry T, Shookster D, Huang H. Circulating α-klotho regulates metabolism via distinct central and peripheral mechanisms. Metabolism 2021; 121:154819. [PMID: 34153302 PMCID: PMC8277751 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence implicates the circulating α-klotho protein as a prominent regulator of energy balance and substrate metabolism, with diverse, tissue-specific functions. Despite its well-documented ubiquitous role inhibiting insulin signaling, α-klotho elicits potent antidiabetic and anti-obesogenic effects. α-Klotho facilitates insulin release and promotes β cell health in the pancreas, stimulates lipid oxidation in liver and adipose tissue, attenuates hepatic gluconeogenesis, and increases whole-body energy expenditure. The mechanisms underlying α-klotho's peripheral functions are multifaceted, including hydrolyzing transient receptor potential channels, stimulating integrin β1➔focal adhesion kinase signaling, and activating PPARα via inhibition of insulin-like growth factor receptor 1. Moreover, until recently, potential metabolic roles of α-klotho in the central nervous system remained unexplored; however, a novel α-klotho➔fibroblast growth factor receptor➔PI3kinase signaling axis in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus has been identified as a critical regulator of energy balance and glucose metabolism. Overall, the role of circulating α-klotho in the regulation of metabolism is a new focus of research, but accumulating evidence identifies this protein as an encouraging therapeutic target for Type 1 and 2 Diabetes and obesity. This review analyzes the new literature investigating α-klotho-mediated regulation of metabolism and proposes impactful future directions to progress our understanding of this complex metabolic protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Landry
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Daniel Shookster
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Hu Huang
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
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18
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Staege S, Kutschenko A, Baumann H, Glaß H, Henkel L, Gschwendtberger T, Kalmbach N, Klietz M, Hermann A, Lohmann K, Seibler P, Wegner F. Reduced Expression of GABA A Receptor Alpha2 Subunit Is Associated With Disinhibition of DYT-THAP1 Dystonia Patient-Derived Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:650586. [PMID: 34095114 PMCID: PMC8176025 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.650586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DYT-THAP1 dystonia (formerly DYT6) is an adolescent-onset dystonia characterized by involuntary muscle contractions usually involving the upper body. It is caused by mutations in the gene THAP1 encoding for the transcription factor Thanatos-associated protein (THAP) domain containing apoptosis-associated protein 1 and inherited in an autosomal-dominant manner with reduced penetrance. Alterations in the development of striatal neuronal projections and synaptic function are known from transgenic mice models. To investigate pathogenetic mechanisms, human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived medium spiny neurons (MSNs) from two patients and one family member with reduced penetrance carrying a mutation in the gene THAP1 (c.474delA and c.38G > A) were functionally characterized in comparison to healthy controls. Calcium imaging and quantitative PCR analysis revealed significantly lower Ca2+ amplitudes upon GABA applications and a marked downregulation of the gene encoding the GABAA receptor alpha2 subunit in THAP1 MSNs indicating a decreased GABAergic transmission. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings showed a significantly lower frequency of miniature postsynaptic currents (mPSCs), whereas the frequency of spontaneous action potentials (APs) was elevated in THAP1 MSNs suggesting that decreased synaptic activity might have resulted in enhanced generation of APs. Our molecular and functional data indicate that a reduced expression of GABAA receptor alpha2 subunit could eventually lead to limited GABAergic synaptic transmission, neuronal disinhibition, and hyperexcitability of THAP1 MSNs. These data give pathophysiological insight and may contribute to the development of novel treatment strategies for DYT-THAP1 dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Staege
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany
| | - Anna Kutschenko
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Hauke Baumann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hannes Glaß
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section "Albrecht-Kossel", Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Lisa Henkel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany
| | - Thomas Gschwendtberger
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany
| | - Norman Kalmbach
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Martin Klietz
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section "Albrecht-Kossel", Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Philip Seibler
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Florian Wegner
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany
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19
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Gerosa L, Lombardi G. Bone-to-Brain: A Round Trip in the Adaptation to Mechanical Stimuli. Front Physiol 2021; 12:623893. [PMID: 33995117 PMCID: PMC8120436 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.623893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides the classical ones (support/protection, hematopoiesis, storage for calcium, and phosphate) multiple roles emerged for bone tissue, definitively making it an organ. Particularly, the endocrine function, and in more general terms, the capability to sense and integrate different stimuli and to send signals to other tissues, has highlighted the importance of bone in homeostasis. Bone is highly innervated and hosts all nervous system branches; bone cells are sensitive to most of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and neurohormones that directly affect their metabolic activity and sensitivity to mechanical stimuli. Indeed, bone is the principal mechanosensitive organ. Thanks to the mechanosensing resident cells, and particularly osteocytes, mechanical stimulation induces metabolic responses in bone forming (osteoblasts) and bone resorbing (osteoclasts) cells that allow the adaptation of the affected bony segment to the changing environment. Once stimulated, bone cells express and secrete, or liberate from the entrapping matrix, several mediators (osteokines) that induce responses on distant targets. Brain is a target of some of these mediator [e.g., osteocalcin, lipocalin2, sclerostin, Dickkopf-related protein 1 (Dkk1), and fibroblast growth factor 23], as most of them can cross the blood-brain barrier. For others, a role in brain has been hypothesized, but not yet demonstrated. As exercise effectively modifies the release and the circulating levels of these osteokines, it has been hypothesized that some of the beneficial effects of exercise on brain functions may be associated to such a bone-to-brain communication. This hypothesis hides an interesting clinical clue: may well-addressed physical activities support the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases?
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy.,Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
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20
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Kutschenko A, Staege S, Grütz K, Glaß H, Kalmbach N, Gschwendtberger T, Henkel LM, Heine J, Grünewald A, Hermann A, Seibler P, Wegner F. Functional and Molecular Properties of DYT-SGCE Myoclonus-Dystonia Patient-Derived Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3565. [PMID: 33808167 PMCID: PMC8037318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Myoclonus-dystonia (DYT-SGCE, formerly DYT11) is characterized by alcohol-sensitive, myoclonic-like appearance of fast dystonic movements. It is caused by mutations in the SGCE gene encoding ε-sarcoglycan leading to a dysfunction of this transmembrane protein, alterations in the cerebello-thalamic pathway and impaired striatal plasticity. To elucidate underlying pathogenic mechanisms, we investigated induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) from two myoclonus-dystonia patients carrying a heterozygous mutation in the SGCE gene (c.298T>G and c.304C>T with protein changes W100G and R102X) in comparison to two matched healthy control lines. Calcium imaging showed significantly elevated basal intracellular Ca2+ content and lower frequency of spontaneous Ca2+ signals in SGCE MSNs. Blocking of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels by verapamil was less efficient in suppressing KCl-induced Ca2+ peaks of SGCE MSNs. Ca2+ amplitudes upon glycine and acetylcholine applications were increased in SGCE MSNs, but not after GABA or glutamate applications. Expression of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and most ionotropic receptor subunits was not altered. SGCE MSNs showed significantly reduced GABAergic synaptic density. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings displayed elevated amplitudes of miniature postsynaptic currents and action potentials in SGCE MSNs. Our data contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiology and the development of novel therapeutic strategies for myoclonus-dystonia.
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Grants
- Karlheinz-Hartmann-Stiftung (Hannover, Germany), Ellen-Schmidt-Program (Hannover, Germany), Hermann and Lilly Schilling Stiftung für medizinische Forschung im Stifterverband, German Research Foundation (FOR2488) Karlheinz-Hartmann-Stiftung (Hannover, Germany), Ellen-Schmidt-Program (Hannover, Germany), Hermann and Lilly Schilling Stiftung für medizinische Forschung im Stifterverband, German Research Foundation (FOR2488)
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kutschenko
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (A.K.); (S.S.); (N.K.); (T.G.); (L.M.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Selma Staege
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (A.K.); (S.S.); (N.K.); (T.G.); (L.M.H.); (J.H.)
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Karen Grütz
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; (K.G.); (A.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Hannes Glaß
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht-Kossel“, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (H.G.); (A.H.)
| | - Norman Kalmbach
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (A.K.); (S.S.); (N.K.); (T.G.); (L.M.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Thomas Gschwendtberger
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (A.K.); (S.S.); (N.K.); (T.G.); (L.M.H.); (J.H.)
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lisa M. Henkel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (A.K.); (S.S.); (N.K.); (T.G.); (L.M.H.); (J.H.)
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Johanne Heine
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (A.K.); (S.S.); (N.K.); (T.G.); (L.M.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Anne Grünewald
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; (K.G.); (A.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht-Kossel“, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (H.G.); (A.H.)
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Rostock/Greifswald, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University Medical Center, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Philip Seibler
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; (K.G.); (A.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Florian Wegner
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (A.K.); (S.S.); (N.K.); (T.G.); (L.M.H.); (J.H.)
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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21
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Yusuf IO, Chen HM, Cheng PH, Chang CY, Tsai SJ, Chuang JI, Wu CC, Huang BM, Sun HS, Chen CM, Yang SH. Fibroblast Growth Factor 9 Stimulates Neuronal Length Through NF-kB Signaling in Striatal Cell Huntington's Disease Models. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2396-2406. [PMID: 33421017 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02220-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Proper development of neuronal cells is important for brain functions, and impairment of neuronal development may lead to neuronal disorders, implying that improvement in neuronal development may be a therapeutic direction for these diseases. Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by impairment of neuronal structures, ultimately leading to neuronal death and dysfunctions of the central nervous system. Based on previous studies, fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) may provide neuroprotective functions in HD, and FGFs may enhance neuronal development and neurite outgrowth. However, whether FGF9 can provide neuronal protective functions through improvement of neuronal morphology in HD is still unclear. Here, we study the effects of FGF9 on neuronal length in HD and attempt to understand the related working mechanisms. Taking advantage of striatal cell lines from HD knock-in mice, we found that FGF9 increases total neuronal length and upregulates several structural and synaptic proteins under HD conditions. In addition, activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) signaling by FGF9 was observed to be significant in HD cells, and blockage of NF-kB leads to suppression of these structural and synaptic proteins induced by FGF9, suggesting the involvement of NF-kB signaling in these effects of FGF9. Taken these results together, FGF9 may enhance total neuronal length through upregulation of NF-kB signaling, and this mechanism could serve as an important mechanism for neuroprotective functions of FGF9 in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issa Olakunle Yusuf
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Cheng Kung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Mei Chen
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsun Cheng
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yi Chang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Shaw-Jenq Tsai
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Ing Chuang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ching Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bu-Miin Huang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - H Sunny Sun
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Mu Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Hsun Yang
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Cheng Kung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan. .,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan. .,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan.
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22
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Bacchetta J, Bernardor J, Garnier C, Naud C, Ranchin B. Hyperphosphatemia and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Major Daily Concern Both in Adults and in Children. Calcif Tissue Int 2021; 108:116-127. [PMID: 31996964 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-020-00665-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hyperphosphatemia is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Often seen as the "silent killer" because of its dramatic effect on vascular calcifications, hyperphosphatemia explains, at least partly, the onset of the complex mineral and bone disorders associated with CKD (CKD-MBD), together with hypocalcemia and decreased 1-25(OH)2 vitamin D levels. The impact of CKD-MBD may be immediate with abnormalities of bone and mineral metabolism with secondary hyperparathyroidism and increased FGF23 levels, or delayed with poor growth, bone deformities, fractures, and vascular calcifications, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. The global management of CKD-MBD has been detailed in international guidelines for adults and children, however, with difficulties to obtain an agreement on the ideal PTH targets. The clinical management of hyperphosphatemia is a daily challenge for nephrologists and pediatric nephrologists, notably because of the phosphate overload in occidental diets that is mainly due to the phosphate "hidden" in food additives. The management begins with a dietary restriction of phosphate intake, and is followed by the use of calcium-based and non-calcium-based phosphate binders, and/or the intensification of dialysis. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the pathophysiology of hyperphosphatemia in CKD, with a focus on its deleterious effects and a description of the clinical management of hyperphosphatemia in a more global setting of CKD-MBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Bacchetta
- Service de Néphrologie, Rhumatologie et Dermatologie Pédiatriques, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rénales Rares, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rares du Calcium et du Phosphore, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Boulevard Pinel, 69677, Bron Cedex, France.
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.
- INSERM 1033 Research Unit, Lyon, France.
| | - Julie Bernardor
- Unité de Néphrologie pédiatrique, Hôpital L'Archet, CHU de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Charlotte Garnier
- Service de Néphrologie, Rhumatologie et Dermatologie Pédiatriques, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rénales Rares, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rares du Calcium et du Phosphore, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Boulevard Pinel, 69677, Bron Cedex, France
| | - Corentin Naud
- Service de Néphrologie, Rhumatologie et Dermatologie Pédiatriques, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rénales Rares, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rares du Calcium et du Phosphore, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Boulevard Pinel, 69677, Bron Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Ranchin
- Service de Néphrologie, Rhumatologie et Dermatologie Pédiatriques, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rénales Rares, Centre de Référence Des Maladies Rares du Calcium et du Phosphore, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Boulevard Pinel, 69677, Bron Cedex, France
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23
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da Paz Oliveira G, Elias RM, Peres Fernandes GB, Moyses R, Tufik S, Bichuetti DB, Coelho FMS. Decreased concentration of klotho and increased concentration of FGF23 in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with narcolepsy. Sleep Med 2020; 78:57-62. [PMID: 33385780 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to explore the status of concentration of klotho and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with narcolepsy. PATIENTS/METHODS 59 patients with narcolepsy and 17 control individuals were enrolled. We used radioimmunoassay, human klotho enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), human intact FGF23 ELISA and spectrophotometry to measure hypocretin-1, klotho, FGF-23 and phosphorus, respectively. T-Student Test was used to compare klotho and phosphate concentrations, Mann-Whitney U Test were used to compare FGF-23 levels between groups. ANOVA Test was used to compare klotho and phosphate CSF concentrations among narcolepsy patients with CSF hypocretin-1 <110 pg/ml (HCRT-) and narcolepsy patients with CSF hypocretin-1 >110 pg/ml (HCRT+) versus control subjects. RESULTS Klotho and phosphorus CSF levels were lower in narcoleptic patients than in control (908.18 ± 405.51 versus 1265.78 ± 523.26 pg/ml; p = 0.004 and 1.34 ± 0.25 versus 1.58 ± 0.23 mg/dl; p = 0.001, respectively). We found higher FGF-23 levels in narcoleptic patients (5.51 versus 4.00 pg/mL; p = 0.001). Klotho and phosphorus CSF levels were lower in both HCRT- and HCRT+ than controls. Moreover, there were higher FGF-23 levels in both HCRT-/HCRT+ groups versus controls. However, we did not find differences comparing HCRT- and HCRT+ groups, analyzing CSF klotho, FGF-23 or phosphorus levels. CONCLUSIONS Patients with narcolepsy have decreased CSF concentration of klotho and increased CSF levels of FGF-23. These findings may play a role in understanding the pathogenesis of narcolepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano da Paz Oliveira
- Disciplina de Neurologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Parnaíba, PI, Brazil
| | - Rosilene Motta Elias
- Disciplina de Nefrologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rosa Moyses
- Disciplina de Nefrologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Denis Bernardi Bichuetti
- Disciplina de Neurologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Morgadinho Santos Coelho
- Disciplina de Neurologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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24
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Yossef RR, Al-Yamany MF, Saad MA, El-Sahar AE. Neuroprotective effects of vildagliptin on drug induced Alzheimer's disease in rats with metabolic syndrome: Role of hippocampal klotho and AKT signaling pathways. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 889:173612. [PMID: 33035520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidences suggest the presence of several similarities in the molecular mechanisms underlying the neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic abnormalities. Adults who develop Metabolic Syndrome (MS) are at a higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Pharmacological agents, like dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors that increase the levels of glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and ameliorate symptoms of MS, have become an auspicious candidate as disease modifying agents in the treatment of AD. The present study investigates the beneficial effects of Vildagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor in counteracting cognitive decline in different models of dementia targeting the AKT, JAK/STAT signaling pathways and hippocampal Klotho expression, to judge the neuroprotective, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects of the drug. Cognitive decline was induced by either administration of high fat high sugar (HFHS) diet for 45 days alone, or with oral administration of AlCl3 (100 mg/kg/day) for 60 days. Rats were orally administered Vildagliptin (10 mg/kg) for 60 days along with AlCl3 administration. Vildagliptin treatment improved spatial memory and activities in morris water maze (MWM) test and open field test respectively. Results revealed an increase of both hippocampal klotho and Bcl-2 expressions along with an increase in both AKT and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In contrast, Vildagliptin treatment decreased hippocampal contents of inflammatory, apoptotic and oxidative stress biomarkers as TNF-α, caspase-3 and FOXO1 along with restoring metabolic abnormalities. A significant decrease in BAX expressions with JAK2/STAT3 inhibition was observed. These findings demonstrate that the neuroprotective role of vildagliptin is possibly via modulating Klotho protein together with AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha R Yossef
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed F Al-Yamany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | | | - Ayman E El-Sahar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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25
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Shafie A, Rahimi AM, Ahmadi I, Nabavizadeh F, Ranjbaran M, Ashabi G. High-protein and low-calorie diets improved the anti-aging Klotho protein in the rats' brain: the toxic role of high-fat diet. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2020; 17:86. [PMID: 33072166 PMCID: PMC7559193 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-020-00508-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the current study, our specific aim was to characterize the Klotho protein and expression levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of old rats treated with different diets (high-fat, high-protein, low-calorie, high-protein and low-calorie). METHODS Rats were treated with high-fat, high-protein, low-calorie, low-calorie high-protein diets for 10 weeks and then behavioral and molecular assessments were evaluated. RESULTS Statistical analysis showed the percentage of open arm time was increased in the high-protein, low-calorie and low-calorie high-protein groups compared with old control (old-C) rats. The percentage of open arm entries was increased in the low-calorie and low-calorie high-protein group compared with old-C rats. The body weight and serum triglyceride were decreased in the low-calorie and low-calorie high-protein groups in comparison to control old rats. Low-calorie and low-calorie high-protein treatments statistically enhanced caspase-3 level compared with old-C rats in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Treatment of old rats with high-protein, low-calorie and low-calorie high-protein could increase Klotho-α level compared with control old rats. The levels of Klotho-α, c-fos and brain-derived neurotrophic factors were decreased in the low-calorie high-protein group in Klotho inhibitor's presence compared with the low-calorie high-protein group. CONCLUSION According to our findings, Klotho-α level was reduced in old rats. Low-calorie, high-protein and particularly low-calorie high-protein diets increased this protein level and consequently increased neuronal plasticity and improved memory function. GRAPHIC ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahid Shafie
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O.box: 1417613151, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Mustafa Rahimi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Alberoni University, Kohestan, Afghanistan
| | - Iraj Ahmadi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nabavizadeh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O.box: 1417613151, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Ranjbaran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O.box: 1417613151, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghorbangol Ashabi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O.box: 1417613151, Tehran, Iran
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26
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Landry T, Laing BT, Li P, Bunner W, Rao Z, Prete A, Sylvestri J, Huang H. Central α-Klotho Suppresses NPY/AgRP Neuron Activity and Regulates Metabolism in Mice. Diabetes 2020; 69:1368-1381. [PMID: 32332158 PMCID: PMC7306125 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
α-Klotho is a circulating factor with well-documented antiaging properties. However, the central role of α-klotho in metabolism remains largely unexplored. The current study investigated the potential role of central α-klotho to modulate neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide (NPY/AgRP)-expressing neurons, energy balance, and glucose homeostasis. Intracerebroventricular administration of α-klotho suppressed food intake, improved glucose profiles, and reduced body weight in mouse models of type 1 and 2 diabetes. Furthermore, central α-klotho inhibition via an anti-α-klotho antibody impaired glucose tolerance. Ex vivo patch clamp electrophysiology and immunohistochemical analysis revealed that α-klotho suppresses NPY/AgRP neuron activity, at least in part, by enhancing miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents. Experiments in hypothalamic GT1-7 cells observed that α-klotho induces phosphorylation of AKTser473, ERKthr202/tyr204, and FOXO1ser256 as well as blunts AgRP gene transcription. Mechanistically, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) inhibition abolished the downstream signaling of α-klotho, negated its ability to modulate NPY/AgRP neurons, and blunted its therapeutic effects. Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) inhibition also abolished α-klotho's ability to suppress food intake and improve glucose clearance. These results indicate a prominent role of hypothalamic α-klotho/FGFR1/PI3K signaling in the modulation of NPY/AgRP neuron activity and maintenance of energy homeostasis, thus providing new insight into the pathophysiology of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Landry
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Brenton Thomas Laing
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Peixin Li
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Wyatt Bunner
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Zhijian Rao
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Amber Prete
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Julia Sylvestri
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Hu Huang
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
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27
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Yokoyama JS, Matsuda-Abedini M, Denburg MR, Kumar J, Warady BA, Furth SL, Hooper SR, Portale AA, Perwad F. Association Between Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral Bone Disease (CKD-MBD) and Cognition in Children: Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) Study. Kidney Med 2020; 2:398-406. [PMID: 32775979 PMCID: PMC7406846 DOI: 10.1016/j.xkme.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale & Objective Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children is associated with cognitive dysfunction that affects school performance and quality of life. The relationship between CKD-mineral and bone disorder and cognitive function in children is unknown. Study Design Observational study. Participants 702 children enrolled in the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) Study. Predictors Plasma fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, phosphorus, 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D), and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH]2D). Outcomes Neurocognitive tests of intelligence, academic achievement, and executive functions. Analytical Approach Linear regression models to analyze the cross-sectional associations between log2FGF-23, 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D, PTH, calcium, and phosphorus z scores and the cognitive test scores of interest after adjustment for demographics, blood pressure, proteinuria, and kidney function. Results At baseline, median age was 12 (95% CI, 8.3, 15.2) years and estimated glomerular filtration rate was 54 (40.5, 67.8) mL/min/1.73 m2. In fully adjusted analyses, 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D, PTH, calcium, and phosphorus z scores did not associate with cognitive test scores. In fully adjusted analyses, log2FGF-23 was associated with abnormal test scores for attention regulation (P < 0.05); specifically, Conners' Continuous Performance Test II Errors of Omission (β = 2.3 [1.0, 3.6]), Variability (β=1.4 [0.4, -2.4]), and Hit Reaction Time (β = 1.3 [0.2, 2.4]). Children in the highest FGF-23 tertile group had 7% and 9% greater cognitive risk for Hit Reaction Time and Errors of Omission compared with those in the lowest tertile, respectively. In fully adjusted analyses, higher FGF-23 tertile was associated with increased cognitive risk (P < 0.05) for Errors of Omission (β = 0.4 [0.1, 0.7]) and Hit Reaction Time (β = 0.4 [0.1, 0.7]). Limitations The study does not assess the cumulative effects of FGF-23 excess on cognitive function over time. Within-population stratified analyses were not performed due to limited sample size. Conclusions In children with CKD, higher plasma FGF-23 level is associated with lower performance in targeted tests of executive function, specifically attention regulation, independent of glomerular filtration rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Yokoyama
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Mina Matsuda-Abedini
- Division of Nephrology, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle R Denburg
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Nephrology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Juhi Kumar
- Division of Nephrology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Bradley A Warady
- Division of Nephrology, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Susan L Furth
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Nephrology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Stephen R Hooper
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Anthony A Portale
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Farzana Perwad
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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28
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Bacchetta J, Bardet C, Prié D. Physiology of FGF23 and overview of genetic diseases associated with renal phosphate wasting. Metabolism 2020; 103S:153865. [PMID: 30664852 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phosphate is a cornerstone of several physiological pathways including skeletal development, bone mineralization, membrane composition, nucleotide structure, maintenance of plasma pH, and cellular signaling. The kidneys have a key role in phosphate homeostasis with three hormones having important functions in renal phosphate handling or intestinal absorption: parathyroid hormone (PTH), fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), and 1-25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D). FGF23 is mainly synthesized by osteocytes; it is a direct phosphaturic factor that also inhibits 1,25(OH)2D and PTH. In addition to crucial effects on phosphate and calcium metabolism, FGF23 also has 'off-target' effects notably on the cardiovascular, immune and central nervous systems. Genetic diseases may affect the FGF23 pathway, resulting in either increased FGF23 levels leading to hypophosphatemia (such as in X-linked hypophosphatemia) or defective secretion/action of intact FGF23 inducing hyperphosphatemia (such as in familial tumoral calcinosis). The aim of this review is to provide an overview of FGF23 physiology and pathophysiology in X-linked hypophosphatemia, with a focus on FGF23-associated genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Bacchetta
- Reference Center for Rare Renal Disorders, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Rheumatology and Dermatology, Femme Mère Enfant Hospital, Bron Cedex, France; Lyon-Est Medical School, Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France; INSERM 1033, LYOS, Bone Disorders Prevention, Lyon, France.
| | - Claire Bardet
- Paris Descartes University, EA2496, Faculty of Dental Surgery, Montrouge, France
| | - Dominique Prié
- Paris Descartes University of Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades Institute, INSERM U1151, France; Functional Exploration Department, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
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29
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Oshima N, Onimaru H, Yamagata A, Ito S, Imakiire T, Kumagai H. Rostral ventrolateral medulla neuron activity is suppressed by Klotho and stimulated by FGF23 in newborn Wistar rats. Auton Neurosci 2020; 224:102640. [PMID: 32036244 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2020.102640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension often occurs in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Considering the decrease in serum Klotho and increase in serum FGF23 levels in such patients, decreased Klotho and increased FGF23 levels were thought to be associated with hypertension. Presympathetic neurons at the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) contribute to sympathetic activity and regulation of blood pressure. Therefore, we hypothesized that Klotho would reduce the activities of RVLM neurons and FGF23 would stimulate them. Accordingly, this study examined the effects of Klotho and FGF23 on bulbospinal neurons in the RVLM. We used a brainstem-spinal cord preparation to record from RVLM presympathetic neurons and to evaluate the effects of Klotho and FGF23 on firing rate and membrane potentials of these neurons. Our results showed that Klotho-induced RVLM neuron hyperpolarization, while ouabain, a Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor, suppressed the effects of Klotho on such neurons. Moreover, FGF23 induced RVLM neuron depolarization, while SU5402, an FGF23 receptor (FGFR1) antagonist, induced RVLM neuron hyperpolarization. Histological examinations revealed that Klotho, Na+/K+-ATPase, FGF23, and FGFR1 were present in RVLM neurons and that Klotho was localized in the same neurons as FGFR1. These results suggest that Klotho and FG23 regulate the activity of RVLM neurons. Klotho may reduce the activity of RVLM neurons via stimulating Na+/K+-ATPase on those neurons while FGF23 may activate those neurons via FGFR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Oshima
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Onimaru
- Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Yamagata
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Seigo Ito
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Imakiire
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroo Kumagai
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
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Smith ER, Holt SG, Hewitson TD. αKlotho-FGF23 interactions and their role in kidney disease: a molecular insight. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4705-4724. [PMID: 31350618 PMCID: PMC11105488 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Following the serendipitous discovery of the ageing suppressor, αKlotho (αKl), several decades ago, a growing body of evidence has defined a pivotal role for its various forms in multiple aspects of vertebrate physiology and pathology. The transmembrane form of αKl serves as a co-receptor for the osteocyte-derived mineral regulator, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)23, principally in the renal tubules. However, compelling data also suggest that circulating soluble forms of αKl, derived from the same source, may have independent homeostatic functions either as a hormone, glycan-cleaving enzyme or lectin. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is of particular interest as disruption of the FGF23-αKl axis is an early and common feature of disease manifesting in markedly deficient αKl expression, but FGF23 excess. Here we critically discuss recent findings in αKl biology that conflict with the view that soluble αKl has substantive functions independent of FGF23 signalling. Although the issue of whether soluble αKl can act without FGF23 has yet to be resolved, we explore the potential significance of these contrary findings in the context of CKD and highlight how this endocrine pathway represents a promising target for novel anti-ageing therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Smith
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
| | - Stephen G Holt
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - Tim D Hewitson
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
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Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (FGF23) is a hormone involved in phosphate metabolism. It is known that FGF23 is increased in different pathologies including chronic kidney disease, heart failure or X-linked hypophosphatemia and directly correlates with negative outcome and mortality in severe diseases. However, the role of FGF23 in cardiovascular pathologies is still under debate. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the role of FGF23 in ischemic heart diseases, such as myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schumacher
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Germany
- David Schumacher, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Aachen, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Phone: 0049-1515-91 65615; Fax: 0049-241-80 82142;
| | - Alexander Schuh
- Department of Cardiology and Pulmonology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
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Rodelo-Haad C, Santamaria R, Muñoz-Castañeda JR, Pendón-Ruiz de Mier MV, Martin-Malo A, Rodriguez M. FGF23, Biomarker or Target? Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E175. [PMID: 30909513 PMCID: PMC6468608 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11030175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) plays a key role in the complex network between the bones and other organs. Initially, it was thought that FGF23 exclusively regulated phosphate and vitamin D metabolism; however, recent research has demonstrated that an excess of FGF23 has other effects that may be detrimental in some cases. The understanding of the signaling pathways through which FGF23 acts in different organs is crucial to develop strategies aiming to prevent the negative effects associated with high FGF23 levels. FGF23 has been described to have effects on the heart, promoting left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH); the liver, leading to production of inflammatory cytokines; the bones, inhibiting mineralization; and the bone marrow, by reducing the production of erythropoietin (EPO). The identification of FGF23 receptors will play a remarkable role in future research since its selective blockade might reduce the adverse effects of FGF23. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have very high levels of FGF23 and may be the population suffering from the most adverse FGF23-related effects. The general population, as well as kidney transplant recipients, may also be affected by high FGF23. Whether the association between FGF23 and clinical events is causal or casual remains controversial. The hypothesis that FGF23 could be considered a therapeutic target is gaining relevance and may become a promising field of investigation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Rodelo-Haad
- Nephrology Service, University Hospital Reina Sofia, 14005 Cordoba, Spain.
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC)/University of Cordoba, 14005 Cordoba, Spain.
- Spanish Renal Research Network (REDinREN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rafael Santamaria
- Nephrology Service, University Hospital Reina Sofia, 14005 Cordoba, Spain.
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC)/University of Cordoba, 14005 Cordoba, Spain.
- Spanish Renal Research Network (REDinREN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan R Muñoz-Castañeda
- Nephrology Service, University Hospital Reina Sofia, 14005 Cordoba, Spain.
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC)/University of Cordoba, 14005 Cordoba, Spain.
- Spanish Renal Research Network (REDinREN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Victoria Pendón-Ruiz de Mier
- Nephrology Service, University Hospital Reina Sofia, 14005 Cordoba, Spain.
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC)/University of Cordoba, 14005 Cordoba, Spain.
- Spanish Renal Research Network (REDinREN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Martin-Malo
- Nephrology Service, University Hospital Reina Sofia, 14005 Cordoba, Spain.
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC)/University of Cordoba, 14005 Cordoba, Spain.
- Spanish Renal Research Network (REDinREN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mariano Rodriguez
- Nephrology Service, University Hospital Reina Sofia, 14005 Cordoba, Spain.
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC)/University of Cordoba, 14005 Cordoba, Spain.
- Spanish Renal Research Network (REDinREN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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FGF-23 Deficiency Impairs Hippocampal-Dependent Cognitive Function. eNeuro 2019; 6:eN-NRS-0469-18. [PMID: 30911673 PMCID: PMC6430630 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0469-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) and α-Klotho transduce FGF-23 signaling in renal tubules to maintain systemic phosphate/vitamin D homeostasis. Mice deficient for either the ligand, FGF-23, or the co-receptor, Klotho, are phenocopies with both showing rapid and premature development of multiple aging-like abnormalities. Such similarity in phenotype, suggests that FGF-23 and Klotho have co-dependent systemic functions. Recent reports revealed inverse central nervous system (CNS) effects of Klotho deficiency or Klotho overexpression on hippocampal synaptic, neurogenic, and cognitive functions. However, it is unknown whether FGF-23 deficiency effects function of the hippocampus. We report that, similar to Klotho-deficient mice, FGF-23-deficient mice develop dose-dependent, hippocampal-dependent cognitive impairment. However, FGF-23-deficient brains had no gross structural or developmental defects, no change in hippocampal synaptic plasticity, and only minor impairment to postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis. Together, these data provide evidence that FGF-23 deficiency impairs hippocampal-dependent cognition but otherwise results in a brain phenotype that is distinct from the KL-deficient mouse.
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McGrath ER, Himali JJ, Levy D, Conner SC, Pase MP, Abraham CR, Courchesne P, Satizabal CL, Vasan RS, Beiser AS, Seshadri S. Circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 levels and incident dementia: The Framingham heart study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213321. [PMID: 30830941 PMCID: PMC6398923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 23 is an emerging vascular biomarker, recently associated with cerebral small vessel disease and poor cognition in patients on dialysis. It also interacts with klotho, an anti-aging and cognition enhancing protein. OBJECTIVE To determine if circulating Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is associated with new-onset cognitive outcomes in a community-based cohort of cognitively healthy adults with long-term follow-up. METHODS We measured serum FGF23 levels in 1537 [53% women, mean age 68.7 (SD 5.7)] dementia-free Framingham Offspring participants at their 7th quadrennial examination (1998-2001), and followed these participants for the development of clinical all-cause dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Secondary outcomes included MRI-based structural brain measures, and neurocognitive test performance at exam 7. RESULTS During a median (Q1, Q3) 12-year (7.0, 13.3) follow up, 122 (7.9%) participants developed dementia, of whom 91 (5.9%) had AD. Proportional-hazards regression analysis, adjusted for age, sex, education, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication, prevalent cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, smoking status and apoE ε4 carrier status, revealed that higher serum FGF23 levels were associated with an increased risk of incident dementia and AD (Hazard ratio [HR] per 1 standard deviation increment in inverse transformed FGF23 level 1.25, 95% CI 1.02-1.53, and 1.32, 95% CI 1.04-1.69, respectively). There was no significant interaction according to presence/absence of significant renal impairment (eGFR <30 versus ≥30ml/min) and risk of dementia (based on 1537; p = 0.97). CONCLUSIONS Higher circulating FGF23 is associated with an increased risk of dementia, suggesting that FGF23-related biological pathways may play a role in the development of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emer R. McGrath
- Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States of America
| | - Jayandra J. Himali
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States of America
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Daniel Levy
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States of America
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Sarah C. Conner
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States of America
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Matthew P. Pase
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States of America
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carmela R. Abraham
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Paul Courchesne
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States of America
| | - Claudia L. Satizabal
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States of America
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Ramachandran S. Vasan
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States of America
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Alexa S. Beiser
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States of America
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States of America
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
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Wang Y, An Y, Zhang D, Yu H, Zhang X, Wang Y, Tao L, Xiao R. 27-Hydroxycholesterol Alters Synaptic Structural and Functional Plasticity in Hippocampal Neuronal Cultures. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 78:238-247. [PMID: 30753597 PMCID: PMC7967841 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the neurotoxic effects of 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC), a major circulating cholesterol active derivative in brain on synaptic structural and functional plasticity in primary hippocampal neurons. Newborn SD rat primary hippocampal neurons were treated with 0, 1, 3, 10, and 30 μM 27-OHC for 24 hours. MTT and CCK-8 assays were used to monitor the cell viability of neurons with different treatments. Neurite morphology was assessed by staining for microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP2) and analyzed by immunofluorescence. Synaptic ultrastructure was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses were used to evaluate the expression of key synaptic proteins: synaptophysin (SYP), postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95), synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25), growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43), MAP2, and activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc). Treatment with 27-OHC at various doses stimulated cell death and resulted in significant decreases in neurite number and length, alteration of synaptic ultrastructure, and downregulated expression of synaptic proteins in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that 27-OHC is deleterious for synaptic structural and functional plasticity, which may partially account for its neurotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Wang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu An
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dandi Zhang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiyan Yu
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingwei Tao
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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L-NBP, a multiple growth factor activator, attenuates ischemic neuronal impairments possibly through promoting neuritogenesis. Neurochem Int 2019; 124:94-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Prokhorova TA, Boksha IS, Savushkina OK, Tereshkina EB, Burbaeva GS. [α-Klotho protein in neurodegenerative and mental diseases]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2019; 119:80-88. [PMID: 30778037 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201911901180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The review aims to attract attention of psychiatrists and neurologists to a role of α-Klotho protein in biochemical mechanisms that counteract pathogenic processes of neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases and to possible therapeutic potential of the protein. Basing on the analysis of contemporary literature, the authors summarized the results of model experiments and a few clinical trials (in psychiatry and neurology) indicating the role of α-Klotho protein in the brain processes of neurogenesis, dendrite growth, myelination (oligodendroglia differentiation and activity), regulation of antioxidant system, and synthesis of glutamate neurotransmitter system components, regulation of the activity and synthesis of ion channel protein components and membrane transporters, synaptic plasticity. It is concluded that α-Klotho protein can be used for therapeutic purposes in diseases associated with pathological brain aging, and/or in diseases associated with insufficient synthesis of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I S Boksha
- Mental Health Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
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González-Reimers E, Romero-Acevedo L, Espelosín-Ortega E, Martín-González MC, Quintero-Platt G, Abreu-González P, José de-la-Vega-Prieto M, Martínez-Martínez D, Santolaria-Fernández F. Soluble Klotho and Brain Atrophy in Alcoholism. Alcohol Alcohol 2018; 53:503-510. [PMID: 29846497 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agy037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Fibroblast growth factor (FGF-23) and α-Klotho (Klotho) levels may be altered in inflammatory conditions, possibly as compensatory mechanisms. Klotho exerts a protective effect on neurodegeneration and improves learning and cognition. No data exist about the association of Klotho and FGF-23 levels with brain atrophy observed in alcoholics. The aim of this study is to explore these relationships. Short summary FGF-23 and Klotho levels are altered in inflammation, possibly as compensatory mechanisms. Klotho enhances learning, but its role in ethanol-mediated brain atrophy is unknown. We found higher FGF-23 and lower Klotho levels in 131 alcoholics compared with 41 controls. Among cirrhotics, Klotho was higher and inversely related to brain atrophy. Methods The study was performed on 131 alcoholic patients (54 cirrhotics) and 41 age- and sex-matched controls, in whom a brain computed tomography (CT) was performed and several indices were calculated. Results Marked brain atrophy was observed among patients when compared with controls. Patients also showed higher FGF-23 and lower Klotho values. However, among cirrhotics, Klotho values were higher. Klotho was inversely related to brain atrophy (for instance, ventricular index (ρ = -0.23, P = 0.008)), especially in cirrhotics. Klotho was also directly related to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha (ρ = 0.22; P = 0.026) and inversely to transforming growth factor (TGF)-β (ρ = -0.34; P = 0.002), but not to C-reactive protein (CRP) or malondialdehyde levels. FGF-23 was also higher among cirrhotics but showed no association with CT indices. Conclusions Klotho showed higher values among cirrhotics, and was inversely related to brain atrophy. FGF-23, although high among patients, especially cirrhotics, did not show any association with brain atrophy. Some inflammatory markers or cytokines, such as CRP or TGF-β were related to brain atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucía Romero-Acevedo
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Pedro Abreu-González
- Departamento de Fisiología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
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Cardoso AL, Fernandes A, Aguilar-Pimentel JA, de Angelis MH, Guedes JR, Brito MA, Ortolano S, Pani G, Athanasopoulou S, Gonos ES, Schosserer M, Grillari J, Peterson P, Tuna BG, Dogan S, Meyer A, van Os R, Trendelenburg AU. Towards frailty biomarkers: Candidates from genes and pathways regulated in aging and age-related diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 47:214-277. [PMID: 30071357 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Use of the frailty index to measure an accumulation of deficits has been proven a valuable method for identifying elderly people at risk for increased vulnerability, disease, injury, and mortality. However, complementary molecular frailty biomarkers or ideally biomarker panels have not yet been identified. We conducted a systematic search to identify biomarker candidates for a frailty biomarker panel. METHODS Gene expression databases were searched (http://genomics.senescence.info/genes including GenAge, AnAge, LongevityMap, CellAge, DrugAge, Digital Aging Atlas) to identify genes regulated in aging, longevity, and age-related diseases with a focus on secreted factors or molecules detectable in body fluids as potential frailty biomarkers. Factors broadly expressed, related to several "hallmark of aging" pathways as well as used or predicted as biomarkers in other disease settings, particularly age-related pathologies, were identified. This set of biomarkers was further expanded according to the expertise and experience of the authors. In the next step, biomarkers were assigned to six "hallmark of aging" pathways, namely (1) inflammation, (2) mitochondria and apoptosis, (3) calcium homeostasis, (4) fibrosis, (5) NMJ (neuromuscular junction) and neurons, (6) cytoskeleton and hormones, or (7) other principles and an extensive literature search was performed for each candidate to explore their potential and priority as frailty biomarkers. RESULTS A total of 44 markers were evaluated in the seven categories listed above, and 19 were awarded a high priority score, 22 identified as medium priority and three were low priority. In each category high and medium priority markers were identified. CONCLUSION Biomarker panels for frailty would be of high value and better than single markers. Based on our search we would propose a core panel of frailty biomarkers consisting of (1) CXCL10 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10), IL-6 (interleukin 6), CX3CL1 (C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1), (2) GDF15 (growth differentiation factor 15), FNDC5 (fibronectin type III domain containing 5), vimentin (VIM), (3) regucalcin (RGN/SMP30), calreticulin, (4) PLAU (plasminogen activator, urokinase), AGT (angiotensinogen), (5) BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor), progranulin (PGRN), (6) α-klotho (KL), FGF23 (fibroblast growth factor 23), FGF21, leptin (LEP), (7) miRNA (micro Ribonucleic acid) panel (to be further defined), AHCY (adenosylhomocysteinase) and KRT18 (keratin 18). An expanded panel would also include (1) pentraxin (PTX3), sVCAM/ICAM (soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1/Intercellular adhesion molecule 1), defensin α, (2) APP (amyloid beta precursor protein), LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), (3) S100B (S100 calcium binding protein B), (4) TGFβ (transforming growth factor beta), PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor 1), TGM2 (transglutaminase 2), (5) sRAGE (soluble receptor for advanced glycosylation end products), HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1), C3/C1Q (complement factor 3/1Q), ST2 (Interleukin 1 receptor like 1), agrin (AGRN), (6) IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1), resistin (RETN), adiponectin (ADIPOQ), ghrelin (GHRL), growth hormone (GH), (7) microparticle panel (to be further defined), GpnmB (glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B) and lactoferrin (LTF). We believe that these predicted panels need to be experimentally explored in animal models and frail cohorts in order to ascertain their diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential.
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Abstract
The skeleton shows an unconventional role in the physiology and pathophysiology of the human organism, not only as the target tissue for a number of systemic hormones, but also as endocrine tissue modulating some skeletal and extraskeletal systems. From this point of view, the principal cells in the skeleton are osteocytes. These cells primarily work as mechano-sensors and modulate bone remodeling. Mechanically unloaded osteocytes synthetize sclerostin, the strong inhibitor of bone formation and RANKL, the strong activator of bone resorption. Osteocytes also express hormonally active vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) and phosphatonins, such as FGF23. Both 1,25(OH)2D and FGF23 have been identified as powerful regulators of the phosphate metabolism, including in chronic kidney disease. Further endocrine cells of the skeleton involved in bone remodeling are osteoblasts. While FGF23 targets the kidney and parathyroid glands to control metabolism of vitamin D and phosphates, osteoblasts express osteocalcin, which through GPRC6A receptors modulates beta cells of the pancreatic islets, muscle, adipose tissue, brain and testes. This article reviews some knowledge concerning the interaction between the bone hormonal network and phosphate or energy homeostasis and/or male reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. ZOFKOVA
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
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41
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Zhu B, Jin LN, Shen JQ, Liu JF, Jiang RY, Yang L, Zhang J, Luo AL, Miao LY, Yang C. Differential expression of serum biomarkers in hemodialysis patients with mild cognitive decline: A prospective single-center cohort study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12250. [PMID: 30115946 PMCID: PMC6095882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29760-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies suggest that hemodialysis patients are at a higher risk for cognitive decline than healthy individuals; however, underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. We aimed to investigate the roles of serum biomarkers, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), inflammatory cytokines, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 and its co-receptor α-klotho and platelet (PLT) count in mild cognitive decline (MCD) of patients undergoing hemodialysis in this prospective cohort study. Serum levels of BDNF, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and the number of PLT were significantly altered in the MCD group compared with those in healthy controls (HCs) or those with normal cognitive function (NCF). Although serum α-klotho and FGF-23 levels were significantly altered in the MCD group, there were no statistical differences between the MCD and NCF groups. Serum BDNF levels and PLT counts were significantly correlated with cognitive test scores. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves demonstrated that BDNF and PLT were potential biomarkers for improved MCD diagnosis in patients with hemodialysis. These findings suggest that hemodialysis-related MCD is associated with altered BDNF, TNF-α and IL-6 levels as well as PLT counts and that serum BDNF levels and PLT counts are potential biomarkers for hemodialysis-related MCD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Li-Na Jin
- The Blood Purification Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jian-Qin Shen
- The Blood Purification Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jin-Feng Liu
- The Blood Purification Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Ri-Yue Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ai-Lin Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Ying Miao
- The Blood Purification Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) is a bone-derived hormone suppressing phosphate reabsorption and vitamin D hormone synthesis in the kidney. At physiological concentrations of the hormone, the endocrine actions of FGF23 in the kidney are αKlotho-dependent, because high-affinity binding of FGF23 to FGF receptors requires the presence of the co-receptor αKlotho on target cells. It is well established that excessive concentrations of intact FGF23 in the blood lead to phosphate wasting in patients with normal kidney function. Based on the importance of diseases associated with gain of FGF23 function such as phosphate-wasting diseases and chronic kidney disease, a large body of literature has focused on the pathophysiological consequences of FGF23 excess. Less emphasis has been put on the role of FGF23 in normal physiology. Nevertheless, during recent years, lessons we have learned from loss-of-function models have shown that besides the paramount physiological roles of FGF23 in the control of 1α-hydroxylase expression and of apical membrane expression of sodium-phosphate co-transporters in proximal renal tubules, FGF23 also is an important stimulator of calcium and sodium reabsorption in distal renal tubules. In addition, there is an emerging role of FGF23 as an auto-/paracrine regulator of alkaline phosphatase expression and mineralization in bone. In contrast to the renal actions of FGF23, the FGF23-mediated suppression of alkaline phosphatase in bone is αKlotho-independent. Moreover, FGF23 may be a physiological suppressor of differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into the erythroid lineage in the bone microenvironment. At present, there is little evidence for a physiological role of FGF23 in organs other than kidney and bone. The purpose of this mini-review is to highlight the current knowledge about the complex physiological functions of FGF23.
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Richter B, Faul C. FGF23 Actions on Target Tissues-With and Without Klotho. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:189. [PMID: 29770125 PMCID: PMC5940753 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23 is a phosphaturic hormone whose physiologic actions on target tissues are mediated by FGF receptors (FGFR) and klotho, which functions as a co-receptor that increases the binding affinity of FGF23 for FGFRs. By stimulating FGFR/klotho complexes in the kidney and parathyroid gland, FGF23 reduces renal phosphate uptake and secretion of parathyroid hormone, respectively, thereby acting as a key regulator of phosphate metabolism. Recently, it has been shown that FGF23 can also target cell types that lack klotho. This unconventional signaling event occurs in an FGFR-dependent manner, but involves other downstream signaling pathways than in "classic" klotho-expressing target organs. It appears that klotho-independent signaling mechanisms are only activated in the presence of high FGF23 concentrations and result in pathologic cellular changes. Therefore, it has been postulated that massive elevations in circulating levels of FGF23, as found in patients with chronic kidney disease, contribute to associated pathologies by targeting cells and tissues that lack klotho. This includes the induction of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, the elevation of inflammatory cytokine expression in the liver, and the inhibition of neutrophil recruitment. Here, we describe the signaling and cellular events that are caused by FGF23 in tissues lacking klotho, and we discuss FGF23's potential role as a hormone with widespread pathologic actions. Since the soluble form of klotho can function as a circulating co-receptor for FGF23, we also discuss the potential inhibitory effects of soluble klotho on FGF23-mediated signaling which might-at least partially-underlie the pleiotropic tissue-protective functions of klotho.
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Neuronal Dysfunction in iPSC-Derived Medium Spiny Neurons from Chorea-Acanthocytosis Patients Is Reversed by Src Kinase Inhibition and F-Actin Stabilization. J Neurosci 2017; 36:12027-12043. [PMID: 27881786 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0456-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc) is a fatal neurological disorder characterized by red blood cell acanthocytes and striatal neurodegeneration. Recently, severe cell membrane disturbances based on depolymerized cortical actin and an elevated Lyn kinase activity in erythrocytes from ChAc patients were identified. How this contributes to the mechanism of neurodegeneration is still unknown. To gain insight into the pathophysiology, we established a ChAc patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell model and an efficient differentiation protocol providing a large population of human striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs), the main target of neurodegeneration in ChAc. Patient-derived MSNs displayed enhanced neurite outgrowth and ramification, whereas synaptic density was similar to controls. Electrophysiological analysis revealed a pathologically elevated synaptic activity in ChAc MSNs. Treatment with the F-actin stabilizer phallacidin or the Src kinase inhibitor PP2 resulted in the significant reduction of disinhibited synaptic currents to healthy control levels, suggesting a Src kinase- and actin-dependent mechanism. This was underlined by increased G/F-actin ratios and elevated Lyn kinase activity in patient-derived MSNs. These data indicate that F-actin stabilization and Src kinase inhibition represent potential therapeutic targets in ChAc that may restore neuronal function. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease without a known cure. To gain pathophysiological insight, we newly established a human in vitro model using skin biopsies from ChAc patients to generate disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and developed an efficient iPSC differentiation protocol providing striatal medium spiny neurons. Using patch-clamp electrophysiology, we detected a pathologically enhanced synaptic activity in ChAc neurons. Healthy control levels of synaptic activity could be restored by treatment of ChAc neurons with the F-actin stabilizer phallacidin and the Src kinase inhibitor PP2. Because Src kinases are involved in bridging the membrane to the actin cytoskeleton by membrane protein phosphorylation, our data suggest an actin-dependent mechanism of this dysfunctional phenotype and potential treatment targets in ChAc.
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The relevance of α-KLOTHO to the central nervous system: Some key questions. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 36:137-148. [PMID: 28323064 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
α-Klotho is well described as an anti-aging protein, with critical roles in kidney function as a transmembrane co-receptor for FGF23, and as a soluble factor in serum. α-Klotho is also expressed in the choroid plexus, where it is released into the cerebrospinal fluid. Nonetheless, α-Klotho is also expressed in the brain parenchyma. Accumulating evidence indicates that this pool of α-Klotho, which we define as brain α-Klotho, may play important roles as a neuroprotective factor and in promoting myelination, thereby supporting healthy brain aging. Here we summarize what is known about brain α-Klotho before focusing on the outstanding scientific questions related to its function. We believe there is a need for in vitro studies designed to distinguish between brain α-Klotho and other pools of α-Klotho, and for a greater understanding of the basic function of soluble α-Klotho. The mechanism by which the human KL-VS variant affects cognition also requires further elucidation. To help address these questions we suggest some experimental approaches that other laboratories might consider. In short, we hope to stimulate fresh ideas and encourage new research approaches that will allow the importance of α-Klotho for the aging brain to become clear.
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Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality, infections, and impaired cognitive function. It is characterized by excessively increased levels of the phosphaturic hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and a deficiency of its co-receptor Klotho. Despite the important physiological effect of FGF23 in maintaining phosphate homeostasis, there is increasing evidence that higher FGF23 levels are a risk factor for mortality and cardiovascular disease. FGF23 directly induces left ventricular hypertrophy via activation of the FGF receptor 4/calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells signaling pathway. By contrast, the impact of FGF23 on endothelial function and the development of atherosclerosis are poorly understood. The results of recent experimental studies indicate that FGF23 directly impacts on hippocampal neurons and may thereby impair learning and memory function in CKD patients. Finally, it has been shown that FGF23 interferes with the immune system by directly acting on polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages. In this review, we discuss recent data from clinical and experimental studies on the extrarenal effects of FGF23 with respect to the cardiovascular, central nervous, and immune systems.
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Kuang X, Zhou HJ, Thorne AH, Chen XN, Li LJ, Du JR. Neuroprotective Effect of Ligustilide through Induction of α-Secretase Processing of Both APP and Klotho in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:353. [PMID: 29163135 PMCID: PMC5673635 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that alpha-processing single transmembrane proteins, amyloid precursor protein (APP) and anti-aging protein Klotho, are likely to be involved in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The natural phthalide Ligustilide (LIG) has been demonstrated to protect against aging- and amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced brain dysfunction in animal models. The present study is to investigate the effects of LIG on cognitive deficits and metabolism of both APP and Klotho and its underlying mechanism in AD double-transgenic (APP/PS1) mice and cultured human cells. Our results show that treatment with LIG significantly ameliorated memory impairment and Aβ levels and plaques burden. Specifically, LIG might act as a potent enhancer of α-secretase, disintegrin, and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10), leading to upregulation of alpha-processing of both APP and Klotho and subsequent increases in the levels of both soluble APP fragment (sAPPα) and soluble Klotho (sKL) with inhibition of IGF-1/Akt/mTOR signaling in AD mice and cultured cells. Moreover, the specific ADAM10 inhibitor (G1254023X) effectively reversed LIG-induced alpha-processing of both APP and Klotho in vitro, while Klotho gene knockdown by small interfering RNA significantly blunted LIG-mediated inhibition of IGF-1/Akt/mTOR signaling in vitro. Taken together with the reported neuroprotective effects of both sAPPα and sKL as well as autophagy induction by Akt/mTOR pathway inhibition, our findings suggest that neuroprotection of LIG against AD is associated with induction alpha-processing of APP and Klotho and potential Aβ clearance. Whether LIG might induce Aβ autophagic clearance and the underlying mechanisms need to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Amy H. Thorne
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Xi-Nan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin-Jiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun-Rong Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jun-Rong Du,
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Shen JQ, Liu JF, Miao LY. Abnormality in FGF-23–α-Klotho Axis: A Possible Mechanism Underlying Hemodialysis-Related Cognitive Dysfunction? Am J Kidney Dis 2016; 68:817-818. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abraham CR, Mullen PC, Tucker-Zhou T, Chen CD, Zeldich E. Klotho Is a Neuroprotective and Cognition-Enhancing Protein. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2016; 101:215-38. [PMID: 27125744 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we will describe what has been learned about Klotho and its potential functions in the brain. Klotho is localized in the choroid plexus and, to a lesser extent, in hippocampal neurons. Cognitive decline is a common issue in human aging affecting over 50% of the population. This cognitive decline can also be seen in animal models such as the Rhesus monkey. A long-term study undertaken by our lab demonstrated that normal brain aging in rhesus monkeys and other animal models is associated with a significant downregulation of Klotho expression. This observation substantiates data from other laboratories that have reported that loss of Klotho accelerates the development of aging-like phenotypes, including cognitive deficits, whereas Klotho overexpression extends life span and enhances cognition in mice and humans. Klotho is a type 1 transmembrane pleiotropic protein predominantly expressed in kidney and brain and shed by ADAM 10 and 17 into the blood and cerebral spinal fluid, respectively. While the renal functions of Klotho are well known, its roles in the brain remain to be fully elucidated. We recently demonstrated that Klotho protects hippocampal neurons from amyloid and glutamate toxicity via the activation of an antioxidant enzymatic system suggesting Klotho is a neuroprotective protein. Furthermore, Klotho is necessary for oligodendrocyte maturation and myelin integrity. Through its diverse roles in the brain, Klotho has become a new therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis. Discovery of small molecule Klotho enhancers may lead to novel treatments for these incurable disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Abraham
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - P C Mullen
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - T Tucker-Zhou
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - C D Chen
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - E Zeldich
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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