1
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Peltier DMP, Carbone MS, McIntire CD, Robertson N, Thompson RA, Malone S, LeMoine J, Richardson AD, McDowell NG, Adams HD, Pockman WT, Trowbridge AM. Carbon starvation following a decade of experimental drought consumes old reserves in Pinus edulis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:92-104. [PMID: 37430467 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Shifts in the age or turnover time of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) may underlie changes in tree growth under long-term increases in drought stress associated with climate change. But NSC responses to drought are challenging to quantify, due in part to large NSC stores in trees and subsequently long response times of NSC to climate variation. We measured NSC age (Δ14 C) along with a suite of ecophysiological metrics in Pinus edulis trees experiencing either extreme short-term drought (-90% ambient precipitation plot, 2020-2021) or a decade of severe drought (-45% plot, 2010-2021). We tested the hypothesis that carbon starvation - consumption exceeding synthesis and storage - increases the age of sapwood NSC. One year of extreme drought had no impact on NSC pool size or age, despite significant reductions in predawn water potential, photosynthetic rates/capacity, and twig and needle growth. By contrast, long-term drought halved the age of the sapwood NSC pool, coupled with reductions in sapwood starch concentrations (-75%), basal area increment (-39%), and bole respiration rates (-28%). Our results suggest carbon starvation takes time, as tree carbon reserves appear resilient to extreme disturbance in the short term. However, after a decade of drought, trees apparently consumed old stored NSC to support metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew M P Peltier
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Mariah S Carbone
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Cameron D McIntire
- Northeastern Area State, Private, and Tribal Forestry, USDA Forest Service, 271 Mast Road, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Nathan Robertson
- Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA
| | - R Alex Thompson
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163, USA
| | - Shealyn Malone
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jim LeMoine
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Andrew D Richardson
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Lab, PO Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Henry D Adams
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163, USA
| | - William T Pockman
- Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA
| | - Amy M Trowbridge
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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2
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Zinnert JC, Nippert JB, Rudgers JA, Pennings SC, González G, Alber M, Baer SG, Blair JM, Burd A, Collins SL, Craft C, Di Iorio D, Dodds WK, Groffman PM, Herbert E, Hladik C, Li F, Litvak ME, Newsome S, O’Donnell J, Pockman WT, Schalles J, Young DR. State changes: insights from the U.S. Long Term Ecological Research Network. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julie C. Zinnert
- Department of Biology Virginia Commonwealth University 1000 West Cary Street Richmond Virginia23284USA
| | - Jesse B. Nippert
- Division of Biology Kansas State University Manhattan Kansas66506USA
| | - Jennifer A. Rudgers
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico87131USA
| | - Steven C. Pennings
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry University of Houston Houston Texas77204USA
| | - Grizelle González
- International Institute of Tropical Forestry United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Jardín Botánico Sur, 1201 Ceiba St.‐Río Piedras San Juan00926Puerto Rico
| | - Merryl Alber
- Department of Marine Sciences University of Georgia Athens Georgia30602USA
| | - Sara G. Baer
- Kansas Biological Survey and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas66047USA
| | - John M. Blair
- Division of Biology Kansas State University Manhattan Kansas66506USA
| | - Adrian Burd
- Department of Marine Sciences University of Georgia Athens Georgia30602USA
| | - Scott L. Collins
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico87131USA
| | - Christopher Craft
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs Indiana University Bloomington Indiana47405USA
| | - Daniela Di Iorio
- Department of Marine Sciences University of Georgia Athens Georgia30602USA
| | - Walter K. Dodds
- Division of Biology Kansas State University Manhattan Kansas66506USA
| | - Peter M. Groffman
- City University of New York Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center New York New York10031USA
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies Millbrook New York12545USA
| | | | - Christine Hladik
- Department of Geology and Geography Georgia Southern University Statesboro Georgia30460USA
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry University of Houston Houston Texas77204USA
| | - Marcy E. Litvak
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico87131USA
| | - Seth Newsome
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico87131USA
| | - John O’Donnell
- Department of Biology Creighton University Omaha Nebraska68178USA
| | - William T. Pockman
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico87131USA
| | - John Schalles
- Department of Biology Creighton University Omaha Nebraska68178USA
| | - Donald R. Young
- Department of Biology Virginia Commonwealth University 1000 West Cary Street Richmond Virginia23284USA
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3
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Saidi S, Cherif-Silini H, Chenari Bouket A, Silini A, Eshelli M, Luptakova L, Alenezi FN, Belbahri L. Improvement of Medicago sativa Crops Productivity by the Co-inoculation of Sinorhizobium meliloti-Actinobacteria Under Salt Stress. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:1344-1357. [PMID: 33646380 PMCID: PMC7997840 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02394-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Biotic and abiotic stresses are severely limiting plant production and productivity. Of notable importance is salt stress that not only limits plant growth and survival, but affects the soil fertility and threatens agricultural ecosystems sustainability. The problem is exacerbated in fragile arid and semi-arid areas where high evaporation, low precipitation and the use of salty water for irrigation is accelerating soil salinization. Legumes, considered very nutritious foods for people and providing essential nutrients for ecosystems are a fundamental element of sustainable agriculture. They can restore soil health by their ability to fix nitrogen in a symbiotic interaction with the rhizobia of the soil. However, salt stress is severely limiting productivity and nitrogen fixation ability in legumes. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and mainly actinobacteria promote plant growth by producing phytohormones, siderophores, antibiotics and antifungal compounds, solubilizing phosphate and providing antagonism to phytopathogenic microorganisms. In addition, actinobacteria have beneficial effects on nodulation and growth of legumes. In this study, actinobacteria isolated from different niches and having PGP activities were used in co-inoculation experiments with rhizobia in Medicago sativa plants rhizosphere submitted to salt stress. The results indicate that drought- and salinity-tolerant Actinobacteria with multiple PGP traits can potentially increase alfalfa growth under saline conditions, in the presence or absence of symbiotic rhizobial bacteria. Actinobacteria discovered in this study can, therefore, be suitable biofertilizers in the formulation of agricultural products improving plant development, health and productivity in saline soils, a necessary alternative for modern agriculture and sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Saidi
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University Ferhat Abbas Setif, Sétif, Algeria
| | - Hafsa Cherif-Silini
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University Ferhat Abbas Setif, Sétif, Algeria
| | - Ali Chenari Bouket
- Plant Protection Research Department, East Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Allaoua Silini
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University Ferhat Abbas Setif, Sétif, Algeria
| | - Manal Eshelli
- Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Lenka Luptakova
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Institute of Biology, Zoology and Radiobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Faizah N Alenezi
- Department of Environmental Technology Management, College of Life Sciences, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Lassaad Belbahri
- NextBiotech, 98 Rue Ali Belhouane, Agareb, Tunisia.
- Laboratory of Soil Biology, University of Neuchatel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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4
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Lei N, Han J. Effect of precipitation on respiration of different reconstructed soils. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7328. [PMID: 32355174 PMCID: PMC7193616 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63420-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiration and hydrothermal characteristics of four reconstructed soils in barren gravel land at a site in Shaanxi Province were monitored before, during, and after two precipitation events. Both precipitation events significantly reduced soil temperature but there were great fluctuations in temperature after the second precipitation event. Moreover, precipitation increased the moisture content of the reconstructed soils. Before the first precipitation event, the soil volumetric water content was relatively stable, while it gradually decreased before the second precipitation event. The first precipitation event significantly stimulated the respiration rate for all reconstructed soils, while the second precipitation event generally inhibited it, especially during the precipitation event. The key factors influencing respiration for different reconstructed soils were different between the precipitation events. When soil volumetric water content showed persistent variation before precipitation, soil moisture was the most influential factor. In contrast, if water content was stable, soil temperature was more influential. Soil moisture and temperature jointly influenced soil respiration before, during, and after the precipitation event, while soil moisture was always the most influential factor after precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Lei
- Shaanxi Provincial Land and Engineering Construction Group CO., LTD., No.7 Guangtai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.,Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, No.3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jichang Han
- Shaanxi Provincial Land and Engineering Construction Group CO., LTD., No.7 Guangtai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
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5
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Bentley L, Coomes DA. Partial river flow recovery with forest age is rare in the decades following establishment. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1458-1473. [PMID: 31955488 PMCID: PMC7079061 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Forest regeneration and expansion are occurring in many countries, with 80 million ha established from 2000 to 2012 under the Bonn accord and 17.5 million ha established from 1990 to 2005 according to the Food and Agriculture Organisation. Multiple reviews have linked increasing forest cover with reduced river flow and potentially detrimental effects downstream. Previous reviews have investigated trends in river flow response over time, but the influence of forest age remains uncertain. Partial river flow recovery (towards non-forested conditions) has been reported in decades following forest establishment, but the role of climate in driving these trends has not been explored. Here, we evaluate river flow trends in 43 studies following forest establishment, which provide sufficient information to distinguish the effects of ageing forests from variable climate. Our meta-analysis supports previous findings showing that forestation reduces annual river flow (by 23% after 5 years and 38% after 25 years) with greater reductions in catchments with higher mean annual precipitation, larger increases in forest cover, and which were idle, rather than agricultural land, prior to forestation. The impact of forests on river flow is sensitive to annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, but responses are highly variable. Forests affect river flow less when annual precipitation is low, and sensitivity to precipitation decreases as catchment aridity increases. The majority of catchments demonstrated persistent river flow declines after forest establishment. However, nine catchments showed partial flow recovery after an initial decrease, with peak flow reductions at an average age of 15 and across a range of tree species. The mean rate of recovery was 34 mm/year over 5 years. Partial flow recovery with forest age cannot be commonly expected, however, and forestation programmes should take into account that changes to annual river flow are likely to persist for up to five decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bentley
- Department of Plant Sciences in the Conservation Research InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - David A. Coomes
- Department of Plant Sciences in the Conservation Research InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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6
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DeSoto L, Cailleret M, Sterck F, Jansen S, Kramer K, Robert EMR, Aakala T, Amoroso MM, Bigler C, Camarero JJ, Čufar K, Gea-Izquierdo G, Gillner S, Haavik LJ, Hereş AM, Kane JM, Kharuk VI, Kitzberger T, Klein T, Levanič T, Linares JC, Mäkinen H, Oberhuber W, Papadopoulos A, Rohner B, Sangüesa-Barreda G, Stojanovic DB, Suárez ML, Villalba R, Martínez-Vilalta J. Low growth resilience to drought is related to future mortality risk in trees. Nat Commun 2020; 11:545. [PMID: 31992718 PMCID: PMC6987235 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14300-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe droughts have the potential to reduce forest productivity and trigger tree mortality. Most trees face several drought events during their life and therefore resilience to dry conditions may be crucial to long-term survival. We assessed how growth resilience to severe droughts, including its components resistance and recovery, is related to the ability to survive future droughts by using a tree-ring database of surviving and now-dead trees from 118 sites (22 species, >3,500 trees). We found that, across the variety of regions and species sampled, trees that died during water shortages were less resilient to previous non-lethal droughts, relative to coexisting surviving trees of the same species. In angiosperms, drought-related mortality risk is associated with lower resistance (low capacity to reduce impact of the initial drought), while it is related to reduced recovery (low capacity to attain pre-drought growth rates) in gymnosperms. The different resilience strategies in these two taxonomic groups open new avenues to improve our understanding and prediction of drought-induced mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía DeSoto
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Spanish National Research Council (EEZA-CSIC), Almería, Spain.
- Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Maxime Cailleret
- INRAE, Université Aix-Marseille, UMR Recover, Aix-en-Provence, France
- Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Frank Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Koen Kramer
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Land Life Company, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth M R Robert
- CREAF, Bellaterrra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Wood Biology and Xylarium, Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA), Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Tuomas Aakala
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mariano M Amoroso
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural (IRNAD), Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Christof Bigler
- Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Spanish National Research Council (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Katarina Čufar
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Guillermo Gea-Izquierdo
- Centro de Investigación Forestal (CIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sten Gillner
- Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Ana-Maria Hereş
- Department of Forest Sciences, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania
- BC3 - Basque Centre for Climate Change, Leioa, Spain
| | - Jeffrey M Kane
- Department of Forestry and Wildland Resources, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Vyacheslav I Kharuk
- Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Thomas Kitzberger
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente (INIBOMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bariloche, Argentina
- Department of Ecology, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Tamir Klein
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tom Levanič
- Department of Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Juan C Linares
- Department of Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Harri Mäkinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Espoo, Finland
| | - Walter Oberhuber
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Brigitte Rohner
- Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Dejan B Stojanovic
- Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Maria Laura Suárez
- Grupo Ecología Forestal, CONICET - INTA, EEA Bariloche, Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Villalba
- Instituto Argentino de Nivología Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA-CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Bellaterrra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterrra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
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7
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Maurer GE, Hallmark AJ, Brown RF, Sala OE, Collins SL. Sensitivity of primary production to precipitation across the United States. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:527-536. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E. Maurer
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | | | - Renée F. Brown
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131 USA
| | - Osvaldo E. Sala
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287 USA
- School of Sustainability Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287 USA
- Global Drylands Center Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287 USA
| | - Scott L. Collins
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131 USA
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8
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Mackay DS, Savoy PR, Grossiord C, Tai X, Pleban JR, Wang DR, McDowell NG, Adams HD, Sperry JS. Conifers depend on established roots during drought: results from a coupled model of carbon allocation and hydraulics. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:679-692. [PMID: 31276231 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Trees may survive prolonged droughts by shifting water uptake to reliable water sources, but it is unknown if the dominant mechanism involves activating existing roots or growing new roots during drought, or some combination of the two. To gain mechanistic insights on this unknown, a dynamic root-hydraulic modeling framework was developed that set up a feedback between hydraulic controls over carbon allocation and the role of root growth on soil-plant hydraulics. The new model was tested using a 5 yr drought/heat field experiment on an established piñon-juniper stand with root access to bedrock groundwater. Owing to the high carbon cost per unit root area, modeled trees initialized without adequate bedrock groundwater access experienced potentially lethal declines in water potential, while all of the experimental trees maintained nonlethal water potentials. Simulated trees were unable to grow roots rapidly enough to mediate the hydraulic stress, particularly during warm droughts. Alternatively, modeled trees initiated with root access to bedrock groundwater matched the hydraulics of the experimental trees by increasing their water uptake from bedrock groundwater when soil layers dried out. Therefore, the modeling framework identified a critical mechanism for drought response that required trees to shift water uptake among existing roots rather than growing new roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Scott Mackay
- Department of Geography, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14261, USA
| | - Philip R Savoy
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Xiaonan Tai
- Department of Geography, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14261, USA
| | - Jonathan R Pleban
- Department of Geography, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14261, USA
| | - Diane R Wang
- Department of Geography, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14261, USA
| | | | - Henry D Adams
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - John S Sperry
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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9
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Garcia-Forner N, Vieira J, Nabais C, Carvalho A, Martínez-Vilalta J, Campelo F. Climatic and physiological regulation of the bimodal xylem formation pattern in Pinus pinaster saplings. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:2008-2018. [PMID: 31631224 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Seasonality in tree cambial activity and xylem formation encompass large variation in environmental conditions. Abiotic stressors such as warming or drought also modulate plant behavior at species and individual level. Despite xylem formation susceptibility to carbon (C) and water availability, it is still unknown which are the key physiological variables that regulate xylogenesis, and to what extent plant performance contributes to further explain the number of cells in the different phases of xylem development. Xylogenesis and physiological behavior was monitored in saplings of Pinus pinaster Aiton, a bimodal growth pattern species, distributed in different irrigation regimes. Xylogenesis and plant physiological behavior were compared between treatments and the relationship between climate, physiology and the number of cells in the cambium, enlargement and cell-wall thickening phases was evaluated. Xylogenesis regulation shifted from physiological to climatic control as cell differentiation advanced to mature tracheids. The number of cells in the cambium increased with assimilation rates and decreased with the water potential gradient through the plant. Enlargement was the most susceptible phase to plant relative water content, whereas no physiological variable contributed to explain the number of cells in the wall thickening phase, which declined as temperatures increased. All treatments showed a bimodal growth pattern with a second growth period starting when primary growth was completed and after plants had experienced the highest summer hydraulic losses. Our study demonstrates the importance of including physiological responses and not only climate to fully understand xylogenesis, with special attention to the enlargement phase. This is critical when studying species with a bimodal growth pattern because the second growth peak responds to internal shifts of C allocation and may strongly depend on plant hydraulic responses and not on a fine tuning of cambial activity with soil water availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Garcia-Forner
- Centre for Functional Ecology-Science for People & the Planet, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-456, Portugal
| | - Joana Vieira
- Centre for Functional Ecology-Science for People & the Planet, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-456, Portugal
| | - Cristina Nabais
- Centre for Functional Ecology-Science for People & the Planet, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-456, Portugal
| | - Ana Carvalho
- Centre for Functional Ecology-Science for People & the Planet, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-456, Portugal
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Filipe Campelo
- Centre for Functional Ecology-Science for People & the Planet, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-456, Portugal
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10
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Peltier DMP, Ogle K. Legacies of more frequent drought in ponderosa pine across the western United States. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:3803-3816. [PMID: 31155807 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite widespread interest in drought legacies-multiyear impacts of drought on tree growth-the key implication of reported drought legacies remains unaddressed: as impaired growth and slow recovery associated with drought legacies are pervasive across forest ecosystems, what is the impact of more frequent drought conditions? We investigated the assumption that either multiple drought years occurring during a short period (multiyear droughts), or droughts occurring during the recovery period from previous drought (compounded droughts), are detrimental to subsequent growth. There is evidence that drought responses may vary among populations of widespread species, leading us to examine regional differences in responses of the conifer Pinus ponderosa to historic drought frequency in the western United States. More frequent drought conditions incurred additional growth declines and shifts in growth-climate sensitivities in the years following drought relative to single-drought events, with 'triple-droughts' being worse than 'double-droughts'. Notably, prediction skill was not strongly reduced when ignoring compounded droughts, a consequence of the temporally comprehensive formulation of our stochastic antecedent model that accounts for the climatic memory of tree growth. We argue that incorporating drought-induced temporal variability in tree growth sensitivities can aid inference gained from statistical models, where more simplistic models could overestimate the severity of drought legacies. We also found regional differences in response to repeated drought, and suggest plastic post-drought sensitivities and climatic memory may represent beneficial physiological adjustments in interior regions. Within-species variability may thus mediate forest responses to increasing drought frequency under future climate change, but experimental approaches using more species are necessary to improve our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie drought legacy effects on tree growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew M P Peltier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
| | - Kiona Ogle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
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11
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Blackman CJ, Li X, Choat B, Rymer PD, De Kauwe MG, Duursma RA, Tissue DT, Medlyn BE. Desiccation time during drought is highly predictable across species of Eucalyptus from contrasting climates. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:632-643. [PMID: 31264226 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Catastrophic failure of the water transport pathway in trees is a principal mechanism of mortality during extreme drought. To be able to predict the probability of mortality at an individual and landscape scale we need knowledge of the time for plants to reach critical levels of hydraulic failure. We grew plants of eight species of Eucalyptus originating from contrasting climates before allowing a subset to dehydrate. We tested whether a trait-based model of time to plant desiccation tcrit , from stomatal closure gs90 to a critical level of hydraulic dysfunction Ψcrit is consistent with observed dry-down times. Plant desiccation time varied among species, ranging from 96.2 to 332 h at a vapour-pressure deficit of 1 kPa, and was highly predictable using the tcrit model in conjunction with a leaf shedding function. Plant desiccation time was longest in species with high cavitation resistance, strong vulnerability segmentation, wide stomatal-hydraulic safety, and a high ratio of total plant water content to leaf area. Knowledge of tcrit in combination with water-use traits that influence stomatal closure could significantly increase our ability to predict the timing of drought-induced mortality at tree and forest scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Blackman
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ximeng Li
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Paul D Rymer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Martin G De Kauwe
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Extreme Climates, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Remko A Duursma
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Belinda E Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
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12
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Bartlow AW. Histological Findings in Wild Rodents of the Great Basin. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2019. [DOI: 10.3398/064.079.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Bartlow
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Biosecurity and Public Health, Los Alamos, NM 87545
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13
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Gavinet J, Ourcival JM, Limousin JM. Rainfall exclusion and thinning can alter the relationships between forest functioning and drought. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1267-1279. [PMID: 31006128 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Increasing drought caused by the ongoing climate change, and forest management by thinning that aims at mitigating its impact, may modify the current relationships between forest functions and drought intensity and preclude our ability to forecast future ecosystem responses. We used 15 yr of data from an experimental rainfall exclusion (-27% of rainfall) combined with thinning (-30% stand basal area) to investigate differences in the drought-function relationships for each component of above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) and stand transpiration in a Mediterranean Quercus ilex stand. Rainfall exclusion reduced stand ANPP by 10%, mainly because of lowered leaf and acorn production, whereas wood production remained unaffected. These responses were consistent with the temporal sensitivity to drought among tree organs but revealed an increased allocation to wood. Thinning increased wood and acorn production and reduced the sensitivity of standing wood biomass change to drought. Rainfall exclusion and thinning lowered the intercept of the transpiration-drought relationship as a result of the structural constraints exerted by lower leaf and sapwood area. The results suggest that historical drought-function relationships can be used to infer future drought impacts on stand ANPP but not on water fluxes. Thinning can mitigate drought effects and reduce forest sensitivity to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordane Gavinet
- CEFE CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
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14
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Michelot-Antalik A, Granda E, Fresneau C, Damesin C. Evidence of a seasonal trade-off between growth and starch storage in declining beeches: assessment through stem radial increment, non-structural carbohydrates and intra-ring δ13C. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:831-844. [PMID: 30824921 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Forest decline is reported in recent decades all over the world. However, developing a clear vision of the associated tree dysfunctioning is still a challenge for plant physiologists. In this study, our aim was to examine the seasonal carbon adjustments of beech trees in the case of a long-term drought-induced decline. We compared healthy and declining trees in terms of stem radial growth, phloem sugar content and δ13C, together with xylem carbohydrates and intra-ring δ13C patterns. The radial growth of declining trees was clearly reduced by lower growth rates and shorter growing season length (44 days compared with healthy trees). The soluble sugar content was higher in the xylem of declining trees compared with the healthy ones, but similar in the phloem except at the end of their growth. Declining trees increased their levels of xylem starch content from budburst until the date of maximal growth rate. These reserve dynamics revealed an early trade-off between radial growth and starch storage that might be the result of an active or passive process. For declining trees, the slight decrease of intra-ring cellulose δ13C pattern during the early growing season was attributed to the synthesis of 13C enriched starch. For healthy trees, δ13C patterns were characterized by a progressive 13C increase along the ring, attributed to increased water-use efficiency (WUE) in response to decreased water availability. Individual variations of the crown area were negatively correlated to the intra-ring δ13C amplitude, which was ascribed to variations in canopy WUE and resource competition for healthy trees and partly to variations in the amount of reserves accumulated during spring for declining ones. Our study highlights the carbon physiological adjustment of declining trees towards reducing spring growth while storing starch, which can be reflected in the individual intra-ring cellulose δ13C patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Michelot-Antalik
- Université de Lorraine, Inra, LAE, Nancy, France
- Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
| | - Elena Granda
- Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences - AGROTECNIO Center, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Chantal Fresneau
- Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
| | - Claire Damesin
- Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
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15
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Asbjornsen H, Campbell JL, Jennings KA, Vadeboncoeur MA, McIntire C, Templer PH, Phillips RP, Bauerle TL, Dietze MC, Frey SD, Groffman PM, Guerrieri R, Hanson PJ, Kelsey EP, Knapp AK, McDowell NG, Meir P, Novick KA, Ollinger SV, Pockman WT, Schaberg PG, Wullschleger SD, Smith MD, Rustad LE. Guidelines and considerations for designing field experiments simulating precipitation extremes in forest ecosystems. Methods Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Asbjornsen
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
- Earth Systems Research CenterInstitute for Earth, Oceans, and SpaceUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
| | - John L. Campbell
- Northern Research StationUSDA Forest Service Durham New Hampshire
| | - Katie A. Jennings
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
- Earth Systems Research CenterInstitute for Earth, Oceans, and SpaceUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
| | - Matthew A. Vadeboncoeur
- Earth Systems Research CenterInstitute for Earth, Oceans, and SpaceUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
| | - Cameron McIntire
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
| | | | | | - Taryn L. Bauerle
- School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell University Ithaca New York
| | - Michael C. Dietze
- Department of Earth and EnvironmentBoston University Boston Massachusetts
| | - Serita D. Frey
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
| | - Peter M. Groffman
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesAdvanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York and Brooklyn College New York New York
| | - Rosella Guerrieri
- Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF)Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Paul J. Hanson
- Environmental Sciences DivisionOak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee
| | - Eric P. Kelsey
- Department of Atmospheric Science and ChemistryPlymouth State University Plymouth New Hampshire
- Mount Washington Observatory North Conway New Hampshire
| | - Alan K. Knapp
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in EcologyColorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
| | | | - Patrick Meir
- Research School of BiologyAustralian National University Canberra ACT Australia
- School of GeosciencesUniversity of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Kimberly A. Novick
- School of Public and Environmental AffairsIndiana University Bloomington Indiana
| | - Scott V. Ollinger
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
| | - Will T. Pockman
- Department of BiologyUniversity of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico
| | | | - Stan D. Wullschleger
- Environmental Sciences DivisionOak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee
| | - Melinda D. Smith
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in EcologyColorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
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16
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Manrique-Alba À, Sevanto S, Adams HD, Collins AD, Dickman LT, Chirino E, Bellot J, McDowell NG. Stem radial growth and water storage responses to heat and drought vary between conifers with differing hydraulic strategies. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1926-1934. [PMID: 29761501 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We investigated stem radial growth and water storage dynamics of 2 conifer species differing in hydraulic carbon strategies, Juniperus monosperma and Pinus edulis, under conditions of ambient, drought (∼45% reduction in precipitation), heat (∼4.8 °C temperature increase), and the combination of drought + heat, in 2013 and 2014. Juniper maintained low growth across all treatments. Overall, the relatively isohydric piñon pine showed significantly greater growth and water storage recharge than the relatively anisohydric juniper across all treatments in the average climate year (2014) but no differences in the regionally dry year (2013). Piñon pine ceased growth at a constant predawn water potential across all treatments and at a less negative water potential threshold than juniper. Heat has a greater negative impact on piñon pines' growth and water storage than drought, whereas juniper was, in contrast, unaffected by heat but strongly impacted by drought. The whole-plant hydraulic carbon strategies, in this case captured using the isohydric/anisohydric concept, translate into alternative growth and water storage strategies under drought and heat conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Àngela Manrique-Alba
- IMEM "Ramon Margalef", University of Alicante, Apdo. 99, Alicante, 03080, Spain
- Department of Ecology, University of Alicante, Apdo. 99, Alicante, 03080, Spain
| | - Sanna Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Henry D Adams
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078-3013, USA
| | - Adam D Collins
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Lee T Dickman
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Esteban Chirino
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Laica "Eloy Alfaro" de Manabí, Manta, Ecuador
| | - Juan Bellot
- IMEM "Ramon Margalef", University of Alicante, Apdo. 99, Alicante, 03080, Spain
- Department of Ecology, University of Alicante, Apdo. 99, Alicante, 03080, Spain
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17
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Moran E, Lauder J, Musser C, Stathos A, Shu M. The genetics of drought tolerance in conifers. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:1034-1048. [PMID: 28895167 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Contents 1034 I. 1034 II. 1035 III. 1037 IV. 1038 V. 1042 VI. 1043 VII. 1045 References 1045 SUMMARY: As temperatures warm and precipitation patterns shift as a result of climate change, interest in the identification of tree genotypes that will thrive under more arid conditions has grown. In this review, we discuss the multiple definitions of 'drought tolerance' and the biological processes involved in drought responses. We describe the three major approaches taken in the study of genetic variation in drought responses, the advantages and shortcomings of each, and what each of these approaches has revealed about the genetic basis of adaptation to drought in conifers. Finally, we discuss how a greater knowledge of the genetics of drought tolerance may aid forest management, and provide recommendations for how future studies may overcome the limitations of past approaches. In particular, we urge a more direct focus on survival, growth and the traits that directly predict them (rather than on proxies, such as water use efficiency), combining research approaches with complementary strengths and weaknesses, and the inclusion of a wider range of taxa and life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Moran
- UC Merced, 5200 N Lake Rd, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | | | - Cameron Musser
- Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | | | - Mengjun Shu
- UC Merced, 5200 N Lake Rd, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
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18
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Jia G, Liu Z, Chen L, Yu X. Distinguish water utilization strategies of trees growing on earth-rocky mountainous area with transpiration and water isotopes. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:10640-10651. [PMID: 29299245 PMCID: PMC5743539 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Water stress is regarded as a global challenge to forests. Unlike other water-limited areas, the water use strategies of rocky mountainous forests, which play an important ecohydrological role, have not received sufficient attention. To prove our hypothesis that species adopt different water use strategies to avoid competition of limited water resources, we used site abiotic monitoring, sap flow and stable isotope method to study the biophysiological responses and water use preferences of two commonly distributed forest species, Pinus tabuliformis (Pt) and Quercus variabilis (Qv). The results showed that Pt transpired higher than Qv. Pt was also prone to adopt isohydric water use strategy as it demonstrated sensitive stomatal control over water loss through transpiration. Qv developed cavitation which was reflected by the dropping Ec in response to high vapor pressure deficit, concentrated peak sap flux density (Js), and enlarged hysteresis loop. Considering the average soil depth of 52.8 cm on the site, a common strategy shared by both species was the ability to tap water from deep soil layers (below 40 cm) when soil water was limited, and this contributed to the whole growing season transpiration. The contribution of surface layer water to plant water use increased and became the main water source for transpiration after rainfall. Qv was more efficient at using water from surface layer than Pt due to the developed surface root system when soil water content was not stressed. Our study proves that different water-using strategies of co-occurring species may be conducive to avoid competition of limited water resources to guarantee their survival. Knowledge of water stress-coping strategies of trees has implications for the understanding and prediction of vegetation composition in similar areas and can facilitate forest management criteria for plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Jia
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water ConservationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Soil and Water ConservationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
- School of Soil and Water ConservationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ziqiang Liu
- School of Soil and Water ConservationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lixin Chen
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water ConservationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Soil and Water ConservationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
- School of Soil and Water ConservationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xinxiao Yu
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water ConservationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Soil and Water ConservationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
- School of Soil and Water ConservationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
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19
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Responses of Tree Transpiration and Growth to Seasonal Rainfall Redistribution in a Subtropical Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest. Ecosystems 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-017-0185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Canopy Transpiration and Stomatal Responses to Prolonged Drought by a Dominant Desert Species in Central Asia. WATER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/w9060404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Grossiord C, Sevanto S, Dawson TE, Adams HD, Collins AD, Dickman LT, Newman BD, Stockton EA, McDowell NG. Warming combined with more extreme precipitation regimes modifies the water sources used by trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:584-596. [PMID: 27612306 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of vegetation under climate change will depend on a plant's capacity to exploit water resources. We analyzed water source dynamics in piñon pine and juniper trees subjected to precipitation reduction, atmospheric warming, and to both simultaneously. Piñon and juniper exhibited different and opposite shifts in water uptake depth in response to experimental stress and background climate over 3 yr. During a dry summer, juniper responded to warming with a shift to shallow water sources, whereas piñon pine responded to precipitation reduction with a shift to deeper sources in autumn. In normal and wet summers, both species responded to precipitation reduction, but juniper increased deep water uptake and piñon increased shallow water uptake. Shifts in the utilization of water sources were associated with reduced stomatal conductance and photosynthesis, suggesting that belowground compensation in response to warming and water reduction did not alleviate stress impacts for gas exchange. We have demonstrated that predicted climate change could modify water sources of trees. Warming impairs juniper uptake of deep sources during extended dry periods. Precipitation reduction alters the uptake of shallow sources following extended droughts for piñon. Shifts in water sources may not compensate for climate change impacts on tree physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Grossiord
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Sanna Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Todd E Dawson
- Center for Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry and the Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Henry D Adams
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078-3013, USA
| | - Adam D Collins
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Lee T Dickman
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Brent D Newman
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Stockton
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
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22
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Response of Mid-Rotation Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) Physiology and Productivity to Sustained, Moderate Drought on the Western Edge of the Range. FORESTS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/f7090203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Hultine KR, Grady KC, Wood TE, Shuster SM, Stella JC, Whitham TG. Climate change perils for dioecious plant species. NATURE PLANTS 2016; 2:16109. [PMID: 28221374 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Climate change, particularly increased aridity, poses a significant threat to plants and the biotic communities they support. Dioecious species may be especially vulnerable to climate change given that they often exhibit spatial segregation of the sexes, reinforced by physiological and morphological specialization of each sex to different microhabitats. In dimorphic species, the overexpression of a trait by one gender versus the other may become suppressed in future climates. Data suggest that males will generally be less sensitive to increased aridity than co-occurring females and, consequently, extreme male-biased sex ratios are possible in a significant number of populations. The effects of male-biased sex ratios are likely to cascade to dependent community members, especially those that are specialized on one sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Hultine
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, Arizona, 85008, USA
| | - Kevin C Grady
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA
| | - Troy E Wood
- US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA
| | - Stephen M Shuster
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA
| | - John C Stella
- Department of Forest and Natural Resources Management, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Thomas G Whitham
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA
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24
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Garcia-Forner N, Adams HD, Sevanto S, Collins AD, Dickman LT, Hudson PJ, Zeppel MJB, Jenkins MW, Powers H, Martínez-Vilalta J, Mcdowell NG. Responses of two semiarid conifer tree species to reduced precipitation and warming reveal new perspectives for stomatal regulation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:38-49. [PMID: 26081870 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Relatively anisohydric species are predicted to be more predisposed to hydraulic failure than relatively isohydric species, as they operate with narrower hydraulic safety margins. We subjected co-occurring anisohydric Juniperus monosperma and isohydric Pinus edulis trees to warming, reduced precipitation, or both, and measured their gas exchange and hydraulic responses. We found that reductions in stomatal conductance and assimilation by heat and drought were more frequent during relatively moist periods, but these effects were not exacerbated in the combined heat and drought treatment. Counter to expectations, both species exhibited similar gs temporal dynamics in response to drought. Further, whereas P. edulis exhibited chronic embolism, J. monosperma showed very little embolism due to its conservative stomatal regulation and maintenance of xylem water potential above the embolism entry point. This tight stomatal control and low levels of embolism experienced by juniper refuted the notion that very low water potentials during drought are associated with loose stomatal control and with the hypothesis that anisohydric species are more prone to hydraulic failure than isohydric species. Because direct association of stomatal behaviour with embolism resistance can be misleading, we advocate consideration of stomatal behaviour relative to embolism resistance for classifying species drought response strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Garcia-Forner
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
| | - Henry D Adams
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Sanna Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Adam D Collins
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Lee T Dickman
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Patrick J Hudson
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Melanie J B Zeppel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Michael W Jenkins
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, 95064, USA
| | - Heath Powers
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
| | - Nate G Mcdowell
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
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25
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Caldeira MC, Lecomte X, David TS, Pinto JG, Bugalho MN, Werner C. Synergy of extreme drought and shrub invasion reduce ecosystem functioning and resilience in water-limited climates. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15110. [PMID: 26461978 PMCID: PMC4602198 DOI: 10.1038/srep15110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme drought events and plant invasions are major drivers of global change that can critically affect ecosystem functioning and alter ecosystem-atmosphere exchange. Invaders are expanding worldwide and extreme drought events are projected to increase in frequency and intensity. However, very little is known on how these drivers may interact to affect the functioning and resilience of ecosystems to extreme events. Using a manipulative shrub removal experiment and the co-occurrence of an extreme drought event (2011/2012) in a Mediterranean woodland, we show that native shrub invasion and extreme drought synergistically reduced ecosystem transpiration and the resilience of key-stone oak tree species. Ecosystem transpiration was dominated by the water use of the invasive shrub Cistus ladanifer, which further increased after the extreme drought event. Meanwhile, the transpiration of key-stone tree species decreased, indicating a competitive advantage in favour of the invader. Our results suggest that in Mediterranean-type climates the invasion of water spending species and projected recurrent extreme drought events may synergistically cause critical drought tolerance thresholds of key-stone tree species to be surpassed, corroborating observed higher tree mortality in the invaded ecosystems. Ultimately, this may shift seasonally water limited ecosystems into less desirable alternative states dominated by water spending invasive shrubs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C. Caldeira
- Agroecosystem Research, BayCEER, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- CEF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Xavier Lecomte
- CEF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Teresa S. David
- CEF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária I.P., Quinta do Marquês, Av, da República, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Joaquim G. Pinto
- Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Earley Gate, PO Box 243, Reading RG6 6BB, United Kingdom
- Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Pohlingstr. 3, 50969 Cologne, Germany
| | - Miguel N. Bugalho
- CEABN-Inbio, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Christiane Werner
- Agroecosystem Research, BayCEER, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Institute of Ecosystem Physiology, University Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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26
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Sperry JS, Love DM. What plant hydraulics can tell us about responses to climate-change droughts. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:14-27. [PMID: 25773898 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Climate change exposes vegetation to unusual drought, causing declines in productivity and increased mortality. Drought responses are hard to anticipate because canopy transpiration and diffusive conductance (G) respond to drying soil and vapor pressure deficit (D) in complex ways. A growing database of hydraulic traits, combined with a parsimonious theory of tree water transport and its regulation, may improve predictions of at-risk vegetation. The theory uses the physics of flow through soil and xylem to quantify how canopy water supply declines with drought and ceases by hydraulic failure. This transpiration 'supply function' is used to predict a water 'loss function' by assuming that stomatal regulation exploits transport capacity while avoiding failure. Supply-loss theory incorporates root distribution, hydraulic redistribution, cavitation vulnerability, and cavitation reversal. The theory efficiently defines stomatal responses to D, drying soil, and hydraulic vulnerability. Driving the theory with climate predicts drought-induced loss of plant hydraulic conductance (k), canopy G, carbon assimilation, and productivity. Data lead to the 'chronic stress hypothesis' wherein > 60% loss of k increases mortality by multiple mechanisms. Supply-loss theory predicts the climatic conditions that push vegetation over this risk threshold. The theory's simplicity and predictive power encourage testing and application in large-scale modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Sperry
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - David M Love
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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Limousin J, Yepez EA, McDowell NG, Pockman WT. Convergence in resource use efficiency across trees with differing hydraulic strategies in response to ecosystem precipitation manipulation. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐Marc Limousin
- Department of Biology MSC03 2020 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131‐0001 USA
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CEFE UMR 5175 CNRS Université de Montpellier Université Paul‐Valéry EPHE 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier 5 France
| | - Enrico A. Yepez
- Departamento de Ciencias del Agua y del Medio Ambiente Instituto Tecnologico de Sonora Ciudad Obregon Sonora 85000 Mexico
| | - Nate G. McDowell
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 USA
| | - William T. Pockman
- Department of Biology MSC03 2020 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131‐0001 USA
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28
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Zeppel MJB, Harrison SP, Adams HD, Kelley DI, Li G, Tissue DT, Dawson TE, Fensham R, Medlyn BE, Palmer A, West AG, McDowell NG. Drought and resprouting plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:583-9. [PMID: 27283977 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Many species have the ability to resprout vegetatively after a substantial loss of biomass induced by environmental stress, including drought. Many of the regions characterised by ecosystems where resprouting is common are projected to experience more frequent and intense drought during the 21st Century. However, in assessments of ecosystem response to drought disturbance there has been scant consideration of the resilience and post-drought recovery of resprouting species. Systematic differences in hydraulic and allocation traits suggest that resprouting species are more resilient to drought-stress than nonresprouting species. Evidence suggests that ecosystems dominated by resprouters recover from disturbance more quickly than ecosystems dominated by nonresprouters. The ability of resprouters to avoid mortality and withstand drought, coupled with their ability to recover rapidly, suggests that the impact of increased drought stress in ecosystems dominated by these species may be small. The strategy of resprouting needs to be modelled explicitly to improve estimates of future climate-change impacts on the carbon cycle, but this will require several important knowledge gaps to be filled before resprouting can be properly implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J B Zeppel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Sandy P Harrison
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
- School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Sciences (SAGES), Reading University, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AB, UK
| | - Henry D Adams
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Douglas I Kelley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Guangqi Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Todd E Dawson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Rod Fensham
- Queensland Herbarium, Environmental Protection Agency, Towong, QLD, Australia
| | - Belinda E Medlyn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Anthony Palmer
- Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Private Bag, 77000, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Adam G West
- Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
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29
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Pangle RE, Limousin JM, Plaut JA, Yepez EA, Hudson PJ, Boutz AL, Gehres N, Pockman WT, McDowell NG. Prolonged experimental drought reduces plant hydraulic conductance and transpiration and increases mortality in a piñon-juniper woodland. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:1618-38. [PMID: 25937906 PMCID: PMC4409411 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant hydraulic conductance (ks) is a critical control on whole-plant water use and carbon uptake and, during drought, influences whether plants survive or die. To assess long-term physiological and hydraulic responses of mature trees to water availability, we manipulated ecosystem-scale water availability from 2007 to 2013 in a piñon pine (Pinus edulis) and juniper (Juniperus monosperma) woodland. We examined the relationship between ks and subsequent mortality using more than 5 years of physiological observations, and the subsequent impact of reduced hydraulic function and mortality on total woody canopy transpiration (EC) and conductance (GC). For both species, we observed significant reductions in plant transpiration (E) and ks under experimentally imposed drought. Conversely, supplemental water additions increased E and ks in both species. Interestingly, both species exhibited similar declines in ks under the imposed drought conditions, despite their differing stomatal responses and mortality patterns during drought. Reduced whole-plant ks also reduced carbon assimilation in both species, as leaf-level stomatal conductance (gs) and net photosynthesis (An) declined strongly with decreasing ks. Finally, we observed that chronically low whole-plant ks was associated with greater canopy dieback and mortality for both piñon and juniper and that subsequent reductions in woody canopy biomass due to mortality had a significant impact on both daily and annual canopy EC and GC. Our data indicate that significant reductions in ks precede drought-related tree mortality events in this system, and the consequence is a significant reduction in canopy gas exchange and carbon fixation. Our results suggest that reductions in productivity and woody plant cover in piñon–juniper woodlands can be expected due to reduced plant hydraulic conductance and increased mortality of both piñon pine and juniper under anticipated future conditions of more frequent and persistent regional drought in the southwestern United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Pangle
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131-0001
| | - Jean-Marc Limousin
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CEFE, UMR5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier Cedex 5, 34293, France
| | - Jennifer A Plaut
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131-0001
| | - Enrico A Yepez
- Departamento de Ciencias del Agua y del Medio Ambiente, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, 85000, Mexico
| | - Patrick J Hudson
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131-0001
| | - Amanda L Boutz
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131-0001
| | - Nathan Gehres
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131-0001
| | - William T Pockman
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131-0001
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545
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30
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Aguadé D, Poyatos R, Gómez M, Oliva J, Martínez-Vilalta J. The role of defoliation and root rot pathogen infection in driving the mode of drought-related physiological decline in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:229-42. [PMID: 25724949 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Drought-related tree die-off episodes have been observed in all vegetated continents. Despite much research effort, however, the multiple interactions between carbon starvation, hydraulic failure and biotic agents in driving tree mortality under field conditions are still not well understood. We analysed the seasonal variability of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) in four organs (leaves, branches, trunk and roots), the vulnerability to embolism in roots and branches, native embolism (percentage loss of hydraulic conductivity (PLC)) in branches and the presence of root rot pathogens in defoliated and non-defoliated individuals in a declining Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) population in the NE Iberian Peninsula in 2012, which included a particularly dry and warm summer. No differences were observed between defoliated and non-defoliated pines in hydraulic parameters, except for a higher vulnerability to embolism at pressures below -2 MPa in roots of defoliated pines. No differences were found between defoliation classes in branch PLC. Total NSC (TNSC, soluble sugars plus starch) values decreased during drought, particularly in leaves. Defoliation reduced TNSC levels across tree organs, especially just before (June) and during (August) drought. Root rot infection by the fungal pathogen Onnia P. Karst spp. was detected but it did not appear to be associated to tree defoliation. However, Onnia infection was associated with reduced leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity and sapwood depth, and thus contributed to hydraulic impairment, especially in defoliated pines. Infection was also associated with virtually depleted root starch reserves during and after drought in defoliated pines. Moreover, defoliated and infected trees tended to show lower basal area increment. Overall, our results show the intertwined nature of physiological mechanisms leading to drought-induced mortality and the inherent difficulty of isolating their contribution under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Aguadé
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Poyatos
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Gómez
- Forest Science Centre of Catalonia, Solsona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - J Oliva
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala Biocenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Li F, Zhao W, Liu H. Productivity responses of desert vegetation to precipitation patterns across a rainfall gradient. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2015; 128:283-294. [PMID: 25613044 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-014-0685-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The influences of previous-year precipitation and episodic rainfall events on dryland plants and communities are poorly quantified in the temperate desert region of Northwest China. To evaluate the thresholds and lags in the response of aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) to variability in rainfall pulses and seasonal precipitation along the precipitation-productivity gradient in three desert ecosystems with different precipitation regimes, we collected precipitation data from 2000 to 2012 in Shandan (SD), Linze (LZ) and Jiuquan (JQ) in northwestern China. Further, we extracted the corresponding MODIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI, a proxy for ANPP) datasets at 250 m spatial resolution. We then evaluated different desert ecosystems responses using statistical analysis, and a threshold-delay model (TDM). TDM is an integrative framework for analysis of plant growth, precipitation thresholds, and plant functional type strategies that capture the nonlinear nature of plant responses to rainfall pulses. Our results showed that: (1) the growing season NDVIINT (INT stands for time-integrated) was largely correlated with the warm season (spring/summer) at our mildly-arid desert ecosystem (SD). The arid ecosystem (LZ) exhibited a different response, and the growing season NDVIINT depended highly on the previous year's fall/winter precipitation and ANPP. At the extremely arid site (JQ), the variability of growing season NDVIINT was equally correlated with the cool- and warm-season precipitation; (2) some parameters of threshold-delay differed among the three sites: while the response of NDVI to rainfall pulses began at about 5 mm for all the sites, the maximum thresholds in SD, LZ, and JQ were about 55, 35 and 30 mm respectively, increasing with an increase in mean annual precipitation. By and large, more previous year's fall/winter precipitation, and large rainfall events, significantly enhanced the growth of desert vegetation, and desert ecosystems should be much more adaptive under likely future scenarios of increasing fall/winter precipitation and large rainfall events. These results highlight the inherent complexity in predicting how desert ecosystems will respond to future fluctuations in precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Linze Inland River Basin Research Station, Key Laboratory of Inland River Basin Ecohydrology, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Dong-gang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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32
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Gustafson EJ, De Bruijn AMG, Pangle RE, Limousin JM, McDowell NG, Pockman WT, Sturtevant BR, Muss JD, Kubiske ME. Integrating ecophysiology and forest landscape models to improve projections of drought effects under climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:843-856. [PMID: 25155807 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental drivers of ecosystem processes such as temperature and precipitation are rapidly changing and creating novel environmental conditions. Forest landscape models (FLM) are used by managers and policy-makers to make projections of future ecosystem dynamics under alternative management or policy options, but the links between the fundamental drivers and projected responses are weak and indirect, limiting their reliability for projecting the impacts of climate change. We developed and tested a relatively mechanistic method to simulate the effects of changing precipitation on species competition within the LANDIS-II FLM. Using data from a field precipitation manipulation experiment in a piñon pine (Pinus edulis) and juniper (Juniperus monosperma) ecosystem in New Mexico (USA), we calibrated our model to measurements from ambient control plots and tested predictions under the drought and irrigation treatments against empirical measurements. The model successfully predicted behavior of physiological variables under the treatments. Discrepancies between model output and empirical data occurred when the monthly time step of the model failed to capture the short-term dynamics of the ecosystem as recorded by instantaneous field measurements. We applied the model to heuristically assess the effect of alternative climate scenarios on the piñon-juniper ecosystem and found that warmer and drier climate reduced productivity and increased the risk of drought-induced mortality, especially for piñon. We concluded that the direct links between fundamental drivers and growth rates in our model hold great promise to improve our understanding of ecosystem processes under climate change and improve management decisions because of its greater reliance on first principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Gustafson
- Institute for Applied Ecosystem Studies, Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 5985 Highway K, Rhinelander, WI, 54501, USA
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33
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Collins S, Belnap J, Grimm N, Rudgers J, Dahm C, D'Odorico P, Litvak M, Natvig D, Peters D, Pockman W, Sinsabaugh R, Wolf B. A Multiscale, Hierarchical Model of Pulse Dynamics in Arid-Land Ecosystems. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.L. Collins
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131;
| | - J. Belnap
- US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Moab, Utah 84532
| | - N.B. Grimm
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - J.A. Rudgers
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131;
| | - C.N. Dahm
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131;
| | - P. D'Odorico
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - M. Litvak
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131;
| | - D.O. Natvig
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131;
| | - D.C. Peters
- USDA Jornada Experimental Range, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88012
| | - W.T. Pockman
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131;
| | - R.L. Sinsabaugh
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131;
| | - B.O. Wolf
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131;
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34
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Macalady AK, Bugmann H. Growth-mortality relationships in piñon pine (Pinus edulis) during severe droughts of the past century: shifting processes in space and time. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92770. [PMID: 24786646 PMCID: PMC4008371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The processes leading to drought-associated tree mortality are poorly understood, particularly long-term predisposing factors, memory effects, and variability in mortality processes and thresholds in space and time. We use tree rings from four sites to investigate Pinus edulis mortality during two drought periods in the southwestern USA. We draw on recent sampling and archived collections to (1) analyze P. edulis growth patterns and mortality during the 1950s and 2000s droughts; (2) determine the influence of climate and competition on growth in trees that died and survived; and (3) derive regression models of growth-mortality risk and evaluate their performance across space and time. Recent growth was 53% higher in surviving vs. dying trees, with some sites exhibiting decades-long growth divergences associated with previous drought. Differential growth response to climate partly explained growth differences between live and dead trees, with responses wet/cool conditions most influencing eventual tree status. Competition constrained tree growth, and reduced trees' ability to respond to favorable climate. The best predictors in growth-mortality models included long-term (15-30 year) average growth rate combined with a metric of growth variability and the number of abrupt growth increases over 15 and 10 years, respectively. The most parsimonious models had high discriminatory power (ROC>0.84) and correctly classified ∼ 70% of trees, suggesting that aspects of tree growth, especially over decades, can be powerful predictors of widespread drought-associated die-off. However, model discrimination varied across sites and drought events. Weaker growth-mortality relationships and higher growth at lower survival probabilities for some sites during the 2000s event suggest a shift in mortality processes from longer-term growth-related constraints to shorter-term processes, such as rapid metabolic decline even in vigorous trees due to acute drought stress, and/or increases in the attack rate of both chronically stressed and more vigorous trees by bark beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison K. Macalady
- University of Arizona, School of Geography and Development and Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Harald Bugmann
- Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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35
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McDowell NG, Fisher RA, Xu C, Domec JC, Hölttä T, Mackay DS, Sperry JS, Boutz A, Dickman L, Gehres N, Limousin JM, Macalady A, Martínez-Vilalta J, Mencuccini M, Plaut JA, Ogée J, Pangle RE, Rasse DP, Ryan MG, Sevanto S, Waring RH, Williams AP, Yepez EA, Pockman WT. Evaluating theories of drought-induced vegetation mortality using a multimodel-experiment framework. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:304-321. [PMID: 24004027 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Model-data comparisons of plant physiological processes provide an understanding of mechanisms underlying vegetation responses to climate. We simulated the physiology of a piñon pine-juniper woodland (Pinus edulis-Juniperus monosperma) that experienced mortality during a 5 yr precipitation-reduction experiment, allowing a framework with which to examine our knowledge of drought-induced tree mortality. We used six models designed for scales ranging from individual plants to a global level, all containing state-of-the-art representations of the internal hydraulic and carbohydrate dynamics of woody plants. Despite the large range of model structures, tuning, and parameterization employed, all simulations predicted hydraulic failure and carbon starvation processes co-occurring in dying trees of both species, with the time spent with severe hydraulic failure and carbon starvation, rather than absolute thresholds per se, being a better predictor of impending mortality. Model and empirical data suggest that limited carbon and water exchanges at stomatal, phloem, and below-ground interfaces were associated with mortality of both species. The model-data comparison suggests that the introduction of a mechanistic process into physiology-based models provides equal or improved predictive power over traditional process-model or empirical thresholds. Both biophysical and empirical modeling approaches are useful in understanding processes, particularly when the models fail, because they reveal mechanisms that are likely to underlie mortality. We suggest that for some ecosystems, integration of mechanistic pathogen models into current vegetation models, and evaluation against observations, could result in a breakthrough capability to simulate vegetation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate G McDowell
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Rosie A Fisher
- Climate and Global Dynamics Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Chonggang Xu
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - J C Domec
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR INRA-TCEM 1220, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90328, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Teemu Hölttä
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 24, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - D Scott Mackay
- Department of Geography, State University of New York at Buffalo, 105 Wilkeson Quadrangle, Buffalo, NY, 14261, USA
| | - John S Sperry
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Amanda Boutz
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - Lee Dickman
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Nathan Gehres
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - Jean Marc Limousin
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - Alison Macalady
- School of Geography and Development and Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, 1215 Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0058, USA
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
- Univ Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- ICREA at CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh Crew Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, UK
| | - Jennifer A Plaut
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - Jérôme Ogée
- INRA, UR1263 EPHYSE, F-33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Robert E Pangle
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - Daniel P Rasse
- Bioforsk - Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Michael G Ryan
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1499, USA
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Sanna Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Richard H Waring
- College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331-5704, USA
| | - A Park Williams
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Enrico A Yepez
- Departamento de Ciencias del Agua y del Medio Ambiente, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, 85000, Mexico
| | - William T Pockman
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
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McDowell NG, Ryan MG, Zeppel MJB, Tissue DT. Feature: Improving our knowledge of drought-induced forest mortality through experiments, observations, and modeling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:289-293. [PMID: 24050629 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nate G McDowell
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Michael G Ryan
- Natural Resource Ecology Lab, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1499, USA
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Melanie J B Zeppel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, 2109, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
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