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Huang C, Xu Y, Zang R. Low functional redundancy revealed high vulnerability of the subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests to environmental change. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 935:173307. [PMID: 38777067 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Anthropogenic-induced environmental changes threaten forest ecosystems by reducing their biodiversity and adaptive capacity. Understanding the sensitivity of ecosystem function to loss of diversity is vital in designing conservation strategies and maintaining the resilience of forest ecosystems in a changing world. Here, based on unique combinations of ten functional traits (termed as functional entities; FEs), we quantified the metrics of functional redundancy (FR) and functional vulnerability (FV) in 250 forest plots across five locations in subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests. We then examined the potential impacts of species loss on functional diversity in subtropical forest communities along environmental gradients (climate and soil). Results showed that the subtropical forests displayed a low level of functional redundancy (FR < 2). Over 75 % of the FEs in these subtropical forest communities were composed of only one species, with rare species emerging as pivotal contributors to these vulnerable FEs. The number of FEs and functional redundancy both increased with the rise in species richness, but functional vulnerability decreased with increasing species richness. Climatic factors, especially mean diurnal range, played crucial roles in determining the functions that the forest ecosystem delivers. Under variable temperature conditions, species in each plot were packed into a few FEs, leading to higher functional redundancy and lower functional vulnerability. These results highlighted that rare species contribute significantly to ecosystem functions and the highly diverse subtropical forest communities could show more insurance effects against species loss under stressful environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caishuang Huang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Runguo Zang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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2
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Vuerich M, Cingano P, Trotta G, Petrussa E, Braidot E, Scarpin D, Bezzi A, Mestroni M, Pellegrini E, Boscutti F. New perspective for the upscaling of plant functional response to flooding stress in salt marshes using remote sensing. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5472. [PMID: 38443548 PMCID: PMC10914724 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the response of salt marshes to flooding is crucial to foresee the fate of these fragile ecosystems, requiring an upscaling approach. In this study we related plant species and community response to multispectral indices aiming at parsing the power of remote sensing to detect the environmental stress due to flooding in lagoon salt marshes. We studied the response of Salicornia fruticosa (L.) L. and associated plant community along a flooding and soil texture gradient in nine lagoon salt marshes in northern Italy. We considered community (i.e., species richness, dry biomass, plant height, dry matter content) and individual traits (i.e., annual growth, pigments, and secondary metabolites) to analyze the effect of flooding depth and its interplay with soil properties. We also carried out a drone multispectral survey, to obtain remote sensing-derived vegetation indices for the upscaling of plant responses to flooding. Plant diversity, biomass and growth all declined as inundation depth increased. The increase of soil clay content exacerbated flooding stress shaping S. fruticosa growth and physiological responses. Multispectral indices were negatively related with flooding depth. We found key species traits rather than other community traits to better explain the variance of multispectral indices. In particular stem length and pigment content (i.e., betacyanin, carotenoids) were more effective than other community traits to predict the spectral indices in an upscaling perspective of salt marsh response to flooding. We proved multispectral indices to potentially capture plant growth and plant eco-physiological responses to flooding at the large scale. These results represent a first fundamental step to establish long term spatial monitoring of marsh acclimation to sea level rise with remote sensing. We further stressed the importance to focus on key species traits as mediators of the entire ecosystem changes, in an ecological upscaling perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vuerich
- DI4A Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy.
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Paolo Cingano
- DI4A Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (DSV), University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giacomo Trotta
- DI4A Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (DSV), University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Elisa Petrussa
- DI4A Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Enrico Braidot
- DI4A Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Dora Scarpin
- DI4A Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Annelore Bezzi
- Department of Mathematics and Geosciences, University of Trieste, 34128, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michele Mestroni
- Agricoltura Innovativa Mestroni, 33036, Mereto di Tomba, UD, Italy
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- DI4A Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Francesco Boscutti
- DI4A Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133, Palermo, Italy
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3
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Sun N, Zhang W, Liao S, Li H. Is foliar spectrum predictive of belowground bacterial diversity? A case study in a peach orchard. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1129042. [PMID: 36910201 PMCID: PMC9998905 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1129042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhizosphere bacteria can have wide-ranging effects on their host plants, influencing plant biochemical and structural characteristics, and overall productivity. The implications of plant-microbe interactions provides an opportunity to interfere agriculture ecosystem with exogenous regulation of soil microbial community. Therefore, how to efficiently predict soil bacterial community at low cost is becoming a practical demand. Here, we hypothesize that foliar spectral traits can predict the diversity of bacterial community in orchard ecosystem. We tested this hypothesis by studying the ecological linkages between foliar spectral traits and soil bacterial community in a peach orchard in Yanqing, Beijing in 2020. Foliar spectral indexes were strongly correlated with alpha bacterial diversity and abundant genera that can promote soil nutrient conversion and utilization, such as Blastococcus, Solirubrobacter, and Sphingomonas at fruit mature stage. Certain unidentified or relative abundance <1% genera were also associated with foliar spectral traits. We selected specific indicators (photochemical reflectance index, normalized difference vegetable index, greenness index, and optimized soil-adjusted vegetation index) of foliar spectral indexes, alpha and beta diversities of bacterial community, and quantified the relations between foliar spectral traits and belowground bacterial community via SEM. The results of this study indicated that foliar spectral traits could powerfully predict belowground bacterial diversity. Characterizing plant attributes with easy-accessed foliar spectral indexes provides a new thinking in untangling the complex plant-microbe relationship, which could better cope with the decreased functional attributes (physiological, ecological, and productive traits) in orchard ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Sun
- Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shangqiang Liao
- Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Li
- Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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4
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Variations in Functional Richness and Assembly Mechanisms of the Subtropical Evergreen Broadleaved Forest Communities along Geographical and Environmental Gradients. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13081206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Linking functional trait space and environmental conditions can help to understand how species fill the functional trait space when species increase along environmental gradients. Here, we examined the variations in functional richness (FRic) and their correlations with key environmental variables in forest communities along latitudinal, longitudinal, and elevational gradients, by measuring seven functional traits of woody plants in 250 forest plots of 0.04 ha across five locations in the subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests (SEBLF) of China. On this basis, we explored whether environmental filtering constrained the functional volume by using a null model approach. Results showed that FRic decreased with increasing elevation and latitude, while it increased with increasing longitude, mirroring the geographical gradients in species richness. FRic was significantly related to precipitation of driest quarter, soil pH, and total phosphorus. Negative SES.FRic was prevalent (83.2% of the communities) in most SEBLF communities and was negatively related to mean diurnal range. Our study suggested that the geographical variation in the functional space occupied by SEBLF communities was affected mainly by climate and soil conditions. The results of the null model revealed that niche packing was dominant in SEBLF communities, highlighting the importance of environmental filtering in defining functional volume within SEBLF communities.
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Okello J, Bauters M, Verbeeck H, Kasenene J, Boeckx P. Aboveground carbon stocks, woody and litter productivity along an elevational gradient in the Rwenzori Mountains, Uganda. Biotropica 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Okello
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory – ISOFYS Ghent University Ghent Belgium
- CAVElab‐ Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology Ghent University Ghent Belgium
- School of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Mountains of the Moon University Fort Portal Uganda
- National Agricultural Research Organisation Mbarara Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute Mbarara Uganda
| | - Marijn Bauters
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory – ISOFYS Ghent University Ghent Belgium
- CAVElab‐ Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Hans Verbeeck
- CAVElab‐ Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - John Kasenene
- School of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Mountains of the Moon University Fort Portal Uganda
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory – ISOFYS Ghent University Ghent Belgium
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6
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Linking Land Use and Plant Functional Diversity Patterns in Sabah, Borneo, through Large-Scale Spatially Continuous Sentinel-2 Inference. LAND 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/land11040572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Global biodiversity losses erode the functioning of our vital ecosystems. Functional diversity is increasingly recognized as a critical link between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Satellite earth observation was proposed to address the current absence of information on large-scale continuous patterns of plant functional diversity. This study demonstrates the inference and spatial mapping of functional diversity metrics through satellite remote sensing over a large key biodiversity region (Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, ~53,000 km2) and compares the derived estimates across a land-use gradient as an initial qualitative assessment to test the potential merits of the approach. Functional traits (leaf water content, chlorophyll-a and -b, and leaf area index) were estimated from Sentinel-2 spectral reflectance using a pre-trained neural network on radiative transfer modeling simulations. Multivariate functional diversity metrics were calculated, including functional richness, divergence, and evenness. Spatial patterns of functional diversity were related to land-use data distinguishing intact forest, logged forest, and oil palm plantations. Spatial patterns of satellite remotely sensed functional diversity are significantly related to differences in land use. Intact forests, as well as logged forests, featured consistently higher functional diversity compared to oil palm plantations. Differences were profound for functional divergence, whereas functional richness exhibited relatively large variances within land-use classes. By linking large-scale patterns of functional diversity as derived from satellite remote sensing to land-use information, this study indicated initial responsiveness to broad human disturbance gradients over large geographical and spatially contiguous extents. Despite uncertainties about the accuracy of the spatial patterns, this study provides a coherent early application of satellite-derived functional diversity toward further validation of its responsiveness across ecological gradients.
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7
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Lourenço J, Enquist BJ, von Arx G, Sonsin-Oliveira J, Morino K, Thomaz LD, Milanez CRD. Hydraulic tradeoffs underlie local variation in tropical forest functional diversity and sensitivity to drought. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:50-63. [PMID: 34981534 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests are important to the regulation of climate and the maintenance of biodiversity on Earth. However, these ecosystems are threatened by climate change, as temperatures rise and droughts' frequency and duration increase. Xylem anatomical traits are an essential component in understanding and predicting forest responses to changes in water availability. We calculated the community-weighted means and variances of xylem anatomical traits of hydraulic and structural importance (plot-level trait values weighted by species abundance) to assess their linkages to local adaptation and community assembly in response to varying soil water conditions in an environmentally diverse Brazilian Atlantic Forest habitat. Scaling approaches revealed community-level tradeoffs in xylem traits not observed at the species level. Towards drier sites, xylem structural reinforcement and integration balanced against hydraulic efficiency and capacitance xylem traits, leading to changes in plant community diversity. We show how general community assembly rules are reflected in persistent fiber-parenchyma and xylem hydraulic tradeoffs. Trait variation across a moisture gradient is larger between species than within species and is realized mainly through changes in species composition and abundance, suggesting habitat specialization. Modeling efforts to predict tropical forest diversity and drought sensitivity may benefit from adding hydraulic architecture traits into the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehová Lourenço
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geography, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QE, UK
| | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, 87501, USA
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, CH-8903, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Julia Sonsin-Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação (PPG) em Botânica, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - Universidade de Brasília - UNB, Brasília, DF, 70919-970, Brazil
| | - Kiyomi Morino
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Luciana Dias Thomaz
- Herbário VIES, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Camilla Rozindo Dias Milanez
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
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8
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Weingarten E, Martin RE, Hughes RF, Vaughn NR, Shafron E, Asner GP. Early detection of a tree pathogen using airborne remote sensing. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2519. [PMID: 34918400 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Native forests of Hawai'i Island are experiencing an ecological crisis in the form of Rapid 'Ōhi'a Death (ROD), a recently characterized disease caused by two fungal pathogens in the genus Ceratocystis. Since approximately 2010, this disease has caused extensive mortality of Hawai'i's keystone endemic tree, known as 'ōhi'a (Metrosideros polymorpha). Visible symptoms of ROD include rapid browning of canopy leaves, followed by death of the tree within weeks. This quick progression leading to tree mortality makes early detection critical to understanding where the disease will move at a timescale feasible for controlling the disease. We used repeat laser-guided imaging spectroscopy (LGIS) of forests on Hawai'i Island collected by the Global Airborne Observatory (GAO) in 2018 and 2019 to derive maps of foliar trait indices previously found to be important in distinguishing between ROD-infected and healthy 'ōhi'a canopies. Data from these maps were used to develop a prognostic indicator of tree stress prior to the visible onset of browning. We identified canopies that were green in 2018, but became brown in 2019 (defined as "to become brown"; TBB), and a corresponding set of canopies that remained green. The data mapped in 2018 showed separability of foliar trait indices between TBB and green 'ōhi'a, indicating early detection of canopy stress prior to the onset of ROD. Overall, a combination of linear and non-linear analyses revealed canopy water content (CWC), foliar tannins, leaf mass per area (LMA), phenols, cellulose, and non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) are primary drivers of the prognostic spectral capability which collectively result in strong consistent changes in leaf spectral reflectance in the near-infrared (700-1300 nm) and shortwave-infrared regions (1300-2500 nm). Results provide insight into the underlying foliar traits that are indicative of physiological responses of M. polymorpha trees infected with Ceratocycstis and suggest that imaging spectroscopy is an effective tool for identifying trees likely to succumb to ROD prior to the onset of visible symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Weingarten
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Roberta E Martin
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Nicholas R Vaughn
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Ethan Shafron
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Gregory P Asner
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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Zhang B, Zhang J, Hastings A, Fu Z, Yuan Y, Zhai L. Contrasting plant responses to multivariate environmental variations among species with divergent elevation shifts. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e02488. [PMID: 34679234 PMCID: PMC9285362 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The general predictions of climate impacts on species shifts (e.g., upward shift) cannot directly inform local species conservation, because local-scale studies find divergent patterns instead of a general one. For example, our previous study found three shift patterns with elevation (strong down-, moderate down-, and up-slope shifts) in temperate mountain forests. The divergent shifts are hypothesized to arise from both multivariate environmental variations with elevation and corresponding species-specific responses. To test this hypothesis, we sampled soils and leaves to measure elevation variations in soil conditions and determined plant responses using discriminations against heavier isotopes, carbon (13 C) and nitrogen (15 N). Functional traits of the species studied were also extracted from a public trait dataset. We found that: (1) With low soil water contents at low elevations, only the leaves of up-shifters had lower 13 C discriminations at low vs. high elevations; (2) With low soil P contents at high elevations, only the leaves of moderate down-shifters had higher 15 N discriminations at high vs. low elevations; (3) The leaves of strong down-shifters did not show significant elevation patterns of the discriminations; (4) The contrasting responses among the three types of shifters agree with their functional dissimilarity, suggested by their separate locations in a multitrait space. Taken together, the divergent shifts are associated with the elevation variations in environmental conditions and contrasting plant responses. The contrasting responses could result from the functional dissimilarity among species. Therefore, a detailed understanding of both local environmental variations and species-specific responses can facilitate accurate predictions of species shifts to inform local species conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and ManagementOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma74078USA
- Department of Integrative BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma74078USA
| | - Jinchi Zhang
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaJiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological RestorationNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingJiangsu210037China
| | - Alan Hastings
- Department of Environmental Science and PolicyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia95616USA
- Santa Fe InstituteSanta FeNew Mexico87501USA
| | - Zhiyuan Fu
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaJiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological RestorationNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingJiangsu210037China
| | - Yingdan Yuan
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaJiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological RestorationNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingJiangsu210037China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and PhysiologyCollege of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionYangzhou UniversityNo. 88, Daxue South RoadYangzhouJiangsu225127China
| | - Lu Zhai
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and ManagementOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma74078USA
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10
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Xu H, Wang H, Prentice IC, Harrison SP, Wang G, Sun X. Predictability of leaf traits with climate and elevation: a case study in Gongga Mountain, China. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1336-1352. [PMID: 33440428 PMCID: PMC8454210 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Leaf mass per area (Ma), nitrogen content per unit leaf area (Narea), maximum carboxylation capacity (Vcmax) and the ratio of leaf-internal to ambient CO2 partial pressure (χ) are important traits related to photosynthetic function, and they show systematic variation along climatic and elevational gradients. Separating the effects of air pressure and climate along elevational gradients is challenging due to the covariation of elevation, pressure and climate. However, recently developed models based on optimality theory offer an independent way to predict leaf traits and thus to separate the contributions of different controls. We apply optimality theory to predict variation in leaf traits across 18 sites in the Gongga Mountain region. We show that the models explain 59% of trait variability on average, without site- or region-specific calibration. Temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, vapor pressure deficit, soil moisture and growing season length are all necessary to explain the observed patterns. The direct effect of air pressure is shown to have a relatively minor impact. These findings contribute to a growing body of research indicating that leaf-level traits vary with the physical environment in predictable ways, suggesting a promising direction for the improvement of terrestrial ecosystem models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
- Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Han Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
- Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China
| | - I Colin Prentice
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Balaclava Road, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Sandy P Harrison
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
- School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Sciences (SAGES), University of Reading, Reading Berkshire RG6 6AH, UK
| | - Genxu Wang
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiangyang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu 610065, China
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11
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Phylogenetic and Functional Traits Verify the Combined Effect of Deterministic and Stochastic Processes in the Community Assembly of Temperate Forests along an Elevational Gradient. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12050591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Explaining community assembly mechanisms along elevational gradients dominated by deterministic processes or stochastic processes is a pressing challenge. Many studies suggest that phylogenetic and functional diversity are significant indicators of the process. In this study, we analyzed the structure and beta diversity of phylogenetic and functional traits along an elevational gradient and discussed the effects of environmental and spatial factors. We found that the phylogenetic and functional traits showed inconsistent changes, and their variations were closely related to the abiotic environment. The results suggested that the community assembly of woody plants was obviously affected by the combined effect of deterministic processes and the stochastic hypothesis (primarily by the latter). Phylogenetic and functional traits had a certain relationship but changed according to different rules. These results enhance our understanding of the assembly mechanism of forest communities by considering both phylogenetic and functional traits.
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12
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Meireles JE, Cavender‐Bares J, Townsend PA, Ustin S, Gamon JA, Schweiger AK, Schaepman ME, Asner GP, Martin RE, Singh A, Schrodt F, Chlus A, O'Meara BC. Leaf reflectance spectra capture the evolutionary history of seed plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:485-493. [PMID: 32579721 PMCID: PMC7540507 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Leaf reflectance spectra have been increasingly used to assess plant diversity. However, we do not yet understand how spectra vary across the tree of life or how the evolution of leaf traits affects the differentiation of spectra among species and lineages. Here we describe a framework that integrates spectra with phylogenies and apply it to a global dataset of over 16 000 leaf-level spectra (400-2400 nm) for 544 seed plant species. We test for phylogenetic signal in spectra, evaluate their ability to classify lineages, and characterize their evolutionary dynamics. We show that phylogenetic signal is present in leaf spectra but that the spectral regions most strongly associated with the phylogeny vary among lineages. Despite among-lineage heterogeneity, broad plant groups, orders, and families can be identified from reflectance spectra. Evolutionary models also reveal that different spectral regions evolve at different rates and under different constraint levels, mirroring the evolution of their underlying traits. Leaf spectra capture the phylogenetic history of seed plants and the evolutionary dynamics of leaf chemistry and structure. Consequently, spectra have the potential to provide breakthrough assessments of leaf evolution and plant phylogenetic diversity at global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Eduardo Meireles
- School of Biology and EcologyUniversity of MaineOronoME04469USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMN55108USA
| | | | - Philip A. Townsend
- Department of Forest and Wildlife EcologyUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWI53706USA
| | - Susan Ustin
- John Muir Institute of the Environment and Department of Land, Air, and Water ResourcesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
| | - John A. Gamon
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences and Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABT6G 2E3Canada
- Center for Advanced Land Management Information TechnologiesSchool of Natural ResourcesUniversity of Nebraska–LincolnLincolnNE68583USA
| | - Anna K. Schweiger
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMN55108USA
- Département de Sciences Biologiques et Institut de Recherche en Biologie VégétaleUniversité de MontréalQuébecH1X 2B2Canada
| | | | - Gregory P. Asner
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation ScienceArizona State UniversityTempeAZ85287USA
| | - Roberta E. Martin
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation ScienceArizona State UniversityTempeAZ85287USA
- School for Geographical Sciences and Urban PlanningArizona State UniversityTempeAZ85281USA
| | - Aditya Singh
- Department of Agricultural and Biological EngineeringUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL32611USA
| | - Franziska Schrodt
- School of GeographyUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamNottinghamshireNG7 2RDUK
| | - Adam Chlus
- Department of Forest and Wildlife EcologyUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWI53706USA
| | - Brian C. O'Meara
- Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTN37996USA
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13
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Swinfield T, Both S, Riutta T, Bongalov B, Elias D, Majalap‐Lee N, Ostle N, Svátek M, Kvasnica J, Milodowski D, Jucker T, Ewers RM, Zhang Y, Johnson D, Teh YA, Burslem DFRP, Malhi Y, Coomes D. Imaging spectroscopy reveals the effects of topography and logging on the leaf chemistry of tropical forest canopy trees. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:989-1002. [PMID: 31845482 PMCID: PMC7027875 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Logging, pervasive across the lowland tropics, affects millions of hectares of forest, yet its influence on nutrient cycling remains poorly understood. One hypothesis is that logging influences phosphorus (P) cycling, because this scarce nutrient is removed in extracted timber and eroded soil, leading to shifts in ecosystem functioning and community composition. However, testing this is challenging because P varies within landscapes as a function of geology, topography and climate. Superimposed upon these trends are compositional changes in logged forests, with species with more acquisitive traits, characterized by higher foliar P concentrations, more dominant. It is difficult to resolve these patterns using traditional field approaches alone. Here, we use airborne light detection and ranging-guided hyperspectral imagery to map foliar nutrient (i.e. P, nitrogen [N]) concentrations, calibrated using field measured traits, over 400 km2 of northeastern Borneo, including a landscape-level disturbance gradient spanning old-growth to repeatedly logged forests. The maps reveal that canopy foliar P and N concentrations decrease with elevation. These relationships were not identified using traditional field measurements of leaf and soil nutrients. After controlling for topography, canopy foliar nutrient concentrations were lower in logged forest than in old-growth areas, reflecting decreased nutrient availability. However, foliar nutrient concentrations and specific leaf area were greatest in relatively short patches in logged areas, reflecting a shift in composition to pioneer species with acquisitive traits. N:P ratio increased in logged forest, suggesting reduced soil P availability through disturbance. Through the first landscape scale assessment of how functional leaf traits change in response to logging, we find that differences from old-growth forest become more pronounced as logged forests increase in stature over time, suggesting exacerbated phosphorus limitation as forests recover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Swinfield
- Forest Ecology and Conservation GroupDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Centre for Conservation ScienceRoyal Society for the Protection of BirdsCambridgeUK
| | - Sabine Both
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
- Environmental and Rural ScienceUniversity of New EnglandArmidaleNSWAustralia
| | - Terhi Riutta
- Environmental Change InstituteSchool of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Boris Bongalov
- Forest Ecology and Conservation GroupDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Dafydd Elias
- Centre for Ecology & HydrologyLancaster Environment CentreLancasterUK
- Lancaster Environment CentreLancaster UniversityLancasterUK
| | | | - Nicholas Ostle
- Lancaster Environment CentreLancaster UniversityLancasterUK
| | - Martin Svátek
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and GeobiocoenologyFaculty of Forestry and Wood TechnologyMendel University in BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Jakub Kvasnica
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and GeobiocoenologyFaculty of Forestry and Wood TechnologyMendel University in BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
| | - David Milodowski
- School of GeoSciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- National Centre for Earth ObservationUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Tommaso Jucker
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | | | - Yi Zhang
- Forest Ecology and Conservation GroupDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - David Johnson
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Yit Arn Teh
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | | | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change InstituteSchool of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - David Coomes
- Forest Ecology and Conservation GroupDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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14
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Martin RE, Asner GP, Bentley LP, Shenkin A, Salinas N, Huaypar KQ, Pillco MM, Ccori Álvarez FD, Enquist BJ, Diaz S, Malhi Y. Covariance of Sun and Shade Leaf Traits Along a Tropical Forest Elevation Gradient. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1810. [PMID: 32076427 PMCID: PMC7006543 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Foliar trait adaptation to sun and shade has been extensively studied in the context of photosynthetic performance of plants, focusing on nitrogen allocation, light capture and use via chlorophyll pigments and leaf morphology; however, less is known about the potential sun-shade dichotomy of other functionally important foliar traits. In this study, we measured 19 traits in paired sun and shade leaves along a 3,500-m elevation gradient in southern Peru to test whether the traits differ with canopy position, and to assess if relative differences vary with species composition and/or environmental filters. We found significant sun-shade differences in leaf mass per area (LMA), photosynthetic pigments (Chl ab and Car), and δ13C. Sun-shade offsets among these traits remained constant with elevation, soil substrates, and species compositional changes. However, other foliar traits related to structure and chemical defense, and those defining general metabolic processes, did not differ with canopy position. Our results suggest that whole-canopy function is captured in many traits of sun leaves; however, photosynthesis-related traits must be scaled based on canopy light extinction. These findings show that top-of-canopy measurements of foliar chemistry from spectral remote sensing approaches map directly to whole-canopy foliar traits including shaded leaves that cannot be directly observed from above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta E. Martin
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Gregory P. Asner
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | | | - Alexander Shenkin
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Norma Salinas
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Sección Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Perú
| | - Katherine Quispe Huaypar
- Departamento Académico de Biología, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Perú
| | - Milenka Montoya Pillco
- Departamento Académico de Biología, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Perú
| | - Flor Delis Ccori Álvarez
- Departamento Académico de Biología, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Perú
| | - Brian J. Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, United States
| | - Sandra Diaz
- Instituto Interdisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-UNC) y FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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15
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Durán SM, Martin RE, Díaz S, Maitner BS, Malhi Y, Salinas N, Shenkin A, Silman MR, Wieczynski DJ, Asner GP, Bentley LP, Savage VM, Enquist BJ. Informing trait-based ecology by assessing remotely sensed functional diversity across a broad tropical temperature gradient. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw8114. [PMID: 31840057 PMCID: PMC6892629 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw8114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Spatially continuous data on functional diversity will improve our ability to predict global change impacts on ecosystem properties. We applied methods that combine imaging spectroscopy and foliar traits to estimate remotely sensed functional diversity in tropical forests across an Amazon-to-Andes elevation gradient (215 to 3537 m). We evaluated the scale dependency of community assembly processes and examined whether tropical forest productivity could be predicted by remotely sensed functional diversity. Functional richness of the community decreased with increasing elevation. Scale-dependent signals of trait convergence, consistent with environmental filtering, play an important role in explaining the range of trait variation within each site and along elevation. Single- and multitrait remotely sensed measures of functional diversity were important predictors of variation in rates of net and gross primary productivity. Our findings highlight the potential of remotely sensed functional diversity to inform trait-based ecology and trait diversity-ecosystem function linkages in hyperdiverse tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M. Durán
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Roberta E. Martin
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Sandra Díaz
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET and FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Brian S. Maitner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford 0X1 3QY, UK
| | - Norma Salinas
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford 0X1 3QY, UK
- Sección Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Avenida Universitaria 1801, San Miguel, Lima 32, Perú
| | - Alexander Shenkin
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford 0X1 3QY, UK
| | - Miles R. Silman
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Daniel J. Wieczynski
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 612 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Gregory P. Asner
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Lisa Patrick Bentley
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, 1801 East Cotati Avenue, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA
| | - Van M. Savage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 612 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 8750, USA
| | - Brian J. Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 8750, USA
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16
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Ely KS, Burnett AC, Lieberman-Cribbin W, Serbin SP, Rogers A. Spectroscopy can predict key leaf traits associated with source-sink balance and carbon-nitrogen status. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1789-1799. [PMID: 30799496 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Approaches that enable high-throughput, non-destructive measurement of plant traits are essential for programs seeking to improve crop yields through physiological breeding. However, many key traits still require measurement using slow, labor-intensive, and destructive approaches. We investigated the potential to retrieve key traits associated with leaf source-sink balance and carbon-nitrogen status from leaf optical properties. Structural and biochemical traits and leaf reflectance (500-2400 nm) of eight crop species were measured and used to develop predictive 'spectra-trait' models using partial least squares regression. Independent validation data demonstrated that the models achieved very high predictive power for C, N, C:N ratio, leaf mass per area, water content, and protein content (R2>0.85), good predictive capability for starch, sucrose, glucose, and free amino acids (R2=0.58-0.80), and some predictive capability for nitrate (R2=0.51) and fructose (R2=0.44). Our spectra-trait models were developed to cover the trait space associated with food or biofuel crop plants and can therefore be applied in a broad range of phenotyping studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim S Ely
- Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Angela C Burnett
- Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Wil Lieberman-Cribbin
- Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Shawn P Serbin
- Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Alistair Rogers
- Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
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17
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van der Sande MT, Gosling W, Correa-Metrio A, Prado-Junior J, Poorter L, Oliveira RS, Mazzei L, Bush MB. A 7000-year history of changing plant trait composition in an Amazonian landscape; the role of humans and climate. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:925-935. [PMID: 30883016 PMCID: PMC6850629 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests are shifting in species and trait composition, but the main underlying causes remain unclear because of the short temporal scales of most studies. Here, we develop a novel approach by linking functional trait data with 7000 years of forest dynamics from a fossil pollen record of Lake Sauce in the Peruvian Amazon. We evaluate how climate and human disturbances affect community trait composition. We found weak relationships between environmental conditions and traits at the taxon level, but strong effects for community‐mean traits. Overall, community‐mean traits were more responsive to human disturbances than to climate change; human‐induced erosion increased the dominance of dense‐wooded, non‐zoochorous species with compound leaves, and human‐induced fire increased the dominance of tall, zoochorous taxa with large seeds and simple leaves. This information can help to enhance our understanding of forest responses to past environmental changes, and improve predictions of future changes in tropical forest composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masha T van der Sande
- Institute for Global Ecology, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA.,Institute for Biodiversity & Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - William Gosling
- Institute for Biodiversity & Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Correa-Metrio
- Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, CP 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rafael S Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas- UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Mazzei
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Travessa Enéas Pinheiro, S/N° 100 Belém, CEP 66095, Pará, Brazil
| | - Mark B Bush
- Institute for Global Ecology, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
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18
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Bornman JF, Barnes PW, Robson TM, Robinson SA, Jansen MAK, Ballaré CL, Flint SD. Linkages between stratospheric ozone, UV radiation and climate change and their implications for terrestrial ecosystems. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:681-716. [DOI: 10.1039/c8pp90061b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Linkages between stratospheric ozone, UV radiation and climate change: terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet F. Bornman
- College of Science
- Health
- Engineering and Education
- Murdoch University
- Perth
| | - Paul W. Barnes
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environment Program
- Loyola University
- USA
| | - T. Matthew Robson
- Research Programme in Organismal and Evolutionary Biology
- Viikki Plant Science Centre
- University of Helsinki
- Finland
| | - Sharon A. Robinson
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions
- School of Earth
- Atmosphere and Life Sciences and Global Challenges Program
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong
| | - Marcel A. K. Jansen
- Plant Ecophysiology Group
- School of Biological
- Earth and Environmental Sciences
- UCC
- Cork
| | - Carlos L. Ballaré
- University of Buenos Aires
- Faculty of Agronomy and IFEVA-CONICET, and IIB
- National University of San Martin
- Buenos Aires
- Argentina
| | - Stephan D. Flint
- Department of Forest
- Rangeland and Fire Sciences
- University of Idaho
- Moscow
- USA
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19
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Doughty CE, Santos-Andrade PE, Shenkin A, Goldsmith GR, Bentley LP, Blonder B, Díaz S, Salinas N, Enquist BJ, Martin RE, Asner GP, Malhi Y. Tropical forest leaves may darken in response to climate change. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:1918-1924. [PMID: 30455442 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0716-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tropical forest leaf albedo (reflectance) greatly impacts how much energy the planet absorbs; however; little is known about how it might be impacted by climate change. Here, we measure leaf traits and leaf albedo at ten 1-ha plots along a 3,200-m elevation gradient in Peru. Leaf mass per area (LMA) decreased with warmer temperatures along the elevation gradient; the distribution of LMA was positively skewed at all sites indicating a shift in LMA towards a warmer climate and future reduced tropical LMA. Reduced LMA was significantly (P < 0.0001) correlated with reduced leaf near-infrared (NIR) albedo; community-weighted mean NIR albedo significantly (P < 0.01) decreased as temperature increased. A potential future 2 °C increase in tropical temperatures could reduce lowland tropical leaf LMA by 6-7 g m-2 (5-6%) and reduce leaf NIR albedo by 0.0015-0.002 units. Reduced NIR albedo means that leaves are darker and absorb more of the Sun's energy. Climate simulations indicate this increased absorbed energy will warm tropical forests more at high CO2 conditions with proportionately more energy going towards heating and less towards evapotranspiration and cloud formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Doughty
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
| | | | - Alexander Shenkin
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gregory R Goldsmith
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Lisa P Bentley
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Blonder
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sandra Díaz
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Norma Salinas
- Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru.,Seccion Quimica, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Lima, Peru
| | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Roberta E Martin
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gregory P Asner
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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20
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Mapping the Leaf Economic Spectrum across West African Tropical Forests Using UAV-Acquired Hyperspectral Imagery. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10101532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The leaf economic spectrum (LES) describes a set of universal trade-offs between leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf nitrogen (N), leaf phosphorus (P) and leaf photosynthesis that influence patterns of primary productivity and nutrient cycling. Many questions regarding vegetation-climate feedbacks can be addressed with a better understanding of LES traits and their controls. Remote sensing offers enormous potential for generating large-scale LES trait data. Yet so far, canopy studies have been limited to imaging spectrometers onboard aircraft, which are rare, expensive to deploy and lack fine-scale resolution. In this study, we measured VNIR (visible-near infrared (400–1050 nm)) reflectance of individual sun and shade leaves in 7 one-ha tropical forest plots located along a 1200–2000 mm precipitation gradient in West Africa. We collected hyperspectral imaging data from 3 of the 7 plots, using an octocopter-based unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), mounted with a hyperspectral mapping system (450–950 nm, 9 nm FWHM). Using partial least squares regression (PLSR), we found that the spectra of individual sun leaves demonstrated significant (p < 0.01) correlations with LMA and leaf chemical traits: r2 = 0.42 (LMA), r2 = 0.43 (N), r2 = 0.21 (P), r2 = 0.20 (leaf potassium (K)), r2 = 0.23 (leaf calcium (Ca)) and r2 = 0.14 (leaf magnesium (Mg)). Shade leaf spectra displayed stronger relationships with all leaf traits. At the airborne level, four of the six leaf traits demonstrated weak (p < 0.10) correlations with the UAV-collected spectra of 58 tree crowns: r2 = 0.25 (LMA), r2 = 0.22 (N), r2 = 0.22 (P), and r2 = 0.25 (Ca). From the airborne imaging data, we used LMA, N and P values to map the LES across the three plots, revealing precipitation and substrate as co-dominant drivers of trait distributions and relationships. Positive N-P correlations and LMA-P anticorrelations followed typical LES theory, but we found no classic trade-offs between LMA and N. Overall, this study demonstrates the application of UAVs to generating LES information and advancing the study and monitoring tropical forest functional diversity.
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21
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McDowell NG. Deriving pattern from complexity in the processes underlying tropical forest drought impacts. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:841-844. [PMID: 29998534 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nate G McDowell
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
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22
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Understanding Forest Health with Remote Sensing, Part III: Requirements for a Scalable Multi-Source Forest Health Monitoring Network Based on Data Science Approaches. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10071120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Forest ecosystems fulfill a whole host of ecosystem functions that are essential for life on our planet. However, an unprecedented level of anthropogenic influences is reducing the resilience and stability of our forest ecosystems as well as their ecosystem functions. The relationships between drivers, stress, and ecosystem functions in forest ecosystems are complex, multi-faceted, and often non-linear, and yet forest managers, decision makers, and politicians need to be able to make rapid decisions that are data-driven and based on short and long-term monitoring information, complex modeling, and analysis approaches. A huge number of long-standing and standardized forest health inventory approaches already exist, and are increasingly integrating remote-sensing based monitoring approaches. Unfortunately, these approaches in monitoring, data storage, analysis, prognosis, and assessment still do not satisfy the future requirements of information and digital knowledge processing of the 21st century. Therefore, this paper discusses and presents in detail five sets of requirements, including their relevance, necessity, and the possible solutions that would be necessary for establishing a feasible multi-source forest health monitoring network for the 21st century. Namely, these requirements are: (1) understanding the effects of multiple stressors on forest health; (2) using remote sensing (RS) approaches to monitor forest health; (3) coupling different monitoring approaches; (4) using data science as a bridge between complex and multidimensional big forest health (FH) data; and (5) a future multi-source forest health monitoring network. It became apparent that no existing monitoring approach, technique, model, or platform is sufficient on its own to monitor, model, forecast, or assess forest health and its resilience. In order to advance the development of a multi-source forest health monitoring network, we argue that in order to gain a better understanding of forest health in our complex world, it would be conducive to implement the concepts of data science with the components: (i) digitalization; (ii) standardization with metadata management after the FAIR (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reusability) principles; (iii) Semantic Web; (iv) proof, trust, and uncertainties; (v) tools for data science analysis; and (vi) easy tools for scientists, data managers, and stakeholders for decision-making support.
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23
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An Approach for Foliar Trait Retrieval from Airborne Imaging Spectroscopy of Tropical Forests. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Laughlin DC, Strahan RT, Adler PB, Moore MM. Survival rates indicate that correlations between community‐weighted mean traits and environments can be unreliable estimates of the adaptive value of traits. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:411-421. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Laughlin
- Department of Botany University of Wyoming 1000 E. University Ave. Laramie WY82071 USA
| | - Robert T. Strahan
- Southern Oregon University Biology and Environmental Science and Policy Programs 1250 Siskiyou Boulevard Ashland OR97520 USA
| | - Peter B. Adler
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center Utah State University Logan UT84322 USA
| | - Margaret M. Moore
- School of Forestry Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ86011 USA
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25
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Tree Density and Forest Productivity in a Heterogeneous Alpine Environment: Insights from Airborne Laser Scanning and Imaging Spectroscopy. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8060212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Fyllas NM, Bentley LP, Shenkin A, Asner GP, Atkin OK, Díaz S, Enquist BJ, Farfan-Rios W, Gloor E, Guerrieri R, Huasco WH, Ishida Y, Martin RE, Meir P, Phillips O, Salinas N, Silman M, Weerasinghe LK, Zaragoza-Castells J, Malhi Y. Solar radiation and functional traits explain the decline of forest primary productivity along a tropical elevation gradient. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:730-740. [PMID: 28464375 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
One of the major challenges in ecology is to understand how ecosystems respond to changes in environmental conditions, and how taxonomic and functional diversity mediate these changes. In this study, we use a trait-spectra and individual-based model, to analyse variation in forest primary productivity along a 3.3 km elevation gradient in the Amazon-Andes. The model accurately predicted the magnitude and trends in forest productivity with elevation, with solar radiation and plant functional traits (leaf dry mass per area, leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentration, and wood density) collectively accounting for productivity variation. Remarkably, explicit representation of temperature variation with elevation was not required to achieve accurate predictions of forest productivity, as trait variation driven by species turnover appears to capture the effect of temperature. Our semi-mechanistic model suggests that spatial variation in traits can potentially be used to estimate spatial variation in productivity at the landscape scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos M Fyllas
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lisa Patrick Bentley
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander Shenkin
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gregory P Asner
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Owen K Atkin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 134, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Sandra Díaz
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET and FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.,The Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Rd, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 87501, USA
| | | | - Emanuel Gloor
- Ecology and Global Change, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Rossella Guerrieri
- Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF), Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Edificio C, 08290, Cerdanyola, Barcelona Spain.,School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Walter Huaraca Huasco
- Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, 733 Avenida de la Cultura, Cusco, 921, Peru
| | - Yoko Ishida
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, Australia
| | - Roberta E Martin
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Patrick Meir
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, Edinburgh, UK.,Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 134, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Oliver Phillips
- Ecology and Global Change, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Norma Salinas
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Sección Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, San Miguel, Lima, Peru
| | - Miles Silman
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Lasantha K Weerasinghe
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 134, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Joana Zaragoza-Castells
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 134, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,Department Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Amory Building, EX4 4RJ, Exeter, UK
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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27
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McDowell NG, Xu C. Using traits to uncover tropical forest function. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:903-904. [PMID: 28397361 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nate G McDowell
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Chonggang Xu
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
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28
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Malhi Y, Girardin CAJ, Goldsmith GR, Doughty CE, Salinas N, Metcalfe DB, Huaraca Huasco W, Silva-Espejo JE, Del Aguilla-Pasquell J, Farfán Amézquita F, Aragão LEOC, Guerrieri R, Ishida FY, Bahar NHA, Farfan-Rios W, Phillips OL, Meir P, Silman M. The variation of productivity and its allocation along a tropical elevation gradient: a whole carbon budget perspective. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:1019-1032. [PMID: 27768811 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Why do forest productivity and biomass decline with elevation? To address this question, research to date generally has focused on correlative approaches describing changes in woody growth and biomass with elevation. We present a novel, mechanistic approach to this question by quantifying the autotrophic carbon budget in 16 forest plots along a 3300 m elevation transect in Peru. Low growth rates at high elevations appear primarily driven by low gross primary productivity (GPP), with little shift in either carbon use efficiency (CUE) or allocation of net primary productivity (NPP) between wood, fine roots and canopy. The lack of trend in CUE implies that the proportion of photosynthate allocated to autotrophic respiration is not sensitive to temperature. Rather than a gradual linear decline in productivity, there is some limited but nonconclusive evidence of a sharp transition in NPP between submontane and montane forests, which may be caused by cloud immersion effects within the cloud forest zone. Leaf-level photosynthetic parameters do not decline with elevation, implying that nutrient limitation does not restrict photosynthesis at high elevations. Our data demonstrate the potential of whole carbon budget perspectives to provide a deeper understanding of controls on ecosystem functioning and carbon cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Cécile A J Girardin
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Gregory R Goldsmith
- Ecosystem Fluxes Group, Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Christopher E Doughty
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Norma Salinas
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
- Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
| | - Daniel B Metcalfe
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, SE 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research, Av. dos Astronautas, 1.758, São José dos Campos, SP, 12227-010, Brazil
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Rossella Guerrieri
- Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications, CREAF c/o Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Edificio C, 08290, Cerdanyola, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XP, UK
| | - Françoise Yoko Ishida
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Centre of Tropical Environmental and Sustainabilility Science, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, 4870, Australia
| | - Nur H A Bahar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Building 134, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - William Farfan-Rios
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
| | | | - Patrick Meir
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XP, UK
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Building 134, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Miles Silman
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
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29
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Understanding Forest Health with Remote Sensing -Part I—A Review of Spectral Traits, Processes and Remote-Sensing Characteristics. REMOTE SENSING 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/rs8121029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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