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Voothuluru P, Wu Y, Sharp RE. Not so hidden anymore: Advances and challenges in understanding root growth under water deficits. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1377-1409. [PMID: 38382086 PMCID: PMC11062450 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Limited water availability is a major environmental factor constraining plant development and crop yields. One of the prominent adaptations of plants to water deficits is the maintenance of root growth that enables sustained access to soil water. Despite early recognition of the adaptive significance of root growth maintenance under water deficits, progress in understanding has been hampered by the inherent complexity of root systems and their interactions with the soil environment. We highlight selected milestones in the understanding of root growth responses to water deficits, with emphasis on founding studies that have shaped current knowledge and set the stage for further investigation. We revisit the concept of integrated biophysical and metabolic regulation of plant growth and use this framework to review central growth-regulatory processes occurring within root growth zones under water stress at subcellular to organ scales. Key topics include the primary processes of modifications of cell wall-yielding properties and osmotic adjustment, as well as regulatory roles of abscisic acid and its interactions with other hormones. We include consideration of long-recognized responses for which detailed mechanistic understanding has been elusive until recently, for example hydrotropism, and identify gaps in knowledge, ongoing challenges, and opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Voothuluru
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Yajun Wu
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Robert E Sharp
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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2
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Song Q, Kong L, Yang J, Lin M, Zhang Y, Yang X, Wang X, Zhao Z, Zhang M, Pan J, Zhu S, Jiao B, Xu C, Luo K. The transcription factor PtoMYB142 enhances drought tolerance in Populus tomentosa by regulating gibberellin catabolism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:42-57. [PMID: 38112614 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress caused by global warming has resulted in significant tree mortality, driving the evolution of water conservation strategies in trees. Although phytohormones have been implicated in morphological adaptations to water deficits, the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes in woody plants remain unclear. Here, we report that overexpression of PtoMYB142 in Populus tomentosa results in a dwarfism phenotype with reduced leaf cell size, vessel lumen area, and vessel density in the stem xylem, leading to significantly enhanced drought resistance. We found that PtoMYB142 modulates gibberellin catabolism in response to drought stress by binding directly to the promoter of PtoGA2ox4, a GA2-oxidase gene induced under drought stress. Conversely, knockout of PtoMYB142 by the CRISPR/Cas9 system reduced drought resistance. Our results show that the reduced leaf size and vessel area, as well as the increased vessel density, improve leaf relative water content and stem water potential under drought stress. Furthermore, exogenous GA3 application rescued GA-deficient phenotypes in PtoMYB142-overexpressing plants and reversed their drought resistance. By suppressing the expression of PtoGA2ox4, the manifestation of GA-deficient characteristics, as well as the conferred resistance to drought in PtoMYB142-overexpressing poplars, was impeded. Our study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying tree drought resistance, potentially offering novel transgenic strategies to enhance tree resistance to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Song
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Lingfei Kong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jiarui Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Minghui Lin
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yuqian Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xuerui Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zhengjie Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jiarui Pan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Shunqin Zhu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Bo Jiao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Plant Genetic Engineering Center of Heibei Province, Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Changzheng Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Keming Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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Krasauskas J, Ganie SA, Al-Husari A, Bindschedler L, Spanu P, Ito M, Devoto A. Jasmonates, gibberellins, and powdery mildew modify cell cycle progression and evoke differential spatiotemporal responses along the barley leaf. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:180-203. [PMID: 37611210 PMCID: PMC10735486 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is an important cereal crop, and its development, defence, and stress responses are modulated by different hormones including jasmonates (JAs) and the antagonistic gibberellins (GAs). Barley productivity is severely affected by the foliar biotrophic fungal pathogen Blumeria hordei. In this study, primary leaves were used to examine the molecular processes regulating responses to methyl-jasmonate (MeJA) and GA to B. hordei infection along the leaf axis. Flow cytometry, microscopy, and spatiotemporal expression patterns of genes associated with JA, GA, defence, and the cell cycle provided insights on cell cycle progression and on the gradient of susceptibility to B. hordei observed along the leaf. Notably, the combination of B. hordei with MeJA or GA pre-treatment had a different effect on the expression patterns of the analysed genes compared to individual treatments. MeJA reduced susceptibility to B. hordei in the proximal part of the leaf blade. Overall, distinctive spatiotemporal gene expression patterns correlated with different degrees of cell proliferation, growth capacity, responses to hormones, and B. hordei infection along the leaf. Our results highlight the need to further investigate differential spatial and temporal responses to pathogens at the organ, tissue, and cell levels in order to devise effective disease control strategies in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovaras Krasauskas
- Plant Molecular Science and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Showkat Ahmad Ganie
- Plant Molecular Science and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Aroub Al-Husari
- Plant Molecular Science and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Laurence Bindschedler
- Plant Molecular Science and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Pietro Spanu
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Masaki Ito
- School of Biological Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Alessandra Devoto
- Plant Molecular Science and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
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4
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Jing W, Gong F, Liu G, Deng Y, Liu J, Yang W, Sun X, Li Y, Gao J, Zhou X, Ma N. Petal size is controlled by the MYB73/TPL/HDA19-miR159-CKX6 module regulating cytokinin catabolism in Rosa hybrida. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7106. [PMID: 37925502 PMCID: PMC10625627 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42914-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The size of plant lateral organs is determined by well-coordinated cell proliferation and cell expansion. Here, we report that miR159, an evolutionarily conserved microRNA, plays an essential role in regulating cell division in rose (Rosa hybrida) petals by modulating cytokinin catabolism. We uncover that Cytokinin Oxidase/Dehydrogenase6 (CKX6) is a target of miR159 in petals. Knocking down miR159 levels results in the accumulation of CKX6 transcripts and earlier cytokinin clearance, leading to a shortened cell division period and smaller petals. Conversely, knocking down CKX6 causes cytokinin accumulation and a prolonged developmental cell division period, mimicking the effects of exogenous cytokinin application. MYB73, a R2R3-type MYB transcription repressor, recruits a co-repressor (TOPLESS) and a histone deacetylase (HDA19) to form a suppression complex, which regulates MIR159 expression by modulating histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation levels at the MIR159 promoter. Our work sheds light on mechanisms for ensuring the correct timing of the exit from the cell division phase and thus organ size regulation by controlling cytokinin catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikun Jing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650205, China
- School of Food and Medicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Feifei Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guoqin Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yinglong Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yonghong Li
- School of Food and Medicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Junping Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Nan Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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5
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Elakhdar A, El-Naggar AA, Kubo T, Kumamaru T. Genome-wide transcriptomic and functional analyses provide new insights into the response of spring barley to drought stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14089. [PMID: 38148212 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a major abiotic stress that impairs the physiology and development of plants, ultimately leading to crop yield losses. Drought tolerance is a complex quantitative trait influenced by multiple genes and metabolic pathways. However, molecular intricacies and subsequent morphological and physiological changes in response to drought stress remain elusive. Herein, we combined morpho-physiological and comparative RNA-sequencing analyses to identify core drought-induced marker genes and regulatory networks in the barley cultivar 'Giza134'. Based on field trials, drought-induced declines occurred in crop growth rate, relative water content, leaf area duration, flag leaf area, concentration of chlorophyll (Chl) a, b and a + b, net photosynthesis, and yield components. In contrast, the Chl a/b ratio, stoma resistance, and proline concentration increased significantly. RNA-sequence analysis identified a total of 2462 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 1555 were up-regulated and 907 were down-regulated in response to water-deficit stress (WD). Comparative transcriptomics analysis highlighted three unique metabolic pathways (carbohydrate metabolism, iron ion binding, and oxidoreductase activity) as containing genes differentially expressed that could mitigate water stress. Our results identified several drought-induced marker genes belonging to diverse physiochemical functions like chlorophyll concentration, photosynthesis, light harvesting, gibberellin biosynthetic, iron homeostasis as well as Cis-regulatory elements. These candidate genes can be utilized to identify gene-associated markers to develop drought-resilient barley cultivars over a short period of time. Our results provide new insights into the understanding of water stress response mechanisms in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Elakhdar
- Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A El-Naggar
- Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Takahiko Kubo
- Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kumamaru
- Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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6
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Robertson SM, Wilkins O. Spatially resolved gene regulatory networks in Asian rice (Oryza sativa cv. Nipponbare) leaves. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:269-281. [PMID: 37390084 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptome profiles in plants are heterogenous at every level of morphological organization. Even within organs, cells of the same type can have different patterns of gene expression depending on where they are positioned within tissues. This heterogeneity is associated with non-uniform distribution of biological processes within organs. The regulatory mechanisms that establish and sustain the spatial heterogeneity are unknown. Here, we identify regulatory modules that support functional specialization of different parts of Oryza sativa cv. Nipponbare leaves by leveraging transcriptome data, transcription factor binding motifs and global gene regulatory network prediction algorithms. We generated a global gene regulatory network in which we identified six regulatory modules that were active in different parts of the leaf. The regulatory modules were enriched for genes involved in spatially relevant biological processes, such as cell wall deposition, environmental sensing and photosynthesis. Strikingly, more than 86.9% of genes in the network were regulated by members of only five transcription factor families. We also generated targeted regulatory networks for the large MYB and bZIP/bHLH families to identify interactions that were masked in the global prediction. This analysis will provide a baseline for future single cell and array-based spatial transcriptome studies and for studying responses to environmental stress and demonstrates the extent to which seven coarse spatial transcriptome analysis can provide insight into the regulatory mechanisms supporting functional specialization within leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Robertson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Olivia Wilkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada
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Xu X, Fonseca de Lima CF, Vu LD, De Smet I. When drought meets heat - a plant omics perspective. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1250878. [PMID: 37674736 PMCID: PMC10478009 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1250878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Changes in weather patterns with emerging drought risks and rising global temperature are widespread and negatively affect crop growth and productivity. In nature, plants are simultaneously exposed to multiple biotic and abiotic stresses, but most studies focus on individual stress conditions. However, the simultaneous occurrence of different stresses impacts plant growth and development differently than a single stress. Plants sense the different stress combinations in the same or in different tissues, which could induce specific systemic signalling and acclimation responses; impacting different stress-responsive transcripts, protein abundance and modifications, and metabolites. This mini-review focuses on the combination of drought and heat, two abiotic stress conditions that often occur together. Recent omics studies indicate common or independent regulators involved in heat or drought stress responses. Here, we summarize the current research results, highlight gaps in our knowledge, and flag potential future focus areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Xu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cassio Flavio Fonseca de Lima
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lam Dai Vu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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8
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Turan M, Ekinci M, Argin S, Brinza M, Yildirim E. Drought stress amelioration in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings by biostimulant as regenerative agent. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1211210. [PMID: 37662171 PMCID: PMC10469020 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1211210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Drought adversely affects many physiological and biochemical events of crops. This research was conducted to investigate the possible effects of biostimulants containing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on plant growth parameters, chlorophyll content, membrane permeability (MP), leaf relative water content (LRWC), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), hormone content, and antioxidant enzymes (catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) activity of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings under different irrigation levels. This study was carried out under controlled greenhouse conditions with two irrigation levels (D0: 100% of field capacity and D1: 50% of field capacity) and three biostimulant doses (B0: 0, B1: 4 L ha-1, and B2: 6 L ha-1). The results of the study show that drought stress negatively influenced the growth and physiological characteristics of tomato seedlings while biostimulant applications ameliorated these parameters. Water deficit conditions (50% of field capacity) caused decrease in indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA), cytokine, zeatin, and jasmonic acid content of tomato seedlings by ratios of 83%, 93%, 82%, 89%, 50%, and 57%, respectively, and shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area decreased by 43%, 19%, 39%, 29%, 20%, 18%, and 50%, respectively, compared to the control (B0D0). In addition, 21%, 16%, 21%, and 17% reductions occurred in LRWC, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll contents with drought compared to the control, respectively. Biostimulant applications restored the plant growth, and the most effective dose was 4 L ha-1 under drought condition. Amendment of biostimulant into the soil also enhanced organic matter and the total N, P, Ca, and Cu content of the experiment soil. In conclusion, 4 L ha-1 biostimulant amendment might be a promising approach to mitigate the adverse effects of drought stress on tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metin Turan
- Department of Agricultural Trade and Management, Faculty of Economy and Administrative Sciences, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Melek Ekinci
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Sanem Argin
- Department of Agricultural Trade and Management, Faculty of Economy and Administrative Sciences, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | | | - Ertan Yildirim
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Türkiye
- Atatürk University Plant Production Application and Research Center, Erzurum, Türkiye
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9
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How Changes in ABA Accumulation and Signaling Influence Tomato Drought Responses and Reproductive Development. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/ijpb14010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Water deficit conditions trigger the production of a chemical signal, the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA), which coordinates multiple responses at different temporal and spatial scales. Despite the complexity of natural drought conditions, the modulation of ABA signaling could be harnessed to ameliorate the drought performances of crops in the face of increasingly challenging climate conditions. Based on recent studies, increasing ABA sensitivity can lead to genotypes with improved drought resistance traits, with sustained biomass production in water-limiting environments and little or no costs with respect to biomass production under optimal conditions. However, variations in ABA production and sensitivity lead to changes in various aspects of reproductive development, including flowering time. Here we provide an updated summary of the literature on ABA-related genes in tomato and discuss how their manipulation can impact water-deficit-related responses and/or other developmental traits. We suggest that a better understanding of specific ABA components’ function or their expression may offer novel tools to specifically engineer drought resistance without affecting developmental traits.
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10
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Mano NA, Madore B, Mickelbart MV. Different Leaf Anatomical Responses to Water Deficit in Maize and Soybean. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020290. [PMID: 36836647 PMCID: PMC9966819 DOI: 10.3390/life13020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The stomata on leaf surfaces control gas exchange and water loss, closing during dry periods to conserve water. The distribution and size of stomatal complexes is determined by epidermal cell differentiation and expansion during leaf growth. Regulation of these processes in response to water deficit may result in stomatal anatomical plasticity as part of the plant acclimation to drought. We quantified the leaf anatomical plasticity under water-deficit conditions in maize and soybean over two experiments. Both species produced smaller leaves in response to the water deficit, partly due to the reductions in the stomata and pavement cell size, although this response was greater in soybean, which also produced thicker leaves under severe stress, whereas the maize leaf thickness did not change. The stomata and pavement cells were smaller with the reduced water availability in both species, resulting in higher stomatal densities. Stomatal development (measured as stomatal index, SI) was suppressed in both species at the lowest water availability, but to a greater extent in maize than in soybean. The result of these responses is that in maize leaves, the stomatal area fraction (fgc) was consistently reduced in the plants grown under severe but not moderate water deficit, whereas the fgc did not decrease in the water-stressed soybean leaves. The water deficit resulted in the reduced expression of one of two (maize) or three (soybean) SPEECHLESS orthologs, and the expression patterns were correlated with SI. The vein density (VD) increased in both species in response to the water deficit, although the effect was greater in soybean. This study establishes a mechanism of stomatal development plasticity that can be applied to other species and genotypes to develop or investigate stomatal development plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Anthony Mano
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Bethany Madore
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Michael V. Mickelbart
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Correspondence:
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Molecular Mechanism of Gibberellins in Mesocotyl Elongation Response to Deep-Sowing Stress in Sweet Maize. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 45:197-211. [PMID: 36661501 PMCID: PMC9856927 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Uneven germination is still a common problem in sweet maize planting. The mesocotyl is a key driver for ground-breaking sweet maize, and deep-sowing has a longer mesocotyl. However, the physiological and molecular mechanisms of sweet maize mesocotyl elongation in response to deep-sowing remain unknown. Here we found that sweet maize inbred line Ltx05 could obtain longer mesocotyls in deep soil of 10 cm depth, and that 20 mg/L GA3 was the optimal concentration to promote mesocotyl elongation and seedling emergence. Microstructure observation showed that the longitudinal cell length of mesocotyl at 10 cm sowing depth was significantly longer than that of 1 cm. Transcriptome analysis showed that microtubule process related differentially expressed genes may contribute to the longitudinal cell elongation. The content of GAs in the mesocotyl at 10 cm sowing depth was markedly higher than that of 1 cm. Combining transcriptome data and qRT-PCR at different developmental stages, ZmGA20ox1, ZmGA20ox4 and ZmGA20ox5 were identified as three positive regulation candidate genes during mesocotyl elongation under deep-sowing conditions, and this was further confirmed by the significant elongation of the hypocotyl in heterologous transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana. These results lay a foundation for improving the ability of sweet maize to tolerate deep-sowing stress and improving the breeding of excellent deep-sowing-tolerant germplasms.
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12
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Modeling reveals posttranscriptional regulation of GA metabolism enzymes in response to drought and cold. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2121288119. [PMID: 35878042 PMCID: PMC9351370 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121288119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The hormone gibberellin (GA) controls plant growth and regulates growth responses to environmental stress. In monocotyledonous leaves, GA controls growth by regulating division-zone size. We used a systems approach to investigate the establishment of the GA distribution in the maize leaf growth zone to understand how drought and cold alter leaf growth. By developing and parameterizing a multiscale computational model that includes cell movement, growth-induced dilution, and metabolic activities, we revealed that the GA distribution is predominantly determined by variations in GA metabolism. Considering wild-type and UBI::GA20-OX-1 leaves, the model predicted the peak in GA concentration, which has been shown to determine division-zone size. Drought and cold modified enzyme transcript levels, although the model revealed that this did not explain the observed GA distributions. Instead, the model predicted that GA distributions are also mediated by posttranscriptional modifications increasing the activity of GA 20-oxidase in drought and of GA 2-oxidase in cold, which we confirmed by enzyme activity measurements. This work provides a mechanistic understanding of the role of GA metabolism in plant growth regulation.
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Skirycz A, Fernie AR. Past accomplishments and future challenges of the multi-omics characterization of leaf growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:473-489. [PMID: 35325227 PMCID: PMC9157134 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The advent of omics technologies has revolutionized biology and advanced our understanding of all biological processes, including major developmental transitions in plants and animals. Here, we review the vast knowledge accumulated concerning leaf growth in terms of transcriptional regulation before turning our attention to the historically less well-characterized alterations at the protein and metabolite level. We will then discuss how the advent of biochemical methods coupled with metabolomics and proteomics can provide insight into the protein-protein and protein-metabolite interactome of the growing leaves. We finally highlight the substantial challenges in detection, spatial resolution, integration, and functional validation of the omics results, focusing on metabolomics as a prerequisite for a comprehensive understanding of small-molecule regulation of plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Skirycz
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
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14
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Jathar V, Saini K, Chauhan A, Rani R, Ichihashi Y, Ranjan A. Spatial control of cell division by GA-OsGRF7/8 module in a leaf explaining the leaf length variation between cultivated and wild rice. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:867-883. [PMID: 35152411 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cellular and genetic understanding of the rice leaf size regulation is limited, despite rice being the staple food of more than half of the global population. We investigated the mechanism controlling the rice leaf length using cultivated and wild rice accessions that remarkably differed for leaf size. Comparative transcriptomics, gibberellic acid (GA) quantification and leaf kinematics of the contrasting accessions suggested the involvement of GA, cell cycle and growth-regulating factors (GRFs) in the rice leaf size regulation. Zone-specific expression analysis and VIGS established the functions of specific GRFs in the process. The leaf length of the selected accessions was strongly correlated with GA levels. Higher GA content in wild rice accessions with longer leaves and GA-induced increase in the leaf length via an increase in cell division confirmed a GA-mediated regulation of division zone in rice. Downstream to GA, OsGRF7 and OsGRF8 function for controlling cell division to determine the rice leaf length. Spatial control of cell division to determine the division zone size mediated by GA and downstream OsGRF7 and OsGRF8 explains the leaf length differences between the cultivated and wild rice. This mechanism to control the rice leaf length might have contributed to optimizing leaf size during domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Jathar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Kumud Saini
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ashish Chauhan
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ruchi Rani
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Yasunori Ichihashi
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Aashish Ranjan
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
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15
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Benkeblia N. Insights on Fructans and Resistance of Plants to Drought Stress. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.827758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought, one of the major abiotic stresses affecting plants, is characterized by a decrease of water availability, resulting in a decrease of the water potential (Ψ) of the cells. One of the strategies of plants in resisting to this low Ψ and related stresses is regulating their water-plant relation and the interplay between Ψsolutes and the turgor pressure (Ψp). This regulation avoids the dehydration induced by low Ψ and is resulting from the accumulation of specific molecules which induce higher tolerance to water deficit and also other mechanisms that prevent or repair cell damages. In plants, fructans, the non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), have other physiological functions than carbon reserve. Among these roles, fructans have been implicated in protecting plants against water deficit caused by drought. As an efficient strategy to survive to this abiotic stress, plants synthesize fructans in response to osmotic pressure in order to osmoregulate the cellular flux, therefore, protecting the membrane damage and maintaining Ψp. Although different studies have been conducted to elucidate the mechanisms behind this strategy, still the concept itself is not well-understood and many points remain unclear and need to be elucidated in order to understand the causal relation between water deficit and fructans accumulation during water scarcity. This understanding will be a key tool in developing strategies to enhance crop tolerance to stressful dry conditions, particularly under the changing climate prediction. This review aims to give new insights on the roles of fructans in the response and resistance of plants to water deficit and their fate under this severe environmental condition.
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Abstract
Drought and waterlogging seriously affect the growth of plants and are considered severe constraints on agricultural and forestry productivity; their frequency and degree have increased over time due to global climate change. The morphology, photosynthetic activity, antioxidant enzyme system and hormone levels of plants could change in response to water stress. The mechanisms of these changes are introduced in this review, along with research on key transcription factors and genes. Both drought and waterlogging stress similarly impact leaf morphology (such as wilting and crimping) and inhibit photosynthesis. The former affects the absorption and transportation mechanisms of plants, and the lack of water and nutrients inhibits the formation of chlorophyll, which leads to reduced photosynthetic capacity. Constitutive overexpression of 9-cis-epoxydioxygenase (NCED) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), key enzymes in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis, increases drought resistance. The latter forces leaf stomata to close in response to chemical signals, which are produced by the roots and transferred aboveground, affecting the absorption capacity of CO2, and reducing photosynthetic substrates. The root system produces adventitious roots and forms aerenchymal to adapt the stresses. Ethylene (ETH) is the main response hormone of plants to waterlogging stress, and is a member of the ERFVII subfamily, which includes response factors involved in hypoxia-induced gene expression, and responds to energy expenditure through anaerobic respiration. There are two potential adaptation mechanisms of plants (“static” or “escape”) through ETH-mediated gibberellin (GA) dynamic equilibrium to waterlogging stress in the present studies. Plant signal transduction pathways, after receiving stress stimulus signals as well as the regulatory mechanism of the subsequent synthesis of pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) enzymes to produce ethanol under a hypoxic environment caused by waterlogging, should be considered. This review provides a theoretical basis for plants to improve water stress tolerance and water-resistant breeding.
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17
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Berrío RT, Nelissen H, Inzé D, Dubois M. Increasing yield on dry fields: molecular pathways with growing potential. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:323-341. [PMID: 34695266 PMCID: PMC7612350 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress constitutes one of the major constraints to agriculture all over the world, and its devastating effect is only expected to increase in the following years due to climate change. Concurrently, the increasing food demand in a steadily growing population requires a proportional increase in yield and crop production. In the past, research aimed to increase plant resilience to severe drought stress. However, this often resulted in stunted growth and reduced yield under favorable conditions or moderate drought. Nowadays, drought tolerance research aims to maintain plant growth and yield under drought conditions. Overall, recently deployed strategies to engineer drought tolerance in the lab can be classified into a 'growth-centered' strategy, which focuses on keeping growth unaffected by the drought stress, and a 'drought resilience without growth penalty' strategy, in which the main aim is still to boost drought resilience, while limiting the side effects on plant growth. In this review, we put the scope on these two strategies and some molecular players that were successfully engineered to generate drought-tolerant plants: abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, cytokinins, ethylene, ROS scavenging genes, strigolactones, and aquaporins. We discuss how these pathways participate in growth and stress response regulation under drought. Finally, we present an overview of the current insights and future perspectives in the development of new strategies to improve drought tolerance in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Tenorio Berrío
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hilde Nelissen
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- Corresponding Author: Dirk Inzé VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology Technologiepark 71 B-9052 Ghent (Belgium) Tel.: +32 9 3313800; Fax: +32 9 3313809;
| | - Marieke Dubois
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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18
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Mavrič Čermelj A, Golob A, Vogel-Mikuš K, Germ M. Silicon Mitigates Negative Impacts of Drought and UV-B Radiation in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:91. [PMID: 35009094 PMCID: PMC8747213 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Due to climate change, plants are being more adversely affected by heatwaves, floods, droughts, and increased temperatures and UV radiation. This review focuses on enhanced UV-B radiation and drought, and mitigation of their adverse effects through silicon addition. Studies on UV-B stress and addition of silicon or silicon nanoparticles have been reported for crop plants including rice, wheat, and soybean. These have shown that addition of silicon to plants under UV-B radiation stress increases the contents of chlorophyll, soluble sugars, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and UV-absorbing and antioxidant compounds. Silicon also affects photosynthesis rate, proline content, metal toxicity, and lipid peroxidation. Drought is a stress factor that affects normal plant growth and development. It has been frequently reported that silicon can reduce stress caused by different abiotic factors, including drought. For example, under drought stress, silicon increases ascorbate peroxidase activity, total soluble sugars content, relative water content, and photosynthetic rate. Silicon also decreases peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities, and malondialdehyde content. The effects of silicon on drought and concurrently UV-B stressed plants has not yet been studied in detail, but initial studies show some stress mitigation by silicon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Mavrič Čermelj
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva ulica 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.G.); (K.V.-M.); (M.G.)
| | - Aleksandra Golob
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva ulica 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.G.); (K.V.-M.); (M.G.)
| | - Katarina Vogel-Mikuš
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva ulica 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.G.); (K.V.-M.); (M.G.)
- Jozef Stefan Institut, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Germ
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva ulica 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.G.); (K.V.-M.); (M.G.)
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19
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Use of near-infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for authentication and traceability of intact lemon fruits. Food Chem 2021; 375:131822. [PMID: 34959136 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The reflectance NIR spectroscopy and chemometric data treatment on mature intact lemons, Limone di Sorrento PGI (cv Ovale di Sorrento) and Limone Costa D'Amalfi PGI (cv Sfusato Amalfitano) from Campania region, collected in 2018 and 2019, were used to predict properties, and discriminate cultivar and geographical provenance. By PCA, lemon NIR spectra grouped for production years due to the year variation of lemon properties attributable to annual climatic differences, homogeneous in all sites. This agrees with lemon chemical and physical differences by production year. Consequently, the relationship of NIR spectra with lemon quality properties by MLR and the cultivar and provenances discrimination by LDA were affected by year climatic difference; therefore, better model reliability was for single production year. NIR detectability of lemon properties did not appear beyond lemon thick peels, therefore the measured properties of lemon juices could derive from measurable properties of peel correlating with pulp properties.
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20
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Shohat H, Cheriker H, Kilambi HV, Illouz Eliaz N, Blum S, Amsellem Z, Tarkowská D, Aharoni A, Eshed Y, Weiss D. Inhibition of gibberellin accumulation by water deficiency promotes fast and long-term 'drought avoidance' responses in tomato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:1985-1998. [PMID: 34541677 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants reduce transpiration to avoid dehydration during drought episodes by stomatal closure and inhibition of canopy growth. Previous studies have suggested that low gibberellin (GA) activity promotes these 'drought avoidance' responses. Using genome editing, molecular, physiological and hormone analyses, we examined if drought regulates GA metabolism in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) guard cells and leaves, and studied how this affects water loss. Water deficiency inhibited the expression of the GA biosynthesis genes GA20 oxidase1 (GA20ox1) and GA20ox2 and induced the GA deactivating gene GA2ox7 in guard cells and leaf tissue, resulting in reduced levels of bioactive GAs. These effects were mediated by abscisic acid-dependent and abscisic acid-independent pathways, and by the transcription factor TINY1. The loss of GA2ox7 attenuated stomatal response to water deficiency and during soil dehydration, ga2ox7 plants closed their stomata later, and wilted faster than wild-type (WT) M82 cv. Mutations in GA20ox1 and GA20ox2, had no effect on stomatal closure, but reduced water loss due to the mutants' smaller canopy areas. The results suggested that drought-induced GA deactivation in guard cells, contributes to stomatal closure at the early stages of soil dehydration, whereas inhibition of GA synthesis in leaves suppresses canopy growth and restricts transpiration area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagai Shohat
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Hadar Cheriker
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Himabindu Vasuki Kilambi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Natanella Illouz Eliaz
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Shula Blum
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Ziva Amsellem
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Danuše Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences and Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Yuval Eshed
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - David Weiss
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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21
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Shohat H, Eliaz NI, Weiss D. Gibberellin in tomato: metabolism, signaling and role in drought responses. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2021; 1:15. [PMID: 37789477 PMCID: PMC10515025 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-021-00019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The growth-promoting hormone gibberellin (GA) regulates numerous developmental processes throughout the plant life cycle. It also affects plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses. GA metabolism and signaling in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) have been studied in the last three decades and major components of the pathways were characterized. These include major biosynthesis and catabolism enzymes and signaling components, such as the three GA receptors GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF 1 (GID1) and DELLA protein PROCERA (PRO), the central response suppressor. The role of these components in tomato plant development and response to the environment have been investigated. Cultivated tomato, similar to many other crop plants, are susceptible to water deficiency. Numerous studies on tomato response to drought have been conducted, including the possible role of GA in tomato drought resistance. Most studies showed that reduced levels or activity of GA improves drought tolerance and drought avoidance. This review aims to provide an overview on GA biosynthesis and signaling in tomato, how drought affects these pathways and how changes in GA activity affect tomato plant response to water deficiency. It also presents the potential of using the GA pathway to generate drought-tolerant tomato plants with improved performance under both irrigation and water-limited conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagai Shohat
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Natanella Illouz Eliaz
- Plant Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - David Weiss
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
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22
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Strable J, Nelissen H. The dynamics of maize leaf development: Patterned to grow while growing a pattern. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:102038. [PMID: 33940553 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are a significant component of the shoot system in grasses, functioning in light capture and photosynthesis. Leaf width, length, and angle are expressions of development that collectively define canopy architecture. Thus, the distinctive morphology of grass leaves is an interdependent readout of developmental patterning and growth along the proximal-distal, medial-lateral, and adaxial-abaxial axes. Here, we review the chronology of patterning and growth, namely along the proximal-distal axis, during maize leaf development. We underscore that patterning and growth occur simultaneously, making use of shared developmental gradients and molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Strable
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA 27695.
| | - Hilde Nelissen
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
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23
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Li Y, Shan X, Jiang Z, Zhao L, Jin F. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the GA2ox gene family in maize (Zea mays L.) under various abiotic stress conditions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:621-633. [PMID: 34192648 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
GA 2-oxidases (GA2oxs) are a class of enzymes that inhibit the biosynthesis of bioactive GAs in plants. Although GA2oxs have clear roles in the development and defence responses in Arabidopsis, rice, and wheat, their potential effects on maize remain unclear. This study identified thirteen ZmGA2ox genes in maize and further characterized them using phylogenetic, gene structure, genomic locus, expression pattern analyses and GA content determination. Phylogenetic relationship analysis clearly divided the ZmGA2ox family into three groups-seven in C19-GA2ox class I, three in C19-GA2ox class II, and three in C20-GA2ox class. Evolutionary analysis suggested that ZmGA2ox1;1 and ZmGA2ox1;2, ZmGA2ox3;1 and ZmGA2ox3;2, and ZmGA2ox7;1 and ZmGA2ox7;2 are three pairs of segmental duplicated genes. Prediction of cis-regulatory elements in promoters suggested that ZmGA2ox genes were mainly associated with growth, development, hormones, and biotic/abiotic stress. Therefore, their spatial and temporal expression patterns and responses to various stress treatments were analysed on the basis of published RNA-seq data. Moreover, the changes of ZmGA2ox expression in leaves and roots of maize seedlings was detected under salt, alkali, dehydration, and cold stresses by qRT-PCR. The ZmGA2oxs exhibited obvious expression tendencies or characteristics in various organs under different abiotic stresses. The variations in the expression of three ZmGA2ox genes in the C20-GA2ox class in maize seedling roots showed significant regularity and a clear negative correlation with bioactive GA contents under cold and drought conditions, indicating that these three genes might exert key effects on the regulation of GA synthesis and the response to drought and cold stress. Taken together, this study is useful for further dissection of the effect of ZmGA2oxs on abiotic stress responses and might provide potential targets for the genetic improvement of maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Li
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China.
| | - Xiaohui Shan
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Zhilei Jiang
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Fengxue Jin
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
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24
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Verbraeken L, Wuyts N, Mertens S, Cannoot B, Maleux K, Demuynck K, De Block J, Merchie J, Dhondt S, Bonaventure G, Crafts-Brandner S, Vogel J, Bruce W, Inzé D, Maere S, Nelissen H. Drought affects the rate and duration of organ growth but not inter-organ growth coordination. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:1336-1353. [PMID: 33788927 PMCID: PMC8195526 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Drought at flowering and grain filling greatly reduces maize (Zea mays) yield. Climate change is causing earlier and longer-lasting periods of drought, which affect the growth of multiple maize organs throughout development. To study how long periods of water deficit impact the dynamic nature of growth, and to determine how these relate to reproductive drought, we employed a high-throughput phenotyping platform featuring precise irrigation, imaging systems, and image-based biomass estimations. Prolonged drought resulted in a reduction of growth rate of individual organs-though an extension of growth duration partially compensated for this-culminating in lower biomass and delayed flowering. However, long periods of drought did not affect the highly organized succession of maximal growth rates of the distinct organs, i.e. leaves, stems, and ears. Two drought treatments negatively affected distinct seed yield components: Prolonged drought mainly reduced the number of spikelets, and drought during the reproductive period increased the anthesis-silking interval. The identification of these divergent biomass and yield components, which were affected by the shift in duration and intensity of drought, will facilitate trait-specific breeding toward future climate-resilient crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Verbraeken
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Wuyts
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stien Mertens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bernard Cannoot
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Maleux
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kirin Demuynck
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien De Block
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julie Merchie
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stijn Dhondt
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven Maere
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hilde Nelissen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Author for communication:
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25
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Lobato AKDS, Barbosa MAM, Alsahli AA, Lima EJA, Silva BRSD. Exogenous salicylic acid alleviates the negative impacts on production components, biomass and gas exchange in tomato plants under water deficit improving redox status and anatomical responses. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:869-884. [PMID: 33421143 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an interesting messenger in plant metabolism that modulates multiple pathways, including the antioxidant defence pathway, and stimulates anatomical structures essential to carbon dioxide fixation during the photosynthetic process. The aim of this research was to determine whether pre-treatment with exogenous SA can alleviate the deleterious effects induced by water deficit on production components, biomass and gas exchange, measuring reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzymes, variables connected to photosynthetic machinery, anatomical responses, and agro-morphological traits in tomato plants under water deficit. The experiment used a factorial design with four treatments, including two water conditions (control and water deficit) and two salicylic acid concentrations (0 and 0.1 mM salicylic acid). Water deficit negatively impacted the biomass and fruit number of tomato plants. Pre-treatment using 0.1 mM SA in plants submitted to water restriction induced increments in fruit number, weight, and biomass. These results were related to the protective role triggered by this substance, stimulating superoxide dismutase (27.07%), catalase (17.81%), ascorbate peroxidase (50.52%), and peroxidase (10.81%) as well as reducing the cell damage (malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage) caused by superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Simultaneously, application of SA improved the net photosynthetic rate (84.55%) and water-use efficiency (65.00%) of stressed plants in which these factors are connected to anatomical benefits, as verified by stomatal density, palisade and spongy parenchyma, combined with improved performance linked to photosystem II.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emily Juliane Alvino Lima
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Vegetal Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Paragominas, Brazil
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Shehab AESAE, Guo Y. Effects of nitrogen fertilization and drought on hydrocyanic acid accumulation and morpho-physiological parameters of sorghums. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:3355-3365. [PMID: 33227149 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen fertilization can increase sorghum yield and quality and the hydrocyanic acid (HCN) accumulation in plants, increasing the risk of animal toxicity, particularly under drought conditions. In this study, plants of three sorghum genotypes (sweet sorghum, sudangrass and hybrid sorghum) were supplemented with nitrogen (0, 60, 90 and 120 kg N ha-1 ) under well-watered and drought-stressed conditions, aiming to investigate the responses of morpho-physiological parameters and HCN accumulation to drought and nitrogen fertilization. RESULTS Drought caused a decline in growth and photosynthesis. Average HCN content increased by 27.85% in drought-stressed plants when compared with those in well-watered plants. Drought increased the proline and soluble protein content, the content of O2 - , H2 O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA), and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in leaves of all three genotypes. Maximum plant growth and higher plant nutrient content (nitrogen and phosphorus) were observed at 120 kg N ha-1 , followed by 90 and 60 kg N ha-1 . However, a sharp increase in HCN content and a decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities were observed when nitrogen rates increased from 90 to 120 kg N ha-1 , suggesting that 90 kg N ha-1 might be better for sorghums under drought conditions. CONCLUSION These results suggest that optimum nitrogen application on sorghum under drought conditions could achieve a balance between plant defense and food safety, attributed to the reduced MDA, O2 - and H2 O2 accumulation, the improvement in photosynthesis parameters, the increase in soluble protein and proline content, and the increase in antioxidant enzyme activities. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd El Salam Abd El Shehab
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, AL-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yanjun Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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27
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Coussement JR, Villers SLY, Nelissen H, Inzé D, Steppe K. Turgor-time controls grass leaf elongation rate and duration under drought stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1361-1378. [PMID: 33373049 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The process of leaf elongation in grasses is characterized by the creation and transformation of distinct cell zones. The prevailing turgor pressure within these cells is one of the key drivers for the rate at which these cells divide, expand and differentiate, processes that are heavily impacted by drought stress. In this article, a turgor-driven growth model for grass leaf elongation is presented, which combines mechanistic growth from the basis of turgor pressure with the ontogeny of the leaf. Drought-induced reductions in leaf turgor pressure result in a simultaneous inhibition of both cell expansion and differentiation, lowering elongation rate but increasing elongation duration due to the slower transitioning of cells from the dividing and elongating zone to mature cells. Leaf elongation is, therefore, governed by the magnitude of, and time spent under, growth-enabling turgor pressure, a metric which we introduce as turgor-time. Turgor-time is able to normalize growth patterns in terms of varying water availability, similar to how thermal time is used to do so under varying temperatures. Moreover, additional inclusion of temperature dependencies within our model pioneers a novel concept enabling the general expression of growth regardless of water availability or temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas R Coussement
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Selwyn L Y Villers
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hilde Nelissen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Miya M, Yoshikawa T, Sato Y, Itoh JI. Genome-wide analysis of spatiotemporal expression patterns during rice leaf development. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:169. [PMID: 33750294 PMCID: PMC7941727 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07494-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice leaves consist of three distinct regions along a proximal-distal axis, namely the leaf blade, sheath, and blade-sheath boundary region. Each region has a unique morphology and function, but the genetic programs underlying the development of each region are poorly understood. To fully elucidate rice leaf development and discover genes with unique functions in rice and grasses, it is crucial to explore genome-wide transcriptional profiles during the development of the three regions. RESULTS In this study, we performed microarray analysis to profile the spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression in the rice leaf using dissected parts of leaves sampled in broad developmental stages. The dynamics in each region revealed that the transcriptomes changed dramatically throughout the progress of tissue differentiation, and those of the leaf blade and sheath differed greatly at the mature stage. Cluster analysis of expression patterns among leaf parts revealed groups of genes that may be involved in specific biological processes related to rice leaf development. Moreover, we found novel genes potentially involved in rice leaf development using a combination of transcriptome data and in situ hybridization, and analyzed their spatial expression patterns at high resolution. We successfully identified multiple genes that exhibit localized expression in tissues characteristic of rice or grass leaves. CONCLUSIONS Although the genetic mechanisms of leaf development have been elucidated in several eudicots, direct application of that information to rice and grasses is not appropriate due to the morphological and developmental differences between them. Our analysis provides not only insights into the development of rice leaves but also expression profiles that serve as a valuable resource for gene discovery. The genes and gene clusters identified in this study may facilitate future research on the unique developmental mechanisms of rice leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Miya
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takanori Yoshikawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sato
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, 305-8518, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Itoh
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
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AbdElgawad H, Avramova V, Baggerman G, Van Raemdonck G, Valkenborg D, Van Ostade X, Guisez Y, Prinsen E, Asard H, Van den Ende W, Beemster GTS. Starch biosynthesis contributes to the maintenance of photosynthesis and leaf growth under drought stress in maize. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2254-2271. [PMID: 32488892 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To understand the growth response to drought, we performed a proteomics study in the leaf growth zone of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings and functionally characterized the role of starch biosynthesis in the regulation of growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant capacity, using the shrunken-2 mutant (sh2), defective in ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. Drought altered the abundance of 284 proteins overrepresented for photosynthesis, amino acid, sugar and starch metabolism, and redox-regulation. Changes in protein levels correlated with enzyme activities (increased ATP synthase, cysteine synthase, starch synthase, RuBisCo, peroxiredoxin, glutaredoxin, thioredoxin and decreased triosephosphate isomerase, ferredoxin, cellulose synthase activities, respectively) and metabolite concentrations (increased ATP, cysteine, glycine, serine, starch, proline and decreased cellulose levels). The sh2 mutant showed a reduced increase of starch levels under drought conditions, leading to soluble sugar starvation at the end of the night and correlating with an inhibition of leaf growth rates. Increased RuBisCo activity and pigment concentrations observed in WT, in response to drought, were lacking in the mutant, which suffered more oxidative damage and recovered more slowly after re-watering. These results demonstrate that starch biosynthesis contributes to maintaining leaf growth under drought stress and facilitates enhanced carbon acquisition upon recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamada AbdElgawad
- Research group for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Viktoriya Avramova
- Research group for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Geert Baggerman
- Applied Bio & molecular Systems, VITO, Mol, Belgium
- Center for Proteomics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Geert Van Raemdonck
- Center for Proteomics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dirk Valkenborg
- Applied Bio & molecular Systems, VITO, Mol, Belgium
- Center for Proteomics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Xaveer Van Ostade
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yves Guisez
- Research group for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Els Prinsen
- Research group for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Han Asard
- Research group for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gerrit T S Beemster
- Research group for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Wu J, Yan G, Duan Z, Wang Z, Kang C, Guo L, Liu K, Tu J, Shen J, Yi B, Fu T, Li X, Ma C, Dai C. Roles of the Brassica napus DELLA Protein BnaA6.RGA, in Modulating Drought Tolerance by Interacting With the ABA Signaling Component BnaA10.ABF2. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:577. [PMID: 32477388 PMCID: PMC7240051 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a major threat to plant growth and crop productivity. Reduced level of the gibberellin would result in increased drought tolerance, but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. In Brassica napus, there are four BnaRGA genes that code for DELLA proteins, negative regulators of GA signaling. Among them, expression of BnaA6.RGA was greatly induced by drought and abscisic acid (ABA). Previously, we created the gain-of-function mutant of BnaA6.RGA, bnaa6.rga-D, and the loss-of-function quadruple mutant, bnarga by CRISPR/Cas9, respectively. Here we show that bnaa6.rga-D displayed enhanced drought tolerance, and its stomatal closure was hypersensitive to ABA treatment. By contrast, bnarga displayed reduced drought tolerance and was less sensitive to ABA treatment, but there is no difference in drought tolerance between single BnaRGA mutant and WT, suggesting a functional redundancy between the BnaRGA genes in this process. Furthermore, we found that BnaRGAs were able to interact physically with BnaA10.ABF2, an essential transcription factor in ABA signaling. The BnaA10.ABF2-BnaA6.RGA protein complex greatly increased the expression level of the drought responsive gene BnaC9.RAB18. Taken together, this work highlighted the fundamental roles of DELLA proteins in drought tolerance in B. napus, and provide desirable germplasm for further breeding of drought tolerance in rapeseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guanbo Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Duan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunying Kang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kede Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinxing Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinxiong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Yi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingdong Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaozhi Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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31
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Ding L, Milhiet T, Couvreur V, Nelissen H, Meziane A, Parent B, Aesaert S, Van Lijsebettens M, Inzé D, Tardieu F, Draye X, Chaumont F. Modification of the Expression of the Aquaporin ZmPIP2;5 Affects Water Relations and Plant Growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:2154-2165. [PMID: 31980571 PMCID: PMC7140956 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane intrinsic protein PIP2;5 is the most highly expressed aquaporin in maize (Zea mays) roots. Here, we investigated how deregulation of PIP2;5 expression affects water relations and growth using maize overexpression (OE; B104 inbred) or knockout (KO; W22 inbred) lines. The hydraulic conductivity of the cortex cells of roots grown hydroponically was higher in PIP2;5 OE and lower in pip2;5 KO lines compared with the corresponding wild-type plants. While whole-root conductivity decreased in the KO lines compared to the wild type, no difference was observed in OE plants. This paradox was interpreted using the MECHA hydraulic model, which computes the radial flow of water within root sections. The model hints that the plasma membrane permeability of the cells is not radially uniform but that PIP2;5 may be saturated in cell layers with apoplastic barriers, i.e. the endodermis and exodermis, suggesting the presence of posttranslational mechanisms controlling the abundance of PIP in the plasma membrane in these cells. At the leaf level, where the PIP2;5 gene is weakly expressed in wild-type plants, the hydraulic conductance was higher in the PIP2;5 OE lines compared with the wild-type plants, whereas no difference was observed in the pip2;5 KO lines. The temporal trend of leaf elongation rate, used as a proxy for that of xylem water potential, was faster in PIP2;5 OE plants upon mild stress, but not in well-watered conditions, demonstrating that PIP2;5 may play a beneficial role in plant growth under specific conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ding
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Thomas Milhiet
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Valentin Couvreur
- Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Hilde Nelissen
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie-Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Adel Meziane
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux (LEPSE), Université de Montpellier, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Boris Parent
- Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux (LEPSE), Université de Montpellier, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Stijn Aesaert
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie-Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mieke Van Lijsebettens
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie-Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie-Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - François Tardieu
- Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux (LEPSE), Université de Montpellier, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Xavier Draye
- Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - François Chaumont
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Dubois M, Inzé D. Plant growth under suboptimal water conditions: early responses and methods to study them. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:1706-1722. [PMID: 31967643 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress forms a major environmental constraint during the life cycle of plants, often decreasing plant yield and in extreme cases threatening survival. The molecular and physiological responses induced by drought have been the topic of extensive research during the past decades. Because soil-based approaches to studying drought responses are often challenging due to low throughput and insufficient control of the conditions, osmotic stress assays in plates were developed to mimic drought. Addition of compounds such as polyethylene glycol, mannitol, sorbitol, or NaCl to controlled growth media has become increasingly popular since it offers the advantage of accurate control of stress level and onset. These osmotic stress assays enabled the discovery of very early stress responses, occurring within seconds or minutes following osmotic stress exposure. In this review, we construct a detailed timeline of early responses to osmotic stress, with a focus on how they initiate plant growth arrest. We further discuss the specific responses triggered by different types and severities of osmotic stress. Finally, we compare short-term plant responses under osmotic stress versus in-soil drought and discuss the advantages, disadvantages, and future of these plate-based proxies for drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Dubois
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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De Vos D, Nelissen H, AbdElgawad H, Prinsen E, Broeckhove J, Inzé D, Beemster GT. How grass keeps growing: an integrated analysis of hormonal crosstalk in the maize leaf growth zone. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:2513-2525. [PMID: 31705666 PMCID: PMC7116270 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We studied the maize leaf to understand how long-distance signals, auxin and cytokinin, control leaf growth dynamics. We constructed a mathematical model describing the transport of these hormones along the leaf growth zone and their interaction with the local gibberellin (GA) metabolism in the control of cell division. Assuming gradually declining auxin and cytokinin supply at the leaf base, the model generated spatiotemporal hormone distribution and growth patterns that matched experimental data. At the cellular level, the model predicted a basal leaf growth as a result of cell division driven by auxin and cytokinin. Superimposed on this, GA synthesis regulated growth through the control of the size of the region of active cell division. The predicted hormone and cell length distributions closely matched experimental data. To correctly predict the leaf growth profiles and final organ size of lines with reduced or elevated GA production, the model required a signal proportional to the size of the emerged part of the leaf that inhibited the basal leaf growth driven by auxin and cytokinin. Excision and shading of the emerged part of the growing leaf allowed us to demonstrate that this signal exists and depends on the perception of light intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk De Vos
- Laboratory for Integrated Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Modeling Of Systems And Internet Communication (MOSAIC), Department of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Corresponding Authors ,+32 3 265 34 21 , +32 3 265 34 21
| | - Hilde Nelissen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Laboratory for Integrated Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Els Prinsen
- Laboratory for Integrated Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan Broeckhove
- Modeling Of Systems And Internet Communication (MOSAIC), Department of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gerrit T.S. Beemster
- Laboratory for Integrated Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Corresponding Authors ,+32 3 265 34 21 , +32 3 265 34 21
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34
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Vercruysse J, Van Bel M, Osuna‐Cruz CM, Kulkarni SR, Storme V, Nelissen H, Gonzalez N, Inzé D, Vandepoele K. Comparative transcriptomics enables the identification of functional orthologous genes involved in early leaf growth. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:553-567. [PMID: 31361386 PMCID: PMC6953196 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Leaf growth is a complex trait for which many similarities exist in different plant species, suggesting functional conservation of the underlying pathways. However, a global view of orthologous genes involved in leaf growth showing conserved expression in dicots and monocots is currently missing. Here, we present a genome-wide comparative transcriptome analysis between Arabidopsis and maize, identifying conserved biological processes and gene functions active during leaf growth. Despite the orthology complexity between these distantly related plants, 926 orthologous gene groups including 2829 Arabidopsis and 2974 maize genes with similar expression during leaf growth were found, indicating conservation of the underlying molecular networks. We found 65% of these genes to be involved in one-to-one orthology, whereas only 28.7% of the groups with divergent expression had one-to-one orthology. Within the pool of genes with conserved expression, 19 transcription factor families were identified, demonstrating expression conservation of regulators active during leaf growth. Additionally, 25 Arabidopsis and 25 maize putative targets of the TCP transcription factors with conserved expression were determined based on the presence of enriched transcription factor binding sites. Based on large-scale phenotypic data, we observed that genes with conserved expression have a higher probability to be involved in leaf growth and that leaf-related phenotypes are more frequently present for genes having orthologues between dicots and monocots than clade-specific genes. This study shows the power of integrating transcriptomic with orthology data to identify or select candidates for functional studies during leaf development in flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmien Vercruysse
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIBGentBelgium
| | - Michiel Van Bel
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIBGentBelgium
| | - Cristina M. Osuna‐Cruz
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIBGentBelgium
| | - Shubhada R. Kulkarni
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIBGentBelgium
| | - Véronique Storme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIBGentBelgium
| | - Hilde Nelissen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIBGentBelgium
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIBGentBelgium
- INRAUMR1332 Biologie du fruit et PathologieINRA Bordeaux AquitaineVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIBGentBelgium
| | - Klaas Vandepoele
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIBGentBelgium
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Aydinoglu F. Elucidating the regulatory roles of microRNAs in maize (Zea mays L.) leaf growth response to chilling stress. PLANTA 2020; 251:38. [PMID: 31907623 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03331-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION: miRNAs control leaf size of maize crop during chilling stress tolerance by regulating developmentally important transcriptional factors and sustaining redox homeostasis of cells. Chilling temperature (0-15 °C) is a major constraint for the cultivation of maize (Zea mays) which inhibits the early growth of maize leading to reduction in leaf size. Growth and development take place in meristem, elongation, and mature zones that are linearly located along the leaf base to tip. To prevent shortening of leaf caused by chilling, this study aims to elucidate the regulatory roles of microRNA (miRNA) genes in the controlling process switching between growth and developmental stages. In this respect, hybrid maize ADA313 seedlings were treated to the chilling temperature which caused 26% and 29% reduction in the final leaf length and a decline in cell production of the fourth leaf. The flow cytometry data integrated with the expression analysis of cell cycle genes indicated that the reason for the decline was a failure proceeding from G2/M rather than G1/S. Through an miRNome analysis of 321 known maize miRNAs, 24, 6, and 20 miRNAs were assigned to putative meristem, elongation, and mature zones, respectively according to their chilling response. To gain deeper insight into decreased cell production, in silico, target prediction analysis was performed for meristem specific miRNAs. Among the miRNAs, miR160, miR319, miR395, miR396, miR408, miR528, and miR1432 were selected for confirming the potential of negative regulation with their predicted targets by qRT-PCR. These findings indicated evidence for improvement of growth and yield under chilling stress of the maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Aydinoglu
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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Harb A, Simpson C, Guo W, Govindan G, Kakani VG, Sunkar R. The Effect of Drought on Transcriptome and Hormonal Profiles in Barley Genotypes With Contrasting Drought Tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:618491. [PMID: 33424910 PMCID: PMC7786106 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.618491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Like many cereal crops, barley is also negatively affected by drought stress. However, due to its simple genome as well as enhanced stress resilient nature compared to rice and wheat, barley has been considered as a model to decipher drought tolerance in cereals. In the present study, transcriptomic and hormonal profiles along with several biochemical features were compared between drought-tolerant (Otis) and drought-sensitive (Baronesse) barley genotypes subjected to drought to identify molecular and biochemical differences between the genotypes. The drought-induced decrease in the leaf relative water content, net photosynthesis, and biomass accumulation was relatively low in Otis compared to Baronesse. The hormonal profiles did not reveal significant differences for majority of the compounds other than the GA20 and the cis-zeatin-o-glucoside (c-ZOG), whose levels were greatly increased in Otis compared to Baronesse under drought. The major differences that emerged from the transcriptome analysis are; (1), the overall number of differentially expressed genes was relatively low in drought-tolerant Otis compared to drought-sensitive Baronesse; (2), a wax biosynthesis gene (CER1), and NAC transcription factors were specifically induced in Otis but not in Baronesse; (3), the degree of upregulation of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase and a homeobox transcription factor (genes with proven roles in imparting drought tolerance), was greater in Otis compared to Baronesse; (4) the extent of downregulation of gene expression profiles for proteins of the reaction center photosystem II (PSII) (D1 and D2) was low in Otis compared to Baronesse; and, (5), alternative splicing (AS) was also found to differ between the genotypes under drought. Taken together, the overall transcriptional responses were low in drought-tolerant Otis but the genes that could confer drought tolerance were either specifically induced or greatly upregulated in the tolerant genotype and these differences could be important for drought tolerance in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Harb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
- *Correspondence: Amal Harb ;
| | - Craig Simpson
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Wenbin Guo
- Informatics and Computational Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ganesan Govindan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Vijaya Gopal Kakani
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Ramanjulu Sunkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
- Ramanjulu Sunkar
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Fang Y, Jiang Z, Zhao C, Li L, Ranvilage CIPM, Liu S, Wu Y, Huang X. Efficient Heat Dissipation and Cyclic Electron Flow Confer Daily Air Exposure Tolerance in the Intertidal Seagrass Halophila beccarii Asch. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:571627. [PMID: 33329629 PMCID: PMC7733926 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.571627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Seagrasses inhabiting the intertidal zone experience periodically repeated cycles of air exposure and rehydration. However, little is known about the photoprotective mechanisms in photosystem (PS)II and PSI, as well as changes in carbon utilization upon air exposure. The photoprotective processes upon air exposure in Halophila beccarii Asch., an endangered seagrass species, were examined using the Dual-PAM-100 and non-invasive micro-test technology. The results showed that air exposure enhanced non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) in both PSII and PSI, with a maximum increase in NPQ and Y(ND) (which represents the fraction of overall P700 that is oxidized in a given state) of 23 and 57%, respectively, resulting in intensive thermal energy dissipation of excess optical energy. Moreover, cyclic electron transport driven by PSI (CEF) was upregulated, reflected by a 50 and 22% increase in CEF and maximum electron transport rate in PSI to compensate for the abolished linear electron transport with significant decreases in pmfLEF (the proton motive force [pmf]) attributable solely to proton translocation by linear electron flow [LEF]). Additionally, H+ fluxes in mesophyll cells decreased steadily with increased air exposure time, exhibiting a maximum decrease of six-fold, indicating air exposure modified carbon utilization by decreasing the proton pump influxes. These findings indicate that efficient heat dissipation and CEF confer daily air exposure tolerance to the intertidal seagrass H. beccarii and provide new insights into the photoprotective mechanisms of intertidal seagrasses. This study also helps explain the extensive distribution of H. beccarii in intertidal zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhijian Jiang,
| | - Chunyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources Environment and Planning, Dezhou University, Dezhou, China
| | - Linglan Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chanaka Isuranga Premarathne Maha Ranvilage
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Songlin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunchao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Xiaoping Huang,
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38
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Koch G, Rolland G, Dauzat M, Bédiée A, Baldazzi V, Bertin N, Guédon Y, Granier C. Leaf Production and Expansion: A Generalized Response to Drought Stresses from Cells to Whole Leaf Biomass-A Case Study in the Tomato Compound Leaf. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E409. [PMID: 31614737 PMCID: PMC6843756 DOI: 10.3390/plants8100409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is clearly established that there is not a unique response to soil water deficit but that there are as many responses as soil water deficit characteristics: Drought intensity, drought duration, and drought position during plant cycle. For a same soil water deficit, responses can also differ on plant genotype within a same species. In spite of this variability, at least for leaf production and expansion processes, robust tendencies can be extracted from the literature when similar watering regimes are compared. Here, we present response curves and multi-scale dynamics analyses established on tomato plants exposed to different soil water deficit treatments. Results reinforce the trends already observed for other species: Reduction in plant leaf biomass under water stress was due to reduction in individual leaf biomass and areas whereas leaf production and specific leaf area were not affected. The dynamics of leaf expansion was modified both at the leaf and cell scales. Cell division and expansion were reduced by drought treatments as well as the endoreduplication process. Combining response curves analyses together with dynamic analyses of tomato compound leaf growth at different scales not only corroborate results on simple leaf responses to drought but also increases our knowledge on the cellular mechanisms behind leaf growth plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garance Koch
- Univ Montpellier, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, LEPSE, 34095 Montpellier, France.
- Unité Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, INRA, UR 1115 PSH, F-84000 Avignon, France.
| | - Gaëlle Rolland
- Univ Montpellier, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, LEPSE, 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Myriam Dauzat
- Univ Montpellier, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, LEPSE, 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Alexis Bédiée
- Univ Montpellier, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, LEPSE, 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Valentina Baldazzi
- Unité Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, INRA, UR 1115 PSH, F-84000 Avignon, France.
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France.
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRIA, INRA, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, BIOCORE Team, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France.
| | - Nadia Bertin
- Unité Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, INRA, UR 1115 PSH, F-84000 Avignon, France.
| | - Yann Guédon
- Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, AGAP, 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Christine Granier
- Univ Montpellier, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, LEPSE, 34095 Montpellier, France.
- Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, AGAP, 34095 Montpellier, France.
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Rodrigues J, Inzé D, Nelissen H, Saibo NJM. Source-Sink Regulation in Crops under Water Deficit. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:652-663. [PMID: 31109763 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To meet the food demands of an increasing world population, it is necessary to improve crop production; a task that is made more challenging by the changing climate. Several recent reports show that increasing the capacity of plants to assimilate carbon (source strength), or to tap into the internal carbon reservoir (sink strength), has the potential to improve plant productivity in the field under water-deficit conditions. Here, we review the effects of water deficit on the source-sink communication, as well as the respective regulatory mechanisms underpinning plant productivity. We also highlight stress-tolerant traits that can contribute to harness source and sink strengths towards producing high-yielding and drought-tolerant crops, depending on the drought scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Rodrigues
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, UNL, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hilde Nelissen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Nelson J M Saibo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, UNL, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
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Neji M, Gorel A, Ojeda DI, Duminil J, Kastally C, Steppe K, Fayolle A, Hardy OJ. Comparative analysis of two sister Erythrophleum species (Leguminosae) reveal contrasting transcriptome-wide responses to early drought stress. Gene 2019; 694:50-62. [PMID: 30716444 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
With the ongoing climate change, African rainforests are expected to experience severe drought events in the future. In Africa, the tropical genus Erythrophleum (Fabaceae) includes two forest sister timber tree species displaying contrasting geographical distributions. Erythrophleum ivorense is adapted to wet evergreen Guineo-Congolian forests, whereas E. suaveolens occurs in a wider range of climates, being found in moist dense forests but also in gallery forests under a relatively drier climate. This geographical distribution pattern suggests that the two species might cope differently to drought at the genomic level. Yet, the genetic basis of tolerance response to drought stress in both species is still uncharacterized. To bridge this gap, we performed an RNA-seq approach on seedlings from each species to monitor their transcriptional responses at different levels of drought stress (0, 2 and 6 weeks after stopping watering seedlings). Monitoring of wilting symptoms revealed that E. suaveolens displayed an earlier phenotypic response to drought stress than E. ivorense. At the transcriptomic level, results revealed 2020 (1204 down-regulated/816 up-regulated) and 1495 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to drought stress from a total of 67,432 and 66,605 contigs assembled in E. ivorense and E. suaveolens, respectively. After identifying 30,374 orthologs between species, we found that only 7 of them were DEGs shared between species, while 587 and 458 were differentially expressed only in E. ivorense or E. suaveolens, respectively. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that the two species differ in terms of significantly regulated pathways as well as the number and expression profile of DEGs (Up/Down) associated with each pathway in the two stress stages. Our results suggested that the two studied species react differently to drought. E. suaveolens seems displaying a prompt response to drought at its early stage strengthened by the down-regulation of many DEGs encoding for signaling and metabolism-related pathways. A considerable up-regulation of these pathways was also found in E. ivorense at the late stage of drought, suggesting this species may be a late responder. Overall, our data may serve as basis for further understanding the genetic control of drought tolerance in tropical trees and favor the selection of crucial genes for genetically enhancing drought resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Neji
- Unit of Evolutionary Biology & Ecology, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Av. F.D. Roosevelt, 50, CP 160/12, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences of Gabès, University of Gabès, Tunisia; Laboratory of Extremophile Plants, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia.
| | - Anais Gorel
- Department Biosystem Engineering (BIOSE), Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Dario I Ojeda
- Unit of Evolutionary Biology & Ecology, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Av. F.D. Roosevelt, 50, CP 160/12, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; Unit of Ecology and Genetics, Department of Biology, Oulu University, Finland; Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Jérôme Duminil
- Unit of Evolutionary Biology & Ecology, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Av. F.D. Roosevelt, 50, CP 160/12, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; UMR-DIADE, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Chedly Kastally
- Unit of Evolutionary Biology & Ecology, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Av. F.D. Roosevelt, 50, CP 160/12, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Adeline Fayolle
- Department Biosystem Engineering (BIOSE), Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Olivier J Hardy
- Unit of Evolutionary Biology & Ecology, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Av. F.D. Roosevelt, 50, CP 160/12, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Aydinoglu F, Lucas SJ. Identification and expression profiles of putative leaf growth related microRNAs in maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid ADA313. Gene 2018; 690:57-67. [PMID: 30597233 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the plant life cycle, growth of new leaves is governed by cell division and cell expansion. During steady-state growth of the maize leaf, these processes are spatially separated between the meristem zone, consisting of dividing cells at the leaf base, the elongation zone, consisting of expanding cells moving upwards from the meristem, and the mature zone containing differentiated mature cells. Increased leaf size can be achieved through increasing cell number or cell size, for example by manipulating the genes controlling the transition between those zones. In this study, microRNA (miRNA) genes, which are a class of endogenous small, non-coding gene regulatory RNAs, were investigated in the growth zones, to gain insight into their role in the transition between cell division and cell expansion. A genome-wide survey was conducted using a miRNA-microarray and 59 miRNA genes were detected to be differentially expressed between the growth zones. miR160, miR166, miR168, miR172, miR319 and miR390 families were significantly up-regulated in the meristem relative to the elongation and mature zones. In contrast, expression of the miR167 and miR396 families was lower in the meristem and higher in the mature zone. Therefore, these were considered to be candidate growth-regulated miRNAs that control cell division processes indirectly by repressing target genes. The miR156, miR166, miR167, miR399, miR408 and miR2275 families were expressed most highly in the elongation zone, and so were classified as elongation-specific, with possible roles in switching from cell division to cell elongation during leaf differentiation. In silico target prediction analysis showed that these miRNAs target several transcription factors and metabolic genes, and a reciprocal relationship between the expression levels of miR319 and miR396 and their targets was confirmed by qRT-PCR. Furthermore, 12 candidate novel miRNAs were identified from the microarray data and computationally verified. Three out of twelve were also validated by qRT-PCR. These findings provide important information regarding the regulatory functions of miRNAs in controlling progression of growth mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Aydinoglu
- Gebze Technical University, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Stuart James Lucas
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research & Application Center (SUNUM), Istanbul, Turkey
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42
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Zhang X, Lei L, Lai J, Zhao H, Song W. Effects of drought stress and water recovery on physiological responses and gene expression in maize seedlings. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:68. [PMID: 29685101 PMCID: PMC5913800 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1281-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought is one of the major factors limiting global maize production. Exposure to long-term drought conditions inhibits growth and leads to yield losses. Although several drought-responsive genes have been identified and functionally analyzed, the mechanisms underlying responses to drought and water recovery treatments have not been fully elucidated. To characterize how maize seedling respond to drought stress at the transcriptional level, we analyzed physiological responses and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the inbred line B73 under water deficit and recovery conditions. RESULTS The data for relative leaf water content, leaf size, and photosynthesis-related parameters indicated that drought stress significantly repressed maize seedling growth. Further RNA sequencing analysis revealed that 6107 DEGs were responsive to drought stress and water recovery, with more down-regulated than up-regulated genes. Among the DEGs, the photosynthesis- and hormone-related genes were enriched in responses to drought stress and re-watering. Additionally, transcription factor genes from 37 families were differentially expressed among the three analyzed time-points. Gene ontology enrichment analyses of the DEGs indicated that 50 GO terms, including those related to photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, oxidoreductase activities, nutrient metabolism and other drought-responsive pathways, were over-represented in the drought-treated seedlings. The content of gibberellin in drought treatment seedlings was decreased compared to that of control seedlings, while abscisic acid showed accumulated in the drought treated plants. The deep analysis of DEGs related to cell wall development indicated that these genes were prone to be down-regulated at drought treatment stage. CONCLUSIONS Many genes that are differentially expressed in responses to drought stress and water recovery conditions affect photosynthetic systems and hormone biosynthesis. The identified DEGs, especially those encoding transcription factors, represent potential targets for developing drought-tolerant maize lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology/National Maize Improvement Center of China/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization of the Ministry of Education/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Lei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology/National Maize Improvement Center of China/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization of the Ministry of Education/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jinsheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology/National Maize Improvement Center of China/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization of the Ministry of Education/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Haiming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology/National Maize Improvement Center of China/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization of the Ministry of Education/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Weibin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology/National Maize Improvement Center of China/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization of the Ministry of Education/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
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