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Cheng J, Zhang X, Miao Z, Wang H, Pang L, Pan Y. Hot air treatment alleviates chilling injury of sweet potato tuberous roots by regulating osmoregulatory substances and inducing antioxidant defense system. Food Chem 2024; 459:140393. [PMID: 39018623 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Sweet potato tuberous roots are susceptible to chilling injury (CI) when stored below 10 °C. In this study, we investigated the mitigating effects of hot air (HA) treatment on CI. Results showed that HA45°C-3h treatment delayed the CI and internal browning during cold storage. After HA45°C-3h treatment, the cells' structural integrity was maintained, malondialdehyde accumulation and ion leakage were inhibited. Additionally, the osmoregulatory substances, such as total soluble solids, proline were maintained, and soluble protein was enhanced. Higher activity of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, and the antioxidant substances including ascorbic acid, glutathione, total phenols, and flavonoids were observed in sweet potato tuberous roots treated by HA45°C-3h than untreated group. Our study suggested that HA45°C-3h treatment could reduce CI and maintain a better quality of sweet potato tuberous roots following cold storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiao Cheng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
| | - Ze Miao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Lingling Pang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanfang Pan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China.
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Cai H, Shen Y. Metabolomic and Physiological Analyses Reveal the Effects of Different Storage Conditions on Sinojackia xylocarpa Hu Seeds. Metabolites 2024; 14:503. [PMID: 39330510 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14090503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Sinojackia xylocarpa Hu is a deciduous tree in the Styracaceae family, and it is classified as a Class II endangered plant in China. Seed storage technology is an effective means of conserving germplasm resources, but the effects of different storage conditions on the quality and associated metabolism of S. xylocarpa seeds remain unclear. This study analyzed the physiological and metabolic characteristics of S. xylocarpa seeds under four storage conditions. RESULTS Our findings demonstrate that reducing seed moisture content and storage temperature effectively prolongs storage life. Seeds stored under that condition exhibited higher internal nutrient levels, lower endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) hormone levels, and elevated gibberellic acid (GA3) levels. Additionally, 335 metabolites were identified under four different storage conditions. The analysis indicates that S. xylocarpa seeds extend seed longevity and maintain cellular structural stability mainly by regulating the changes in metabolites related to lipid, amino acid, carbohydrate, and carotenoid metabolic pathways under the storage conditions of a low temperature and low seed moisture. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide new insights at the physiological and metabolic levels into how these storage conditions extend seed longevity while also offering effective storage strategies for preserving the germplasm resources of S. xylocarpa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cai
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yongbao Shen
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Zhang H, Jiang X, Zhu L, Liu L, Liao Z, Du B. A Preliminary Study on the Whole-Plant Regulations of the Shrub Campylotropis polyantha in Response to Hostile Dryland Conditions. Metabolites 2024; 14:495. [PMID: 39330502 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14090495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Drylands cover more than 40% of global land surface and will continue to expand by 10% at the end of this century. Understanding the resistance mechanisms of native species is of particular importance for vegetation restoration and management in drylands. In the present study, metabolome of a dominant shrub Campylotropis polyantha in a dry-hot valley were investigated. Compared to plants grown at the wetter site, C. polyantha tended to slow down carbon (C) assimilation to prevent water loss concurrent with low foliar reactive oxygen species and sugar concentrations at the drier and hotter site. Nitrogen (N) assimilation and turn over were stimulated under stressful conditions and higher leaf N content was kept at the expense of root N pools. At the drier site, roots contained more water but less N compounds derived from the citric acid cycle. The site had little effect on metabolites partitioning between leaves and roots. Generally, roots contained more C but less N. Aromatic compounds were differently impacted by site conditions. The present study, for the first time, uncovers the apparent metabolic adaptations of C. polyantha to hostile dryland conditions. However, due to the limited number of samples, we are cautious about drawing general conclusions regarding the resistance mechanisms. Further studies with a broader spatial range and larger time scale are therefore recommended to provide more robust information for vegetation restoration and management in dryland areas under a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- College of Urban and Rural Development and Planning, Mianyang Normal University, Xianren Road 30, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Engineering Research Center for Forest and Grassland Disaster Prevention and Reduction, Mianyang Normal University, Mianxing Road West 166, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Lijun Zhu
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Mianyang Normal University, Mianxing Road West 166, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Mianyang Normal University, Mianxing Road West 166, Mianyang 621000, China
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianxing Road West 166, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Zhengqiao Liao
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Mianyang Normal University, Mianxing Road West 166, Mianyang 621000, China
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianxing Road West 166, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Baoguo Du
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Mianyang Normal University, Mianxing Road West 166, Mianyang 621000, China
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianxing Road West 166, Mianyang 621000, China
- Chair of Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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Ling Z, Lu E, Peng X, Yang Y, Zheng Y. The physiochemical characteristics and glycerolipid profile of Cycas panzhihuaensis in response to individual and combined drought and freezing temperature stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 214:108907. [PMID: 38972242 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The frequency and intensity of the occurrence of drought (D) events during winter are increasing in most areas of China. To explore the interactive effects of D and freezing temperature (F) on plants of endangered Cycas panzhihuaensis, some physiochemical characteristics and the lipid profile were determined. Drought and F stress had no or little impact on the traits of leaves, which, however, bleached following a combination of D and F treatment (DF). Drought treatment did not affect the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and the flavonoid content of C. panzhihuaensis. Besides the increase in flavonoid content, a decrease of photochemical efficiency and an increase of heat dissipation were induced by both F and DF treatment, with the effects being greater in the latter treatment. The malondialdehyde content decreased significantly and the total antioxidant capacity increased significantly in the plants exposed to both D and DF treatments. The D treatment did not impact the amount of phospholipids but led to an accumulation of saccharolipids. Additionally, the amount of both phospholipids and saccharolipids remained unchanged following F treatment but decreased significantly following DF treatment compared with those of the control. The unsaturation level did not change significantly in most lipid classes of membrane glycerolipids following various stresses but increased significantly in phosphatidylserine, monogalactosylmonoacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol and sulphoquinovosyldiacylglycerol following D or both D and F treatments. Generally, plants of C. panzhihuaensis showed relatively strong tolerance to individual D stress, while D aggravated the F-induced damage, which was likely caused by the degradation of the membrane glycerolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Ling
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration for Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650233, China
| | - Erya Lu
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration for Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650233, China
| | - Xiaoling Peng
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration for Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650233, China
| | - Yongqiong Yang
- Sichuan Cycas panzhihuaensis National Nature Reserve, Panzhihua, China, 617000, China.
| | - Yanling Zheng
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration for Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650233, China.
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Bityutskii NP, Yakkonen KL, Puzanskiy R, Shavarda AL, Semenov KN. Metabolite responses of cucumber on copper toxicity in presence of fullerene C 60 derivatives. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 214:108915. [PMID: 38972240 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) toxicity in crops is a result of excessive release of Cu into environment. Little is known about mitigation of Cu toxicity through the application of carbon-based nanomaterials including water-soluble fullerene C60 derivatives. Two derivatives of fullerene were examined: polyhydroxylated C60 (fullerenol) and arginine C60 derivative. In order to study the response of Cu-stressed plants (Cucumis sativus L.) to these nanomaterials, metabolomics analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was performed. Excess Cu (15 μM) caused substantial increase in xylem sap Cu, retarded dry biomass and leaf chlorosis of hydroponically grown cucumber. In Cu-stressed leaves, metabolomes was disturbed towards suppression metabolism of nitrogen (N) compounds and activation metabolism of hexoses. Also, upregulation of some metabolites involving in antioxidant defense system, such as ascorbic acid, tocopherol and ferulic acid, was occurred in Cu-stressed leaves. Hydroponically added fullerene adducts decreased the xylem sap Cu and alleviated Cu toxicity with effectiveness has been most pronounced for arginine C60 derivative. Metabolic responses of plants subjected to high Cu with fullerene derivatives were opposite to that observed under Cu alone. Fatty acids up-regulation (linolenic acid) and antioxidant molecules (tocopherol) down-regulation might indicate that arginine C60 adduct can alleviate Cu induced oxidative stress. Although fullerenol slightly improved cucumber growth, its effect on metabolic state of Cu-stressed plants was not statistically significant. We suggest that tested fullerene C60 adducts have a potential to prevent Cu toxicity in plants through a mechanism associated with their capability to restrict xylem transport of Cu from roots to shoot, and to maintain antioxidative properties of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai P Bityutskii
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Kirill L Yakkonen
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Roman Puzanskiy
- Department of Analytical Phytochemistry, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Professora Popova, 2, Saint Petersburg, 197022, Russia
| | - Allexey L Shavarda
- Department of Analytical Phytochemistry, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Professora Popova, 2, Saint Petersburg, 197022, Russia; Center for Molecular and Cell Technologies, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Konstantin N Semenov
- Department of General and Bioorganic Chemistry, First Pavlov State Medical University, 6-8 L'va Tolstogo ulitsa, Saint Petersburg, 197022, Russia
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Mishra D, Shekhar S, Subba P, Prasad TSK, Chakraborty S, Chakraborty N. Wheat TaNACα18 functions as a positive regulator of high-temperature adaptive responses and improves cell defense machinery. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:2217-2235. [PMID: 38961633 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Global wheat production amounted to >780 MMT during 2022-2023 whose market size are valued at >$128 billion. Wheat is highly susceptible to high-temperature stress (HTS) throughout the life cycle and its yield declines 5-7% with the rise in each degree of temperature. Previously, we reported an array of HTS-response markers from a resilient wheat cv. Unnat Halna and described their putative role in heat acclimation. To complement our previous results and identify the key determinants of thermotolerance, here we examined the cytoplasmic proteome of a sensitive cv. PBW343. The HTS-triggered metabolite reprograming highlighted how proteostasis defects influence the formation of an integrated stress-adaptive response. The proteomic analysis identified several promising HTS-responsive proteins, including a NACα18 protein, designated TaNACα18, whose role in thermotolerance remains unknown. Dual localization of TaNACα18 suggests its crucial functions in the cytoplasm and nucleus. The homodimerization of TaNACα18 anticipated its function as a transcriptional coactivator. The complementation of TaNACα18 in yeast and overexpression in wheat demonstrated its role in thermotolerance across the kingdom. Altogether, our results suggest that TaNACα18 imparts tolerance through tight regulation of gene expression, cell wall remodeling and activation of cell defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Mishra
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shubhendu Shekhar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Pratigya Subba
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya, Mangalore, India
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya, Mangalore, India
| | - Subhra Chakraborty
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Niranjan Chakraborty
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
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Váczy KZ, Otto M, Gomba-Tóth A, Geiger A, Golen R, Hegyi-Kaló J, Cels T, Geml J, Zsófi Z, Hegyi ÁI. Botrytis cinerea causes different plant responses in grape ( Vitis vinifera) berries during noble and grey rot: diverse metabolism versus simple defence. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1433161. [PMID: 39166245 PMCID: PMC11333459 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1433161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
The complexity of the interaction between the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea and grape berries (Vitis vinifera spp.) can result in the formation of either the preferred noble rot (NR) or the loss-making grey rot (GR), depending on the prevailing climatic conditions. In this study, we focus on the functional gene set of V. vinifera by performing multidimensional scaling followed by differential expression and enrichment analyses. The aim of this study is to identify the differences in gene expression between grape berries in the phases of grey rot, noble rot, and developing rot (DR, in its early stages) phases. The grapevine transcriptome at the NR phase was found to exhibit significant differences from that at the DR and GR stages, which displayed strong similarities. Similarly, several plant defence-related pathways, including plant-pathogen interactions as hypersensitive plant responses were found to be enriched. The results of the analyses identified a potential plant stress response pathway (SGT1 activated hypersensitive response) that was found to be upregulated in the GR berry but downregulated in the NR berry. The study revealed a decrease in defence-related in V. vinifera genes during the NR stages, with a high degree of variability in functions, particularly in enriched pathways. This indicates that the plant is not actively defending itself against Botrytis cinerea, which is otherwise present on its surface with high biomass. This discrepancy underscores the notion that during the NR phase, the grapevine and the pathogenic fungi interact in a state of equilibrium. Conversely the initial stages of botrytis infection manifest as a virulent fungus-plant interaction, irrespective of whether the outcome is grey or noble rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kálmán Z. Váczy
- Food and Wine Research Institute, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary
| | - Margot Otto
- Food and Wine Research Institute, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Adrienn Gomba-Tóth
- Food and Wine Research Institute, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Geiger
- Food and Wine Research Institute, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary
| | - Richárd Golen
- Food and Wine Research Institute, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary
| | - Júlia Hegyi-Kaló
- Food and Wine Research Institute, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary
| | - Thomas Cels
- Food and Wine Research Institute, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary
| | - József Geml
- Food and Wine Research Institute, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary
- HUN-REN-EKKE Lendület Environmental Microbiome Research Group, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Zsófi
- Institute for Viticulture and Enology, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary
| | - Ádám István Hegyi
- Food and Wine Research Institute, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary
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Wang J, Yan D, Liu R, Wang T, Lian Y, Lu Z, Hong Y, Wang Y, Li R. The Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms of Exogenous Melatonin Promote the Seed Germination of Maize ( Zea mays L.) under Salt Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2142. [PMID: 39124260 PMCID: PMC11313997 DOI: 10.3390/plants13152142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Salt stress caused by high concentrations of Na+ and Cl- in soil is one of the most important abiotic stresses in agricultural production, which seriously affects grain yield. The alleviation of salt stress through the application of exogenous substances is important for grain production. Melatonin (MT, N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is an indole-like small molecule that can effectively alleviate the damage caused by adversity stress on crops. Current studies have mainly focused on the effects of MT on the physiology and biochemistry of crops at the seedling stage, with fewer studies on the gene regulatory mechanisms of crops at the germination stage. The aim of this study was to explain the mechanism of MT-induced salt tolerance at physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels and to provide a theoretical basis for the resolution of MT-mediated regulatory mechanisms of plant adaptation to salt stress. In this study, we investigated the germination, physiology, and transcript levels of maize seeds, analyzed the relevant differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and examined salt tolerance-related pathways. The results showed that MT could increase the seed germination rate by 14.28-19.04%, improve seed antioxidant enzyme activities (average increase of 11.61%), and reduce reactive oxygen species accumulation and membrane oxidative damage. In addition, MT was involved in regulating the changes of endogenous hormones during the germination of maize seeds under salt stress. Transcriptome results showed that MT affected the activity of antioxidant enzymes, response to stress, and seed germination-related genes in maize seeds under salt stress and regulated the expression of genes related to starch and sucrose metabolism and phytohormone signal transduction pathways. Taken together, the results indicate that exogenous MT can affect the expression of stress response-related genes in salt-stressed maize seeds, enhance the antioxidant capacity of the seeds, reduce the damage induced by salt stress, and thus promote the germination of maize seeds under salt stress. The results provide a theoretical basis for the MT-mediated regulatory mechanism of plant adaptation to salt stress and screen potential candidate genes for molecular breeding of salt-tolerant maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (J.W.); (D.Y.); (R.L.); (T.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Di Yan
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (J.W.); (D.Y.); (R.L.); (T.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Rui Liu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (J.W.); (D.Y.); (R.L.); (T.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (J.W.); (D.Y.); (R.L.); (T.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yijia Lian
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (J.W.); (D.Y.); (R.L.); (T.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Zhenzong Lu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (J.W.); (D.Y.); (R.L.); (T.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yue Hong
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (J.W.); (D.Y.); (R.L.); (T.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ye Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (J.W.); (D.Y.); (R.L.); (T.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Runzhi Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (J.W.); (D.Y.); (R.L.); (T.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.H.); (Y.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing 102206, China
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Marquesine RR, Canaveze Y, Ferreira BG. Ontogenetic differences in sun and shade galls of Clinodiplosis profusa on Eugenia uniflora leaves and the cytological antioxidant mechanisms in gall cells. PROTOPLASMA 2024:10.1007/s00709-024-01973-8. [PMID: 39078416 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01973-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The gall-host Eugenia uniflora (Myrtaceae) is adaptable to different light conditions, enabling leaf production and survival in both sun and shade. Leaves of E. uniflora in shaded environments have more mesophyll layers, and galls of Clinodiplosis profusa (Cecidomyiidae) are larger and wider. Based on these previous observations, this study investigated the morphogenesis of galls induced by C. profusa on leaves of E. uniflora in different light conditions, revealing if the galls have a potential for acclimation, as observed with leaves. For this purpose, we compared the anatomical, histometric, and histochemical development of leaves and galls at different stages of development in sun and shade environments. Additionally, we analyzed the cytological features of the tissues composing the mature gall walls. Cells of shade galls expanded more toward the end of the developmental phase, which may explain the larger volume found for shade galls in a previous study. However, during the mature phase, these galls showed no significant differences in tissue thickness and final cell elongation in the contrasting light conditions. In the ultrastructural analyses, mature galls showed a gradient distinguishing the outer and inner parenchyma cells. The inner parenchyma had nutritive cells, with dense cytoplasm and abundant organelles. A higher accumulation of starch grains in nutritive cells, with evidence of hydrolysis of starch grains detected in the innermost layers leads to the accumulation of reducing sugars, which, with the presence of plastoglobules and protein bodies, are important mechanisms of oxidative stress dissipation in the cells in contact with the gall inducer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayssa Rosa Marquesine
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Botânica, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas (Botânica), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Yve Canaveze
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Botânica, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas (Botânica), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno Garcia Ferreira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Botânica, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas (Botânica), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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10
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El Yamani M, Cordovilla MDP. Tolerance Mechanisms of Olive Tree ( Olea europaea) under Saline Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2094. [PMID: 39124213 PMCID: PMC11314443 DOI: 10.3390/plants13152094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is an evergreen tree that occupies 19% of the woody crop area and is cultivated in 67 countries on five continents. The largest olive production region is concentrated in the Mediterranean basin, where the olive tree has had an enormous economic, cultural, and environmental impact since the 7th century BC. In the Mediterranean region, salinity stands out as one of the main abiotic stress factors significantly affecting agricultural production. Moreover, climate change is expected to lead to increased salinization in this region, threatening olive productivity. Salt stress causes combined damage by osmotic stress and ionic toxicity, restricting olive growth and interfering with multiple metabolic processes. A large variability in salinity tolerance among olive cultivars has been described. This paper aims to synthesize information from the published literature on olive adaptations to salt stress and its importance in salinity tolerance. The morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of olive tolerance to salt stress are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El Yamani
- Laboratory of Applied Sciences for the Environment and Sustainable Development, Essaouira School of Technology, Cadi Ayyad University, B.P. 383, Essaouira 40000, Morocco
| | - María del Pilar Cordovilla
- Center for Advances Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Faculty of Experimental Science, University of Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas, E-23071 Jaén, Spain
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11
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Foti C, Zambounis A, Bataka EP, Kalloniati C, Panagiotaki E, Nakas CT, Flemetakis E, Pavli OI. Metabolic Aspects of Lentil- Fusarium Interactions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2005. [PMID: 39065530 PMCID: PMC11281263 DOI: 10.3390/plants13142005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis (Fol) is considered the most destructive disease for lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) worldwide. Despite the extensive studies elucidating plants' metabolic response to fungal agents, there is a knowledge gap in the biochemical mechanisms governing Fol-resistance in lentil. Τhis study aimed at comparatively evaluating the metabolic response of two lentil genotypes, with contrasting phenotypes for Fol-resistance, to Fol-inoculation. Apart from gaining insights into the metabolic reprogramming in response to Fol-inoculation, the study focused on discovering novel biomarkers to improve early selection for Fol-resistance. GC-MS-mediated metabolic profiling of leaves and roots was employed to monitor changes across genotypes and treatments as well as their interaction. In total, the analysis yielded 178 quantifiable compounds, of which the vast majority belonged to the groups of carbohydrates, amino acids, polyols and organic acids. Despite the magnitude of metabolic fluctuations in response to Fol-inoculation in both genotypes under study, significant alterations were noted in the content of 18 compounds, of which 10 and 8 compounds referred to roots and shoots, respectively. Overall data underline the crucial contribution of palatinitol and L-proline in the metabolic response of roots and shoots, respectively, thus offering possibilities for their exploitation as metabolic biomarkers for Fol-resistance in lentil. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first metabolomics-based approach to unraveling the effects of Fol-inoculation on lentil's metabolome, thus providing crucial information related to key aspects of lentil-Fol interaction. Future investigations in metabolic aspects of lentil-Fol interactions will undoubtedly revolutionize the search for metabolites underlying Fol-resistance, thus paving the way towards upgrading breeding efforts to combat fusarium wilt in lentil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthi Foti
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou St., 384 46 Volos, Greece; (C.F.); (E.P.)
| | - Antonios Zambounis
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DIMITRA (ELGO-DIMITRA), Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, 570 01 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Evmorfia P. Bataka
- Laboratory of Biometry, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou St., 384 46 Volos, Greece; (E.P.B.); (C.T.N.)
| | - Chrysanthi Kalloniati
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (C.K.); (E.F.)
| | - Evangelia Panagiotaki
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou St., 384 46 Volos, Greece; (C.F.); (E.P.)
| | - Christos T. Nakas
- Laboratory of Biometry, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou St., 384 46 Volos, Greece; (E.P.B.); (C.T.N.)
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Emmanouil Flemetakis
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (C.K.); (E.F.)
| | - Ourania I. Pavli
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou St., 384 46 Volos, Greece; (C.F.); (E.P.)
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12
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Liu Q, Zhang Z, Bai C, Yin X, Lin W, Yao L. Inhibition of microelement accumulation and disorder of saccharide and amino acid metabolism explain rice grain empty under dimethylarsinic acid stress. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:199. [PMID: 39039362 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03284-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed an intensification of energy metabolism in rice grains under DMA stress, possibly causing the consumption of sugars or non-sugars and the development of unfilled grains Excessive dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) causes rice straighthead disease, a physiological disorder typically with erect panicle due to empty grain at maturity. Although the toxicity of DMA and its uptake and transport in rice are well recognized, the underlying mechanism of unfilled grains remains unclear. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted using a susceptible variety (Ruanhuayou1179, RHY) and a resistant one (Nanjingxiangzhan, NJXZ) via the metabolomic and transcriptomic approaches to explore the mechanisms of empty grains in diseased rice under DMA stress. The results demonstrate an increase in total and methylated As in grains of RHY and NJXZ under DMA addition, with RHY containing higher levels of DMA. DMA addition increased the soluble sugar content in grains of RHY and NJXZ by 17.1% and 14.3% compared to the control, respectively, but significantly reduced the levels of amino acid, soluble protein, and starch. The decrease of grain Zn and B contents was also observed, and inadequate Zn might be a key factor limiting rice grain yield under DMA stress. Notably, DMA addition altered the expression levels of genes involved in the transport of sugar, amino acids, nitrates/peptides, and mineral ions. In sugar and amino acid metabolism, the reduction of metabolites and the upregulated expression of genes reflect positive regulation at the level of energy metabolism, implying that the reduction of grain starch and proteins might be ascribed to generate sufficient energy to resist the stress. This study provides a useful reference for understanding the molecular mechanism of grain emptying under DMA stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghui Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Cuihua Bai
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xueying Yin
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wanting Lin
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lixian Yao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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13
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Li J, Lardon R, Mangelinckx S, Geelen D. A practical guide to the discovery of biomolecules with biostimulant activity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3797-3817. [PMID: 38630561 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The growing demand for sustainable solutions in agriculture, which are critical for crop productivity and food quality in the face of climate change and the need to reduce agrochemical usage, has brought biostimulants into the spotlight as valuable tools for regenerative agriculture. With their diverse biological activities, biostimulants can contribute to crop growth, nutrient use efficiency, and abiotic stress resilience, as well as to the restoration of soil health. Biomolecules include humic substances, protein lysates, phenolics, and carbohydrates have undergone thorough investigation because of their demonstrated biostimulant activities. Here, we review the process of the discovery and development of extract-based biostimulants, and propose a practical step-by-step pipeline that starts with initial identification of biomolecules, followed by extraction and isolation, determination of bioactivity, identification of active compound(s), elucidation of mechanisms, formulation, and assessment of effectiveness. The different steps generate a roadmap that aims to expedite the transfer of interdisciplinary knowledge from laboratory-scale studies to pilot-scale production in practical scenarios that are aligned with the prevailing regulatory frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- HortiCell, Department Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Robin Lardon
- HortiCell, Department Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sven Mangelinckx
- SynBioC, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Danny Geelen
- HortiCell, Department Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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14
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Bartels N, Matthews JL, Lawson CA, Possell M, Hughes DJ, Raina JB, Suggett DJ. Paired metabolomics and volatilomics provides insight into transient high light stress response mechanisms of the coral Montipora mollis. Metabolomics 2024; 20:66. [PMID: 38886248 PMCID: PMC11182861 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-024-02136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The coral holobiont is underpinned by complex metabolic exchanges between different symbiotic partners, which are impacted by environmental stressors. The chemical diversity of the compounds produced by the holobiont is high and includes primary and secondary metabolites, as well as volatiles. However, metabolites and volatiles have only been characterised in isolation so far. Here, we applied a paired metabolomic-volatilomic approach to characterise holistically the chemical response of the holobiont under stress. Montipora mollis fragments were subjected to high-light stress (8-fold higher than the controls) for 30 min. Photosystem II (PSII) photochemical efficiency values were 7-fold higher in control versus treatment corals immediately following high-light exposure, but returned to pre-stress levels after 30 min of recovery. Under high-light stress, we identified an increase in carbohydrates (> 5-fold increase in arabinose and fructose) and saturated fatty acids (7-fold increase in myristic and oleic acid), together with a decrease in fatty acid derivatives in both metabolites and volatiles (e.g., 80% decrease in oleamide and nonanal), and other antioxidants (~ 85% decrease in sorbitol and galactitol). These changes suggest short-term light stress induces oxidative stress. Correlation analysis between volatiles and metabolites identified positive links between sorbitol, galactitol, six other metabolites and 11 volatiles, with four of these compounds previously identified as antioxidants. This suggests that these 19 compounds may be related and share similar functions. Taken together, our findings demonstrate how paired metabolomics-volatilomics may illuminate broader metabolic shifts occurring under stress and identify linkages between uncharacterised compounds to putatively determine their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Bartels
- Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jennifer L Matthews
- Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Caitlin A Lawson
- Heron Island Research Station, Faculty of Science, University of Queensland, Gladstone, 4680, Australia
| | - Malcolm Possell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David J Hughes
- National Sea Simulator, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Jean-Baptiste Raina
- Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - David J Suggett
- KAUST Reefscape Restoration Initiative (KRRI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Li J, Ackah M, Amoako FK, Cui Z, Sun L, Li H, Tsigbey VE, Zhao M, Zhao W. Metabolomics and physio-chemical analyses of mulberry plants leaves response to manganese deficiency and toxicity reveal key metabolites and their pathways in manganese tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1349456. [PMID: 38911982 PMCID: PMC11192020 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1349456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Manganese (Mn) plays a pivotal role in plant growth and development. Aside aiding in plant growth and development, Mn as heavy metal (HM) can be toxic in soil when applied in excess. Morus alba is an economically significant plant, capable of adapting to a range of environmental conditions and possessing the potential for phytoremediation of contaminated soil by HMs. The mechanism by which M. alba tolerates Mn stresses remains obscure. Methods In this study, Mn concentrations comprising sufficiency (0.15 mM), higher regimes (1.5 mM and 3 mM), and deficiency (0 mM and 0.03 mM), were applied to M. alba in pot treatment for 21 days to understand M. alba Mn tolerance. Mn stress effects on the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), chlorophyll content, plant morphological traits, enzymatic and non-enzymatic parameters were analyzed as well as metabolome signatures via non-targeted LC-MS technique. Results Mn deficiency and toxicity decrease plant biomass, Pn, Ci, Gs, Tr, and chlorophyll content. Mn stresses induced a decline in the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), while peroxidase (POD) activity, and leaf Mn content, increased. Soluble sugars, soluble proteins, malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline exhibited an elevation in Mn deficiency and toxicity concentrations. Metabolomic analysis indicates that Mn concentrations induced 1031 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs), particularly amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, benzene and derivatives and secondary metabolites. The DEMs are significantly enriched in alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, galactose metabolism, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, pentose phosphate pathway, carbon metabolism, etc. Discussion and conclusion The upregulation of Galactinol, Myo-inositol, Jasmonic acid, L-aspartic acid, Coproporphyrin I, Trigonelline, Pantothenol, and Pantothenate and their significance in the metabolic pathways makes them Mn stress tolerance metabolites in M. alba. Our findings reveal the fundamental understanding of DEMs in M. alba's response to Mn nutrition and the metabolic mechanisms involved, which may hold potential significance for the advancement of M. alba genetic improvement initiatives and phytoremediation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Michael Ackah
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, China
| | | | - Zipei Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, China
| | - LongWei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Haonan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Victor Edem Tsigbey
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Mengdi Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, China
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16
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Zarrouk O, Pinto C, Alarcón MV, Flores-Roco A, Santos L, David TS, Amancio S, Lopes CM, Carvalho LC. Canopy Architecture and Sun Exposure Influence Berry Cluster-Water Relations in the Grapevine Variety Muscat of Alexandria. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1500. [PMID: 38891309 PMCID: PMC11174960 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Climate-change-related increases in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves affect viticulture, leading to losses in yield and grape quality. We assessed whether canopy-architecture manipulation mitigates the effects of summer stress in a Mediterranean vineyard. The Vitis vinifera L variety Muscat of Alexandria plants were monitored during 2019-2020. Two canopy shoot-positioning treatments were applied: vertical shoot positioning (VSP) and modulated shoot positioning (MSP). In MSP, the west-side upper foliage was released to promote partial shoot leaning, shading the clusters. Clusters were sampled at pea size (PS), veraison (VER), and full maturation (FM). Measurements included rachis anatomy and hydraulic conductance (Kh) and aquaporins (AQP) and stress-related genes expression in cluster tissues. The results show significant seasonal and interannual differences in Kh and vascular anatomy. At VER, the Kh of the rachis and rachis+pedicel and the xylem diameter decreased but were unaffected by treatments. The phloem-xylem ratio was either increased (2019) or reduced (2020) in MSP compared to VSP. Most AQPs were down-regulated at FM in pedicels and up-regulated at VER in pulp. A potential maturation shift in MSP was observed and confirmed by the up-regulation of several stress-related genes in all tissues. The study pinpoints the role of canopy architecture in berry-water relations and stress response during ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olfa Zarrouk
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal (S.A.); (C.M.L.)
- IRTA—Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, Torre Marimon, 08140 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Pinto
- INIAV—Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. Avenida da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal; (C.P.); (T.S.D.)
- CEF—Forest Research Centre, Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Victoria Alarcón
- Area of Agronomy of Woody and Horticultural Crops, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura (CICYTEX), 06187 Badajoz, Spain; (M.V.A.); (A.F.-R.)
| | - Alicia Flores-Roco
- Area of Agronomy of Woody and Horticultural Crops, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura (CICYTEX), 06187 Badajoz, Spain; (M.V.A.); (A.F.-R.)
| | - Leonardo Santos
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal (S.A.); (C.M.L.)
| | - Teresa S. David
- INIAV—Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. Avenida da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal; (C.P.); (T.S.D.)
- CEF—Forest Research Centre, Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara Amancio
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal (S.A.); (C.M.L.)
| | - Carlos M. Lopes
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal (S.A.); (C.M.L.)
| | - Luisa C. Carvalho
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal (S.A.); (C.M.L.)
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Zhang X, Yang M, Yang H, Pian R, Wang J, Wu AM. The Uptake, Transfer, and Detoxification of Cadmium in Plants and Its Exogenous Effects. Cells 2024; 13:907. [PMID: 38891039 PMCID: PMC11172145 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) exerts a toxic influence on numerous crucial growth and development processes in plants, notably affecting seed germination rate, transpiration rate, chlorophyll content, and biomass. While considerable advances in Cd uptake and detoxification of plants have been made, the mechanisms by which plants adapt to and tolerate Cd toxicity remain elusive. This review focuses on the relationship between Cd and plants and the prospects for phytoremediation of Cd pollution. We highlight the following issues: (1) the present state of Cd pollution and its associated hazards, encompassing the sources and distribution of Cd and the risks posed to human health; (2) the mechanisms underlying the uptake and transport of Cd, including the physiological processes associated with the uptake, translocation, and detoxification of Cd, as well as the pertinent gene families implicated in these processes; (3) the detrimental effects of Cd on plants and the mechanisms of detoxification, such as the activation of resistance genes, root chelation, vacuolar compartmentalization, the activation of antioxidant systems and the generation of non-enzymatic antioxidants; (4) the practical application of phytoremediation and the impact of incorporating exogenous substances on the Cd tolerance of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (R.P.)
| | - Man Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (R.P.)
| | - Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (R.P.)
| | - Ruiqi Pian
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (R.P.)
| | - Jinxiang Wang
- Root Biology Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Rural Pollution Control and Environmental Safety in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (R.P.)
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18
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Hussain M, Hafeez A, Rizwan M, Rasheed R, Seleiman MF, Ashraf MA, Ali S, Farooq U, Nafees M. Pervasive influence of heavy metals on metabolic pathways is potentially relieved by hesperidin to enhance the phytoremediation efficiency of Bassia scoparia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:34526-34549. [PMID: 38709411 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33530-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Hesperidin (HSP), a flavonoid, is a potent antioxidant, metal chelator, mediator of signaling pathways, and regulator of metal uptake in plants. The study examined the ameliorative effects of HSP (100 μM) on Bassia scoparia grown under excessive levels of heavy metals (zinc (500 mg kg-1), copper (400 mg kg-1), cadmium (100 mg kg-1), and chromium (100 mg kg-1)). The study clarifies the underlying mechanisms by which HSP lessens metabolic mayhem to enhance metal stress tolerance and phytoremediation efficiency of Bassia scoparia. Plants manifested diminished growth because of a drop in chlorophyll content and nutrient acquisition, along with exacerbated deterioration of cellular membranes reflected in elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid peroxidation, and relative membrane permeability. Besides the colossal production of cytotoxic methylglyoxal, the activity of lipoxygenase was also higher in plants under metal toxicity. Conversely, hesperidin suppressed the production of cytotoxic ROS and methylglyoxal. Hesperidin improved oxidative defense that protected membrane integrity. Hesperidin caused a more significant accumulation of osmolytes, non-protein thiols, and phytochelatins, thereby rendering metal ions non-toxic. Hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide endogenous levels were intricately maintained higher in plants treated with HSP. Hesperidin increased metal accumulation in Bassia scoparia and thereby had the potential to promote the reclamation of metal-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazhar Hussain
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Arslan Hafeez
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Rizwan Rasheed
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Mahmoud F Seleiman
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Arslan Ashraf
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Umer Farooq
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nafees
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 21023, Jiangsu, China
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19
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Venzhik Y, Deryabin A, Zhukova K. Au-Based Nanoparticles Enhance Low Temperature Tolerance in Wheat by Regulating Some Physiological Parameters and Gene Expression. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1261. [PMID: 38732476 PMCID: PMC11085431 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
One of the key problems of biology is how plants adapt to unfavorable conditions, such as low temperatures. A special focus is placed on finding ways to increase tolerance in important agricultural crops like wheat. Au-based nanoparticles (Au-NPs) have been employed extensively in this area in recent years. Au-NPs can be produced fast and easily using low-cost chemical reagents. When employed in microdoses, Au-NPs are often non-toxic to plants, animals, and people. In addition, Au-NPs mainly have favorable impacts on plants. In this study, we investigated the effect of Au-NP seed nanopriming (diameter 15.3 nm, Au concentration 5-50 µg mL-1) on cold tolerance, as well as some physiological, biochemical and molecular parameters, of cold-sustainable wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotype Zlata. The treatment with Au-NPs improved tolerance to low temperatures in control conditions and after cold hardening. Au-NPs treatment boosted the intensity of growth processes, the quantity of photosynthetic pigments, sucrose in leaves, and the expressions of encoded RuBisCo and Wcor15 genes. The potential mechanisms of Au-NPs' influence on the cold tolerance of wheat varieties were considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Venzhik
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia; (A.D.); (K.Z.)
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Rico M, Santiago-Díaz P, Rivero A, Santana-Casiano JM. Characterization of polyphenols and carbohydrates exuded by Phaeodactylum tricornutum diatom grown under Cu stress. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9367. [PMID: 38654118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study is focused on analysing polyphenols and carbohydrates released by Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum) diatoms cultured in natural seawater enriched with sublethal and lethal Cu doses. Cu concentrations of 0.31, 0.79 and 1.57 µM reduced cell densities by 37, 82 and 91%, respectively, compared to the control. The total sum of all identified polyphenols and total carbohydrates released by cells grown under lethal Cu levels increased up to 18.8 and 107.4 times, respectively, compared to data from a control experiment. Four different in vitro assays were used to estimate the antioxidant activities of the extracellular compounds: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical inhibition, cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power and Cu complexing ability (CCA). The highest antioxidant activities were observed in the Cu lethal treatments, where the CCA assay exhibited a greater increase (up to 32.2 times higher than that found in the control experiment) to reduce the concentration of free Cu in the medium and its toxicity. The presence of Cu stimulated the release of polyphenols and carbohydrates to the medium as a detoxification mechanism to survive under lethal levels of Cu regulating its speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milagros Rico
- Departamento de Química , Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain.
- Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global (IOCAG), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Unidad Asociada ULPGC-CSIC, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - Paula Santiago-Díaz
- Departamento de Química , Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
- Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global (IOCAG), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Unidad Asociada ULPGC-CSIC, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Argimiro Rivero
- Departamento de Química , Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
- Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global (IOCAG), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Unidad Asociada ULPGC-CSIC, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Juana Magdalena Santana-Casiano
- Departamento de Química , Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
- Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global (IOCAG), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Unidad Asociada ULPGC-CSIC, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Sete da Cruz RM, Ferreira H, Jaski JM, Vieira MCE, Pinc MM, de Souza SGH, Alberton O. Growth and Phytochemistry of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf Inoculated with Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria under Different Lead Levels. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:944. [PMID: 38611474 PMCID: PMC11013308 DOI: 10.3390/plants13070944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the phytochemistry of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense and grown in lead (Pb)-contaminated soil to assess its responses to inoculation under different Pb levels. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 × 5 factorial scheme: two levels of A. brasilense (absence or presence) and five Pb levels. After four months of treatment, the following were analyzed: total and reducing sugars, total phenolic content, flavonoids, antioxidant activity, antioxidant enzymes, proline, and essential oil (EO) content and composition. Soil Pb levels and A. brasilense inoculation affected phytochemicals in lemongrass plants. Azospirillum inoculation reduced total sugars in the roots at all soil Pb levels, while increasing Pb levels favored a rise in sugar contents. There was an increase in flavonoid content in treatments associated with Pb and inoculated with A. brasilense. Antioxidant capacity was lower at lower Pb levels, regardless of bacterial inoculation. Enzymatic response was mainly affected by Pb concentrations between 50 and 100 mg kg-1 soil. EO content was influenced by soil Pb levels, with higher EO production at 500 mg Pb kg-1 soil and without A. brasilense inoculation. Overall, lemongrass cultivation in Pb-contaminated areas can be an alternative to phytoremediation and EO production for the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayane Monique Sete da Cruz
- Biochemistry and Microbiology Department, Biosciences Institute of Rio Claro, Paulista State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil;
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture, Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Umuarama 87502-210, Brazil; (H.F.); (M.M.P.); (S.G.H.d.S.)
| | - Henrique Ferreira
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture, Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Umuarama 87502-210, Brazil; (H.F.); (M.M.P.); (S.G.H.d.S.)
| | - Jonas Marcelo Jaski
- Agronomy Department, Centro Universitário Ingá—Uningá, Maringá 87035-510, Brazil;
| | - Marcelo Coelho Esperança Vieira
- Postgraduate Program in Medicinal Plants and Herbal Medicines in Basic Health Care, Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Umuarama 87502-210, Brazil;
| | - Mariana Moraes Pinc
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture, Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Umuarama 87502-210, Brazil; (H.F.); (M.M.P.); (S.G.H.d.S.)
| | - Silvia Graciele Hülse de Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture, Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Umuarama 87502-210, Brazil; (H.F.); (M.M.P.); (S.G.H.d.S.)
| | - Odair Alberton
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture, Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Umuarama 87502-210, Brazil; (H.F.); (M.M.P.); (S.G.H.d.S.)
- Postgraduate Program in Medicinal Plants and Herbal Medicines in Basic Health Care, Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Umuarama 87502-210, Brazil;
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Zhao N, Zhao J, Li S, Li B, Lv J, Gao X, Xu X, Lu S. The Response of Endogenous ABA and Soluble Sugars of Platycladus orientalis to Drought and Post-Drought Rehydration. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:194. [PMID: 38534463 DOI: 10.3390/biology13030194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
To uncover the internal mechanisms of various drought stress intensities affecting the soluble sugar content in organs and its regulation by endogenous abscisic acid (ABA), we selected the saplings of Platycladus orientalis, a typical tree species in the Beijing area, as our research subject. We investigated the correlation between tree soluble sugars and endogenous ABA in the organs (comprised of leaf, branch, stem, coarse root, and fine root) under two water treatments. One water treatment was defined as T1, which stopped watering until the potted soil volumetric water content (SWC) reached the wilting coefficient and then rewatered the sapling. The other water treatment, named T2, replenished 95% of the total water loss of one potted sapling every day and irrigated the above-mentioned sapling after its SWC reached the wilt coefficients. The results revealed that (1) the photosynthetic physiological parameters of P. orientalis were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) under fast and slow drought processes. The photosynthetic physiological parameters of P. orientalis in the fast drought-rehydration treatment group recovered faster relative to the slow drought-rehydration treatment group. (2) The fast and slow drought treatments significantly (p < 0.05) increased the ABA and soluble sugar contents in all organs. The roots of the P. orientalis exhibited higher sensitivity in ABA and soluble sugar content to changes in soil moisture dynamics compared to other organs. (3) ABA and soluble sugar content of P. orientalis showed a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) under fast and slow drought conditions. During the rehydration stage, the two were significantly correlated in the T2 treatment (p < 0.05). In summary, soil drought rhythms significantly affected the photosynthetic parameters, organ ABA, and soluble sugar content of P. orientalis. This study elucidates the adaptive mechanisms of P. orientalis plants to drought and rehydration under the above-mentioned two water drought treatments, offering theoretical insights for selecting and cultivating drought-tolerant tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Beijing Yanshan Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forest and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jiahui Zhao
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Beijing Yanshan Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forest and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Shaoning Li
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Beijing Yanshan Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forest and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Beijing Yanshan Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forest and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jiankui Lv
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Beijing Yanshan Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forest and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Beijing Yanshan Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forest and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiaotian Xu
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Beijing Yanshan Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forest and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Shaowei Lu
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Beijing Yanshan Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forest and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
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23
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Pisuttu C, Risoli S, Cotrozzi L, Nali C, Pellegrini E, Hoshika Y, Baesso Moura B, Paoletti E. Untangling the role of leaf age specific osmoprotectant and antioxidant responses of two poplar clones under increasing ozone concentrations. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108450. [PMID: 38402800 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Plants possess different degrees of tolerance to abiotic stress, which can mitigate the detrimental effect of environmental inputs affecting carbon balance. Less is known about the functions of osmoprotectants in scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated at different sites depending on leaf age. This study aimed to clarify the osmotic adjustments adopted by old and young leaves of Oxford and I-214 poplar clones [differing in ozone (O3) sensitivity] to cope with three levels of O3 [ambient (AA), and two elevated O3 levels]. In both clones, the impact of intermediate O3 concentrations (1.5 × AA) on ROS production appeared to be leaf age-specific, given the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) observed only in old leaves of the Oxford plants and in young leaves of the I-214 ones (2- fold higher than AA and +79%, respectively). The induction of an oxidative burst was associated with membrane injury, indicating an inadequate response of the antioxidative systems [decrease of lutein and β-carotene (-37 and -85% in the old leaves of the Oxford plants), accumulation of proline and tocopherols (+60 and +12% in the young leaves of the I-214 ones)]. Intermediate O3 concentrations reacted with unsaturated lipids of the plasma membrane in old and young leaves of the Oxford plants, leading to an increase of malondialdehyde by-products (more than 2- fold higher than AA), while no effect was recorded for I-214. The impact of the highest O3 concentrations (2.0 × AA) on ROS production did not appear clone-specific, which may react with cell wall components by leading to oxidative pressure. Outcomes demonstrated the ability of young leaves of I-214 plants in contain O3 phytotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pisuttu
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Samuele Risoli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy; University of School for Advanced Studies IUSS, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Italy.
| | - Yasutomo Hoshika
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, 90133, Italy
| | - Barbara Baesso Moura
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, 90133, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, 90133, Italy
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Li L, Yin S, Kang S, Chen Z, Wang F, Pan W. Comprehensive effects of thiamethoxam from contaminated soil on lettuce growth and metabolism. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123186. [PMID: 38142029 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
The second-generation neonicotinoid thiamethoxam, is prevalent in soils because of its extensive application and persistence. However, the comprehensive effects of thiamethoxam residue in soils on cultivated plants are still poorly understood. This study examined variations of growth state, physiological parameters, antioxidant activity, and metabolites in lettuce after thiamethoxam exposure; the removal effects of different washing procedures were also investigated. The results indicated that thiamethoxam in soils significantly increased the fresh weight, seedling height and chlorophyll content in lettuce, and also altered its lipid, carbohydrate, nucleotide and amino acids composition based on untargeted metabolomics. KEGG pathway analysis uncovered a disruption of lipid pathways in lettuce exposed to both low and high concentrations of thiamethoxam treatments. In addition, the terminal residues of thiamethoxam in lettuce were below the corresponding maximum residue limits stipulated for China. The thiamethoxam removal rates achieved by common washing procedures in lettuce ranged from 26.9% to 42.6%. This study thus promotes the understanding of the potential food safety risk caused by residual thiamethoxam in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, 030031, China.
| | - Shijie Yin
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, 030031, China
| | - Shanshan Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zenglong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Fuyun Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, 030031, China
| | - Wei Pan
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, 030031, China
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Gao Y, Dong X, Wang R, Hao F, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Lin G. Exogenous Calcium Alleviates Oxidative Stress Caused by Salt Stress in Peanut Seedling Roots by Regulating the Antioxidant Enzyme System and Flavonoid Biosynthesis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:233. [PMID: 38397831 PMCID: PMC10886236 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Soil salinity is one of the adversity stresses plants face, and antioxidant defense mechanisms play an essential role in plant resistance. We investigated the effects of exogenous calcium on the antioxidant defense system in peanut seedling roots that are under salt stress by using indices including the transcriptome and absolute quantitative metabolome of flavonoids. Under salt stress conditions, the antioxidant defense capacity of enzymatic systems was weakened and the antioxidant capacity of the linked AsA-GSH cycle was effectively inhibited. In contrast, the ascorbate biosynthesis pathway and its upstream glycolysis metabolism pathway became active, which stimulated shikimate biosynthesis and the downstream phenylpropanoid metabolism pathway, resulting in an increased accumulation of flavonoids, which, as one of the antioxidants in the non-enzymatic system, provide hydroxyl radicals to scavenge the excess reactive oxygen species and maintain the plant's vital activities. However, the addition of exogenous calcium caused changes in the antioxidant defense system in the peanut root system. The activity of antioxidant enzymes and the antioxidant capacity of the AsA-GSH cycle were enhanced. Therefore, glycolysis and phenylpropanoid metabolism do not exert antioxidant function, and flavonoids were no longer synthesized. In addition, antioxidant enzymes and the AsA-GSH cycle showed a trade-off relationship with sugars and flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Guolin Lin
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.G.); (X.D.); (R.W.); (F.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.Z.)
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26
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Li L, Yin S, Pan W, Wang F, Fan J. Comprehensive metabolome and growth effects of thiamethoxam uptake and accumulation from soil on pak choi. Food Chem 2024; 433:137286. [PMID: 37669575 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Extensive use of the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam (TMX) results in its deposition in soil, which can then be absorbed and translocated in vegetables. Here we analyzed the comprehensive effects of TMX on pak choi. The TMX translocation factor (TF) was 0.37-11.65 and 0.46-39.75 for low and high treatments over 28 d, respectively, indicating its ready ability to move from the roots to the leaves of these plants. This uptake was associated with significant decrease in the fresh weight, and increase in vitamin C (VC), soluble sugars and soluble solid of pak choi. A metabolomic analysis revealed that fatty acids and purine nucleosides significantly decreased, and flavonoids and carbohydrates increased in the presence of TMX. TMX exposure thus influenced plant growth and disrupted the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism pathways. Our study raises concerns for food safety risk associated with TMX-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China.
| | - Shijie Yin
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Wei Pan
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Fuyun Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Jiqiao Fan
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
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Robledo J, Welker S, Shtein I, Bernardini C, Vincent C, Levy A. Phloem and Xylem Responses Are Both Implicated in Huanglongbing Tolerance of Sugar Belle. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:441-453. [PMID: 37551959 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-23-0148-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Although huanglongbing (HLB) is a devastating citrus disease, improved tolerant cultivars, such as Sugar Belle (SB) mandarin, have been identified. To understand the responses that HLB-affected SB undergoes, we compared 14CO2 fixation, carbohydrate export, phloem callose accumulation, relative expression of plant defense activators, and anatomical changes between healthy and infected SB trees versus susceptible Pineapple (PA) sweet orange. Eight- to ten-week-old leaves of infected SB showed a 2.5-fold increase in 14CO2 fixation and a 13% decrease in 14C-carbohydrate export, whereas HLB-affected PA presented a decrease of 33 and 50%, respectively. The mean distance of a callose deposit to its closest neighbor was 36% smaller in infected SB versus healthy, whereas in HLB-affected PA, it was 33% higher. Expression of papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) was upregulated in SB but downregulated in PA. Infected SB showed minor alterations in the number of xylem vessels, a 16% larger xylem vessel lumen area, and a 14% increase in the proportional area of the xylem. In contrast, PA showed a 2.4-fold increase in the xylem vessel number and a 2% increase in the proportional xylem area. Three complementary mechanisms of tolerance in SB are hypothesized: (i) increased carbohydrate availability induced by greater CO2 fixation, mild effect in carbohydrate export, and local accumulation of callose in the phloem; (ii) activation of defense response via upregulation of PLCPs, and (iii) increased investment in the xylem structure. Thus, phloem and xylem modifications seem to be involved in SB tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobo Robledo
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Stacy Welker
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
| | - Ilana Shtein
- Eastern Region Research and Development Center, Ariel, Israel
| | - Chiara Bernardini
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
| | - Christopher Vincent
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Amit Levy
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
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28
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Rodrigues AP, Pais IP, Leitão AE, Dubberstein D, Lidon FC, Marques I, Semedo JN, Rakocevic M, Scotti-Campos P, Campostrini E, Rodrigues WP, Simões-Costa MC, Reboredo FH, Partelli FL, DaMatta FM, Ribeiro-Barros AI, Ramalho JC. Uncovering the wide protective responses in Coffea spp. leaves to single and superimposed exposure of warming and severe water deficit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1320552. [PMID: 38259931 PMCID: PMC10801242 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1320552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Climate changes boosted the frequency and severity of drought and heat events, with aggravated when these stresses occur simultaneously, turning crucial to unveil the plant response mechanisms to such harsh conditions. Therefore, plant responses/resilience to single and combined exposure to severe water deficit (SWD) and heat were assessed in two cultivars of the main coffee-producing species: Coffea arabica cv. Icatu and C. canephora cv. Conilon Clone 153 (CL153). Well-watered plants (WW) were exposed to SWD under an adequate temperature of 25/20°C (day/night), and thereafter submitted to a gradual increase up to 42/30°C, and a 14-d recovery period (Rec14). Greater protective response was found to single SWD than to single 37/28°C and/or 42/30°C (except for HSP70) in both cultivars, but CL153-SWD plants showed the larger variations of leaf thermal imaging crop water stress index (CWSI, 85% rise at 37/28°C) and stomatal conductance index (IG, 66% decline at 25/20°C). Both cultivars revealed great resilience to SWD and/or 37/28°C, but a tolerance limit was surpassed at 42/30°C. Under stress combination, Icatu usually displayed lower impacts on membrane permeability, and PSII function, likely associated with various responses, usually mostly driven by drought (but often kept or even strengthened under SWD and 42/30°C). These included the photoprotective zeaxanthin and lutein, antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, Cu,Zn-SOD; ascorbate peroxidase, APX), HSP70, arabinose and mannitol (involving de novo sugar synthesis), contributing to constrain lipoperoxidation. Also, only Icatu showed a strong reinforcement of glutathione reductase activity under stress combination. In general, the activities of antioxidative enzymes declined at 42/30°C (except Cu,Zn-SOD in Icatu and CAT in CL153), but HSP70 and raffinose were maintained higher in Icatu, whereas mannitol and arabinose markedly increased in CL153. Overall, a great leaf plasticity was found, especially in Icatu that revealed greater responsiveness of coordinated protection under all experimental conditions, justifying low PIChr and absence of lipoperoxidation increase at 42/30°C. Despite a clear recovery by Rec14, some aftereffects persisted especially in SWD plants (e.g., membranes), relevant in terms of repeated stress exposure and full plant recovery to stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Interações Planta-Ambiente e Biodiversidade (PlantStress & Biodiversity), Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, (ISA/ULisboa), Oeiras, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, (ISA/ULisboa), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel P. Pais
- Unidade de Investigação em Biotecnologia e Recursos Genéticos, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. (INIAV), Oeiras, Portugal
- Unidade de GeoBiociências, GeoEngenharias e GeoTecnologias (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Caparica, Portugal
| | - António E. Leitão
- Laboratório de Interações Planta-Ambiente e Biodiversidade (PlantStress & Biodiversity), Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, (ISA/ULisboa), Oeiras, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, (ISA/ULisboa), Lisboa, Portugal
- Unidade de GeoBiociências, GeoEngenharias e GeoTecnologias (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Caparica, Portugal
| | - Danielly Dubberstein
- Laboratório de Interações Planta-Ambiente e Biodiversidade (PlantStress & Biodiversity), Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, (ISA/ULisboa), Oeiras, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, (ISA/ULisboa), Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro Univ. Norte do Espírito Santo (CEUNES), Dept. Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas (DCAB), Univ. Federal Espírito Santo (UFES), São Mateus, ES, Brazil
- Assistência Técnica e Gerencial em Cafeicultura - Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Rural (SENAR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Fernando C. Lidon
- Unidade de GeoBiociências, GeoEngenharias e GeoTecnologias (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Caparica, Portugal
| | - Isabel Marques
- Laboratório de Interações Planta-Ambiente e Biodiversidade (PlantStress & Biodiversity), Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, (ISA/ULisboa), Oeiras, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, (ISA/ULisboa), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José N. Semedo
- Unidade de Investigação em Biotecnologia e Recursos Genéticos, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. (INIAV), Oeiras, Portugal
- Unidade de GeoBiociências, GeoEngenharias e GeoTecnologias (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Caparica, Portugal
| | - Miroslava Rakocevic
- Centro Univ. Norte do Espírito Santo (CEUNES), Dept. Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas (DCAB), Univ. Federal Espírito Santo (UFES), São Mateus, ES, Brazil
| | - Paula Scotti-Campos
- Unidade de Investigação em Biotecnologia e Recursos Genéticos, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. (INIAV), Oeiras, Portugal
- Unidade de GeoBiociências, GeoEngenharias e GeoTecnologias (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Caparica, Portugal
| | - Eliemar Campostrini
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Weverton P. Rodrigues
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Naturais e Letras, Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Simões-Costa
- Laboratório de Interações Planta-Ambiente e Biodiversidade (PlantStress & Biodiversity), Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, (ISA/ULisboa), Oeiras, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, (ISA/ULisboa), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernando H. Reboredo
- Unidade de GeoBiociências, GeoEngenharias e GeoTecnologias (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Caparica, Portugal
| | - Fábio L. Partelli
- Centro Univ. Norte do Espírito Santo (CEUNES), Dept. Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas (DCAB), Univ. Federal Espírito Santo (UFES), São Mateus, ES, Brazil
| | - Fábio M. DaMatta
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros
- Laboratório de Interações Planta-Ambiente e Biodiversidade (PlantStress & Biodiversity), Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, (ISA/ULisboa), Oeiras, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, (ISA/ULisboa), Lisboa, Portugal
- Unidade de GeoBiociências, GeoEngenharias e GeoTecnologias (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Caparica, Portugal
| | - José C. Ramalho
- Laboratório de Interações Planta-Ambiente e Biodiversidade (PlantStress & Biodiversity), Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, (ISA/ULisboa), Oeiras, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, (ISA/ULisboa), Lisboa, Portugal
- Unidade de GeoBiociências, GeoEngenharias e GeoTecnologias (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Caparica, Portugal
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Su Y, Liu L, Ma H, Yuan Y, Zhang D, Lu X. Metabolomic Analysis of the Effect of Freezing on Leaves of Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M.Roem. Histoculture Seedlings. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:310. [PMID: 38203481 PMCID: PMC10778857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M.Roem. is the ancestor of cultivated apples, and is an excellent germplasm resource with high resistance to cold. Artificial refrigerators were used to simulate the low temperature of -3 °C to treat Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M.Roem. histoculture seedlings. Observations were performed to find the effects of freezing stress on the status of open or closed stomata, photosystems, and detection of metabolomic products in leaves of Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M.Roem. histoculture seedlings. The percentage of closed stomata in the Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M.Roem. histoculture seedlings increased, the maximum fluorescence (Fm') excited by a strong light (saturating pulse) was weakened relative to the real-time fluorescence in its vicinity, and the quantum yield of unregulated energy dissipation was increased in PSII under freezing stress. The metabolites in the leaves of the Malus sieversii (Ledeb. M.Roem.) histoculture seedlings were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using CK, T12h, T36 h, and HF24h. Results demonstrated that cold stress in the Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M.Roem. histoculture seedlings led to wilting, leaf stomatal closure, and photosystem damage. There were 1020 metabolites identified as lipids (10.2%), nucleotides and their derivatives (5.2%), phenolic acids (19.12%), flavonoids (24.51%), amino acids and their derivatives (7.75%), alkaloids (5.39%), terpenoids (8.24%), lignans (3.04%), organic acids (5.88%), and tannins (0.88%). There were 110 differential metabolites at CKvsT12h, 113 differential metabolites at CKvsT36h, 87 differential metabolites at T12hvsT36h, 128 differential metabolites at CKvsHF24h, 121 differential metabolites at T12hvsHF24h, and 152 differential metabolites at T36hvsHF24h. The differential metabolites in the leaves of the Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M.Roem. seedlings grown under low-temperature stress mainly involved glycolysis, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, purine metabolism, and secondary metabolite metabolism. The Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M.Roem. seedlings responded to the freezing stress by coordinating with each other through these metabolic pathways. The metabolic network of the leaves of the Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M.Roem. histoculture seedlings under low temperature stress was also proposed based on the above pathways to deepen understanding of the response of metabolites of Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M.Roem. to low-temperature stress and to lay a theoretical foundation for the development and utilization of Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M.Roem. cultivation resources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiaoyan Lu
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Agricultural College of Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (Y.S.); (L.L.); (H.M.); (Y.Y.); (D.Z.)
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Li S, Liu Y, Wang Z, Liu T, Li X, Zhang P. Integrating Chlorophyll a Fluorescence and Enzymatic Profiling to Reveal the Wheat Responses to Nano-ZnO Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3808. [PMID: 38005705 PMCID: PMC10674517 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that increased concentrations of zinc oxide nanoparticles (nano-ZnO) in the soil are harmful to plant growth. However, the sensitivity of different wheat cultivars to nano-ZnO stress is still unclear. To detect the physiological response process of wheat varieties with different tolerance to nano-ZnO stress, four wheat cultivars (viz., cv. TS1, ZM18, JM22, and LM6) with different responses to nano-ZnO stress were selected, depending on previous nano-ZnO stress trials with 120 wheat cultivars in China. The results found that nano-ZnO exposure reduced chlorophyll concentrations and photosynthetic electron transport efficiency, along with the depressed carbohydrate metabolism enzyme activities, and limited plant growth. Meanwhile, the genotypic variation in photosynthetic carbon assimilation under nano-ZnO stress was found in wheat plants. Wheat cv. JM22 and LM6 possessed relatively lower Zn concentrations and higher leaf nitrogen per area, less reductions in their net photosynthetic rate, a maximum quantum yield of the PS II (Fv/Fm), electron transport flux per cross-section (ETo/CSm), trapped energy flux per cross-section (TRo/CSm), and total soluble sugar and sucrose concentrations under nano-ZnO stress, showing a better tolerance to nano-ZnO stress than wheat cv. TS1 and ZM18. In addition, the chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters Fv/Fm, ETo/CSm, and TRo/CSm could be used to rapidly screen wheat varieties resistant to nano-ZnO stress. The results here provide a new approach for solving the issues of crop yield decline in regions polluted by heavy metal nanoparticles and promoting the sustainable utilization of farmland with heavy metal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengdong Li
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (S.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yujia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China; (Y.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Zongshuai Wang
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (S.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Tianhao Liu
- Engineering Laboratory for Ecoagriculture in Water Source of Liaoheyuan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoyuan 136200, China;
| | - Xiangnan Li
- Key Laboratory of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China; (Y.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China; (Y.L.); (X.L.)
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Bhattacharya S, Gupta S, Saha J. Nanoparticles regulate redox metabolism in plants during abiotic stress within hormetic boundaries. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2023; 50:850-869. [PMID: 37757867 DOI: 10.1071/fp23068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress management remains under scrutiny because of the unpredictable nature of climate, which undergoes abrupt alterations. Population pressure, loss of cultivable lands, environmental pollution and other anthropogenic disturbances add to the problem and grossly hinder ongoing management strategies. This has driven increasing effort to find better performing, eco-friendly and reliable alternatives that can contribute to sustainable agricultural practices to manage abiotic stress. Nanotechnology and its implementation in agriculture have emerged as a promising option to cater to the problem of abiotic stress. Induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an inevitable phenomenon linked to stress. Nanoparticles (NPs) perform dual actions in regulating ROS biology. The bidirectional roles of NPs in modulating ROS generation and/or ROS detoxification is tightly coupled within the hormetic boundaries. Nonetheless, how these NPs control the ROS metabolism within hormetic limits demands extensive investigation. This review focuses on the details of ROS metabolism under normal versus stressed conditions. It shall elaborate on the types, modes and process of uptake and translocation of NPs. The molecular dissection of the role of NPs in controlling transcriptomic expressions and modulating molecular crosstalks with other growth regulators, ions, reactive nitrogen species and other signalling molecules shall also be detailed. Throughout, this review aims to summarise the potential roles and regulation of NPs and consider how they can be used for green synthesis within a sustainable agricultural industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saswati Bhattacharya
- Department of Botany, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Government College, New Town, Rajarhat, India
| | - Sumanti Gupta
- Department of Botany, Rabindra Mahavidyalaya, Champadanga, Hooghly, West Bengal, India
| | - Jayita Saha
- Department of Botany, Rabindra Mahavidyalaya, Champadanga, Hooghly, West Bengal, India
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Sun Y, Chen J, Wang W, Zhu L. α-Galactosidase interacts with persistent organic pollutants to induce oxidative stresses in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122353. [PMID: 37562527 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in agricultural soil often triggered metabolic alterations and phytotoxicity in plants, ultimately threatening crop quality. Unraveling the phytotoxic mechanisms of POPs in crops is critical for evaluating their environmental risks. Herein, the molecular mechanism of POP-induced phytotoxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) was analyzed using metabolic profile, enzyme activity, and gene expression as linkages, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, and phthalate esters. Despite no observable changes in phenotypic traits (e.g., biomass and length of aboveground), the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were promoted under stresses of the tested POPs, particularly 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Metabolomics analysis revealed that ROS contents positively correlated with metabolic perturbation levels (r = 0.83), among which the galactose metabolism was significantly inhibited when exposed to DBP, DEHP, or BDE-47. The α-Galactosidase (α-Gal) involved in galactose metabolism was targeted as the key enzyme for the phytotoxicity of DBP, DEHP, and BDE-47, which was revealed by the inhibition of saccharide levels (45.5-82.1%), the catalytic activity of α-Gal (18.5-24.3%), and the gene expression (28.5-34.5%). Molecular docking simulation suggested that the three POPs occupied the active sites of α-Gal and formed a stable protein-ligand complex, thus inhibiting the catalytic activity of α-Gal. Partial least-squares regression analysis indicated that α-Gal activity was negatively associated with hydrogen bond acceptor, rotatable bond, and topological polar surface area of POPs. The results offered novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of phytotoxicity of POPs and provided important information for evaluating the environmental risk of POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Sun
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
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Xie Z, Men C, Yuan X, Miao S, Sun Q, Hu J, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zuo J. Naturally aged polylactic acid microplastics stunted pakchoi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) growth with cadmium in soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 460:132318. [PMID: 37672995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable microplastics (BMPs) and cadmium (Cd) are posing threats to agro-systems especially to plants and current studies mostly used virgin BMPs to explore their ecological effects. However, effects of naturally aged BMPs and their combined effects with Cd on pakchoi are yet to be unraveled. Therefore, this study incubated naturally aged polylactic acid (PLA) MPs through soil aging process and investigated the single and combined effects of Cd and PLA MPs (virgin and aged) on pakchoi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) morphology, antioxidant systems and soil microbial activities. Our results found that after being deposited in soil for six months, aged PLA (PLAa) MPs formed with a fractured surface, demonstrating more detrimental effects on pakchoi than virgin ones. PLA/PLAa MPs and Cd stunted pakchoi growth, caused oxidative stress and altered the biophysical environment in soil, separately. Moreover, co-existence of PLA/PLAa MPs and Cd caused greater damages to pakchoi than applied alone. The co-presence of PLAa MPs and Cd inhibited pakchoi biomass accumulation rate by 92.2 % compared with the no-addition group. The results unraveled here emphasized BMPs, especially aged BMPs, could trigger negative effects on agro-systems with heavy metals. These findings will give reference to future holistic assessments of BMPs' ecological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwen Xie
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Chengdu Xingrong Environment Co., Ltd, Chengdu 610041, China; Chengdu Drainage Co., Ltd, Chengdu 610011, China
| | - Cong Men
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-Oriented Treatment of Industrialpollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sun Miao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Quanyi Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiamin Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiane Zuo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Liu H, Chong P, Yan S, Liu Z, Bao X, Tan B. Transcriptome and Proteome Association Analysis to Screen Candidate Genes Related to Salt Tolerance in Reaumuria soongorica Leaves under Salt Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3542. [PMID: 37896006 PMCID: PMC10609793 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
This work aims at studying the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of Reaumuria soongorica to salt stress. We used RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) techniques to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in R. soongorica leaves treated with 0, 200, and 500 mM NaCl for 72 h. The results indicated that compared with the 0 mM NaCl treatment group, 2391 and 6400 DEGs were identified in the 200 and 500 mM NaCl treatment groups, respectively, while 47 and 177 DEPs were also identified. Transcriptome and proteome association analysis was further performed on R. soongorica leaves in the 0/500 mM NaCl treatment group, and 32 genes with consistent mRNA and protein expression trends were identified. SYP71, CS, PCC13-62, PASN, ZIFL1, CHS2, and other differential genes are involved in photosynthesis, vesicle transport, auxin transport, and other functions of plants, and might play a key role in the salt tolerance of R. soongorica. In this study, transcriptome and proteome association techniques were used to screen candidate genes associated with salt tolerance in R. soongorica, which provides an important theoretical basis for understanding the molecular mechanism of salt tolerance in R. soongorica and breeding high-quality germplasm resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanghang Liu
- College of Forestry, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (H.L.); (Z.L.); (X.B.); (B.T.)
| | - Peifang Chong
- College of Forestry, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (H.L.); (Z.L.); (X.B.); (B.T.)
| | - Shipeng Yan
- School of Forestry Engineering, Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, Jinan 250100, China;
| | - Zehua Liu
- College of Forestry, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (H.L.); (Z.L.); (X.B.); (B.T.)
| | - Xinguang Bao
- College of Forestry, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (H.L.); (Z.L.); (X.B.); (B.T.)
| | - Bingbing Tan
- College of Forestry, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (H.L.); (Z.L.); (X.B.); (B.T.)
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Favreau B, Gaal C, Pereira de Lima I, Droc G, Roques S, Sotillo A, Guérard F, Cantonny V, Gakière B, Leclercq J, Lafarge T, de Raissac M. A multi-level approach reveals key physiological and molecular traits in the response of two rice genotypes subjected to water deficit at the reproductive stage. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2023; 4:229-257. [PMID: 37822730 PMCID: PMC10564380 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Rice is more vulnerable to drought than maize, wheat, and sorghum because its water requirements remain high throughout the rice life cycle. The effects of drought vary depending on the timing, intensity, and duration of the events, as well as on the rice genotype and developmental stage. It can affect all levels of organization, from genes to the cells, tissues, and/or organs. In this study, a moderate water deficit was applied to two contrasting rice genotypes, IAC 25 and CIRAD 409, during their reproductive stage. Multi-level transcriptomic, metabolomic, physiological, and morphological analyses were performed to investigate the complex traits involved in their response to drought. Weighted gene network correlation analysis was used to identify the specific molecular mechanisms regulated by each genotype, and the correlations between gene networks and phenotypic traits. A holistic analysis of all the data provided a deeper understanding of the specific mechanisms regulated by each genotype, and enabled the identification of gene markers. Under non-limiting water conditions, CIRAD 409 had a denser shoot, but shoot growth was slower despite better photosynthetic performance. Under water deficit, CIRAD 409 was weakly affected regardless of the plant level analyzed. In contrast, IAC 25 had reduced growth and reproductive development. It regulated transcriptomic and metabolic activities at a high level, and activated a complex gene regulatory network involved in growth-limiting processes. By comparing two contrasting genotypes, the present study identified the regulation of some fundamental processes and gene markers, that drive rice development, and influence its response to water deficit, in particular, the importance of the biosynthetic and regulatory pathways for cell wall metabolism. These key processes determine the biological and mechanical properties of the cell wall and thus influence plant development, organ expansion, and turgor maintenance under water deficit. Our results also question the genericity of the antagonism between morphogenesis and organogenesis observed in the two genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Favreau
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP InstitutMontpellierFrance
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Camille Gaal
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP InstitutMontpellierFrance
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | | | - Gaétan Droc
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP InstitutMontpellierFrance
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Sandrine Roques
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP InstitutMontpellierFrance
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Armel Sotillo
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP InstitutMontpellierFrance
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Florence Guérard
- Plateforme Métabolisme‐MétabolomeInstitute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris‐Saclay, National Committee of Scientific Research (CNRS), National Institute for Research for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Université d'Evry, Université de ParisGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Valérie Cantonny
- Plateforme Métabolisme‐MétabolomeInstitute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris‐Saclay, National Committee of Scientific Research (CNRS), National Institute for Research for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Université d'Evry, Université de ParisGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Bertrand Gakière
- Plateforme Métabolisme‐MétabolomeInstitute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris‐Saclay, National Committee of Scientific Research (CNRS), National Institute for Research for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Université d'Evry, Université de ParisGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Julie Leclercq
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP InstitutMontpellierFrance
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Tanguy Lafarge
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP InstitutMontpellierFrance
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Marcel de Raissac
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP InstitutMontpellierFrance
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
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Abd El-Mageed TA, Ihab R, Rady MM, Belal HEE, Mostafa FA, Galal TM, Masoudi LMA, Ali EF, Roulia M, Mahmoud AEM. A Novel Nutrient- and Antioxidant-Based Formulation Can Sustain Tomato Production under Full Watering and Drought Stress in Saline Soil. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3407. [PMID: 37836147 PMCID: PMC10574430 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
As a result of the climate changes that are getting worse nowadays, drought stress (DS) is a major obstacle during crop life stages, which ultimately reduces tomato crop yields. So, there is a need to adopt modern approaches like a novel nutrient- and antioxidant-based formulation (NABF) for boosting tomato crop productivity. NABF consists of antioxidants (i.e., citric acid, salicylic acid, ascorbic acid, glutathione, and EDTA) and nutrients making it a fruitful growth stimulator against environmental stressors. As a first report, this study was scheduled to investigate the foliar application of NABF on growth and production traits, physio-biochemical attributes, water use efficiency (WUE), and nutritional, hormonal, and antioxidative status of tomato plants cultivated under full watering (100% of ETc) and DS (80 or 60% of ETc). Stressed tomato plants treated with NABF had higher DS tolerance through improved traits of photosynthetic efficiency, leaf integrity, various nutrients (i.e., copper, zinc, manganese, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen), and hormonal contents. These positives were a result of lower levels of oxidative stress biomarkers as a result of enhanced osmoprotectants (soluble sugars, proline, and soluble protein), and non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant activities. Growth, yield, and fruit quality traits, as well as WUE, were improved. Full watering with application of 2.5 g NABF L-1 collected 121 t tomato fruits per hectare as the best treatment. Under moderate DS (80% of ETc), NABF application increased fruit yield by 10.3%, while, under severe DS (40% of ETc), the same fruit yield was obtained compared to full irrigation without NABF. Therefore, the application of 60% ETc × NABF was explored to not only give a similar yield with higher quality compared to 100% ETc without NABF as well as increase WUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taia A. Abd El-Mageed
- Soil and Water Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt;
| | - Radwa Ihab
- Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt; (R.I.); (H.E.E.B.)
| | - Mostafa M. Rady
- Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt; (R.I.); (H.E.E.B.)
| | - Hussein E. E. Belal
- Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt; (R.I.); (H.E.E.B.)
| | - Fatma A. Mostafa
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 11571, Egypt;
| | - Tarek M. Galal
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (T.M.G.); (L.M.A.M.)
| | - Luluah M. Al Masoudi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (T.M.G.); (L.M.A.M.)
| | - Esmat F. Ali
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (T.M.G.); (L.M.A.M.)
| | - Maria Roulia
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 72 Athens, Greece
| | - Amr E. M. Mahmoud
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt;
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Iram K, Ashraf MA, Ibrahim SM, Rasheed R, Ali S. Coumarin regulated redox homeostasis to facilitate phytoremediation of saline and alkaline soils by bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:99584-99604. [PMID: 37620696 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29360-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The use of coumarin (COU) to alleviate the phytotoxic effects of salinity has great potential in improving the phytoremediation of saline and alkaline soils. 30-day bitter gourd plants were exposed to 15 dS m‒1 salinity of neutral (NaCl and Na2SO4) and alkaline (Na2CO3 and NaHCO3) salts. 60-day plants were harvested to record different growth, physiological and biochemical attributes. Salinity significantly subsided plant growth, chlorophyll, photosynthesis, and nutrient acquisition. Salinity induced notable oxidative damage in plants that displayed higher relative membrane permeability (RMP), accumulated elevated ROS (H2O2 and O2•‒) and MDA levels alongside intensified lipoxygenase (LOX) activity. The production of cytotoxic methylglyoxal was also significantly higher in plants under salinity. COU seed priming (50, 100 and 150 mg L‒1) promoted plant growth by circumventing oxidative injury and intensifying oxidative defense. Further, COU maintained the intricate balance between reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione to diminish ion excess toxicity, thereby facilitating the phytoremediation of saline soils. The lower doses of COU promoted methylglyoxal and ROS detoxification systems that, in turn, lessened the phytotoxic effects of salinity. COU restored ions homeostasis by augmenting osmotic adjustment in plants under salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Iram
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arslan Ashraf
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Sobhy M Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rizwan Rasheed
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
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Abuelsoud W, Madany MMY, Sheteiwy MS, Korany SM, Alsharef E, AbdElgawad H. Alleviation of gadolinium stress on Medicago by elevated atmospheric CO 2 is mediated by changes in carbohydrates, Anthocyanin, and proline metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 202:107925. [PMID: 37566995 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Rare earth elements (REE) like Gadolinium (Gd), are increasingly used in industry and agriculture and this is concomitant with the increasingly leaking of Gd into the environment. Under a certain threshold concentration, REE can promote plant growth, however, beyond this concentration, they exert negative effects on plant growth. Moreover, the effect of Gd on plants growth and metabolism under a futuristic climate with increasingly atmospheric CO2 has not yet been studied. To this end, we investigated the effect of soil contamination with Gd (150 mg/kg soil) on the growth, carbohydrates, proline, and anthocyanin metabolism of Medicago plants grown under ambient (aCO2, 410 ppm) or elevated CO2 (eCO2, 720 ppm) concentration. Gd negatively affected the growth and photosynthesis of plants and imposed oxidative stress i.e., increased H2O2 and lipid peroxidation (MDA) level. As defense lines, the level and metabolism of osmoprotectants (soluble sugars and proline) and antioxidants (phenolics, anthocyanins, and tocopherols) were increased under Gd treatment. High CO2 positively affected the growth and metabolism of Medicago plants. Moreover, eCO2 mitigated the negative impacts of Gd on Medicago growth. It further induced the levels of osmoprotectants and antioxidants. In line with increased proline and anthocyanins, their metabolic enzymes (e.g. OAT, P5CS, PAL, and CS) were also increased. This study advances our understanding of how Gd adversely affects Medicago plant growth and metabolism. It also sheds light on the biochemical mechanisms underlying the Gd stress-reducing impact of eCO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Abuelsoud
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud M Y Madany
- Biology Department, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, 41411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S Sheteiwy
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Shereen M Korany
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad Alsharef
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62521, Egypt
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62521, Egypt; Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Alsiary WA, AbdElgawad H, Madany MMY. How could actinobacteria augment the growth and redox homeostasis in barley plants grown in TiO 2NPs-contaminated soils? A growth and biochemical study. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 202:107943. [PMID: 37651952 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The increases in titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) released into the environment have raised concerns about their toxicity. However, their phytotoxic impact on plants is not well studied. Therefore, this study aimed at a deeper understanding of the TiO2-NPs phytotoxic impact on barley (Hordeum vulgare) growth and stress defense. We also hypothesized that soil inoculation with bioactive Rhodospirillum sp. JY3 strain can be applied as a biological fertilizer to alleviate TiO2-NPs phytotoxicity. At TiO2-NPs phytotoxicity level, photosynthesis was significantly retarded (∼50% reduction) in TiO2-NPs treated-barley plants which accordingly affect the biomass of barley plants. This retardation was accompanied by a remarkable induction of oxidative damage (H2O2, lipid peroxidation) with a concomitant reduction in the antioxidant defense metabolism. At a glance, Rhodospirillum sp. JY3 ameliorated the reduction in growth by enhancing the photosynthetic efficiency in contaminated barley plants. Moreover, Rhodospirillum sp. JY3 inoculation reduced the oxidative damage induced by TiO2-NPs via quenching H2O2 production and lipid peroxidation. Regarding the antioxidant defense arsenal, Rhodospirillum sp. JY3 enhanced both enzymatic (e.g. peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), …. etc.) and non-enzymatic (glutathione (GSH), ascorbate (ASC), polyphenols, flavonoids, tocopherols) antioxidants in shoots and to a greater extent roots of barley plants. Moreover, the inoculation significantly enhanced the heavy metal-detoxifying metabolites (eg. phytochelatins, glutaredoxin, thioredoxin, peroxiredoxin) as well as metal-detoxifying enzymes in barley shoots and more apparently in roots of TiO2-NPs stressed plants. Furthermore, there was an organ-specific response to TiO2-NPs and Rhodospirillum sp. JY3. To this end, this study shed light, for the first time, on the molecular bases underlie TiO2-NPs stress mitigating impact of Rhodospirillum sp. JY3 and it introduced Rhodospirillum sp. JY3 as a promising eco-friendly tool in managing environmental risks to maintain agricultural sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed A Alsiary
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, 62511, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Y Madany
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt.
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Wang GY, Ahmad S, Wang Y, Wang BW, Huang JH, Jahan MS, Zhou XB, Shi CQ. Multivariate analysis compares and evaluates drought and flooding tolerances of maize germplasm. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:339-355. [PMID: 37249039 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Drought and flooding are the two most important environmental factors limiting maize (Zea mays L.) production globally. This study aimed to investigate the physiological mechanisms and accurate evaluation indicators and methods of maize germplasm involved in drought and flooding stresses. The twice replicated pot experiments with 60 varieties, combined with the field validation experiment with 3 varieties, were conducted under well-watered, drought, and flooding conditions. Most varieties exhibited stronger tolerance to drought than flooding due to higher antioxidant enzyme activities, osmotic adjustment substances, and lower reactive oxygen species. In contrast, flooding stress resulted in higher levels of reactive oxygen species (particularly O2-), ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, peroxidase, and soluble sugars but lower levels of superoxide dismutase, proline, and soluble protein compared with well-watered conditions. Superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, proline, soluble sugars, and protein contents, in addition to plant height, leaf area/plant, and stem diameter, were accurate and representative indicators for evaluating maize tolerance to drought and flooding stresses and could determine a relatively high mean forecast accuracy of 100.0% for the comprehensive evaluation value. A total of 4 principal components were extracted, in which different principal components played a vital role in resisting different water stresses. Finally, the accuracy of the 3 varieties screened by multivariate analysis was verified in the field. This study provides insights into the different physiological mechanisms and accurate evaluation methods of maize germplasm involved in drought and flooding stresses, which could be valuable for further research and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Yun Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agro-products Safety, Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Guangxi, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agro-products Safety, Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Guangxi, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agro-products Safety, Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Guangxi, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Bing Wei Wang
- Maize Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Jing Hua Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agro-products Safety, Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Guangxi, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Mohammad Shah Jahan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agro-products Safety, Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Guangxi, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xun Bo Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agro-products Safety, Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Guangxi, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Cheng Qiao Shi
- Maize Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi, Nanning 530007, China
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de Sousa GF, Silva MA, de Carvalho MR, de Morais EG, Benevenute PAN, Van Opbergen GAZ, Van Opbergen GGAZ, Guilherme LRG. Foliar Selenium Application to Reduce the Induced-Drought Stress Effects in Coffee Seedlings: Induced Priming or Alleviation Effect? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3026. [PMID: 37687273 PMCID: PMC10490047 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the role of Se supply in improving osmotic stress tolerance in coffee seedlings while also evaluating the best timing for Se application. Five times of Se foliar application were assessed during induced osmotic stress with PEG-6000 using the day of imposing stress as a default, plus two control treatments: with osmotic stress and without Se, and without osmotic stress and Se. Results demonstrated that osmotic stress (OS) promoted mild stress in the coffee plants (ψw from -1.5MPa to -2.5 MPa). Control plants under stress showed seven and five times lower activity of the enzymes GR and SOD compared with the non-stressed ones, and OS was found to further induce starch degradation, which was potentialized by the Se foliar supply. The seedlings that received foliar Se application 8 days before the stress exhibited higher CAT, APX, and SOD than the absolute control (-OS-Se)-771.1%, 356.3%, and 266.5% higher, respectively. In conclusion, previous Se foliar spray is more effective than the Se supply after OS to overcome the adverse condition. On the other hand, the post-stress application seems to impose extra stress on the plants, leading them to reduce their water potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ferreira de Sousa
- Soil Science Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, MG, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (M.A.S.); (E.G.d.M.); (P.A.N.B.); (G.A.Z.V.O.); (G.G.A.Z.V.O.)
| | - Maila Adriely Silva
- Soil Science Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, MG, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (M.A.S.); (E.G.d.M.); (P.A.N.B.); (G.A.Z.V.O.); (G.G.A.Z.V.O.)
| | | | - Everton Geraldo de Morais
- Soil Science Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, MG, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (M.A.S.); (E.G.d.M.); (P.A.N.B.); (G.A.Z.V.O.); (G.G.A.Z.V.O.)
| | - Pedro Antônio Namorato Benevenute
- Soil Science Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, MG, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (M.A.S.); (E.G.d.M.); (P.A.N.B.); (G.A.Z.V.O.); (G.G.A.Z.V.O.)
| | - Gustavo Avelar Zorgdrager Van Opbergen
- Soil Science Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, MG, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (M.A.S.); (E.G.d.M.); (P.A.N.B.); (G.A.Z.V.O.); (G.G.A.Z.V.O.)
| | | | - Luiz Roberto Guimarães Guilherme
- Soil Science Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, MG, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (M.A.S.); (E.G.d.M.); (P.A.N.B.); (G.A.Z.V.O.); (G.G.A.Z.V.O.)
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Saravanan K, Vidya N, Halka J, Priyanka Preethi R, Appunu C, Radhakrishnan R, Arun M. Exogenous application of stevioside enhances root growth promotion in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 201:107881. [PMID: 37437344 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the impact of externally applied stevioside (a sugar-based glycoside) on soybean root growth by examining morpho-physiological characteristics, biochemical parameters, and gene expression. Soybean seedlings (10-day-old) were treated with stevioside (0, 8.0 μM, 24.5 μM, and 40.5 μM) for four times at six days' intervals by soil drenching. Treatment with 24.5 μM stevioside significantly increased root length (29.18 cm plant-1), root numbers (38.5 plant-1), root biomass (0.95 g plant-1 FW; 0.18 g plant-1 DW), shoot length (30.96 cm plant-1), and shoot biomass (2.14 g plant-1 FW; 0.36 g plant-1 DW) compared to the control. Moreover, 24.5 μM of stevioside was effective in enhancing photosynthetic pigments, leaf relative water content, and antioxidant enzymes compared to control. Conversely, plants exposed to a higher concentration of stevioside (40.5 μM), elevated total polyphenolic content, total flavonoid content, DPPH activity, total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, and proline content. Furthermore, gene expression of root growth development-related genes such as GmYUC2a, GmAUX2, GmPIN1A, GmABI5, GmPIF, GmSLR1, and GmLBD14 in stevioside-treated soybean plants were evaluated. Stevioside (8.0 μM) showed significant expression of GmPIN1A, whereas, 40.5 μM of stevioside enhanced GmABI5 expression. In contrast, most of the root growth development genes such as GmYUC2a, GmAUX2, GmPIF, GmSLR1, and GmLBD14, were highly expressed at 24.5 μM of stevioside treatment. Taken together, our results demonstrate the potential of stevioside in improving morpho-physiological traits, biochemical status, and the expression of root development genes in soybean. Hence, stevioside could be used as a supplement to enhance plant performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnagowdu Saravanan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nandakumar Vidya
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jayachandran Halka
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Chinnaswamy Appunu
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, 641 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Muthukrishnan Arun
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Ashraf MA, Hafeez A, Rasheed R, Hussain I, Farooq U, Rizwan M, Ali S. Effect of exogenous taurine on growth, oxidative defense, and nickel (Ni) uptake in canola ( Brassica napus L.) under Ni stress. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1135-1152. [PMID: 37829701 PMCID: PMC10564706 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01359-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Nickel (Ni) contamination and its associated hazardous effects on human health and plant growth are ironclad. However, the potential remedial effects of taurine (TAU) on Ni-induced stress in plants remain obscure. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to examine the effect of TAU seed priming (100 and 150 mg L‒1) as an alleviative strategy to circumvent the phytotoxic effects of Ni (150 mg kg‒1) on two canola cultivars (Ni-tolerant cv. Shiralee and Ni-sensitive cv. Dunkeld). Our results manifested an apparent decline in growth, biomass, photosynthetic pigments, leaf relative water content, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, total soluble proteins, nitrate reductase activity, and nutrient acquisition (N, P, K, Ca) under Ni toxicity. Further, Ni toxicity led to a substantial increase in oxidative stress reflected as higher levels of superoxide radicals (O2•‒) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) alongside increased relative membrane permeability, lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, and Ni accumulation in leaves and roots. However, TAU protected canola plants from Ni-induced oxidative damage through the amplification of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production that intensified the antioxidant system to avert O2•‒, H2O2, and malondialdehyde (MDA) production. Further, TAU-mediated increase in H2S levels maintained membrane integrity that might have improved ionomics and bettered plant growth under Ni toxicity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-023-01359-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arslan Ashraf
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000 Pakistan
| | - Arslan Hafeez
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000 Pakistan
| | - Rizwan Rasheed
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000 Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Hussain
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000 Pakistan
| | - Umer Farooq
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000 Pakistan
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000 Pakistan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402 Taiwan
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Schiefloe M, Jakobsen ØM, Pannico A, Quadri C, Jost AIK. From urine to food and oxygen: effects of high and low NH 4+:NO 3- ratio on lettuce cultivated in a gas-tight hydroponic facility. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1229476. [PMID: 37588416 PMCID: PMC10425772 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1229476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
In situ production of food, water and oxygen is essential for long-duration human space missions. Higher plants represent a key element in Bioregenerative Life Support Systems (BLSS), where crop cultivation can be based on water and nutrients recovered from waste and wastewater. Human urine exemplifies an important waste stream with potential to provide crops with nitrogen (N) and other nutrients. Dynamic waste composition and treatment processes may result in mineralized fractions with varying ammonium (NH4 +) to nitrate (NO3 -) ratios. In this study, lettuce was cultivated in the unique ESA MELiSSA Plant Characterization Unit, an advanced, gas-tight hydroponic research facility offering controlled environment and continuous monitoring of atmospheric gas composition. To evaluate biological and system effects of nutrient solution NH4 +:NO3 - ratio, two crop tests were run with different NH4 + to total N ratio (NH4 +:N) and elevated concentrations of Na+ and Cl- in line with a urine recycling scenario. Plants cultivated at 0.5 mol·mol-1 NH4 +:N (HiNH4 +) achieved 50% lower shoot biomass compared to those cultivated at 0.1 mol·mol-1 NH4 +:N (LoNH4 +), accompanied by higher shoot dry weight content and lower harvest index. Analyses of projected leaf area over time indicated that the reduced biomass observed at harvest could be attributed to a lower specific growth rate during the close-to-exponential growth phase. The HiNH4 + crop produced 40% less O2 over the full cultivation period. However, normalization of the results indicated a marginal increase in O2 production per time and per projected leaf area for the HiNH4 + crop during the exponential growth phase, in line with a higher shoot chlorophyll content. Mineral analysis demonstrated that the biomass content of NH4 + and NO3 - varied in line with the nutrient solution composition. The ratio of consumed NH4 + to consumed N was higher than the NH4 +:N ratio of the nutrient solution for both crop tests, resulting in decreasing NH4 +:N ratios in the nutrient solution over time. The results provide enhanced insight for design of waste processes and crop cultivation to optimize overall BLSS efficiency and hold valuable potential for improved resource utilization also in terrestrial food production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Schiefloe
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Space (CIRiS), NTNU Social Research, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øyvind Mejdell Jakobsen
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Space (CIRiS), NTNU Social Research, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Antonio Pannico
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | | | - Ann-Iren Kittang Jost
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Space (CIRiS), NTNU Social Research, Trondheim, Norway
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Alam R, Rasheed R, Ashraf MA, Hussain I, Ali S. Allantoin alleviates chromium phytotoxic effects on wheat by regulating osmolyte accumulation, secondary metabolism, ROS homeostasis and nutrient acquisition. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:131920. [PMID: 37413799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Allantoin is a nitrogen metabolite with significant potential to mediate plant defense responses under salinity. However, the impact of allantoin on ions homeostasis and ROS metabolism has yet to be established in plants under Cr toxicity. In the current study, chromium (Cr) notably diminished growth, photosynthetic pigments, and nutrient acquisition in two wheat cultivars (Galaxy-2013 and Anaj-2017). Plants subjected to Cr toxicity displayed excessive Cr accumulation. Chromium produced substantial oxidative stress reflected as higher levels of O2•, H2O2, MDA, methylglyoxal (MG) and lipoxygenase activity. Plants manifested marginally raised antioxidant enzyme activities due to Cr stress. Further, reduced glutathione (GSH) levels diminished with a concurrent rise in oxidized glutathione levels (GSSG). Plants exhibited a considerable abridge in GSH:GSSG due to Cr toxicity. Allantoin (200 and 300 mg L1) subsided metal phytotoxic effects by strengthening the activities of antioxidant enzymes and levels of antioxidant compounds. Plants administered allantoin displayed a considerable rise in endogenous H2S and nitric oxide (NO) levels that, in turn, lessened oxidative injury in Cr-stressed plants. Allantoin diminished membrane damage and improved nutrient acquisition under Cr stress. Allantoin markedly regulated the uptake and distribution of Cr in wheat plants, abridging the degree of metal phytotoxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Alam
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Rizwan Rasheed
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Arslan Ashraf
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Hussain
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
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Zheng X, Zhang B, Pan N, Cheng X, Lu W. Hydrogen Sulfide Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Enhancing Photosynthetic Efficiency and Regulating Sugar Metabolism in Wheat Seedlings. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2413. [PMID: 37446974 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays prominent multifunctional roles in the mediation of various physiological processes and stress responses to plants. In this study, hydroponic experiments were carried out to explore the effects of NaHS pretreatment on the growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under 50 μM cadmium (Cd). Compared with Cd treatment alone, 50 μM NaHS pretreatment increased the plant height, soluble sugar content of shoots and roots, and dry weight of shoots and roots under Cd stress, while the Cd concentration of shoots and roots was significantly reduced by 18.1% and 25.9%, respectively. Meanwhile, NaHS pretreatment protected the photosynthetic apparatus by increasing the net photosynthetic rate and PSII electron transportation rate of wheat leaves under Cd stress. NaHS pretreatment significantly increased the soluble sugar content to maintain the osmotic pressure balance of the leaf cells. The gene expression results associated with photosynthetic carbon assimilation and sucrose synthesis in wheat leaves suggested that the NaHS pretreatment significantly up-regulated the expression of TaRBCL, TaRBCS, and TaPRK, while it down-regulated the expression of TaFBA, TaSuSy, TaSAInv, and TaA/NInv. In summary, NaHS pretreatment improved the resistance of wheat seedlings under Cd stress by increasing the rate of photosynthesis and regulating the expression of genes related to sugar metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Ni Pan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xue Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wei Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Wang K, Zhu G, Li YL, Chen SQ, Rashid A, Wang XT, Wu XY. Non-thermal effects of microwave irradiation alleviates postharvest chilling injury of peach fruit by retarding phenolic accumulation and enhancing membrane stability. Food Chem 2023; 411:135448. [PMID: 36709641 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Postharvest chilling injury (CI) of fruit, including peaches, is a huge challenge to horticultural product preservation. Microwave irradiation can be used as a physiological regulator due to the thermal effects; however, its non-thermal effects on the CI of postharvest fruit remain unclear. Thus, the physiological attributes and metabolisms involving phenolics, fatty acids, and sugars were compared between 'Zhongtao No.9' peaches treated with microwave irradiation at 45.5 W for different durations and control. Microwave treatment especially at 45.5 W for 7 min without inducing thermal effects could significantly inhibit internal browning caused by CI, concomitant with reduced total phenolic content. Moreover, the maintenance of membrane stability was indicated by a boosted double bond index, which may be attributed to the inhibition of membrane lipid degradation, and sucrose accumulation. In summary, the non-thermal effects of microwave irradiation contribute to CI alleviation through restraining phenolic content and maintaining membrane stability in peach fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products Processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Ge Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products Processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Ya-Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products Processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Shu-Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products Processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Arif Rashid
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products Processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xin-Yu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural Product Fine Processing and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Agro-products Processing, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Singh V, Gupta K, Singh S, Jain M, Garg R. Unravelling the molecular mechanism underlying drought stress response in chickpea via integrated multi-omics analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1156606. [PMID: 37287713 PMCID: PMC10242046 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1156606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress affects growth and productivity significantly in chickpea. An integrated multi-omics analysis can provide a better molecular-level understanding of drought stress tolerance. In the present study, comparative transcriptome, proteome and metabolome analyses of two chickpea genotypes with contrasting responses to drought stress, ICC 4958 (drought-tolerant, DT) and ICC 1882 (drought-sensitive, DS), was performed to gain insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying drought stress response/tolerance. Pathway enrichment analysis of differentially abundant transcripts and proteins suggested the involvement of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, galactose metabolism, and starch and sucrose metabolism in the DT genotype. An integrated multi-omics analysis of transcriptome, proteome and metabolome data revealed co-expressed genes, proteins and metabolites involved in phosphatidylinositol signaling, glutathione metabolism and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways, specifically in the DT genotype under drought. These stress-responsive pathways were coordinately regulated by the differentially abundant transcripts, proteins and metabolites to circumvent the drought stress response/tolerance in the DT genotype. The QTL-hotspot associated genes, proteins and transcription factors may further contribute to improved drought tolerance in the DT genotype. Altogether, the multi-omics approach provided an in-depth understanding of stress-responsive pathways and candidate genes involved in drought tolerance in chickpea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Singh
- School of Computational & Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Khushboo Gupta
- Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shubhangi Singh
- Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mukesh Jain
- School of Computational & Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohini Garg
- Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Boussadia O, Zgallai H, Mzid N, Zaabar R, Braham M, Doupis G, Koubouris G. Physiological Responses of Two Olive Cultivars to Salt Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1926. [PMID: 37653843 PMCID: PMC10222188 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is the main fruit tree in most of the arid and semi-arid regions of Tunisia, which is where the problem of salinity is more pronounced. Salinity is one of the main factors that affects the productivity of olive trees, so the objective of this experiment was to study the effects of salinity on the photosynthesis, water relations, mineral status, and enzymatic activity of two cultivars of Olea europaea L., 'Chemlali' and 'Koroneiki'. The trial was conducted under controlled conditions in a greenhouse for a period of 49 days and included two treatments: T0 control and T100 (irrigation with 100 mM of NaCl solution). Under salinity stress, the photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and leaves of both cultivars were negatively affected. 'Chemlali' showed greater tolerance to NaCl salinity, based on a progressive decrease in osmotic potential (Ψπ) followed by a progressive and synchronous decrease in gs, without a comparable decrease in photosynthesis. The water use efficiency (WUE) improved as a result. In addition, the K+/Na+ ratio in 'Chemlali' rose. This appears to be crucial for managing stress. Conversely, enzymatic activity showed an accumulation of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in stressed plants. The catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) content decreased in both stressed varieties. It can be concluded that the cultivar 'Koroneiki' is more susceptible to salt stress than the cultivar 'Chemlali', because the accumulation of GPX and the decreases in CAT and APX were more pronounced in this cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olfa Boussadia
- Olive Institute, Ibn Khaldoun BP 14, Sousse 4061, Tunisia
| | - Hatem Zgallai
- National Institute of Agronomic Research of Tunisia, Rue Hedi Karray, Tunis 1004, Tunisia
| | - Nada Mzid
- Department of Agriculture Forestry and Nature (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Rihem Zaabar
- Olive Institute, Ibn Khaldoun BP 14, Sousse 4061, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Braham
- Olive Institute, Ibn Khaldoun BP 14, Sousse 4061, Tunisia
| | - Georgios Doupis
- Laboratory of Olive Cultivation, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DIMITRA, Leoforos Karamanli 167, 73134 Chania, Crete, Greece
| | - Georgios Koubouris
- Laboratory of Olive Cultivation, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DIMITRA, Leoforos Karamanli 167, 73134 Chania, Crete, Greece
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50
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Xu Q, Qiu W, Lin T, Yang Y, Jiang Y. Cadmium tolerance in Elodea canadensis Michx: Subcellular distribution and metabolomic analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 256:114905. [PMID: 37060802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The aquatic plant Elodea canadensis is considered a good candidate for ecotoxicological investigations. Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread contaminant in aquatic systems. In this study, to better elucidate the underlying tolerance mechanism and molecular impact of environmentally relevant Cd concentration in aquatic plants, subcellular distribution, chemical forms, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based non-targeted metabolomics profiles were comprehensively analyzed in E. canadensis subjected to 0 and 10 µM Cd treatment for 5 d. Subcellular fractionation analysis of Cd-containing leaves showed that 67% of Cd was compartmentalized in cell wall followed by the soluble fraction (24 %) and organelles (9 %). The majority of Cd (90 %) was found in the extraction using 1 M NaCl. Metabolomic analysis using unsupervised principal component analyses and a supervised partial least squares discriminant analysis revealed clear differences in metabolic profiles between the two groups, demonstrating the metabolic effects of Cd. The 155 identified compounds altered by Cd were mainly from primary metabolism, including sugars, amino acids, organic acids, and their derivatives. Secondary metabolites such as polyphenols and phenolamides were also detected. The massive up-regulation of metabolites, including trehalose, proline, sarcosine, nicotianamine, putrescine, α-ketoglutaric acid, citric acid, and phytol might represent a detoxification mechanism. These findings highlighted the mechanistic strategies that E. canadensis employs to defend against Cd toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinsong Xu
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Wenjing Qiu
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tinting Lin
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yeyuping Yang
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuji Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Ecological Experimental Station of Red Soil, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yingtan 335211, China.
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