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Li G, Yang D, Hu Y, Xu J, Lu Z. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Nitrate Transporter (NRT) Gene Family in Eucalyptus grandis. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:930. [PMID: 39062710 PMCID: PMC11275818 DOI: 10.3390/genes15070930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Eucalyptus grandis is an important planted hardwood tree worldwide with fast growth and good wood performance. The nitrate transporter (NRT) gene family is a major core involved in nitrogen (N) absorption and utilization in plants, but the comprehensive characterization of NRT genes in E. grandis remains mostly elusive. In this study, a total of 75 EgNRT genes were identified from the genome of E. grandis that were distributed unevenly across ten chromosomes, except Chr9. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the EgNRT proteins could be divided into three classes, namely NRT1, NRT2 and NRT3, which contained 69, 4 and 2 members, respectively. The cis-regulatory elements in the promoter regions of EgNRT genes were mainly involved in phytohormone and stress response. The transcriptome analysis indicated that the differentially expressed genes of leaf and root in E. grandis under different N supply conditions were mainly involved in the metabolic process and plant hormone signal transduction. In addition, the transcriptome-based and RT-qPCR analysis revealed that the expression of 13 EgNRT genes, especially EgNRT1.3, EgNRT1.38, EgNRT1.39 and EgNRT1.52, was significantly upregulated in the root under low-N-supply treatment, suggesting that those genes might play a critical role in root response to nitrate deficiency. Taken together, these results would provide valuable information for characterizing the roles of EgNRTs and facilitate the clarification of the molecular mechanism underlying EgNRT-mediated N absorption and distribution in E. grandis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyou Li
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China; (G.L.); (D.Y.); (J.X.)
| | - Deming Yang
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China; (G.L.); (D.Y.); (J.X.)
| | - Yang Hu
- Xinhui Research Institute of Forestry Science, Jiangmen 529100, China;
| | - Jianmin Xu
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China; (G.L.); (D.Y.); (J.X.)
| | - Zhaohua Lu
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China; (G.L.); (D.Y.); (J.X.)
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2
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Al-Mamun MH, Cazzonelli CI, Krishna P. BZR1 and BES1 transcription factors mediate brassinosteroid control over root system architecture in response to nitrogen availability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1387321. [PMID: 38779077 PMCID: PMC11109456 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1387321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Plants modify their root system architecture (RSA) in response to nitrogen (N) deficiency. The plant steroidal hormone, brassinosteroid (BR), plays important roles in root growth and development. This study demonstrates that optimal levels of exogenous BR impact significant increases in lateral root length and numbers in Arabidopsis seedlings under mild N-deficient conditions as compared to untreated seedlings. The impact of BR on RSA was stronger under mild N deficiency than under N-sufficient conditions. The BR effects on RSA were mimicked in dominant mutants of BZR1 and BES1 (bzr1-1D and bes1-D) transcription factors, while the RSA was highly reduced in the BR-insensitive mutant bri1-6, confirming that BR signaling is essential for the development of RSA under both N-sufficient and N-deficient conditions. Exogenous BR and constitutive activity of BZR1 and BES1 in dominant mutants led to enhanced root meristem, meristematic cell number, and cortical cell length. Under mild N deficiency, bzr1-1D displayed higher fresh and dry shoot weights, chlorophyll content, and N levels in the shoot, as compared to the wild type. These results indicate that BR modulates RSA under both N-sufficient and N-deficient conditions via the transcription factors BES1/BZR1 module and confers tolerance to N deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Priti Krishna
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
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3
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Huang Y, Ji Z, Zhang S, Li S. Function of hormone signaling in regulating nitrogen-use efficiency in plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 294:154191. [PMID: 38335845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important nutrients for crop plant performance, however, the excessive application of nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture significantly increases production costs and causes severe environmental problems. Therefore, comprehensively understanding the molecular mechanisms of N-use efficiency (NUE) with the aim of developing new crop varieties that combine high yields with improved NUE is an urgent goal for achieving more sustainable agriculture. Plant NUE is a complex trait that is affected by multiple factors, of which hormones are known to play pivotal roles. In this review, we focus on the interaction between the biosynthesis and signaling pathways of plant hormones with N metabolism, and summarize recent studies on the interplay between hormones and N, including how N regulates multiple hormone biosynthesis, transport and signaling and how hormones modulate root system architecture (RSA) in response to external N sources. Finally, we explore potential strategies for promoting crop NUE by modulating hormone synthesis, transport and signaling. This provides insights for future breeding of N-efficient crop varieties and the advancement of sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhe Ji
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Siyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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4
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Shumilina J, Soboleva A, Abakumov E, Shtark OY, Zhukov VA, Frolov A. Signaling in Legume-Rhizobia Symbiosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17397. [PMID: 38139226 PMCID: PMC10743482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Legumes represent an important source of food protein for human nutrition and animal feed. Therefore, sustainable production of legume crops is an issue of global importance. It is well-known that legume-rhizobia symbiosis allows an increase in the productivity and resilience of legume crops. The efficiency of this mutualistic association strongly depends on precise regulation of the complex interactions between plant and rhizobia. Their molecular dialogue represents a complex multi-staged process, each step of which is critically important for the overall success of the symbiosis. In particular, understanding the details of the molecular mechanisms behind the nodule formation and functioning might give access to new legume cultivars with improved crop productivity. Therefore, here we provide a comprehensive literature overview on the dynamics of the signaling network underlying the development of the legume-rhizobia symbiosis. Thereby, we pay special attention to the new findings in the field, as well as the principal directions of the current and prospective research. For this, here we comprehensively address the principal signaling events involved in the nodule inception, development, functioning, and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Shumilina
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia; (J.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Alena Soboleva
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia; (J.S.); (A.S.)
- Biological Faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Evgeny Abakumov
- Biological Faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Oksana Y. Shtark
- Laboratory of Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (O.Y.S.); (V.A.Z.)
| | - Vladimir A. Zhukov
- Laboratory of Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (O.Y.S.); (V.A.Z.)
| | - Andrej Frolov
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia; (J.S.); (A.S.)
- Biological Faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
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5
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Puccio G, Ingraffia R, Giambalvo D, Frenda AS, Harkess A, Sunseri F, Mercati F. Exploring the genetic landscape of nitrogen uptake in durum wheat: genome-wide characterization and expression profiling of NPF and NRT2 gene families. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1302337. [PMID: 38023895 PMCID: PMC10665861 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1302337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate uptake by plants primarily relies on two gene families: Nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter (NPF) and Nitrate transporter 2 (NRT2). Here, we extensively characterized the NPF and NRT2 families in the durum wheat genome, revealing 211 NPF and 20 NRT2 genes. The two families share many Cis Regulatory Elements (CREs) and Transcription Factor binding sites, highlighting a partially overlapping regulatory system and suggesting a coordinated response for nitrate transport and utilization. Analyzing RNA-seq data from 9 tissues and 20 cultivars, we explored expression profiles and co-expression relationships of both gene families. We observed a strong correlation between nucleotide variation and gene expression within the NRT2 gene family, implicating a shared selection mechanism operating on both coding and regulatory regions. Furthermore, NPF genes showed highly tissue-specific expression profiles, while NRT2s were mainly divided in two co-expression modules, one expressed in roots (NAR2/NRT3 dependent) and the other induced in anthers and/ovaries during maturation. Our evidences confirmed that the majority of these genes were retained after small-scale duplication events, suggesting a neo- or sub-functionalization of many NPFs and NRT2s. Altogether, these findings indicate that the expansion of these gene families in durum wheat could provide valuable genetic variability useful to identify NUE-related and candidate genes for future breeding programs in the context of low-impact and sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Puccio
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosolino Ingraffia
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Dario Giambalvo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alfonso S. Frenda
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alex Harkess
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Francesco Sunseri
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
- Department Agraria , University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Francesco Mercati
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
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Guo X, Chen Y, Hu Y, Feng F, Zhu X, Sun H, Li J, Zhao Q, Sun H. OsMADS5 interacts with OsSPL14/17 to inhibit rice root elongation by restricting cell proliferation of root meristem under ammonium supply. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:87-99. [PMID: 37340958 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is a vital major nutrient for rice (Oryza sativa). Rice responds to different applications of N by altering its root morphology, including root elongation. Although ammonium (NH 4 + ) is the primary source of N for rice,NH 4 + is toxic to rice roots and inhibits root elongation. However, the precise molecular mechanism thatNH 4 + -inhibited root elongation of rice is not well understood. Here, we identified a rice T-DNA insert mutant of OsMADS5 with a longer seminal root (SR) under sufficient N conditions. Reverse-transcription quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the expression level of OsMADS5 was increased underNH 4 + compared withNO 3 - supply. UnderNH 4 + conditions, knocking out OsMADS5 (cas9) produced a longer SR, phenocopying osmads5, while there was no significant difference in SR length between wild-type and cas9 underNO 3 - supply. Moreover, OsMADS5-overexpression plants displayed the opposite SR phenotype. Further study demonstrated that enhancement of OsMADS5 byNH 4 + supply inhibited rice SR elongation, likely by reducing root meristem activity of root tip, with the involvement of OsCYCB1;1. We also found that OsMADS5 interacted with OsSPL14 and OsSPL17 (OsSPL14/17) to repress their transcriptional activation by attenuating DNA binding ability. Moreover, loss of OsSPL14/17 function in osmads5 eliminated its stimulative effect on SR elongation underNH 4 + conditions, implying OsSPL14/17 may function downstream of OsMADS5 to mediate rice SR elongation underNH 4 + supply. Overall, our results indicate the existence of a novel modulatory pathway in which enhancement of OsMADS5 byNH 4 + supply represses the transcriptional activities of OsSPL14/17 to restrict SR elongation of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Guo
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yake Chen
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yibo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Fan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiuli Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Hongzheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Junzhou Li
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Quanzhi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Huwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
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7
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Samarina L, Fedorina J, Kuzmina D, Malyukova L, Manakhova K, Kovalenko T, Matskiv A, Xia E, Tong W, Zhang Z, Ryndin A, Orlov YL, Khlestkina EK. Analysis of Functional Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and Leaf Quality in Tea Collection under Nitrogen-Deficient Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14538. [PMID: 37833988 PMCID: PMC10572165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study discusses the genetic mutations that have a significant association with economically important traits that would benefit tea breeders. The purpose of this study was to analyze the leaf quality and SNPs in quality-related genes in the tea plant collection of 20 mutant genotypes growing without nitrogen fertilizers. Leaf N-content, catechins, L-theanine, and caffeine contents were analyzed in dry leaves via HPLC. Additionally, the photochemical yield, electron transport efficiency, and non-photochemical quenching were analyzed using PAM-fluorimetry. The next generation pooled amplicon-sequencing approach was used for SNPs-calling in 30 key genes related to N metabolism and leaf quality. The leaf N content varied significantly among genotypes (p ≤ 0.05) from 2.3 to 3.7% of dry mass. The caffeine content varied from 0.7 to 11.7 mg g-1, and the L-theanine content varied from 0.2 to 5.8 mg g-1 dry leaf mass. Significant positive correlations were detected between the nitrogen content and biochemical parameters such as theanine, caffeine, and most of the catechins. However, significant negative correlations were observed between the photosynthetic parameters (Y, ETR, Fv/Fm) and several biochemical compounds, including rutin, Quercetin-3-O-glucoside, Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, Theaflavin-3'-gallate, gallic acid. From our SNP-analysis, three SNPs in WRKY57 were detected in all genotypes with a low N content. Moreover, 29 SNPs with a high or moderate effect were specific for #316 (high N-content, high quality) or #507 (low N-content, low quality). The use of a linear regression model revealed 16 significant associations; theaflavin, L-theanine, and ECG were associated with several SNPs of the following genes: ANSa, DFRa, GDH2, 4CL, AlaAT1, MYB4, LHT1, F3'5'Hb, UFGTa. Among them, seven SNPs of moderate effect led to changes in the amino acid contents in the final proteins of the following genes: ANSa, GDH2, 4Cl, F3'5'Hb, UFGTa. These results will be useful for further evaluations of the important SNPs and will help to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of nitrogen uptake efficiency in tree crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiia Samarina
- Center of Genetics and Life Sciences Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olimpiyskiy Ave. b.1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (L.S.); (J.F.); (D.K.); (K.M.); (T.K.); (E.K.K.)
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 344002 Sochi, Russia; (L.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Jaroslava Fedorina
- Center of Genetics and Life Sciences Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olimpiyskiy Ave. b.1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (L.S.); (J.F.); (D.K.); (K.M.); (T.K.); (E.K.K.)
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 344002 Sochi, Russia; (L.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Daria Kuzmina
- Center of Genetics and Life Sciences Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olimpiyskiy Ave. b.1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (L.S.); (J.F.); (D.K.); (K.M.); (T.K.); (E.K.K.)
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 344002 Sochi, Russia; (L.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Lyudmila Malyukova
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 344002 Sochi, Russia; (L.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Karina Manakhova
- Center of Genetics and Life Sciences Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olimpiyskiy Ave. b.1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (L.S.); (J.F.); (D.K.); (K.M.); (T.K.); (E.K.K.)
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 344002 Sochi, Russia; (L.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Tatyana Kovalenko
- Center of Genetics and Life Sciences Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olimpiyskiy Ave. b.1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (L.S.); (J.F.); (D.K.); (K.M.); (T.K.); (E.K.K.)
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 344002 Sochi, Russia; (L.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Alexandra Matskiv
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 344002 Sochi, Russia; (L.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Enhua Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (E.X.)
| | - Wei Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (E.X.)
| | - Zhaoliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (E.X.)
| | - Alexey Ryndin
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 344002 Sochi, Russia; (L.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Yuriy L. Orlov
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 344002 Sochi, Russia; (L.M.); (A.M.)
- Agrarian and Technological Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena K. Khlestkina
- Center of Genetics and Life Sciences Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olimpiyskiy Ave. b.1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (L.S.); (J.F.); (D.K.); (K.M.); (T.K.); (E.K.K.)
- Federal Research Center N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 196632 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Solanki M, Shukla LI. Recent advances in auxin biosynthesis and homeostasis. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:290. [PMID: 37547917 PMCID: PMC10400529 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant proliferation is linked with auxins which in turn play a pivotal role in the rate of growth. Also, auxin concentrations could provide insights into the age, stress, and events leading to flowering and fruiting in the sessile plant kingdom. The role in rejuvenation and plasticity is now evidenced. Interest in plant auxins spans many decades, information from different plant families for auxin concentrations, transcriptional, and epigenetic evidences for gene regulation is evaluated here, for getting an insight into pattern of auxin biosynthesis. This biosynthesis takes place via an tryptophan-independent and tryptophan-dependent pathway. The independent pathway initiated before the tryptophan (trp) production involves indole as the primary substrate. On the other hand, the trp-dependent IAA pathway passes through the indole pyruvic acid (IPyA), indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx), and indole acetamide (IAM) pathways. Investigations on trp-dependent pathways involved mutants, namely yucca (1-11), taa1, nit1, cyp79b and cyp79b2, vt2 and crd, and independent mutants of tryptophan, ins are compiled here. The auxin conjugates of the IAA amide and ester-linked mutant gh3, iar, ilr, ill, iamt1, ugt, and dao are remarkable and could facilitate the assimilation of auxins. Efforts are made herein to provide an up-to-date detailed information about biosynthesis leading to plant sustenance. The vast information about auxin biosynthesis and homeostasis is consolidated in this review with a simplified model of auxin biosynthesis with keys and clues for important missing links since auxins can enable the plants to proliferate and override the environmental influence and needs to be probed for applications in sustainable agriculture. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03709-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Solanki
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry, 605014 India
- Puducherry, India
| | - Lata Israni Shukla
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry, 605014 India
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9
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Abualia R, Riegler S, Benkova E. Nitrate, Auxin and Cytokinin-A Trio to Tango. Cells 2023; 12:1613. [PMID: 37371083 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen is an important macronutrient required for plant growth and development, thus directly impacting agricultural productivity. In recent years, numerous studies have shown that nitrogen-driven growth depends on pathways that control nitrate/nitrogen homeostasis and hormonal networks that act both locally and systemically to coordinate growth and development of plant organs. In this review, we will focus on recent advances in understanding the role of the plant hormones auxin and cytokinin and their crosstalk in nitrate-regulated growth and discuss the significance of novel findings and possible missing links.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashed Abualia
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Stefan Riegler
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Eva Benkova
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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10
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Kumar N, Caldwell C, Iyer-Pascuzzi AS. The NIN-LIKE PROTEIN 7 transcription factor modulates auxin pathways to regulate root cap development in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:3047-3059. [PMID: 36787214 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The root cap is a small tissue located at the tip of the root with critical functions for root growth. Present in nearly all vascular plants, the root cap protects the root meristem, influences soil penetration, and perceives and transmits environmental signals that are critical for root branching patterns. To perform these functions, the root cap must remain relatively stable in size and must integrate endogenous developmental pathways with environmental signals, yet the mechanism is not clear. We previously showed that low pH conditions altered root cap development, and these changes are mediated by the NIN LIKE PROTEIN 7 (NLP7) transcription factor, a master regulator of nitrate signaling. Here we show that in Arabidopsis NLP7 integrates nitrate signaling with auxin pathways to regulate root cap development. We found that low nitrate conditions promote aberrant release of root cap cells. Nitrate deficiency impacts auxin pathways in the last layer of the root cap, and this is mediated in part by NLP7. Mutations in NLP7 abolish the auxin minimum in the last layer of the root cap and alter root cap expression of the auxin carriers PIN-LIKES 3 (PILS3) and PIN-FORMED 7 (PIN7) as well as transcription factors that regulate PIN expression. Together, our data reveal NLP7 as a link between endogenous auxin pathways and nitrate signaling in the root cap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narender Kumar
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Chloe Caldwell
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Anjali S Iyer-Pascuzzi
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Ahmad N, Jiang Z, Zhang L, Hussain I, Yang X. Insights on Phytohormonal Crosstalk in Plant Response to Nitrogen Stress: A Focus on Plant Root Growth and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043631. [PMID: 36835044 PMCID: PMC9958644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is a vital mineral component that can restrict the growth and development of plants if supplied inappropriately. In order to benefit their growth and development, plants have complex physiological and structural responses to changes in their nitrogen supply. As higher plants have multiple organs with varying functions and nutritional requirements, they coordinate their responses at the whole-plant level based on local and long-distance signaling pathways. It has been suggested that phytohormones are signaling substances in such pathways. The nitrogen signaling pathway is closely associated with phytohormones such as auxin (AUX), abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinins (CKs), ethylene (ETH), brassinosteroid (BR), strigolactones (SLs), jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA). Recent research has shed light on how nitrogen and phytohormones interact to modulate physiology and morphology. This review provides a summary of the research on how phytohormone signaling affects root system architecture (RSA) in response to nitrogen availability. Overall, this review contributes to identifying recent developments in the interaction between phytohormones and N, as well as serving as a foundation for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazir Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zhengjie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Iqbal Hussain
- Department of Horticulture, Institute of Vegetable Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Correspondence:
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12
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Li L, Cheng X, Kong X, Jia P, Wang X, Zhang L, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang B. Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Negative Response Mechanism of Peanut Root Morphology and Nitrate Assimilation to Nitrogen Deficiency. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:732. [PMID: 36840080 PMCID: PMC9960604 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Root architecture plays a fundamental role in crop yield, which is sensitive to nitrogen fertilizer. Although it is well studied that nitrogen fertilizer significantly promotes peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) growth and yield, less information was available on how its root development responds to nitrogen deficiency. In this study, the growth and development of roots were inhibited, as indicated by the significantly decreased root dry weight and length and the lateral root number, especially under 10 days of nitrogen deficiency treatment. The activities and the expression of the genes related to nitrogen assimilation enzymes including nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase and the genes encoding the nitrate transporters were significantly decreased under 10 days of nitrogen deficiency treatment, which may lead to a decrease in nitrate content, as indicated by the significantly decreased nitrogen balance index. Transcriptome sequencing revealed a total of 293 (119 up- and 174 downregulated) and 2271 (1165 up- and 1106 downregulated) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified after five and ten days of nitrogen deficiency treatments, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis showed that these DEGs were mainly involved in nitrate transportation and assimilation, phytohormone signal transduction, and the lignin biosynthesis pathway. Furthermore, a putative schematic diagram of nitrogen deficiency inhibiting root growth was established, which gives us a better understanding of nitrogen metabolism in peanut roots and a theoretical basis for improving nitrogen use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Li
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding and School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Xiangguo Cheng
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding and School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Xiangjun Kong
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding and School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Peipei Jia
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding and School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding and School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding and School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding and School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding and School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Baohong Zhang
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
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13
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Xing J, Cao X, Zhang M, Wei X, Zhang J, Wan X. Plant nitrogen availability and crosstalk with phytohormones signallings and their biotechnology breeding application in crops. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022. [PMID: 36435985 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N), one of the most important nutrients, limits plant growth and crop yields in sustainable agriculture system, in which phytohormones are known to play essential roles in N availability. Hence, it is not surprising that massive studies about the crosstalk between N and phytohormones have been constantly emerging. In this review, with the intellectual landscape of N and phytohormones crosstalk provided by the bibliometric analysis, we trace the research story of best-known crosstalk between N and various phytohormones over the last 20 years. Then, we discuss how N regulates various phytohormones biosynthesis and transport in plants. In reverse, we also summarize how phytohormones signallings modulate root system architecture (RSA) in response to N availability. Besides, we expand to outline how phytohormones signallings regulate uptake, transport, and assimilation of N in plants. Further, we conclude advanced biotechnology strategies, explain their application, and provide potential phytohormones-regulated N use efficiency (NUE) targets in crops. Collectively, this review provides not only a better understanding on the recent progress of crosstalk between N and phytohormones, but also targeted strategies for improvement of NUE to increase crop yields in future biotechnology breeding of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Xing
- Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaocong Cao
- Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingcai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Wei
- Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyuan Wan
- Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Ganther M, Lippold E, Bienert MD, Bouffaud ML, Bauer M, Baumann L, Bienert GP, Vetterlein D, Heintz-Buschart A, Tarkka MT. Plant Age and Soil Texture Rather Than the Presence of Root Hairs Cause Differences in Maize Resource Allocation and Root Gene Expression in the Field. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2883. [PMID: 36365336 PMCID: PMC9657941 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the biological roles of root hairs is key to projecting their contributions to plant growth and to assess their relevance for plant breeding. The objective of this study was to assess the importance of root hairs for maize nutrition, carbon allocation and root gene expression in a field experiment. Applying wild type and root hairless rth3 maize grown on loam and sand, we examined the period of growth including 4-leaf, 9-leaf and tassel emergence stages, accompanied with a low precipitation rate. rth3 maize had lower shoot growth and lower total amounts of mineral nutrients than wild type, but the concentrations of mineral elements, root gene expression, or carbon allocation were largely unchanged. For these parameters, growth stage accounted for the main differences, followed by substrate. Substrate-related changes were pronounced during tassel emergence, where the concentrations of several elements in leaves as well as cell wall formation-related root gene expression and C allocation decreased. In conclusion, the presence of root hairs stimulated maize shoot growth and total nutrient uptake, but other parameters were more impacted by growth stage and soil texture. Further research should relate root hair functioning to the observed losses in maize productivity and growth efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Ganther
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Eva Lippold
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Manuela Désirée Bienert
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Alte Akademie 12, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Marie-Lara Bouffaud
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Mario Bauer
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Louis Baumann
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Gerd Patrick Bienert
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Alte Akademie 12, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Doris Vetterlein
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 3, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Anna Heintz-Buschart
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mika Tapio Tarkka
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Chattha MS, Ali Q, Haroon M, Afzal MJ, Javed T, Hussain S, Mahmood T, Solanki MK, Umar A, Abbas W, Nasar S, Schwartz-Lazaro LM, Zhou L. Enhancement of nitrogen use efficiency through agronomic and molecular based approaches in cotton. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:994306. [PMID: 36237509 PMCID: PMC9552886 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.994306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cotton is a major fiber crop grown worldwide. Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient for cotton production and supports efficient crop production. It is a crucial nutrient that is required more than any other. Nitrogen management is a daunting task for plants; thus, various strategies, individually and collectively, have been adopted to improve its efficacy. The negative environmental impacts of excessive N application on cotton production have become harmful to consumers and growers. The 4R's of nutrient stewardship (right product, right rate, right time, and right place) is a newly developed agronomic practice that provides a solid foundation for achieving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in cotton production. Cropping systems are equally crucial for increasing production, profitability, environmental growth protection, and sustainability. This concept incorporates the right fertilizer source at the right rate, time, and place. In addition to agronomic practices, molecular approaches are equally important for improving cotton NUE. This could be achieved by increasing the efficacy of metabolic pathways at the cellular, organ, and structural levels and NUE-regulating enzymes and genes. This is a potential method to improve the role of N transporters in plants, resulting in better utilization and remobilization of N in cotton plants. Therefore, we suggest effective methods for accelerating NUE in cotton. This review aims to provide a detailed overview of agronomic and molecular approaches for improving NUE in cotton production, which benefits both the environment and growers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sohaib Chattha
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Qurban Ali
- Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Haroon
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Talha Javed
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sadam Hussain
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Mahmood
- Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Manoj K. Solanki
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aisha Umar
- Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Abbas
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shanza Nasar
- Department of Botany, University of Gujrat Hafiz Hayat Campus, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Lauren M. Schwartz-Lazaro
- School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Gao Y, Qi S, Wang Y. Nitrate signaling and use efficiency in crops. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100353. [PMID: 35754172 PMCID: PMC9483113 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3-) is not only an essential nutrient but also an important signaling molecule for plant growth. Low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of crops is causing increasingly serious environmental and ecological problems. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of NO3- regulation in crops is crucial for NUE improvement in agriculture. During the last several years, significant progress has been made in understanding the regulation of NO3- signaling in crops, and some key NO3- signaling factors have been shown to play important roles in NO3- utilization. However, no detailed reviews have yet summarized these advances. Here, we focus mainly on recent advances in crop NO3- signaling, including short-term signaling, long-term signaling, and the impact of environmental factors. We also review the regulation of crop NUE by crucial genes involved in NO3- signaling. This review provides useful information for further research on NO3- signaling in crops and a theoretical basis for breeding new crop varieties with high NUE, which has great significance for sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Shengdong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.
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17
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GWAS and Transcriptome Analysis Reveal Key Genes Affecting Root Growth under Low Nitrogen Supply in Maize. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091632. [PMID: 36140800 PMCID: PMC9498817 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important factors affecting crop production. Root morphology exhibits a high degree of plasticity to nitrogen deficiency. However, the mechanisms underlying the root foraging response under low-N conditions remain poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed 213 maize inbred lines using hydroponic systems and regarding their natural variations in 22 root traits and 6 shoot traits under normal (2 mM nitrate) and low-N (0 mM nitrate) conditions. Substantial phenotypic variations were detected for all traits. N deficiency increased the root length and decreased the root diameter and shoot related traits. A total of 297 significant marker-trait associations were identified by a genome-wide association study involving different N levels and the N response value. A total of 51 candidate genes with amino acid variations in coding regions or differentially expressed under low nitrogen conditions were identified. Furthermore, a candidate gene ZmNAC36 was resequenced in all tested lines. A total of 38 single nucleotide polymorphisms and 12 insertions and deletions were significantly associated with lateral root length of primary root, primary root length between 0 and 0.5 mm in diameter, primary root surface area, and total length of primary root under a low-N condition. These findings help us to improve our understanding of the genetic mechanism of root plasticity to N deficiency, and the identified loci and candidate genes will be useful for the genetic improvement of maize tolerance cultivars to N deficiency.
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Hajibarat Z, Saidi A. Senescence-associated proteins and nitrogen remobilization in grain filling under drought stress condition. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:101. [PMID: 35819732 PMCID: PMC9276853 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00378-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Plants use escape strategies including premature senescence and leaf reduction to cope in response to drought stress, which in turn reduces plant leaves and photosynthesis. This strategy allows the new generation (seeds) to survive under drought but, plants experience more yield loss during stress condition. The amount of damage caused by drought stress is compensated by the expression of genes involved in regulating leaf aging. Leaf senescence alters the expression of thousands of genes and ultimately affecting grain protein content, grain yield, and nitrogen utilization efficiency. Also, under drought stress, nitrogen in the soil will not become as much available and causes the beginning and acceleration of the senescence process of leaves. The main body of the abstract This review identified proteins signaling and functional proteins involved in senescence. Further, transcription factors and cell wall degradation enzymes (proteases) related to senescence during drought stress were surveyed. We discuss the regulatory pathways of genes as a result of the degradation of proteins during senescence process. Senescence is strongly influenced by plant hormones and environmental factors including the availability of nitrogen. During maturity or drought stress, reduced nitrogen uptake can cause nitrogen to be remobilized from leaves and stems to seeds, eventually leading to leaf senescence. Under these conditions, genes involved in chloroplast degradation and proteases show increased expression. The functional (proteases) and regulatory proteins such as protein kinases and phosphatases as well as transcription factors (AP2/ERF, NAC, WRKY, MYB, and bZIP) are involved in leaf senescence and drought stress. Short conclusion In this review, senescence-associated proteins involved in leaf senescence and regulatory and functional proteins in response to drought stress during grain filling were surveyed. The present study predicts on the role of nitrogen transporters, transcription factors and regulatory genes involved in the late stages of plant growth with the aim of understanding their mechanisms of action during grain filling stage. For a better understanding, the relevant evidence for the balance between grain filling and protein breakdown during grain filling in cereals is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Hajibarat
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Saidi
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
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19
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Carillo P, Rouphael Y. Nitrate Uptake and Use Efficiency: Pros and Cons of Chloride Interference in the Vegetable Crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:899522. [PMID: 35783949 PMCID: PMC9244799 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.899522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Over the past five decades, nitrogen (N) fertilization has been an essential tool for boosting crop productivity in agricultural systems. To avoid N pollution while preserving the crop yields and profit margins for farmers, the scientific community is searching for eco-sustainable strategies aimed at increasing plants' nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). The present article provides a refined definition of the NUE based on the two important physiological factors (N-uptake and N-utilization efficiency). The diverse molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying the processes of N assimilation, translocation, transport, accumulation, and reallocation are revisited and critically discussed. The review concludes by examining the N uptake and NUE in tandem with chloride stress and eustress, the latter being a new approach toward enhancing productivity and functional quality of the horticultural crops, particularly facilitated by soilless cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petronia Carillo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Youssef Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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20
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Tabata R, Kamiya T, Imoto S, Tamura H, Ikuta K, Tabata M, Hirayama T, Tsukagoshi H, Tanoi K, Suzuki T, Hachiya T, Sakakibara H. Systemic Regulation of Iron Acquisition by Arabidopsis in Environments with Heterogeneous Iron Distributions. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:842-854. [PMID: 35445268 PMCID: PMC9199186 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient distribution within the soil is generally heterogeneous. Plants, therefore, have evolved sophisticated systemic processes enabling them to optimize their nutrient acquisition efficiency. By organ-to-organ communication in Arabidopsis thaliana, for instance, iron (Fe) starvation in one part of a root drives the upregulation of a high-affinity Fe-uptake system in other root regions surrounded by sufficient levels of Fe. This compensatory response through Fe-starvation-triggered organ-to-organ communication includes the upregulation of Iron-regulated transporter 1 (IRT1) gene expression on the Fe-sufficient side of the root; however, the molecular basis underlying this long-distance signaling remains unclear. Here, we analyzed gene expression by RNA-seq analysis of Fe-starved split-root cultures. Genome-wide expression analysis showed that localized Fe depletion in roots upregulated several genes involved in Fe uptake and signaling, such as IRT1, in a distant part of the root exposed to Fe-sufficient conditions. This result indicates that long-distance signaling for Fe demand alters the expression of a subset of genes responsible for Fe uptake and coumarin biosynthesis to maintain a level of Fe acquisition sufficient for the entire plant. Loss of IRON MAN/FE-UPTAKE-INDUCING PEPTIDE (IMA/FEP) leads to the disruption of compensatory upregulation of IRT1 in the root surrounded by sufficient Fe. In addition, our split-root culture-based analysis provides evidence that the IMA3/FEP1-MYB10/72 pathway mediates long-distance signaling in Fe homeostasis through the regulation of coumarin biosynthesis. These data suggest that the signaling of IMA/FEP, a ubiquitous family of metal-binding peptides, is critical for organ-to-organ communication in response to Fe starvation under heterogeneous Fe conditions in the surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takehiro Kamiya
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Shunpei Imoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Hana Tamura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Kumiko Ikuta
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Michika Tabata
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Tasuku Hirayama
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196 Japan
| | - Hironaka Tsukagoshi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8502 Japan
| | - Keitaro Tanoi
- Isotope Facility for Agricultural Education and Research, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi, 478-8501 Japan
| | - Takushi Hachiya
- Department of Molecular and Function Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue, 690-8504 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
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21
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De Pessemier J, Moturu TR, Nacry P, Ebert R, De Gernier H, Tillard P, Swarup K, Wells DM, Haseloff J, Murray SC, Bennett MJ, Inzé D, Vincent CI, Hermans C. Root system size and root hair length are key phenes for nitrate acquisition and biomass production across natural variation in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3569-3583. [PMID: 35304891 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The role of root phenes in nitrogen (N) acquisition and biomass production was evaluated in 10 contrasting natural accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana L. Seedlings were grown on vertical agar plates with two different nitrate supplies. The low N treatment increased the root to shoot biomass ratio and promoted the proliferation of lateral roots and root hairs. The cost of a larger root system did not impact shoot biomass. Greater biomass production could be achieved through increased root length or through specific root hair characteristics. A greater number of root hairs may provide a low-resistance pathway under elevated N conditions, while root hair length may enhance root zone exploration under low N conditions. The variability of N uptake and the expression levels of genes encoding nitrate transporters were measured. A positive correlation was found between root system size and high-affinity nitrate uptake, emphasizing the benefits of an exploratory root organ in N acquisition. The expression levels of NRT1.2/NPF4.6, NRT2.2, and NRT1.5/NPF7.3 negatively correlated with some root morphological traits. Such basic knowledge in Arabidopsis demonstrates the importance of root phenes to improve N acquisition and paves the way to design eudicot ideotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme De Pessemier
- Crop Production and Biostimulation Laboratory, Interfacultary School of Bioengineers, Université libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Taraka Ramji Moturu
- Crop Production and Biostimulation Laboratory, Interfacultary School of Bioengineers, Université libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Nacry
- Institute of Plant Science Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Rebecca Ebert
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Hugues De Gernier
- Crop Production and Biostimulation Laboratory, Interfacultary School of Bioengineers, Université libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pascal Tillard
- Institute of Plant Science Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Kamal Swarup
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Darren M Wells
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Jim Haseloff
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Seth C Murray
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christopher I Vincent
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Christian Hermans
- Crop Production and Biostimulation Laboratory, Interfacultary School of Bioengineers, Université libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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22
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Metabolic Profiles Reveal Changes in the Leaves and Roots of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Seedlings under Nitrogen Deficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105784. [PMID: 35628591 PMCID: PMC9142919 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is an important oil crop species and plays a crucial role in supplying edible oil worldwide. However, rapeseed production in the field is often severely inhibited due to nitrogen (N) deficiency. Metabolites play key roles in plant growth and resistance to environmental stress, but little is known about the differential synthesis and accumulation of metabolites underlying rapeseed adaptation to N deficiency. Here, we studied the phenotypic response and used LC–electrospray ionization (ESI), ESI–MS/MS, and widely untargeted metabolomic approaches to detect differences in rapeseed under normal N (HN) and N-deficient (LN) conditions. The results showed that N deficiency severely inhibited rapeseed shoot growth and promoted rapeseed root architectural changes under LN conditions. In total, 574 metabolites were detected, and there were 175 and 166 differentially accumulated metabolites in the leaves and roots between the HN and LN conditions, respectively. The significantly differentially accumulated metabolites were involved in four primary metabolic pathways, namely, sucrose, phenylalanine, amino acid, and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolism. Notably, we found that plant hormones have distinct accumulation patterns in rapeseed and coordinate to play crucial roles in both maintaining growth and protecting against damage from plant disease under HN and LN conditions. Moreover, our results indicated that flavonoid compounds, especially anthocyanins and rutin, may play important roles in increasing root cell resistance to oxidative damage and soil pathogen infections. Overall, this work provides valuable information for understanding the overall metabolite changes in rapeseed under N deficiency conditions, which may be beneficial for improving and producing new varieties of rapeseed capable of high yields under low N conditions.
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23
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Hernández-Reyes C, Lichtenberg E, Keller J, Delaux PM, Ott T, Schenk ST. NIN-Like Proteins: Interesting Players in Rhizobia-Induced Nitrate Signaling Response During Interaction with Non-Legume Host Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:230-243. [PMID: 34813707 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-21-0261-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is an essential macronutrient and a key cellular messenger. Plants have evolved refined molecular systems to sense the cellular nitrogen status. This is exemplified by the root nodule symbiosis between legumes and symbiotic rhizobia, where nitrate availability inhibits this mutualistic interaction. Additionally, nitrate also functions as a metabolic messenger, resulting in nitrate signaling cascades which intensively crosstalk with other physiological pathways. Nodule inception-like proteins (NLPs) are key players in nitrate signaling and regulate nitrate-dependent transcription during legume-rhizobia interactions. Nevertheless, the coordinated interplay between nitrate signaling pathways and rhizobacteria-induced responses remains to be elucidated. In our study, we investigated rhizobia-induced changes in the root system architecture of the non-legume host arabidopsis under different nitrate conditions. We demonstrate that rhizobium-induced lateral root growth and increased root hair length and density are regulated by a nitrate-related signaling pathway. Key players in this process are AtNLP4 and AtNLP5, because the corresponding mutants failed to respond to rhizobia. At the cellular level, AtNLP4 and AtNLP5 control a rhizobia-induced decrease in cell elongation rates, while additional cell divisions occurred independently of AtNLP4. In summary, our data suggest that root morphological responses to rhizobia are coordinated by a newly considered nitrate-related NLP pathway that is evolutionarily linked to regulatory circuits described in legumes.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casandra Hernández-Reyes
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS-Centre of Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Jean Keller
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, INP Toulouse, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Pierre-Marc Delaux
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, INP Toulouse, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Thomas Ott
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS-Centre of Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian T Schenk
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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24
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Kurepa J, Smalle JA. Auxin/Cytokinin Antagonistic Control of the Shoot/Root Growth Ratio and Its Relevance for Adaptation to Drought and Nutrient Deficiency Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041933. [PMID: 35216049 PMCID: PMC8879491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The hormones auxin and cytokinin regulate numerous aspects of plant development and often act as an antagonistic hormone pair. One of the more striking examples of the auxin/cytokinin antagonism involves regulation of the shoot/root growth ratio in which cytokinin promotes shoot and inhibits root growth, whereas auxin does the opposite. Control of the shoot/root growth ratio is essential for the survival of terrestrial plants because it allows growth adaptations to water and mineral nutrient availability in the soil. Because a decrease in shoot growth combined with an increase in root growth leads to survival under drought stress and nutrient limiting conditions, it was not surprising to find that auxin promotes, while cytokinin reduces, drought stress tolerance and nutrient uptake. Recent data show that drought stress and nutrient availability also alter the cytokinin and auxin signaling and biosynthesis pathways and that this stress-induced regulation affects cytokinin and auxin in the opposite manner. These antagonistic effects of cytokinin and auxin suggested that each hormone directly and negatively regulates biosynthesis or signaling of the other. However, a growing body of evidence supports unidirectional regulation, with auxin emerging as the primary regulatory component. This master regulatory role of auxin may not come as a surprise when viewed from an evolutionary perspective.
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25
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Liu Y, von Wirén N. Integration of nutrient and water availabilities via auxin into the root developmental program. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 65:102117. [PMID: 34624806 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In most soils, the spatial distribution of nutrients and water in the rooting zone of plants is heterogeneous and changes over time. To access localized resources more efficiently, plants induce foraging responses by modulating individual morphological root traits, such as the length of the primary root or the number and length of lateral roots. These adaptive responses require the integration of exogenous and endogenous nutrient- or water-related signals into the root developmental program. Recent studies corroborated a central role of auxin in shaping root architectural traits in response to fluctuating nutrient and water availabilities. In this review, we highlight current knowledge on nutrient- and water-related developmental processes that impact root foraging and involve auxin as a central player. A deeper understanding and exploitation of these auxin-related processes and mechanisms promises advances in crop breeding for higher resource efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany.
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26
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Jia Z, Giehl RFH, von Wirén N. Nutrient-hormone relations: Driving root plasticity in plants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:86-103. [PMID: 34920172 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Optimal plant development requires root uptake of 14 essential mineral elements from the soil. Since the bioavailability of these nutrients underlies large variation in space and time, plants must dynamically adjust their root architecture to optimize nutrient access and acquisition. The information on external nutrient availability and whole-plant demand is translated into cellular signals that often involve phytohormones as intermediates to trigger a systemic or locally restricted developmental response. Timing and extent of such local root responses depend on the overall nutritional status of the plant that is transmitted from shoots to roots in the form of phytohormones or other systemic long-distance signals. The integration of these systemic and local signals then determines cell division or elongation rates in primary and lateral roots, the initiation, emergence, or elongation of lateral roots, as well as the formation of root hairs. Here, we review the cascades of nutrient-related sensing and signaling events that involve hormones and highlight nutrient-hormone relations that coordinate root developmental plasticity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongtao Jia
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ricardo F H Giehl
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany.
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27
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Hu QQ, Shu JQ, Li WM, Wang GZ. Role of Auxin and Nitrate Signaling in the Development of Root System Architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:690363. [PMID: 34858444 PMCID: PMC8631788 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.690363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The plant root is an important storage organ that stores indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) from the apical meristem, as well as nitrogen, which is obtained from the external environment. IAA and nitrogen act as signaling molecules that promote root growth to obtain further resources. Fluctuations in the distribution of nitrogen in the soil environment induce plants to develop a set of strategies that effectively improve nitrogen use efficiency. Auxin integrates the information regarding the nitrate status inside and outside the plant body to reasonably distribute resources and sustainably construct the plant root system. In this review, we focus on the main factors involved in the process of nitrate- and auxin-mediated regulation of root structure to better understand how the root system integrates the internal and external information and how this information is utilized to modify the root system architecture.
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28
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Pélissier PM, Motte H, Beeckman T. Lateral root formation and nutrients: nitrogen in the spotlight. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1104-1116. [PMID: 33768243 PMCID: PMC8566224 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lateral roots are important to forage for nutrients due to their ability to increase the uptake area of a root system. Hence, it comes as no surprise that lateral root formation is affected by nutrients or nutrient starvation, and as such contributes to the root system plasticity. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating root adaptation dynamics toward nutrient availability is useful to optimize plant nutrient use efficiency. There is at present a profound, though still evolving, knowledge on lateral root pathways. Here, we aimed to review the intersection with nutrient signaling pathways to give an update on the regulation of lateral root development by nutrients, with a particular focus on nitrogen. Remarkably, it is for most nutrients not clear how lateral root formation is controlled. Only for nitrogen, one of the most dominant nutrients in the control of lateral root formation, the crosstalk with multiple key signals determining lateral root development is clearly shown. In this update, we first present a general overview of the current knowledge of how nutrients affect lateral root formation, followed by a deeper discussion on how nitrogen signaling pathways act on different lateral root-mediating mechanisms for which multiple recent studies yield insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Mathieu Pélissier
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Hans Motte
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Author for communication:
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29
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Regulation of Nitrate (NO 3) Transporters and Glutamate Synthase-Encoding Genes under Drought Stress in Arabidopsis: The Regulatory Role of AtbZIP62 Transcription Factor. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102149. [PMID: 34685959 PMCID: PMC8537067 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient, which contributes substantially to the growth and development of plants. In the soil, nitrate (NO3) is the predominant form of N available to the plant and its acquisition by the plant involves several NO3 transporters; however, the mechanism underlying their involvement in the adaptive response under abiotic stress is poorly understood. Initially, we performed an in silico analysis to identify potential binding sites for the basic leucine zipper 62 transcription factor (AtbZIP62 TF) in the promoter of the target genes, and constructed their protein–protein interaction networks. Rather than AtbZIP62, results revealed the presence of cis-regulatory elements specific to two other bZIP TFs, AtbZIP18 and 69. A recent report showed that AtbZIP62 TF negatively regulated AtbZIP18 and AtbZIP69. Therefore, we investigated the transcriptional regulation of AtNPF6.2/NRT1.4 (low-affinity NO3 transporter), AtNPF6.3/NRT1.1 (dual-affinity NO3 transporter), AtNRT2.1 and AtNRT2.2 (high-affinity NO3 transporters), and AtGLU1 and AtGLU2 (both encoding glutamate synthase) in response to drought stress in Col-0. From the perspective of exploring the transcriptional interplay of the target genes with AtbZIP62 TF, we measured their expression by qPCR in the atbzip62 (lacking the AtbZIP62 gene) under the same conditions. Our recent study revealed that AtbZIP62 TF positively regulates the expression of AtPYD1 (Pyrimidine 1, a key gene of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway know to share a common substrate with the N metabolic pathway). For this reason, we included the atpyd1-2 mutant in the study. Our findings revealed that the expression of AtNPF6.2/NRT1.4, AtNPF6.3/NRT1.1 and AtNRT2.2 was similarly regulated in atzbip62 and atpyd1-2 but differentially regulated between the mutant lines and Col-0. Meanwhile, the expression pattern of AtNRT2.1 in atbzip62 was similar to that observed in Col-0 but was suppressed in atpyd1-2. The breakthrough is that AtNRT2.2 had the highest expression level in Col-0, while being suppressed in atbzip62 and atpyd1-2. Furthermore, the transcript accumulation of AtGLU1 and AtGLU2 showed differential regulation patterns between Col-0 and atbzip62, and atpyd1-2. Therefore, results suggest that of all tested NO3 transporters, AtNRT2.2 is thought to play a preponderant role in contributing to NO3 transport events under the regulatory influence of AtbZIP62 TF in response to drought stress.
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30
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Xu J, Wang X, Zhu H, Yu F. Maize Genotypes With Different Zinc Efficiency in Response to Low Zinc Stress and Heterogeneous Zinc Supply. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:736658. [PMID: 34691112 PMCID: PMC8531504 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.736658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
All over the world, a common problem in the soil is the low content of available zinc (Zn), which is unevenly distributed and difficult to move. However, information on the foraging strategies of roots in response to heterogeneous Zn supply is still very limited. Few studies have analyzed the adaptability of maize inbred lines with different Zn efficiencies to different low Zn stress time lengths in maize. This study analyzed the effects of different time lengths of low Zn stress on various related traits in different inbred lines. In addition, morphological plasticity of roots and the response of Zn-related important gene iron-regulated transporter-like proteins (ZIPs) were studied via simulating the heterogeneity of Zn nutrition in the soil. In this report, when Zn deficiency stress duration was extended (from 14 to 21 days), under Zn-deficient supply (0.5 μM), Zn efficiency (ZE) based on shoot dry weight of Wu312 displayed no significant difference, and ZE for Ye478 was increased by 92.9%. Under longer-term Zn deficiency, shoot, and root dry weights of Ye478 were 6.5 and 2.1-fold higher than those of Wu312, respectively. Uneven Zn supply strongly inhibited the development of some root traits in the -Zn region. Difference in shoot dry weights between Wu312 and Ye478 was larger in T1 (1.97 times) than in T2 (1.53 times). Under heterogeneous condition of Zn supply, both the -Zn region and the +Zn region upregulated the expressions of ZmZIP3, ZmZIP4, ZmZIP5, ZmZIP7, and ZmZIP8 in the roots of two inbred lines. These results indicate that extended time length of low-Zn stress will enlarge the difference of multiple physiological traits, especially biomass, between Zn-sensitive and Zn-tolerant inbred lines. There were significant genotypic differences of root morphology in response to heterogeneous Zn supply. Compared with split-supply with +Zn/+Zn, the difference of above-ground biomass between Zn-sensitive and Zn-tolerant inbred lines under split-supply with -Zn/+Zn was higher. Under the condition of heterogeneous Zn supply, several ZmZIP genes may play important roles in tolerance to low Zn stress, which can provide a basis for further functional characterization.
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31
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Ravazzolo L, Boutet-Mercey S, Perreau F, Forestan C, Varotto S, Ruperti B, Quaggiotti S. Strigolactones and Auxin Cooperate to Regulate Maize Root Development and Response to Nitrate. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:610-623. [PMID: 33508105 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In maize, nitrate regulates root development thanks to the coordinated action of many players. In this study, the involvement of strigolactones (SLs) and auxin as putative components of the nitrate regulation of lateral root (LR) was investigated. To this aim, the endogenous SL content of maize root in response to nitrate was assessed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and measurements of LR density in the presence of analogues or inhibitors of auxin and SLs were performed. Furthermore, an untargeted RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq)-based approach was used to better characterize the participation of auxin and SLs to the transcriptional signature of maize root response to nitrate. Our results suggested that N deprivation induces zealactone and carlactonoic acid biosynthesis in root, to a higher extent if compared to P-deprived roots. Moreover, data on LR density led to hypothesize that the induction of LR development early occurring upon nitrate supply involves the inhibition of SL biosynthesis, but that the downstream target of SL shutdown, besides auxin, also includes additional unknown players. Furthermore, RNA-seq results provided a set of putative markers for the auxin- or SL-dependent action of nitrate, meanwhile also allowing to identify novel components of the molecular regulation of maize root response to nitrate. Globally, the existence of at least four different pathways was hypothesized: one dependent on auxin, a second one mediated by SLs, a third deriving from the SL-auxin interplay, and a last one attributable to nitrate itself through further downstream signals. Further work will be necessary to better assess the reliability of the model proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ravazzolo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Italy
| | - Stéphanie Boutet-Mercey
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles 78000, France
| | - François Perreau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles 78000, France
| | - Cristian Forestan
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, Bologna 40127, Italy
| | - Serena Varotto
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Italy
| | - Benedetto Ruperti
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Italy
| | - Silvia Quaggiotti
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Italy
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32
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Molecular Regulatory Networks for Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169040. [PMID: 34445746 PMCID: PMC8396546 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen is an important factor limiting the growth and yield of rice. However, the excessive application of nitrogen will lead to water eutrophication and economic costs. To create rice varieties with high nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) has always been an arduous task in rice breeding. The processes for improving NUE include nitrogen uptake, nitrogen transport from root to shoot, nitrogen assimilation, and nitrogen redistribution, with each step being indispensable to the improvement of NUE. Here, we summarize the effects of absorption, transport, and metabolism of nitrate, ammonium, and amino acids on NUE, as well as the role of hormones in improving rice NUE. Our discussion provide insight for further research in the future.
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33
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Vega A, Fredes I, O'Brien J, Shen Z, Ötvös K, Abualia R, Benkova E, Briggs SP, Gutiérrez RA. Nitrate triggered phosphoproteome changes and a PIN2 phosphosite modulating root system architecture. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51813. [PMID: 34357701 PMCID: PMC8447600 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrate commands genome‐wide gene expression changes that impact metabolism, physiology, plant growth, and development. In an effort to identify new components involved in nitrate responses in plants, we analyze the Arabidopsis thaliana root phosphoproteome in response to nitrate treatments via liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. 176 phosphoproteins show significant changes at 5 or 20 min after nitrate treatments. Proteins identified by 5 min include signaling components such as kinases or transcription factors. In contrast, by 20 min, proteins identified were associated with transporter activity or hormone metabolism functions, among others. The phosphorylation profile of NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1.1 (NRT1.1) mutant plants was significantly altered as compared to wild‐type plants, confirming its key role in nitrate signaling pathways that involves phosphorylation changes. Integrative bioinformatics analysis highlights auxin transport as an important mechanism modulated by nitrate signaling at the post‐translational level. We validated a new phosphorylation site in PIN2 and provide evidence that it functions in primary and lateral root growth responses to nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vega
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
| | - Isabel Fredes
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
| | - José O'Brien
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Zhouxin Shen
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego. San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Krisztina Ötvös
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria.,Bioresources Unit, Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulln, Austria
| | - Rashed Abualia
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Eva Benkova
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Steven P Briggs
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego. San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rodrigo A Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
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Lhamo D, Luan S. Potential Networks of Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium Channels and Transporters in Arabidopsis Roots at a Single Cell Resolution. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:689545. [PMID: 34220911 PMCID: PMC8242960 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.689545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) are three major macronutrients essential for plant life. These nutrients are acquired and transported by several large families of transporters expressed in plant roots. However, it remains largely unknown how these transporters are distributed in different cell-types that work together to transfer the nutrients from the soil to different layers of root cells and eventually reach vasculature for massive flow. Using the single cell transcriptomics data from Arabidopsis roots, we profiled the transcriptional patterns of putative nutrient transporters in different root cell-types. Such analyses identified a number of uncharacterized NPK transporters expressed in the root epidermis to mediate NPK uptake and distribution to the adjacent cells. Some transport genes showed cortex- and endodermis-specific expression to direct the nutrient flow toward the vasculature. For long-distance transport, a variety of transporters were shown to express and potentially function in the xylem and phloem. In the context of subcellular distribution of mineral nutrients, the NPK transporters at subcellular compartments were often found to show ubiquitous expression patterns, which suggests function in house-keeping processes. Overall, these single cell transcriptomic analyses provide working models of nutrient transport from the epidermis across the cortex to the vasculature, which can be further tested experimentally in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhondup Lhamo
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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35
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Nitrate Modulates Lateral Root Formation by Regulating the Auxin Response and Transport in Rice. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060850. [PMID: 34205855 PMCID: PMC8229813 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3-) plays a pivotal role in stimulating lateral root (LR) formation and growth in plants. However, the role of NO3- in modulating rice LR formation and the signalling pathways involved in this process remain unclear. Phenotypic and genetic analyses of rice were used to explore the role of strigolactones (SLs) and auxin in NO3--modulated LR formation in rice. Compared with ammonium (NH4+), NO3- stimulated LR initiation due to higher short-term root IAA levels. However, this stimulation vanished after 7 d, and the LR density was reduced, in parallel with the auxin levels. Application of the exogenous auxin α-naphthylacetic acid to NH4+-treated rice plants promoted LR initiation to levels similar to those under NO3- at 7 d; conversely, the application of the SL analogue GR24 to NH4+-treated rice inhibited LR initiation to levels similar to those under NO3- supply by reducing the root auxin levels at 10 d. D10 and D14 mutations caused loss of sensitivity of the LR formation response to NO3-. The application of NO3- and GR24 downregulated the transcription of PIN-FORMED 2(PIN2), an auxin efflux carrier in roots. LR number and density in pin2 mutant lines were insensitive to NO3- treatment. These results indicate that NO3- modulates LR formation by affecting the auxin response and transport in rice, with the involvement of SLs.
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Sun H, Guo X, Qi X, Feng F, Xie X, Zhang Y, Zhao Q. SPL14/17 act downstream of strigolactone signalling to modulate rice root elongation in response to nitrate supply. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:649-660. [PMID: 33547682 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an essential major nutrient for food crops. Although ammonium (NH4+ ) is the primary N source of rice (Oryza sativa), nitrate (NO3- ) can also be absorbed and utilized. Rice responds to NO3- application by altering its root morphology, such as root elongation. Strigolactones (SLs) are important modulators of root length. However, the roles of SLs and their downstream genes in NO3- -induced root elongation remain unclear. Here, the levels of total N and SL (4-deoxyorobanchol) and the responses of seminal root (SR) lengths to NH4+ and NO3- were investigated in rice plants. NO3- promoted SR elongation, possibly due to short-term signal perception and long-term nutrient function. Compared with NH4+ conditions, higher SL signalling/levels and less D53 protein were recorded in roots of NO3- -treated rice plants. In contrast to wild-type plants, SR lengths of d mutants were less responsive to NO3- conditions, and application of rac-GR24 (SL analogue) restored SR length in d10 (SL biosynthesis mutant) but not in d3, d14, and d53 (SL-responsive mutants), suggesting that higher SL signalling/levels participate in NO3- -induced root elongation. D53 interacted with SPL17 and inhibited SPL17-mediated transactivation from the PIN1b promoter. Mutation of SPL14/17 and PIN1b caused insensitivity of the root elongation response to NO3- and rac-GR24 applications. Therefore, we conclude that perception of SLs by D14 leads to degradation of D53 via the proteasome system, which releases the suppression of SPL14/17-modulated transcription of PIN1b, resulting in root elongation under NO3- supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xiaoli Guo
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xuejiao Qi
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Fan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xiaonan Xie
- Weed Science Center, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine-Machi, Utsunomiya, 321-8505, Japan
| | - Yali Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Quanzhi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology in Henan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
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Fichtner F, Dissanayake IM, Lacombe B, Barbier F. Sugar and Nitrate Sensing: A Multi-Billion-Year Story. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:352-374. [PMID: 33281060 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sugars and nitrate play a major role in providing carbon and nitrogen in plants. Understanding how plants sense these nutrients is crucial, most notably for crop improvement. The mechanisms underlying sugar and nitrate sensing are complex and involve moonlighting proteins such as the nitrate transporter NRT1.1/NFP6.3 or the glycolytic enzyme HXK1. Major components of nutrient signaling, such as SnRK1, TOR, and HXK1, are relatively well conserved across eukaryotes, and the diversification of components such as the NRT1 family and the SWEET sugar transporters correlates with plant terrestrialization. In plants, Tre6P plays a hormone-like role in plant development. In addition, nutrient signaling has evolved to interact with the more recent hormone signaling, allowing fine-tuning of physiological and developmental responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Fichtner
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Benoit Lacombe
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes (BPMP), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Francois Barbier
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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38
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van Gelderen K, Kang C, Li P, Pierik R. Regulation of Lateral Root Development by Shoot-Sensed Far-Red Light via HY5 Is Nitrate-Dependent and Involves the NRT2.1 Nitrate Transporter. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:660870. [PMID: 33868355 PMCID: PMC8045763 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.660870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plants are very effective in responding to environmental changes during competition for light and nutrients. Low Red:Far-Red (low R:FR)-mediated neighbor detection allows plants to compete successfully with other plants for available light. This above-ground signal can also reduce lateral root growth by inhibiting lateral root emergence, a process that might help the plant invest resources in shoot growth. Nitrate is an essential nutrient for plant growth and Arabidopsis thaliana responds to low nitrate conditions by enhancing nutrient uptake and reducing lateral and main root growth. There are indications that low R:FR signaling and low nitrate signaling can affect each other. It is unknown which response is prioritized when low R:FR light- and low nitrate signaling co-occur. We investigated the effect of low nitrate conditions on the low R:FR response of the A. thaliana root system in agar plate media, combined with the application of supplemental Far-Red (FR) light to the shoot. We observed that under low nitrate conditions main and lateral root growth was reduced, but more importantly, that the response of the root system to low R:FR was not present. Consistently, a loss-of-function mutant of a nitrate transporter gene NRT2.1 lacked low R:FR-induced lateral root reduction and its root growth was hypersensitive to low nitrate. ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) plays an important role in the root response to low R:FR and we found that it was less sensitive to low nitrate conditions with regards to lateral root growth. In addition, we found that low R:FR increases NRT2.1 expression and that low nitrate enhances HY5 expression. HY5 also affects NRT2.1 expression, however, it depended on the presence of ammonium in which direction this effect was. Replacing part of the nitrogen source with ammonium also removed the effect of low R:FR on the root system, showing that changes in nitrogen sources can be crucial for root plasticity. Together our results show that nitrate signaling can repress low R:FR responses and that this involves signaling via HY5 and NRT2.1.
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Abstract
The Ediacara Biota preserves the oldest fossil evidence of abundant, complex metazoans. Despite their significance, assigning individual taxa to specific phylogenetic groups has proved problematic. To better understand these forms, we identify developmentally controlled characters in representative taxa from the Ediacaran White Sea assemblage and compare them with the regulatory tools underlying similar traits in modern organisms. This analysis demonstrates that the genetic pathways for multicellularity, axial polarity, musculature, and a nervous system were likely present in some of these early animals. Equally meaningful is the absence of evidence for major differentiation of macroscopic body units, including distinct organs, localized sensory machinery or appendages. Together these traits help to better constrain the phylogenetic position of several key Ediacara taxa and inform our views of early metazoan evolution. An apparent lack of heads with concentrated sensory machinery or ventral nerve cords in such taxa supports the hypothesis that these evolved independently in disparate bilaterian clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Evans
- Department of Paleobiology MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
| | - Mary L Droser
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Douglas H Erwin
- Department of Paleobiology MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
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40
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Zhang TT, Kang H, Fu LL, Sun WJ, Gao WS, You CX, Wang XF, Hao YJ. NIN-like protein 7 promotes nitrate-mediated lateral root development by activating transcription of TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE RELATED 2. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 303:110771. [PMID: 33487355 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate is essential for plant growth and development. When nitrate availability is low, plants produce more lateral roots (LRs) to seek nitrate from the soil. In this study, by DNA electrophoretic mobility shift and luciferase assays, it was showed that NIN-like protein 7 (NLP7) transcription factor activated expression of TAR2 by directly binding to its promoter. Finally, through genetic analysis, it was speculated that NLP7 regulated LR development through TAR2. In conclusion, NLP7 binds to the TAR2 promoter and activates TAR2 expression, thereby promoting nitrate-dependent LR development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Zhang
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Lu-Lu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Wei-Jian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Wen-Sheng Gao
- Shandong Fruit and Tea Technology Services, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China
| | - Chun-Xiang You
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China.
| | - Yu-Jin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China.
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Ötvös K, Marconi M, Vega A, O’Brien J, Johnson A, Abualia R, Antonielli L, Montesinos JC, Zhang Y, Tan S, Cuesta C, Artner C, Bouguyon E, Gojon A, Friml J, Gutiérrez RA, Wabnik K, Benková E. Modulation of plant root growth by nitrogen source-defined regulation of polar auxin transport. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106862. [PMID: 33399250 PMCID: PMC7849315 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Availability of the essential macronutrient nitrogen in soil plays a critical role in plant growth, development, and impacts agricultural productivity. Plants have evolved different strategies for sensing and responding to heterogeneous nitrogen distribution. Modulation of root system architecture, including primary root growth and branching, is among the most essential plant adaptions to ensure adequate nitrogen acquisition. However, the immediate molecular pathways coordinating the adjustment of root growth in response to distinct nitrogen sources, such as nitrate or ammonium, are poorly understood. Here, we show that growth as manifested by cell division and elongation is synchronized by coordinated auxin flux between two adjacent outer tissue layers of the root. This coordination is achieved by nitrate-dependent dephosphorylation of the PIN2 auxin efflux carrier at a previously uncharacterized phosphorylation site, leading to subsequent PIN2 lateralization and thereby regulating auxin flow between adjacent tissues. A dynamic computer model based on our experimental data successfully recapitulates experimental observations. Our study provides mechanistic insights broadening our understanding of root growth mechanisms in dynamic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Ötvös
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
- Bioresources UnitCenter for Health & BioresourcesAIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbHTullnAustria
| | - Marco Marconi
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM‐INIA) Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)MadridSpain
| | - Andrea Vega
- Pontifical Catholic University of ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Jose O’Brien
- Pontifical Catholic University of ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Alexander Johnson
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Rashed Abualia
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Livio Antonielli
- Bioresources UnitCenter for Health & BioresourcesAIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbHTullnAustria
| | | | - Yuzhou Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Shutang Tan
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Candela Cuesta
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Christina Artner
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
| | | | - Alain Gojon
- BPMPCNRSINRAEInstitut AgroUniv MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Jirí Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
| | | | - Krzysztof Wabnik
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM‐INIA) Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)MadridSpain
| | - Eva Benková
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
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Wang X, Whalley WR, Miller AJ, White PJ, Zhang F, Shen J. Sustainable Cropping Requires Adaptation to a Heterogeneous Rhizosphere. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:1194-1202. [PMID: 32830043 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Root-soil interactions in the rhizosphere are central to resource acquisition and crop production in agricultural systems. However, apart from studies in idealized experimental systems, rhizosphere processes in real agricultural soils in situ are largely uncharacterized. This limits the contribution of rhizosphere science to agriculture and the ongoing Green Revolution. Here, we argue that understanding plant responses to soil heterogeneity is key to understanding rhizosphere processes. We highlight rhizosphere sensing and root-induced soil modification in the context of heterogeneous soil structure, resource distribution, and root-soil interactions. A deeper understanding of the integrated and dynamic root-soil interactions in the heterogeneously structured rhizosphere could increase crop production and resource use efficiency towards sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | | | | | - Philip J White
- Ecological Science Group, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fusuo Zhang
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jianbo Shen
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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43
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The Arabidopsis NRT1/PTR FAMILY protein NPF7.3/NRT1.5 is an indole-3-butyric acid transporter involved in root gravitropism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:31500-31509. [PMID: 33219124 PMCID: PMC7733822 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013305117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Active membrane transport of plant hormones and their related compounds is an essential process that determines the distribution of the compounds within plant tissues and, hence, regulates various physiological events. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1/PEPTIDE TRANSPORTER FAMILY 7.3 (NPF7.3) protein functions as a transporter of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), a precursor of the major endogenous auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). When expressed in yeast, NPF7.3 mediated cellular IBA uptake. Loss-of-function npf7.3 mutants showed defective root gravitropism with reduced IBA levels and auxin responses. Nevertheless, the phenotype was restored by exogenous application of IAA but not by IBA treatment. NPF7.3 was expressed in pericycle cells and the root tip region including root cap cells of primary roots where the IBA-to-IAA conversion occurs. Our findings indicate that NPF7.3-mediated IBA uptake into specific cells is required for the generation of appropriate auxin gradients within root tissues.
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Genome-Wide Differential DNA Methylation and miRNA Expression Profiling Reveals Epigenetic Regulatory Mechanisms Underlying Nitrogen-Limitation-Triggered Adaptation and Use Efficiency Enhancement in Allotetraploid Rapeseed. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228453. [PMID: 33182819 PMCID: PMC7697602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving crop nitrogen (N) limitation adaptation (NLA) is a core approach to enhance N use efficiency (NUE) and reduce N fertilizer application. Rapeseed has a high demand for N nutrients for optimal plant growth and seed production, but it exhibits low NUE. Epigenetic modification, such as DNA methylation and modification from small RNAs, is key to plant adaptive responses to various stresses. However, epigenetic regulatory mechanisms underlying NLA and NUE remain elusive in allotetraploid B. napus. In this study, we identified overaccumulated carbohydrate, and improved primary and lateral roots in rapeseed plants under N limitation, which resulted in decreased plant nitrate concentrations, enhanced root-to-shoot N translocation, and increased NUE. Transcriptomics and RT-qPCR assays revealed that N limitation induced the expression of NRT1.1, NRT1.5, NRT1.7, NRT2.1/NAR2.1, and Gln1;1, and repressed the transcriptional levels of CLCa, NRT1.8, and NIA1. High-resolution whole genome bisulfite sequencing characterized 5094 differentially methylated genes involving ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, N recycling, and phytohormone metabolism under N limitation. Hypermethylation/hypomethylation in promoter regions or gene bodies of some key N-metabolism genes might be involved in their transcriptional regulation by N limitation. Genome-wide miRNA sequencing identified 224 N limitation-responsive differentially expressed miRNAs regulating leaf development, amino acid metabolism, and plant hormone signal transduction. Furthermore, degradome sequencing and RT-qPCR assays revealed the miR827-NLA pathway regulating limited N-induced leaf senescence as well as the miR171-SCL6 and miR160-ARF17 pathways regulating root growth under N deficiency. Our study provides a comprehensive insight into the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms underlying rapeseed NLA, and it will be helpful for genetic engineering of NUE in crop species through epigenetic modification of some N metabolism-associated genes.
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45
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Chen Z, Li H, Yang T, Chen T, Dong C, Gu Q, Cheng X. Transcriptome analysis provides insights into the molecular bases in response to different nitrogen forms-induced oxidative stress in tea plant roots (Camellia sinensis). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:1073-1082. [PMID: 32605706 DOI: 10.1071/fp20093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that the maintenance of redox homeostasis is essential for plant growth. Here we investigated how redox homeostasis and signalling is modulated in response to different nitrogen (N) forms in tea plant roots. Our results showed that both N deficiency and nitrate (NO3-) can trigger the production of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation in roots. In contrast, these responses were not altered by NH4+. Further, N deficiency and NO3--triggered redox imbalance was re-established by increased of proanthocyanidins (PAs) and glutathione (GSH), as well as upregulation of representative antioxidant enzyme activities and genes. To further explore the molecular bases of these responses, comparative transcriptome analysis was performed, and redox homeostasis-associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were selected for bioinformatics analysis. Most of these genes were involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis, GSH metabolism and the antioxidant system, which was specifically altered by N deficiency or NO3-. Moreover, the interplay between H2O2 (generated by RBOH and Ndufab1) and hormones (including abscisic acid, auxin, cytokinin and ethylene) in response to different N forms was suggested. Collectively, the above findings contribute to an understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of redox homeostasis and signalling in alleviating oxidative stress in tea plant roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; and Corresponding author.
| | - Huiping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Tianyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Chunxia Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Quan Gu
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Xunmin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Majeed S, Nawaz F, Naeem M, Ashraf MY, Ejaz S, Ahmad KS, Tauseef S, Farid G, Khalid I, Mehmood K. Nitric oxide regulates water status and associated enzymatic pathways to inhibit nutrients imbalance in maize (Zea mays L.) under drought stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:147-160. [PMID: 32758996 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a key signaling molecule that instigates significant changes in plant metabolic processes and promotes tolerance against various environmental stresses including drought. In this study, we focused on NO-mediated physiological mechanisms and enzymatic activities that influence the nutrient concentrations and yield in maize under drought stress. The drought-tolerant (NK-8711) and sensitive (P-1574) maize hybrids were sown in lysimeter tanks and two levels of water stress (well-watered at100% field capacity and drought stress at 60% field capacity) were applied at three-leaves stage of maize. Foliar treatment of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), the donor of NO was applied at the cob development stage. The results showed that the foliar spray of NO regulated water relations by increasing proline content and improved drought tolerance in water stressed maize plants. In addition, it stimulated the activity of antioxidative enzymes which reduced the production of free radicals and lipid peroxidation. The activities of nitrate assimilation enzymes were considerably increased by NO spray which, in turn, increased nutrient accumulation and yield in maize under water deficit conditions. These results acknowledge the importance of NO as a stress-signaling molecule that positively regulates defense mechanisms in maize to withstand water-limited conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Majeed
- Department of Agronomy, University College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Fahim Nawaz
- Department of Agronomy, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan; Institut für Kulturpflanzenwissenschaften (340 h), Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- Department of Agronomy, University College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yasin Ashraf
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Samina Ejaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Khawaja Shafique Ahmad
- Department of Botany, University of Poonch, Rawalakot, 12350, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Saba Tauseef
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Farid
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Jhang road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Khalid
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Kinza Mehmood
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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Sultana N, Islam S, Juhasz A, Yang R, She M, Alhabbar Z, Zhang J, Ma W. Transcriptomic Study for Identification of Major Nitrogen Stress Responsive Genes in Australian Bread Wheat Cultivars. Front Genet 2020; 11:583785. [PMID: 33193713 PMCID: PMC7554635 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.583785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in bread wheat is pivotal to sustain high productivity. Knowledge about the physiological and transcriptomic changes that regulate NUE, in particular how plants cope with nitrogen (N) stress during flowering and the grain filling period, is crucial in achieving high NUE. Nitrogen response is differentially manifested in different tissues and shows significant genetic variability. A comparative transcriptome study was carried out using RNA-seq analysis to investigate the effect of nitrogen levels on gene expression at 0 days post anthesis (0 DPA) and 10 DPA in second leaf and grain tissues of three Australian wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties that were known to have varying NUEs. A total of 12,344 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified under nitrogen stress where down-regulated DEGs were predominantly associated with carbohydrate metabolic process, photosynthesis, light-harvesting, and defense response, whereas the up-regulated DEGs were associated with nucleotide metabolism, proteolysis, and transmembrane transport under nitrogen stress. Protein–protein interaction and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis further revealed that highly interacted down-regulated DEGs were involved in light-harvesting and photosynthesis, and up-regulated DEGs were mostly involved in steroid biosynthesis under N stress. The common down-regulated genes across the cultivars included photosystem II 10 kDa polypeptide family proteins, plant protein 1589 of uncharacterized protein function, etc., whereas common up-regulated genes included glutamate carboxypeptidase 2, placenta-specific8 (PLAC8) family protein, and a sulfate transporter. On the other hand, high NUE cultivar Mace responded to nitrogen stress by down-regulation of a stress-related gene annotated as beta-1,3-endoglucanase and pathogenesis-related protein (PR-4, PR-1) and up-regulation of MYB/SANT domain-containing RADIALIS (RAD)-like transcription factors. The medium NUE cultivar Spitfire and low NUE cultivar Volcani demonstrated strong down-regulation of Photosystem II 10 kDa polypeptide family protein and predominant up-regulation of 11S globulin seed storage protein 2 and protein transport protein Sec61 subunit gamma. In grain tissue, most of the DEGs were related to nitrogen metabolism and proteolysis. The DEGs with high abundance in high NUE cultivar can be good candidates to develop nitrogen stress-tolerant variety with improved NUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigarin Sultana
- State Agriculture Biotechnology Centre, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Shahidul Islam
- State Agriculture Biotechnology Centre, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Angela Juhasz
- State Agriculture Biotechnology Centre, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Rongchang Yang
- State Agriculture Biotechnology Centre, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Maoyun She
- State Agriculture Biotechnology Centre, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Zaid Alhabbar
- State Agriculture Biotechnology Centre, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jingjuan Zhang
- State Agriculture Biotechnology Centre, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Wujun Ma
- State Agriculture Biotechnology Centre, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Meier M, Liu Y, Lay-Pruitt KS, Takahashi H, von Wirén N. Auxin-mediated root branching is determined by the form of available nitrogen. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:1136-1145. [PMID: 32917974 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-00756-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
To improve water and nutrient acquisition from the soil, plants can modulate their root system architecture. Despite the importance of changes in root architecture to exploit local nutrient patches occurring in heterogenous soils or after placed fertilization, mechanisms integrating external nutrient signals into the root developmental programme remain poorly understood. Here, we show that local ammonium supply stimulates the accumulation of shoot-derived auxin in the root vasculature and promotes lateral root emergence to build a highly branched root system. Activities of pH and auxin reporters indicate that ammonium uptake mediated by ammonium transporters acidifies the root apoplast, which increases pH-dependent import of protonated auxin into cortical and epidermal cells overlaying lateral root primordia, and subsequently promotes their emergence from the parental root. Thereby, ammonium-induced and H+-ATPase-mediated acidification of the apoplast allows auxin to bypass the auxin importers AUX1 and LAX3. In nitrogen-deficient plants, auxin also accumulates in the root vasculature but a more alkaline apoplast leads to retention of auxin in these tissues and prevents lateral root formation. Our study highlights the impact of externally available nitrogen forms on pH-dependent radial auxin mobility and its regulatory function in organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Meier
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ying Liu
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Katerina S Lay-Pruitt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Genetics and Genome Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Hideki Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Genetics and Genome Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany.
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Genome-Wide Systematic Characterization of the NPF Family Genes and Their Transcriptional Responses to Multiple Nutrient Stresses in Allotetraploid Rapeseed. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21175947. [PMID: 32824914 PMCID: PMC7504168 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1 (NRT1)/PEPTIDE TRANSPORTER (PTR) family (NPF) proteins can transport various substrates, and play crucial roles in governing plant nitrogen (N) uptake and distribution. However, little is known about the NPF genes in Brassica napus. Here, a comprehensive genome-wide systematic characterization of the NPF family led to the identification of 193 NPF genes in the whole genome of B. napus. The BnaNPF family exhibited high levels of genetic diversity among sub-families but this was conserved within each subfamily. Whole-genome duplication and segmental duplication played a major role in BnaNPF evolution. The expression analysis indicated that a broad range of expression patterns for individual gene occurred in response to multiple nutrient stresses, including N, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) deficiencies, as well as ammonium toxicity. Furthermore, 10 core BnaNPF genes in response to N stress were identified. These genes contained 6–13 transmembrane domains, located in plasma membrane, that respond discrepantly to N deficiency in different tissues. Robust cis-regulatory elements were identified within the promoter regions of the core genes. Taken together, our results suggest that BnaNPFs are versatile transporters that might evolve new functions in B. napus. Our findings benefit future research on this gene family.
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Jia Z, von Wirén N. Signaling pathways underlying nitrogen-dependent changes in root system architecture: from model to crop species. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4393-4404. [PMID: 31970412 PMCID: PMC7382383 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Among all essential mineral elements, nitrogen (N) is required in the largest amounts and thus is often a limiting factor for plant growth. N is taken up by plant roots in the form of water-soluble nitrate, ammonium, and, depending on abundance, low-molecular weight organic N. In soils, the availability and composition of these N forms can vary over space and time, which exposes roots to various local N signals that regulate root system architecture in combination with systemic signals reflecting the N nutritional status of the shoot. Uncovering the molecular mechanisms underlying N-dependent signaling provides great potential to optimize root system architecture for the sake of higher N uptake efficiency in crop breeding. In this review, we summarize prominent signaling mechanisms and their underlying molecular players that derive from external N forms or the internal N nutritional status and modulate root development including root hair formation and gravitropism. We also compare the current state of knowledge of these pathways between Arabidopsis and graminaceous plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongtao Jia
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
- Correspondence:
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