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Bergeron MF, Côté J, Cumming SP, Purcell R, Armstrong N, Basilico L, Burrows K, Charrin JB, Felix A, Groesswang H, Iwasaki Y, Kocher MS, Martowicz M, McConnell K, Moran J, Holm Moseid C, Mountjoy M, Soligard T, Tetelbaum E, Thiel A, Vertommen T, Viseras G, Budgett R, Engebretsen L, Erdener U. IOC consensus statement on elite youth athletes competing at the Olympic Games: essentials to a healthy, safe and sustainable paradigm. Br J Sports Med 2024; 58:946-965. [PMID: 39197945 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
With the pronounced ongoing growth of global youth sports, opportunities for and participation of youth athletes on the world sports stage, including the Olympic Games, are expected to escalate. Yet, adolescence is a vulnerable period of development and inherently dynamic, with non-linear and asynchronous progression of physical, physiological, psychological and social attributes. These non-concurrent changes within and between individuals are accompanied by irregular and unpredictable threats and impediments. Likewise, the evident age-based criteria and conventional path for those youth athletes deemed eligible candidates for the Olympic Games are not well or consistently defined. Furthermore, the unstructured and largely varying policies and practices across the sporting International Federations specific to youth participation underscore the need to establish a contemporary universal paradigm that would enable elite youth athletes to navigate an individualised healthy pathway to personal, athletic and sport success. First, we reviewed and summarised key challenges facing elite youth athletes and the relevant evidence fundamental to facilitating and supporting central aspects of health and well-being, while empowering safe, sustainable and positive engagement during athletic and personal advancement and competition. Second, we developed and present a modern elite youth athlete model that emphasises a child-centred, practical framework with corresponding guidelines and recommendations to protect health and well-being while safely and favourably managing international sport competition. Our proposed evidence-informed paradigm will enable and support individualised pathways for healthy, well-rounded and sustainable positive engagement while achieving sport success for youth contending or aiming to compete at world-class international sporting events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Bergeron
- Performance Health, WTA Women's Tennis Association, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
- Health Sciences, University of Hartford, West Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jean Côté
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Jamaica, Canada
| | | | - Rosemary Purcell
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil Armstrong
- Childrens Health and Exercise Research Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Luca Basilico
- World Skate, Maison du Sport International, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kirsty Burrows
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Benoit Charrin
- Corporate and Sustainable Development Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Allyson Felix
- Athletes' Commission, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Heike Groesswang
- International Bobsleigh & Skeleton Federation (IBSF), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Yasunobu Iwasaki
- Anti-Doping, Medical and Scientific Commission, Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Anshinkai Anshin Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mininder S Kocher
- Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Magali Martowicz
- Corporate and Sustainable Development Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kit McConnell
- Sports Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jane Moran
- Medical Commission, International Skating Union, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia - Vancouver Campus, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christine Holm Moseid
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Margo Mountjoy
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Torbjørn Soligard
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Evgenia Tetelbaum
- Sports Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ansgar Thiel
- President, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tine Vertommen
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Expertise Center People and Well-being, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gloria Viseras
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard Budgett
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lars Engebretsen
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Uğur Erdener
- Medical and Scientific Commission, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Parry GN, Williams S, McKay CD, Johnson DJ, Bergeron MF, Cumming SP. Associations between growth, maturation and injury in youth athletes engaged in elite pathways: a scoping review. Br J Sports Med 2024; 58:1001-1010. [PMID: 39209526 PMCID: PMC11420720 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the evidence pertaining to associations between growth, maturation and injury in elite youth athletes. DESIGN Scoping review. DATA SOURCES Electronic databases (SPORTDiscus, Embase, PubMed, MEDLINE and Web of Science) searched on 30 May 2023. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Original studies published since 2000 using quantitative or qualitative designs investigating associations between growth, maturation and injury in elite youth athletes. RESULTS From an initial 518 titles, 36 full-text articles were evaluated, of which 30 were eligible for final inclusion. Most studies were quantitative and employed prospective designs. Significant heterogeneity was evident across samples and in the operationalisation and measurement of growth, maturation and injury. Injury incidence and burden generally increased with maturity status, although growth-related injuries peaked during the adolescent growth spurt. More rapid growth in stature and of the lower limbs was associated with greater injury incidence and burden. While maturity timing did not show a clear or consistent association with injury, it may contribute to risk and burden due to variations in maturity status. CONCLUSION Evidence suggests that the processes of growth and maturation contribute to injury risk and burden in elite youth athletes, although the nature of the association varies with injury type. More research investigating the main and interactive effects on growth and maturation on injury is warranted, especially in female athletes and across a greater diversity of sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma N Parry
- Department of Health, University of Bath-Claverton Down Campus, Bath, UK
| | - Sean Williams
- Department of Health, University of Bath-Claverton Down Campus, Bath, UK
| | - Carly D McKay
- Department of Health, University of Bath-Claverton Down Campus, Bath, UK
| | - David J Johnson
- Department of Health, University of Bath-Claverton Down Campus, Bath, UK
- West Ham United Football Club, London, UK
| | - Michael F Bergeron
- Performance Health, WTA Women's Tennis Association, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - Sean P Cumming
- Department of Health, University of Bath-Claverton Down Campus, Bath, UK
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Theodorou E, Grivas TB, Hadjicharalambous M. The Influence of the Dominant Leg in Body Asymmetries in Children and Adolescent Male Soccer Players. Pediatr Rep 2024; 16:684-695. [PMID: 39189292 PMCID: PMC11348172 DOI: 10.3390/pediatric16030058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to examine (a) whether the dominant leg (DL) was associated with the contralateral side of functional scoliosis and (b) if any of the postural asymmetries' evaluation variables may be a reliable predictor of the functional scoliosis development in young male soccer players. Six hundred-nine (n = 609) male soccer players (age: 10.8 ± 2.7 years; height: 147 ± 17 cm; weight: 43.4 ± 14.6 kg; DL: Right 81.6%, Left 14%, Both 4.4%) participated in this study. The spinal asymmetries evaluation included thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, truncal rotation, shoulders alignment from posterior view, anterior and posterior pelvic tilt, anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), hamstring tightness, and lower extremities discrepancy. A significant association was observed between the DL and the truncal rotation side: χ2(4) = 30.84, p = 0.001, V = 0.16. Participants with longer left legs were likelier to present a spinal asymmetry (OR = 1.18). The participants with higher left shoulders were 2.13 times more likely to have spinal asymmetry than the participants with normal shoulders level. Participants with left ASIS higher were 3.08 times more likely to present asymmetry than those with normally aligned ASIS levels. There was also a significant association between the DL and the side of truncal rotation: χ2(2) = 13.30, p = 0.001, V = 0.449. Logistic regression analysis for the functional scoliotic group and truncal rotation side demonstrated that the taller participants and participants with shorter right legs were more likely to have asymmetry on the left side (OR = 1.29, OR = 0.32). Participants with greater right hamstring stiffness were likelier to have a truncal rotation on the right side (OR = 0.93). Participants with higher left shoulders were 0.20 times less likely to have a truncal rotation on the left side than the participants with normal shoulders level. In conclusion, leg dominance in children and in youth soccer players may be a factor causing truncal rotation on the contralateral side. Additional causes, such as leg length discrepancy and pelvic tilt, may progressively lead to functional scoliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Theodorou
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitissas Ave., P.O. Box 24005, Nicosia 1700, Cyprus;
| | - Theodoros B. Grivas
- Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, “Tzaneio” General Hospital of Piraeus, 18536 Piraeus, Greece;
| | - Marios Hadjicharalambous
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitissas Ave., P.O. Box 24005, Nicosia 1700, Cyprus;
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Hawkey AB, Natarajan S, Kelly O, Gondal A, Wells C, Jones ML, Rezvani AH, Murphy SK, Levin ED. Persisting neurobehavioral consequences of daily or intermittent paternal cannabis administration in F1 and F2 Rats. Neurotoxicology 2024; 103:27-38. [PMID: 38810733 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Repeated paternal preconception exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) alone or together with the other constituents in a cannabis extract has been shown in our earlier studies in rats to cause significant neurobehavioral impairment in their offspring. In the current study, we compared the effects of daily cannabis extract (CE) exposure to cannabis on two consecutive days per week, modeling weekend cannabis use in human. The CE contained Δ9-THC as well as cannabidiol and cannabinol. We also extended the investigation of the study to cross-generational effects of grand-paternal cannabis exposure on the F2 generation and included testing the effects of paternal cannabis exposure on responding for opiate self-administration in F1 and F2 generation offspring. We replicated the findings of neurobehavioral impairment in F1 offspring of male rats exposed to cannabis extract containing 4 mg/kg/day of Δ9-THC daily for four weeks prior to mating with drug naïve females. The 4-week cannabis extract exposure caused a significant decrease in weight gain in the male rats exposed daily. In contrast, their offspring showed significantly greater body weights and anogenital distances (AGD) in the third to fourth weeks after birth. The behavioral effects seen in the F1 generation were increased habituation of locomotor activity in the figure-8 maze in female offspring and increased lever pressing for the opiate drug remifentanil in male offspring. The F2 generation showed significantly impaired negative geotaxis and an elimination of the typical sex-difference in locomotor activity, with effects not seen in the F1 generation. This study shows that daily paternal cannabis exposure for four weeks prior to mating causes significant neurobehavioral impairment in the F1 and F2 offspring. Intermittent exposure on two consecutive days per week for four weeks caused comparable neurobehavioral impairment. In sum, there should be concern about paternal as well as maternal exposure to cannabis concerning neurobehavioral development of their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Hawkey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sarabesh Natarajan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Olivia Kelly
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anas Gondal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Corinne Wells
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michelle Louise Jones
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amir H Rezvani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Susan K Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Edward D Levin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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Krommes K, Thorborg K, Clausen MB, Rathleff MS, Olesen JL, Kallemose T, Hölmich P. Self-management including exercise, education and activity modification compared to usual care for adolescents with Osgood-Schlatter (the SOGOOD trial): protocol of a randomized controlled superiority trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:89. [PMID: 38643184 PMCID: PMC11032598 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00870-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osgood-Schlatter is the most frequent growth-related injury affecting about 10% of physically active adolescents. It can cause long-term pain and limitations in sports and physical activity, with potential sequela well into adulthood. The management of Osgood-Schlatter is very heterogeneous. Recent systematic reviews have found low level evidence for surgical intervention and injection therapies, and an absence of studies on conservative management. Recently, a novel self-management approach with exercise, education, and activity modification, demonstrated favorable outcomes for adolescents with patellofemoral pain and Osgood-Schlatter in prospective cohort studies. AIM The aim of this trial is to assess the effectiveness of the novel self-management approach compared to usual care in improving self-reported knee-related function in sport (measured using the KOOS-child 'Sport/play' subscale) after a 5-month period. METHODS This trial is a pragmatic, assessor-blinded, randomized controlled trial with a two-group parallel arm design, including participants aged 10-16 years diagnosed with Osgood-Schlatter. Participants will receive 3 months of treatment, consisting of either usual care or the self-management approach including exercise, education, and activity modification, followed by 2 months of self-management. Primary endpoint is the KOOS-child 'Sport/play' score at 5 months. This protocol details the planned methods and procedures. DISCUSSION The novel approach has already shown promise in previous cohort studies. This trial will potentially provide much-needed level 1 evidence for the effectiveness of the self-management approach, representing a crucial step towards addressing the long-term pain and limitations associated with Osgood-Schlatter. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT05174182. Prospectively registered December 30th 2021. Date of first recruitment: January 3rd 2022. Target sample size: 130 participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Krommes
- Sports Orthopedic Research Center - Copenhagen (SORC-C), Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Amager-Hvidovre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Kettegaard Allé 30, Hvidovre, DK-2650, Denmark.
| | - Kristian Thorborg
- Sports Orthopedic Research Center - Copenhagen (SORC-C), Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Amager-Hvidovre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Kettegaard Allé 30, Hvidovre, DK-2650, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Bek Clausen
- Department of Midwifery, Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy and Psychomotor Therapy, Faculty of Health, University College Copenhagen, Sigurdsgade 26, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Michael Skovdal Rathleff
- Center for General Practice at Aalborg University, Aalborg. Fyrkildevej 7, DK-9220, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Selma Lagerløfs Vej 249, DK-9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jens Lykkegaard Olesen
- Center for General Practice at Aalborg University, Aalborg. Fyrkildevej 7, DK-9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Thomas Kallemose
- Department of Midwifery, Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy and Psychomotor Therapy, Faculty of Health, University College Copenhagen, Sigurdsgade 26, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Amager-Hvidovre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Kettegaard Alle 30, Hvidovre, DK-2610, Danmark
| | - Per Hölmich
- Sports Orthopedic Research Center - Copenhagen (SORC-C), Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Amager-Hvidovre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Kettegaard Allé 30, Hvidovre, DK-2650, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Kelly S, Waring A, Stone B, Pollock N. Epidemiology of bone injuries in elite athletics: A prospective 9-year cohort study. Phys Ther Sport 2024; 66:67-75. [PMID: 38340615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe bone injury patterns in elite track and field athletes. To investigate relationships between bone injury and athlete characteristics to inform future injury prevention strategies. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING Elite athletics training centres across the United Kingdom and internationally, observed between 2012 and 2020. PARTICIPANTS 207 Olympic programme senior track and field athletes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Injury number, Incidence, Severity, Burden, Time Loss. RESULTS There were 78 fractures during the study period. Gradual repetitive bone injuries were the most common type of injury mode. The foot, pelvis and the lumbar spine were the regions with the highest number of bone stress injuries. Stress fractures had a higher burden overall compared to stress reactions. Average return to full training was 67.4 days (±73.1) for stress reactions and 199 (±205.2) days for stress fractures. There was no relationship between bone injury type and age, sex, ethnicity, side dominance or event group. CONCLUSION Bone stress injuries in athletics have a high severity and burden warranting continued efforts to prevent their occurrence and optimize management. Age, sex, ethnicity, side dominance and event region do not have any relationship with bone injury occurrence and are therefore unlikely to increase risk in this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Kelly
- Ballet Healthcare, The Royal Opera House, London, WC2E9DD, United Kingdom.
| | - Anthony Waring
- Fortius Clinic, 17 Fitzhardinge Street, London, W1H 6EQ, United Kingdom. https://twitter.com/Sport_Ex_Dr
| | - Ben Stone
- British Athletics, National Performance Institute (NPI), Loughborough, LE11 3TU, United Kingdom. https://twitter.com/B_W_Stone
| | - Noel Pollock
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health (ISEH), University College of London, London, W1T 7HA, United Kingdom. https://twitter.com/DrNoelPollock
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Veith S, Whalan M, Gibson N, Sampson JA. Exploring the true burden of a time-loss injury: full vs partial time-loss in elite academy football (soccer). SCI MED FOOTBALL 2024; 8:6-14. [PMID: 36473725 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2156587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In football, the number of days without full participation in training/competition is often used as a surrogate measure for time-loss (TL) caused by injury. However, injury management and return-to-play processes frequently include modified participation, which to date has only been recorded through self-reports. This study aims to demonstrate the differentiation between 'full' (no participation in team football) and 'partial' (reduced/modified participation in team football) burden. Injury and exposure data were collected from 118 male elite footballers (U13-U18) over 3 consecutive seasons according to the Football Consensus Statement. TL injury burden was calculated separately as the number of total, 'full' and 'partial' days lost per 1000 h of exposure. Injury burden (137.2 days lost/1000 h, 95% CI 133.4-141.0) was comprised of 23% (31.9 days lost/1000 h, 95% CI 30.1-33.8) partial TL and 77% (105.3 days lost/1000 h, 95% CI 102.0-108.6) full TL burden. Injuries of moderate severity (8-28 days lost) showed 40% of partial TL. TL injury incidence rate (6.6 injuries/1000 h, 95% CI 5.8-7.5), the number of severe injuries (16%), and the distribution of TL and non-TL injuries (56% and 44%) were comparable to other reports in elite youth footballers. Almost one-quarter of the TL injury burden showed that injured players were still included in some team football activities, which, for injuries with TL >7 days, was likely related to the return to play process. Therefore, reporting on partial TL provides insight into the true impact of injury on participation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Veith
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Medical Department, Sydney Football Club, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew Whalan
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Medical Department, Football Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Neil Gibson
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - John A Sampson
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Mason L, Connolly J, Devenney LE, Lacey K, O’Donovan J, Doherty R. Sleep, Nutrition, and Injury Risk in Adolescent Athletes: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:5101. [PMID: 38140360 PMCID: PMC10745648 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This narrative review explores the impact of sleep and nutrition on injury risk in adolescent athletes. Sleep is viewed as essential to the recuperation process and is distinguished as an active participant in recovery through its involvement in growth, repair, regeneration, and immunity. Furthermore, the literature has shown that the sleep of athletes impacts elements of athletic performance including both physical and cognitive performance, recovery, injury risk, and mental well-being. For sleep to have a restorative effect on the body, it must meet an individual's sleep needs whilst also lasting for an adequate duration and being of adequate quality, which is age-dependent. The literature has suggested that athletes have increased sleep needs compared to those of the general population and thus the standard recommendations may not be sufficient for athletic populations. Therefore, a more individualised approach accounting for overall sleep health may be more appropriate for addressing sleep needs in individuals including athletes. The literature has demonstrated that adolescent athletes achieve, on average, ~6.3 h of sleep, demonstrating a discrepancy between sleep recommendations (8-10 h) and actual sleep achieved. Sleep-wake cycles undergo development during adolescence whereby adaptation occurs in sleep regulation during this phase. These adaptations increase sleep pressure tolerance and are driven by the maturation of physiological, psychological, and cognitive functioning along with delays in circadian rhythmicity, thus creating an environment for inadequate sleep during adolescence. As such, the adolescent period is a phase of rapid growth and maturation that presents multiple challenges to both sleep and nutrition; consequently, this places a significant burden on an adolescent athletes' ability to recover, thus increasing the likelihood of injury. Therefore, this article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the available literature on the importance of sleep and nutrition interactions in injury risk in adolescent athletes. Furthermore, it provides foundations for informing further investigations exploring the relation of sleep and nutrition interactions to recovery during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorcán Mason
- Sports Lab North West, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Port Road, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland (R.D.)
| | - James Connolly
- Department of Computing, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Port Road, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland
| | - Lydia E. Devenney
- Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Karl Lacey
- Sports Lab North West, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Port Road, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland (R.D.)
| | - Jim O’Donovan
- DCU Glasnevin Campus, Dublin City University, Collins Avenue Extension, Dublin 9, D09 Y8VX Dublin, Ireland
- Sport Ireland Institute, National Sport Campus, Abbotstown, Dublin 15, D15 Y52H Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rónán Doherty
- Sports Lab North West, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Port Road, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland (R.D.)
- Sport Ireland Institute, National Sport Campus, Abbotstown, Dublin 15, D15 Y52H Dublin, Ireland
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Davis J, Doyle B, Ishii H, Jayanthi N. S.P.O.R.R.T.-A Comprehensive Approach to the Assessment and Non-Operative Management of Overuse Knee Conditions in Youth Athletes. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2023; 16:627-638. [PMID: 37999828 PMCID: PMC10733244 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-023-09874-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The evaluation of a young athlete with an overuse injury to the knee involves a comprehensive approach. There are a number of elements to consider including assessments of skeletal maturity (biologic maturation), workload (training load + competition load), sport specialization status, and biomechanics. The type of injury and treatment, as well as future prognosis, may be influenced by these and other factors. RECENT FINDINGS Calculating the percentage of predicted adult height (PPAH) is a valuable tool in assessing overuse injury patterns and diagnoses in youth athletes. Modifiable and non-modifiable overuse injury risk factors require monitoring from clinicians as young athletes mature and develop over time. Training and rehabilitation programs should be adapted to account for these. In this manuscript, we seek to introduce a novel, comprehensive approach: S.P.O.R.R.T. (Skeletal Maturity, Prior Injury Risk, One Sport Specialization, Rehabilitation, Return to Play, Training Recommendations) (Fig. 1). Overuse, non-traumatic injuries to the knee in youth athletes will be presented in a case-based and evidence-based model to provide a framework for a comprehensive approach to the assessment and treatment of youth athletes with overuse injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Davis
- Emory Sports Medicine Center, 6335 Hospital Parkway, Suite 302, Johns Creek, GA, 30097, USA
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Sports Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bridget Doyle
- Emory Sports Medicine Center, 6335 Hospital Parkway, Suite 302, Johns Creek, GA, 30097, USA
| | - Haruki Ishii
- Emory Sports Medicine Center, 6335 Hospital Parkway, Suite 302, Johns Creek, GA, 30097, USA
| | - Neeru Jayanthi
- Emory Sports Medicine Center, 6335 Hospital Parkway, Suite 302, Johns Creek, GA, 30097, USA.
- Emory Sports Performance & Research Center (SPARC), 4450 Falcon Pkwy, Flowery Branch, GA, USA.
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics and Family Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Wik EH. Injuries in elite male youth football and athletics: growth and maturation as potential risk factors (PhD Academy Award). Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:1405-1406. [PMID: 37652666 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eirik Halvorsen Wik
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Aspetar Sports Injury and Illness Prevention Programme, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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11
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Kalčíková P, Přidalová M. The Influence of Somatic Maturity on Anthropometrics and Body Composition in Youth Soccer Players. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1732. [PMID: 38002823 PMCID: PMC10670197 DOI: 10.3390/children10111732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The primary aim of this investigation was to compare players' anthropometric (AP) and body composition (BC) characteristics between distinct maturity bands (pre-PHV, circa-PHV, post-PHV) in youth elite soccer. This study considered 320 male soccer players (mean age 13.8 y). Participants were from U14 (n = 157) and U15 (n = 163) age categories. The Khamis-Roche method was applied to calculate the percentage of predicted adult height (PAH) at the time of assessment based on which the players were further divided into maturity bands (pre-PHV ≤ 87%, circa-PHV = 88-95%, post-PHV > 95%). The findings indicated that most of the players were in the circa-PHV stage at the time of investigation. Measurements included height and weight. The estimates of BC parameters were derived using bioelectrical impedance (BIA) analysis. These various AP and BC attributes displayed significant differences among the maturity bands (F = 139.344-7.925; p < 0.001; large effect sizes) except in body fat mass (BFM) (F = 2.998; p = 0.051; small effect size). The current somatic maturity stage of the athletes should be considered when evaluating BC results, otherwise there is a risk of misinterpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlína Kalčíková
- Department of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Křížkovského 511/8, CZ-779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
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12
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Veith S, Whalan M, Gibson N, Williams S, Sampson JA. Injury incidence and burden differ between season phases in male academy football (soccer) players. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1753-1761. [PMID: 38179709 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2296719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Adolescent elite-level footballers are exposed to unique physical and psychological stressors which may increase injury risk, with fluctuating injury prevalence and burden. This study investigates the patterns of injury incidence and burden from 2017 to 2020 within combined pre-, start-of-, mid- and end-of-season and school-holiday phases in U13-U18 Australian male academy players. Injury incidence rate and burden were calculated for medical attention (MA), full and partial time-loss (TL) and non-time-loss (non-TL) injuries. Injury rate ratios (IRR) for injury incidences were assessed using Generalised Linear Mixed Models, and 99% confidence intervals for injury burden differences between phases. MA and non-TL injury incidence rates were higher during pre-season (IRR 1.65, p = 0.01; IRR 2.08, p = 0.02, respectively), and mid-season showed a higher non-TL incidence rate (IRR 2.15, p = 0.02) and burden (69 days with injury/1000 hrs, CI 47-103) compared to end-of-season (25 days with injury/1000 hrs, CI 15-45). MA injury rates and partial TL injury burden were higher during school compared to holiday periods (IRR 0.6, p = 0.04; 61 partial days lost/1000 hrs, CI 35-104; 13 partial days lost/1000 hrs, CI 8-23). Season phase and return-to-school may increase injury risks for elite academy footballers, and considering these phases may assist in developing injury prevention systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Veith
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Matthew Whalan
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Medical Department, Football Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Neil Gibson
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Sean Williams
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, England, UK
| | - John A Sampson
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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13
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Póvoa AR, Costa CM, Simões S, Azevedo AM, Oliveira R. Irish Dancing Injuries and Associated Risk Factors: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6190. [PMID: 37372775 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20126190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Irish dance is growing in popularity, evolving to a more athletic and demanding dance style. The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review, previously registered with PROSPERO, to identify the prevalence, incidence, and the injury pattern among Irish dancers and analyse the associated risk factors. Six online databases and two dance-specific science publications were searched systematically. Studies were included if the patterns of injuries among Irish dancers were evaluated or the factors associated with injury were analysed, published in English or Portuguese, in peer-reviewed scientific journals. Four reviewers assessed the quality and level of evidence using the Downs and Black criteria and a modified Oxford Centre of Evidence-Based Medicine 2009 model, respectively. Eleven articles were included, eight of Level 3c (cross-sectional) and three of Level 3b (prospective). Mean DB percentage score was 63% ± 7.2%. Prevalence ranged from 72.2% to 92.6%, affecting mostly the foot/ankle complex. Only two articles reported incidence, which ranged from 3.4 to 10.6 injuries/1000 h danced depending on injury definition. Psychological factors, elite level, and insufficient/poor sleep were associated with musculoskeletal injury. Injury prevalence and incidence is high in Irish dancers, with the foot and ankle being more affected. Due to heterogeneity in injury definitions, methods, and populations, along with the need for improvement in studies quality, recommendations were made for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Póvoa
- Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Maria Costa
- Hospital Garcia de Orta, 2805-267 Almada, Portugal
- CiiEM-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Simões
- Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
| | - Ana Morais Azevedo
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
- The Australian Ballet, Melbourne 3006, Australia
| | - Raul Oliveira
- Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance, Neuromuscular Research Lab, Human Kinetics Faculty, University of Lisbon, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal
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14
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Lopez-Valenciano A, Ayala F, De Ste Croix MBA, Barbado D, Moreno-Perez V, Sanz-Rivas D, Fernandez-Fernandez J. The Association Between Chronological Age and Maturity Status on Lower Body Clinical Measurements and Asymmetries in Elite Youth Tennis Players. Sports Health 2023; 15:250-259. [PMID: 35350941 PMCID: PMC9950987 DOI: 10.1177/19417381221083319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tennis is one of the most popular sports among youths. At elite levels, a notable increase in injury incidence and a temporary decline in performance may occur when children progress through puberty. However, limited research has explored maturity-associated variations in clinical measurements suggested as predictors of injury and tennis performance in elite youth players. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to analyze the association between chronological age and maturity status on several measures of neuromuscular capability and physical performance as well as bilateral (interlimb) asymmetries in elite youth tennis players. HYPOTHESIS Youth tennis players around peak height velocity (PHV) will show higher growth-related impairments or deficits in measures of neuromuscular capability and physical performance than their less (pre-PHV) and more (post-PHV) mature counterparts irrespective of sex. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. METHODS A total of 68 male (age, 13.7 ± 1.1 years; height, 162.4 ± 9.4 cm; body mass, 51.4 ± 10.3 kg [Mean values ± SD]) and 60 female (age, 13.6 ± 1.1 years; height, 162.8 ± 7.2 cm; body mass, 52.7 ± 7.5 kg [Mean values ± SD]) elite youth tennis players from 2 different age groups (under 13 [U13] and under 15 [U15]) and maturity status (pre-PHV, around PHV, and post-PHV), were tested during national training camps. Tests included the Y Balance Test, isometric hip abduction and adduction strength, hip ranges of motion (ROMs), and countermovement jump (CMJ) height. Bayesian analysis was used to establish any significant between-group differences. RESULTS Only dynamic balance (in boys; Bayesian factor [BF10] = 88.2) and jump height (in both boys and girls; BF10 >100) were significatively associated with chronological age, whereby the U15 group showed lower Y Balance Test reach distances (-6%; standardized effect size δ = 0.62) but higher CMJ height scores (+18%; δ = 0.73) than the U13 group. Although boys jump higher (+11%; δ = 0.62) and were stronger in isometric hip adduction strength (+14%; δ = 0.92) than girls, the latter had greater hip internal ROM values (+15%; δ = 0.75). Furthermore, relevant maturity-associated effects (BF10 = 34.6) were solely observed for the CMJ test in boys, with the most mature players demonstrating higher jump height scores (+12%; δ = 0.93). Finally, a significant percentage (>25%) of tennis players, independent of sex, demonstrated bilateral asymmetries in hip ROM, hip strength, and jump height values. CONCLUSION The findings of this study show that in U13 and U15 male and female tennis players, there were neither positive nor negative maturity-associated variations in the clinical measurements analyzed (with the exception of jump height in male players). The high proportion of tennis players showing bilateral asymmetries in dynamic balance, hip ROM, and strength and jump performance highlight the need of future studies to analyze these factors in relation to unilateral tennis-specific adaptations in the musculoskeletal and sensorimotor systems. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results may help to better understand how different clinical measurements are associated with the process of growth and maturation in elite youth tennis players and may aid in the design of specific training interventions during these stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Ayala
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | | | - David Barbado
- Sports Research Center, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Víctor Moreno-Perez
- Sports Research Center, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Jaime Fernandez-Fernandez
- Spanish Tennis Federation, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of León, Spain.,AMRED, Human Movement and Sports Performance Analysis, University of León, Spain
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15
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Jacobsson J, Kowalski J, Timpka T, Hansson PO, Spreco A, Dahlstrom O. Universal prevention through a digital health platform reduces injury incidence in youth athletics (track and field): a cluster randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:364-370. [PMID: 36564148 PMCID: PMC9985750 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-105332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine whether universal prevention via a digital health platform can reduce the injury incidence in athletics athletes aged 12-15 years and if club size had an influence on the effect of the intervention. METHODS This was a cluster randomised trial where young athletics athletes were randomised through their club following stratification by club size into intervention (11 clubs; 56 athletes) and control (10 clubs; 79 athletes) groups. The primary endpoint was time from baseline to the first self-reported injury. Intervention group parents and coaches were given access to a website with health information adapted to adolescent athletes and were encouraged to log in and explore its content during 16 weeks. The control group continued training as normal. Training exposure and injury data were self-reported by youths/parents every second week, that is, eight times. The primary endpoint data were analysed using the log-rank test. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to analyse the second study aim with intervention status and club size included in the explanatory models. RESULTS The proportion of completed training reports was 85% (n=382) in the intervention group and 86% (n=545) in the control group. The injury incidence was significantly lower (HR=0.62; χ2=3.865; p=0.049) in the intervention group. The median time to first injury was 16 weeks in the intervention group and 8 weeks in the control group. An interaction effect between the intervention and stratification factor was observed with a difference in injury risk between athletes in the large clubs in the intervention group versus their peers in the control group (HR 0.491 (95% CI 0.242 to 0.998); p=0.049). CONCLUSIONS A protective effect against injury through universal access to health information adapted for adolescent athletes was observed in youth athletics athletes. The efficacy of the intervention was stronger in large clubs. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03459313.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Jacobsson
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | | | - Toomas Timpka
- Athletics Research Center, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden.,Medical Committee, Swedish Athletics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Armin Spreco
- Athletics Research Centre, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Orjan Dahlstrom
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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16
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Johnson D, Williams S, Bradley B, Cumming SP. Can we reduce injury risk during the adolescent growth spurt? An iterative sequence of prevention in male academy footballers. Ann Hum Biol 2023; 50:452-460. [PMID: 37823577 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2023.2261854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Background: The adolescent growth spurt is associated with an increased risk of injury in young athletes.Aim: This study aimed to use an interdisciplinary collaboration between technical coaches, sports scientists, and medical staff to mitigate this risk.Subjects and methods: 77 male academy footballers were followed across two seasons. At-risk players were identified using somatic maturity status and growth rate in stature and the lower limbs, using thresholds of 88% to 92.8% of predicted adult stature, ≥7.2 cm/year, and ≥3.6 cm/year, respectively. During the 2019-20 season, players with symptoms of a growth-related injury or two of three risk factors were included in an intervention strategy that included modified training load, football-specific skills, balance, coordination and landing drills, and an individualised strength program.Results: For players with the three risk factors, there was a significant reduction in the incidence (rate ratio [RR] = 0.14 (5.2 per 1000h → 0.8 per 1000h, p = 0.05) and burden (RR = 0.08 (216 per 1000h → 17 per 1000h, p = 0.02) between the seasons. For players with ≤2 risk factors, there were no significant differences in injury risk between the baseline and intervention seasons.Conclusion: Overall, it may be possible to mitigate injury incidence and burden during the adolescent growth spurt in high-risk athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Johnson
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Sports Science and Medicine, AFC Bournemouth Football Club, Bournemouth, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Sean Williams
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ben Bradley
- Sports Science and Medicine, AFC Bournemouth Football Club, Bournemouth, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Sean P Cumming
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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17
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Monasterio X, Gil SM, Bidaurrazaga-Letona I, Lekue JA, Santisteban JM, Diaz-Beitia G, Lee DJ, Zumeta-Olaskoaga L, Martin-Garetxana I, Bikandi E, Larruskain J. The burden of injuries according to maturity status and timing: A two-decade study with 110 growth curves in an elite football academy. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:267-277. [PMID: 34767492 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.2006316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Injuries have a negative impact on the development of football players. Maturation is a potential risk factor for football injuries but available data on this topic provide limited evidence due to methodological shortcomings. The aim of this study was to describe the injury burden of male academy football players according to growth curve-derived maturity status and timing. Injury and growth data were collected from 2000 to 2020. Longitudinal height records for 110 individual players were fitted with the Super-Imposition by Translation and Rotation model to estimate age at peak height velocity (PHV). Players were clustered according to maturity status (pre-, circa-, post-PHV, or adults) and timing (early, on-time, late maturers). Overall and specific injury burdens (days lost/player-season) and rate ratios for comparisons between groups were calculated. Overall injury burden increased with advanced maturity status; pre-PHV players had 3.2-, 3.7-, and 5.5-times lower burden compared with circa-PHV, post-PHV, and adult players, respectively. Growth-related injuries were more burdensome circa-PHV, while muscle and joint/ligament injuries had a higher impact post-PHV and in adults. Further, in the pre-PHV period, late maturers showed lower burden of overall, growth-related, anterior inferior iliac spine osteochondrosis, and knee joint/ligament injuries compared with on-time maturers. In adult players, however, injuries were less burdensome for early maturers than on-time and late maturers. In addition, joint/ligament injuries of adult late maturers were 4.5-times more burdensome than those of early maturers. Therefore, monitoring maturity seems crucial to define each player's maturation profile and facilitate design of targeted injury prevention programmes.Highlights Injury burden is significantly lower in football players at pre-peak height velocity (PHV). Growth-related injuries are most burdensome circa-PHV, while muscle and joint/ligament injuries are more burdensome post-PHV and especially in adults.Before PHV, growth-related and knee joint/ligament injuries have lower burden in players who mature late than those who mature on-time. Adult late maturers have greater burden of overall and joint/ligament injuries than early maturers.Football academies should regularly assess the maturity status and timing of young football players, as the impact of injuries varies with maturation status and timing.Management of the maturity-related injury risk profile, in combination with other relevant factors (training load, neuromuscular and biomechanical factors, physiotherapy, coaching, communication, psychosocial factors …), might help improve the success of player development programmes and protect the health of young football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Monasterio
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Leioa, Spain.,Medical Services, Athletic Club Lezama, Spain
| | - Susana M Gil
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Leioa, Spain
| | - Iraia Bidaurrazaga-Letona
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Leioa, Spain
| | - Jose A Lekue
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Leioa, Spain.,Medical Services, Athletic Club Lezama, Spain
| | - Juan M Santisteban
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Leioa, Spain.,Medical Services, Athletic Club Lezama, Spain
| | - Gontzal Diaz-Beitia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Leioa, Spain.,Medical Services, Athletic Club Lezama, Spain
| | - Dae-Jin Lee
- Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM), Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Imanol Martin-Garetxana
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Leioa, Spain.,Medical Services, Athletic Club Lezama, Spain
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18
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Abbott S, Ibarcena D, Gwinn T, Struzik A, Halaki M, Kaloti G, Salter J, Cobley S. Longitudinal changing relationships between growth tempo and vertical stiffness in movement across maturation. Hum Mov Sci 2023; 87:103039. [PMID: 36446274 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2022.103039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether average growth tempo influenced longitudinal relationships between maturity status and coordination capability using a 15-s hopping task (Aim 1). To investigate how differences in absolute growth tempo were associated with change in coordination capability within and across peak growth (Aim 2). METHODS Participants were N1 = 110 (Aim 1) and N2 = 71 (Aim 2) Australian male competitive swimmers, aged 10-15 years, exposed to repeated-measures tracking (2-years, and 12-months respectively) of maturity status, growth tempo and movement coordination capability. Coordination capability was estimated via vertical stiffness (KV) in a hopping task, reflected by participant mean KV and between-jump coefficient of variation (CV). RESULTS For Aim 1, log-linear mixed model trends identified maturity status and growth tempo were significantly associated with KV mean and KV CV. For a given maturity status, mean KV was 9% lower in the 'High' average growth tempo group than the 'Low' average tempo group. For Aim 2, mixed repeated-measures analyses of variance identified how time points of increased growth tempo were significantly associated with 7-11% reductions in mean KV, with similar mean KV decrements irrespective of growth tempo group. Meanwhile, KVCV only illustrated progressive longitudinal reductions. CONCLUSIONS Within maturational progression, short-term accelerations in growth tempo corresponded with short-term decreases in KV mean, suggesting temporary disruptions to movement coordination capability. Measuring growth tempo and applying hopping tasks in specific movement contexts could help consistently identify disturbances in motor coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Abbott
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2141, Australia
| | - Daniel Ibarcena
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2141, Australia
| | - Tom Gwinn
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2141, Australia
| | - Artur Struzik
- Department of Biomechanics, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mark Halaki
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2141, Australia
| | - Gurleen Kaloti
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2141, Australia
| | - James Salter
- Swimming Australia Ltd, Sunnybank, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen Cobley
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2141, Australia.
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19
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Monasterio X, Gil S, Bidaurrazaga-Letona I, Lekue JA, Diaz-Beitia G, Santisteban JM, Lee DJ, Zumeta-Olaskoaga L, Martin-Garetxana I, Larruskain J. Peak Height Velocity Affects Injury Burden in Circa-PHV Soccer Players. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:292-297. [PMID: 36410710 DOI: 10.1055/a-1983-6762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Growth and maturation are potential risk factors for soccer injuries. This research sought to describe how peak height velocity (PHV) affects overall and specific injury burden in circa- and post-PHV elite academy soccer players. Injuries and growth data collected from 2000 to 2020 were studied retrospectively. Longitudinal height records for 124 players were fitted with the Super-Imposition by Translation and Rotation model to calculate PHV (cm/year) and age at PHV. Players were classified according to PHV percentile (fast:≥75th; average: 25-75th; slow:≤25th) and maturity status (circa- or post-PHV). Overall and specific injury burden (days lost/player-season) and rate ratios for comparisons between groups were calculated based on zero-inflated negative binomial models. Confidence intervals were calculated at the 95% confidence level (CI) and the significance level was set at<0.05. In circa-PHV, players with fast PHV had 2.6 (CI: 1.4-4.8)- and 3.3 (CI:1.3-6.7)-times higher overall burden and 2.9 (CI:1.1-7.1)- and 4.1 (CI: 1.4-15.2)-times higher for growth-related injury burden compared to players with average and slow PHV, respectively. Regular monitoring of growth seems important to detect players at higher risk for being disrupted by growth-related injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susana Gil
- Physiology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | | | - Jose A Lekue
- Medical Services, Athletic Club, Lezama, Spain.,Physiology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Gontzal Diaz-Beitia
- Medical Services, Athletic Club, Lezama, Spain.,Physiology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Juan M Santisteban
- Medical Services, Athletic Club, Lezama, Spain.,Physiology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Dae-Jin Lee
- Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Lore Zumeta-Olaskoaga
- Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Imanol Martin-Garetxana
- Medical Services, Athletic Club, Lezama, Spain.,Physiology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
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20
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Smits A, Annaert P, Cavallaro G, De Cock PAJG, de Wildt SN, Kindblom JM, Lagler FB, Moreno C, Pokorna P, Schreuder MF, Standing JF, Turner MA, Vitiello B, Zhao W, Weingberg AM, Willmann R, van den Anker J, Allegaert K. Current knowledge, challenges and innovations in developmental pharmacology: A combined conect4children Expert Group and European Society for Developmental, Perinatal and Paediatric Pharmacology White Paper. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 88:4965-4984. [PMID: 34180088 PMCID: PMC9787161 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental pharmacology describes the impact of maturation on drug disposition (pharmacokinetics, PK) and drug effects (pharmacodynamics, PD) throughout the paediatric age range. This paper, written by a multidisciplinary group of experts, summarizes current knowledge, and provides suggestions to pharmaceutical companies, regulatory agencies and academicians on how to incorporate the latest knowledge regarding developmental pharmacology and innovative techniques into neonatal and paediatric drug development. Biological aspects of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion throughout development are summarized. Although this area made enormous progress during the last two decades, remaining knowledge gaps were identified. Minimal risk and burden designs allow for optimally informative but minimally invasive PK sampling, while concomitant profiling of drug metabolites may provide additional insight in the unique PK behaviour in children. Furthermore, developmental PD needs to be considered during drug development, which is illustrated by disease- and/or target organ-specific examples. Identifying and testing PD targets and effects in special populations, and application of age- and/or population-specific assessment tools are discussed. Drug development plans also need to incorporate innovative techniques such as preclinical models to study therapeutic strategies, and shift from sequential enrolment of subgroups, to more rational designs. To stimulate appropriate research plans, illustrations of specific PK/PD-related as well as drug safety-related challenges during drug development are provided. The suggestions made in this joint paper of the Innovative Medicines Initiative conect4children Expert group on Developmental Pharmacology and the European Society for Developmental, Perinatal and Paediatric Pharmacology, should facilitate all those involved in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Smits
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Neonatal intensive Care unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giacomo Cavallaro
- Neonatal intensive care unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Grande Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Pieter A J G De Cock
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Pharmacy, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Saskia N de Wildt
- Intensive Care and Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jenny M Kindblom
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Florian B Lagler
- Institute for Inherited Metabolic Diseases and Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Clinical Research Center Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Carmen Moreno
- Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Pokorna
- Intensive Care and Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michiel F Schreuder
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Joseph F Standing
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Mark A Turner
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, UK
| | - Benedetto Vitiello
- Division of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China.,Clinical Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | | | | | - John van den Anker
- Intensive Care and Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Paediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, University Children's Hospital Basel (UKBB), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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21
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Cheng X. EFFECTS OF SPORT ON SKELETAL DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESCENTS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202228062022_0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction Incomplete skeletal development in adolescents and children depends on several factors such as genetic load, diet, and environment. Appropriate physical exercise can improve youth’s physical fitness, but its effect on bone density is still questioned. Objective Verify the influence of appropriate physical activity on adolescents’ bone development. Methods Among 3240 students aged 12 to 16 years from 4 schools, 96 students (52 males) were selected for observation. They were divided into a control and an experimental group, with a sports activity protocol inserted into the latter. Family and student questionnaires, physical examinations, and X-rays were used for data collection. Statistical analysis of factors including sports and development of adolescents’ height quality was extensively documented. Results The skeletal development in adolescents on regular participation in sports is better than that in adolescents not involved in sports. Conclusion Physical exercise can promote skeletal development in adolescents. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the result.
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22
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Kamienski MC. Are You Ready for Some Football? Orthop Nurs 2022; 41:393-396. [PMID: 36413663 DOI: 10.1097/nor.0000000000000895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Football has become the most popular spectator sport in the United States today and attracts millions of players, both professional and amateur. This article discusses the risks of playing football. It is a contact sport and can result in a wide variety of injuries to the players. The rules of the game are based on adult participation; however, 2.8 million children participate in recreational tackle football every year. An understanding of the game and the risks associated with playing football is presented. The risks of the game are discussed with a focus on the prevention of injury. The most common injuries are presented, which include concussion and the major risk of traumatic brain injury. The importance of wearing appropriate protective gear and developing strategies to avoid head and neck injuries is presented. The role of parents and coaches is described, with tips on how to identify injuries and how to prevent them to guarantee the safety of players. Finally, the role of the nurse and other health care providers is discussed. This article presents an overview of the complexity of tackle football and strategies to keep the players safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Kamienski
- Mary C. Kamienski, PhD, APRN, FAEN, FAAN , Professor, Specialty Director FNP in Emergency Care, Rutgers School of Nursing, Montville, NJ
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23
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Tsutsui T, Iizuka S, Sakamaki W, Maemichi T, Torii S. Growth until Peak Height Velocity Occurs Rapidly in Early Maturing Adolescent Boys. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9101570. [PMID: 36291506 PMCID: PMC9600346 DOI: 10.3390/children9101570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The timing and tempo of growth rate varies inter-individually during adolescence and can have an impact on athletic performance. This study aimed to determine the difference in growth rate for each maturity status. We combined data collected both retrospectively and prospectively from 78 adolescent boys aged 12 years old; growth charts were collected from their elementary school records, and the height of each participant was subsequently measured every six months over a period of two years. Take Off Age (TOA), Peak Height Velocity Age (PHVA), and Final Height Age (FHA) were estimated using the AUXAL 3.1 program. Growth Tempo 1 and 2 were calculated by dividing the height increase by the time difference between TOA and PHVA, and FHA, respectively. Our results showed three group differences based on the maturation status of PHVA: Growth Tempo 1 and 2 were both higher in the early than during middle and late maturation. Additionally, entering the height at each event as a covariate, the group differences for Growth Tempo 1 did not change; however, for Growth Tempo 2, group differences were eliminated. Therefore, we conclude that during early maturation, growth from TOA to PHVA occurs rapidly and in a shorter period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Tsutsui
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iizuka
- Japan Institute of Sports Science, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0056, Japan
| | - Wataru Sakamaki
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Maemichi
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
| | - Suguru Torii
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
- Correspondence:
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24
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Ruf L, Altmann S, Kloss C, Härtel S. Soccer coaches vs. sport science and medicine staff: who can more accurately predict the skeletal age of high-level youth soccer players? SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022:1-10. [PMID: 35815378 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2100461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Biological maturity is an important aspect in the context of talent identification and development processes within elite youth soccer players. The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of soccer coaches (SC) as well as sports science and medicine staff (SSMS) to predict the skeletal age of high-level youth soccer players. We also aimed to evaluate the inter-rater reliability of the skeletal age predictions among the SC and SSMS. Skeletal ages were collected for 89 male academy soccer players registered for the U12 to U16 age groups at a professional German Bundesliga club. In addition, 12 SC and five SSMS provided their skeletal age predictions for each player of their respective age group. Standardised mean differences and equivalence testing were performed between actual and predicted skeletal ages. Intra-class correlations (ICC) were calculated to assess the inter-rater reliability. For the SC, differences between predicted and actual skeletal ages were trivial and equivalent to zero for the U12, U14, and entire sample, while for the SSMS, standardised mean differences ranged from trivial to small for all age groups and the entire sample. ICC for skeletal age predictions for the entire sample was good among the SC and excellent among the SSMS, but was somewhat lower when age groups were analysed separately. While, on average, predictions were close to the actual skeletal age, SC were slightly more accurate than the SSMS. However, variability among the SSMS was large on an individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Ruf
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany.,TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, Zuzenhausen, Germany
| | - Stefan Altmann
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany.,Department for Performance Analysis, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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25
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Sharifonnasabi F, Jhanjhi NZ, John J, Obeidy P, Band SS, Alinejad-Rokny H, Baz M. Hybrid HCNN-KNN Model Enhances Age Estimation Accuracy in Orthopantomography. Front Public Health 2022; 10:879418. [PMID: 35712286 PMCID: PMC9197238 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.879418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Age estimation in dental radiographs Orthopantomography (OPG) is a medical imaging technique that physicians and pathologists utilize for disease identification and legal matters. For example, for estimating post-mortem interval, detecting child abuse, drug trafficking, and identifying an unknown body. Recent development in automated image processing models improved the age estimation's limited precision to an approximate range of +/- 1 year. While this estimation is often accepted as accurate measurement, age estimation should be as precise as possible in most serious matters, such as homicide. Current age estimation techniques are highly dependent on manual and time-consuming image processing. Age estimation is often a time-sensitive matter in which the image processing time is vital. Recent development in Machine learning-based data processing methods has decreased the imaging time processing; however, the accuracy of these techniques remains to be further improved. We proposed an ensemble method of image classifiers to enhance the accuracy of age estimation using OPGs from 1 year to a couple of months (1-3-6). This hybrid model is based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) and K nearest neighbors (KNN). The hybrid (HCNN-KNN) model was used to investigate 1,922 panoramic dental radiographs of patients aged 15 to 23. These OPGs were obtained from the various teaching institutes and private dental clinics in Malaysia. To minimize the chance of overfitting in our model, we used the principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm and eliminated the features with high correlation. To further enhance the performance of our hybrid model, we performed systematic image pre-processing. We applied a series of classifications to train our model. We have successfully demonstrated that combining these innovative approaches has improved the classification and segmentation and thus the age-estimation outcome of the model. Our findings suggest that our innovative model, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, successfully estimated the age in classified studies of 1 year old, 6 months, 3 months and 1-month-old cases with accuracies of 99.98, 99.96, 99.87, and 98.78 respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sharifonnasabi
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, School of Computing & IT (SoCIT), Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Noor Zaman Jhanjhi
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, School of Computing & IT (SoCIT), Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Jacob John
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Peyman Obeidy
- Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia
| | - Shahab S Band
- Future Technology Research Centre, College of Future, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Hamid Alinejad-Rokny
- BioMedical Machine Learning Lab (BML), The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,UNSW Data Science Hub, The University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,Health Data Analytics Program, AI-enabled Processes (AIP) Research Centre, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Mohammed Baz
- Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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26
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Injury incidence, severity, and burden in elite youth soccer players – a 3-year prospective study. J Sci Med Sport 2022; 25:737-742. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Johnson DM, Cumming SP, Bradley B, Williams S. The influence of exposure, growth and maturation on injury risk in male academy football players. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1127-1136. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2051380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Johnson
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Academy Sports Science and Medicine Department, AFC Bournemouth, Bournemouth, UK
| | | | - Ben Bradley
- Academy Sports Science and Medicine Department, AFC Bournemouth, Bournemouth, UK
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28
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Nyhus Hagum C, Tønnessen E, A. I. Shalfawi S. Progression in training volume and perceived psychological and physiological training distress in Norwegian student athletes: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263575. [PMID: 35120187 PMCID: PMC8815906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study examined self-reported weekly training volume and perceived training distress in Norwegian student athletes according to gender, type of sport, school program, and school year. The Norwegian version of the Multicomponent Training Distress Scale (MTDS-N) was completed by 608 student athletes (M age = 17.29 ± .94). Univariate and multivariate techniques were used in data analyses. Results revealed significant differences in weekly training volume between sport types. No significant differences in weekly training volume were found for gender, school year, or school program. However, a multivariate effect was found for gender, with females perceiving higher levels of training distress than males. A multivariate interaction effect between school year and training volume was also observed. We recommend that practitioners use a conceptual framework to periodize training and monitor training distress in student athletes, particularly in females, to preserve physiological and psychological well-being and ensure a progressive training overload leading to positive performance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine Nyhus Hagum
- Department of Education and Sports Science, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Espen Tønnessen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shaher A. I. Shalfawi
- Department of Education and Sports Science, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
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29
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McBurnie AJ, Dos'Santos T, Johnson D, Leng E. Training Management of the Elite Adolescent Soccer Player throughout Maturation. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:170. [PMID: 34941808 PMCID: PMC8708071 DOI: 10.3390/sports9120170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Professional soccer clubs invest significantly into the development of their academy prospects with the hopes of producing elite players. Talented youngsters in elite development systems are exposed to high amounts of sports-specific practise with the aims of developing the foundational skills underpinning the capabilities needed to excel in the game. Yet large disparities in maturation status, growth-related issues, and highly-specialised sport practise predisposes these elite youth soccer players to an increased injury risk. However, practitioners may scaffold a performance monitoring and injury surveillance framework over an academy to facilitate data-informed training decisions that may not only mitigate this inherent injury risk, but also enhance athletic performance. Constant communication between members of the multi-disciplinary team enables context to build around an individual's training status and risk profile, and ensures that a progressive, varied, and bespoke training programme is provided at all stages of development to maximise athletic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J McBurnie
- Football Medicine & Sports Science, Manchester United F.C., AON Training Complex, Manchester M31 4BH, UK
- Department of Sport Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - Thomas Dos'Santos
- Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK
- Manchester Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 7EL, UK
| | - David Johnson
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Edward Leng
- Football Medicine & Sports Science, Manchester United F.C., AON Training Complex, Manchester M31 4BH, UK
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30
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Bauer J, Panzer S, Muehlbauer T. Side differences of upper quarter Y balance test performance in sub-elite young male and female handball players with different ages. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:141. [PMID: 34724988 PMCID: PMC8559357 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00364-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Handball is characterised by repetitive passing and shooting actions mainly performed with the throwing arm. This can lead to side differences (inter-limb asymmetry) in upper quarter mobility/stability between the throwing and non-throwing arm, which could even increase with advancing age (i.e., playing experience). However, side differences in upper quarter mobility/stability is associated with an increased musculoskeletal injury risk. Therefore, we assessed side differences in upper quarter mobility/stability in young handball players at different ages using a cross-sectional study design. Methods Upper Quarter Y Balance test performance of the throwing and non-throwing arm was assessed in 190 sub-elite young female and male handball players (13–18 years). Per arm, relative maximal reach distances (% arm length) for all three directions (i.e., medial, inferolateral, superolateral) and the composite score (CS) were calculated and used for an age × side analysis of variance. Additionally, partial eta-squared (ηp2) was calculated as an effect size measure. Results Irrespective of measure, statistically significant main effects of age (except for the composite score) and side but no statistically significant age × side interaction effects were detected. Further, limb asymmetry in the inferolateral reach direction was above the injury-related cut-off value (i.e., ≥ 7.75% arm length) in 13- and 14-year-olds but not in the older players. Conclusion The detection of limb asymmetry above the proposed injury-related cut-off value in younger players (13- and 14-year-olds) but not in older players (15- to 18-year-olds) may be indicative for an increased injury risk for the younger age group. Thus, prevention programs should be implemented in the handball training routine, especially for the younger ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Bauer
- Division of Movement and Training Sciences/Biomechanics of Sport, University of Duisburg-Essen, Gladbecker Str. 182, 45141, Essen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Panzer
- Institute of Sport Science, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Thomas Muehlbauer
- Division of Movement and Training Sciences/Biomechanics of Sport, University of Duisburg-Essen, Gladbecker Str. 182, 45141, Essen, Germany
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31
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Ek A, Kowalski J, Jacobsson J. Training in spikes and number of training hours correlate to injury incidence in youth athletics (track and field): A prospective 52-week study. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 25:122-128. [PMID: 34654650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to describe the annual incidence and types of musculoskeletal injuries, and to examine factors associated with injury risk. DESIGN A 52-week prospective study in Swedish youth athletics aged 12-15 years. METHODS Data on exposure to training and injury were collected from parents/caregivers and youth athletes using a web-survey system. RESULTS A total of 101 (86%) youth athletes participated. Fifty-four (53%) of the athletes reported one new injury. Girls were at higher risk of sustaining an injury than boys (p = 0.048). Ninety-one percent of the new injuries were non-traumatic and 85% occurred in the lower extremities. Injuries to the front thigh represented 20% of the injuries. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses showed a six-fold increased risk for a first injury for athletes reporting use of spikes and training <6 h every two weeks (hazard ratio, 6.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-31.3) compared to athletes training <6 h using no spikes. Athletes training 6 h or more reporting use or no use of spikes had an eight-fold increase injury risk (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Almost half of the youth athletes experienced a new injury and girls had a higher risk compared to boys. Nine out of ten injuries were related to overuse. An interesting observation was the high incidence of injuries to the quadriceps muscle complex. The study identified a correlation with training hours and an interaction with track spikes and risk of injury that needs further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ek
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Jan Kowalski
- Swedish Athletics Association, Sweden; JK Biostatistics AB, Sweden
| | - Jenny Jacobsson
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Sweden; Swedish Athletics Association, Sweden; Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden.
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32
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Mann RH, McKay CD, Clift BC, Williams CA, Barker AR. Injuries and Training Practices in Competitive Adolescent Distance Runners: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:664632. [PMID: 34250468 PMCID: PMC8264289 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.664632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Distance running is one of the most popular sports around the world. The epidemiology of running-related injury (RRI) has been investigated in adults, but few studies have focused on adolescent distance runners. Objectives: (1) To provide descriptive epidemiology of RRI (risks, rates, body regions/areas, and severity) and examine the training practices (frequency, volume, and intensity) of competitive adolescent distance runners (13-18 years) in England, and (2) to describe potential risk factors of RRI. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used. Adolescent distance runners (n = 113) were recruited from England Athletics affiliated clubs. Participants voluntarily completed an online questionnaire between April and December 2018. At the time of completion, responses were based on the participant's previous 12-months of distance running participation. Incidence proportions (IP) and incidence rates (IR) were calculated. Results: The IP for "all RRI" was 68% (95% CI: 60-77), while the IR was 6.3/1,000 participation hours (95% CI: 5.3-7.4). The most commonly injured body areas were the knee, foot/toes, and lower leg; primarily caused by overuse. The number of training sessions per week (i.e., frequency) significantly increased with chronological age, while a large proportion of participants (58%) self-reported a high level of specialisation. Conclusions: RRI is common in competitive adolescent distance runners. These descriptive data provide guidance for the development of RRI prevention measures. However, analytical epidemiology is required to provide better insight into potential RRI risk factors in this specific population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Mann
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Carly D McKay
- Centre for Motivation and Health Behaviour Change, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan C Clift
- Centre for Qualitative Research, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom.,Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Craig A Williams
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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33
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Giudicelli BB, Luz LGO, Sogut M, Sarmento H, Massart AG, Júnior AC, Field A, Figueiredo AJ. Chronological Age, Somatic Maturation and Anthropometric Measures: Association with Physical Performance of Young Male Judo Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126410. [PMID: 34199255 PMCID: PMC8296232 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Sport for children and adolescents must consider growth and maturation to ensure suitable training and competition, and anthropometric variables could be used as bio-banding strategies in youth sport. This investigation aimed to analyze the association between chronological age, biologic maturation, and anthropometric characteristics to explain physical performance of young judo athletes. Sixty-seven judokas (11.0–14.7 years) were assessed for anthropometric and physical performance. Predicted adult stature was used as a somatic maturation indicator. A Pearson’s bivariate correlation was performed to define which anthropometric variables were associated with each physical test. A multiple linear hierarchical regression was conducted to verify the effects of age, maturity, and anthropometry on physical performance. The regression models were built with age, predicted adult stature, and the three most significantly correlated anthropometric variables for each physical test. Older judokas performed better in most of the physical tests. However, maturation attenuated the age effect in most variables and significantly affected upper body and handgrip strength. Anthropometric variables attenuated age and maturity and those associated with body composition significantly affected the performance in most tests, suggesting a potential as bio-banding strategies. Future studies should investigate the role of anthropometric variables on the maturity effect in young judokas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno B. Giudicelli
- Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal; (L.G.O.L.); (H.S.); (A.G.M.); (A.J.F.)
- Kinanthropometry, Physical Activity and Health Promotion Laboratory (LACAPS), Federal University of Alagoas—Campus Arapiraca, Arapiraca 57309-005, Brazil;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-82-98111-0109
| | - Leonardo G. O. Luz
- Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal; (L.G.O.L.); (H.S.); (A.G.M.); (A.J.F.)
- Kinanthropometry, Physical Activity and Health Promotion Laboratory (LACAPS), Federal University of Alagoas—Campus Arapiraca, Arapiraca 57309-005, Brazil;
| | - Mustafa Sogut
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey;
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal; (L.G.O.L.); (H.S.); (A.G.M.); (A.J.F.)
| | - Alain G. Massart
- Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal; (L.G.O.L.); (H.S.); (A.G.M.); (A.J.F.)
| | - Arnaldo C. Júnior
- Kinanthropometry, Physical Activity and Health Promotion Laboratory (LACAPS), Federal University of Alagoas—Campus Arapiraca, Arapiraca 57309-005, Brazil;
| | - Adam Field
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK;
| | - António J. Figueiredo
- Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal; (L.G.O.L.); (H.S.); (A.G.M.); (A.J.F.)
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Materne O, Chamari K, Farooq A, Weir A, Hölmich P, Bahr R, Greig M, McNaughton LR. Association of Skeletal Maturity and Injury Risk in Elite Youth Soccer Players: A 4-Season Prospective Study With Survival Analysis. Orthop J Sports Med 2021; 9:2325967121999113. [PMID: 33869641 PMCID: PMC8020116 DOI: 10.1177/2325967121999113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between injury risk and skeletal maturity in youth soccer has received little attention. PURPOSE To prospectively investigate injury patterns and incidence in relation to skeletal maturity in elite youth academy soccer players and to determine the injury risks associated with the skeletal maturity status, both overall and to the lower limb apophysis. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS All injuries that required medical attention and led to time loss were recorded prospectively during 4 consecutive seasons in 283 unique soccer players from U-13 (12 years of age) to U-19 (18 years). The skeletal age (SA) was assessed in 454 player-seasons using the Fels method, and skeletal maturity status (SA minus chronological age) was classified as follows: late, SA >1 year behind chronological age; normal, SA ±1 year of chronological age; early, SA >1 year ahead of chronological age; and mature, SA = 18 years. An adjusted Cox regression model was used to analyze the injury risk. RESULTS A total of 1565 injuries were recorded; 60% were time-loss injuries, resulting in 17,772 days lost. Adjusted injury-free survival analysis showed a significantly greater hazard ratio (HR) for different status of skeletal maturity: early vs normal (HR = 1.26 [95% CI, 1.11-1.42]; P < .001) and early vs mature (HR = 1.35 [95% CI, 1.17-1.56]; P < .001). Players who were skeletally mature at the wrist had a substantially decreased risk of lower extremity apophyseal injuries (by 45%-61%) compared with late (P < .05), normal (P < .05), and early (P < .001) maturers. CONCLUSION Musculoskeletal injury patterns and injury risks varied depending on the players' skeletal maturity status. Early maturers had the greatest overall adjusted injury risk. Players who were already skeletally mature at the wrist had the lowest risk of lower extremity apophyseal injuries but were still vulnerable for hip and pelvis apophyseal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Materne
- ASPETAR, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Aspire Health Centre, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Rangers Football Club, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Karim Chamari
- ASPETAR, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Adam Weir
- ASPETAR, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Sport Medicine and Exercise, Clinic Haarlem (SBK), Haarlem, the
Netherlands
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre,
Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Per Hölmich
- ASPETAR, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Sports Orthopaedic Research Center, Copenhagen (SORC-C), Copenhagen
University Hospital, Amager-Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Roald Bahr
- ASPETAR, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Sports Medicine, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center,
Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Matt Greig
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Lars R. McNaughton
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
- Department of Sport and Movement Studies, Faculty of Health
Science, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
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Monasterio X, Gil S, Bidaurrazaga-Letona I, Lekue J, Santisteban J, Diaz-Beitia G, Martin-Garetxana I, Bikandi E, Larruskain J. Injuries according to the percentage of adult height in an elite soccer academy. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 24:218-223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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36
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Mann RH, Clarsen BM, McKay CD, Clift BC, Williams CA, Barker AR. Prevalence and burden of health problems in competitive adolescent distance runners: A 6-month prospective cohort study. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1366-1375. [PMID: 33504281 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1874160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To describe all health problems (injuries and illnesses) in relation to type, location, incidence, prevalence, time loss, severity, and burden, in competitive adolescent distance runners in England. Prospective observational study: 136 competitive adolescent distance runners (73 female athletes) self-reported all health problems for 24-weeks between May and October 2019. Athletes self-reported health problems using the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre Questionnaire on Health Problems. The incidence of running-related injury per 1,000 hours of exposure was markedly higher, compared to previous research. At any time, 24% [95% Confidence Intervals (CI): 21-26%] of athletes reported a health problem, with 11% [95% CI: 9-12%] having experienced a health problem that had substantial negative impact on training and performance. Female athletes reported noticeably more illnesses, compared to male athletes, including higher prevalence, incidence, time loss, and severity. The most burdensome health problems, irrespective of sex, included lower leg, knee, and foot/toes injuries, alongside upper respiratory illnesses. The mean weekly prevalence of time loss was relatively low, regardless of health problem type or sex. Competitive adolescent distance runners are likely to be training and competing whilst concurrently experiencing health problems. These findings will support the development of injury and illness prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Mann
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Benjamin M Clarsen
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Carly D McKay
- Centre for Motivation and Health Behaviour Change, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Bryan C Clift
- Department for Health and Centre for Qualitative Research, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Craig A Williams
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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37
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Martínez-Silván D, Wik EH, Alonso JM, Jeanguyot E, Salcinovic B, Johnson A, Cardinale M. Injury characteristics in male youth athletics: a five-season prospective study in a full-time sports academy. Br J Sports Med 2020; 55:954-960. [PMID: 33144348 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the injury characteristics of male youth athletes exposed to year-round athletics programmes. METHODS Injury surveillance data were prospectively collected by medical staff in a cohort of youth athletics athletes participating in a full-time sports academy from 2014-2015 to 2018-2019. Time-loss injuries (>1 day) were recorded following consensus procedures for athletics. Athletes were clustered into five event groups (sprints, jumps, endurance, throws and non-specialised) and the number of completed training and competition sessions (athletics exposures (AE)) were calculated for each athlete per completed season (one athlete season). Injury characteristics were reported overall and by event groups as injury incidence (injuries per 1000 AE) and injury burden (days lost per 1000 AE). RESULTS One-hundred and seventy-eight boys (14.9±1.8 years old) completed 391 athlete seasons, sustaining 290 injuries. The overall incidence was 4.0 injuries per 1000 AE and the overall burden was 79.1 days lost per 1000 AE. The thigh was the most common injury location (19%). Muscle strains (0.7 injuries per 1000 AE) and bone stress injuries (0.5 injuries per 1000 AE) presented the highest incidence and stress fractures the highest burden (17.6 days lost per 1000 AE). The most burdensome injury types by event group were: bone stress injuries for endurance, hamstring strains for sprints, stress fractures for jumps, lesion of meniscus/cartilage for throws and growth plate injuries for non-specialised athletes. CONCLUSION Acute muscle strains, stress fractures and bone stress injuries were identified as the main injury concerns in this cohort of young male athletics athletes. The injury characteristics differed between event groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martínez-Silván
- National Sports Medicine Program, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar .,Aspire Academy Sports Medicine Center, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
| | - Eirik Halvorsen Wik
- Department of Research and Scientific Support, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Juan Manuel Alonso
- Sports Medicine, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Evan Jeanguyot
- Rehabilitation Department, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Benjamin Salcinovic
- Rehabilitation Department, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Amanda Johnson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Marco Cardinale
- Department of Research and Scientific Support, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Computer Science and Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
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38
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Boccia G, Cardinale M, Brustio PR. Performance progression of elite jumpers: Early performances do not predict later success. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 31:132-139. [PMID: 32881090 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed (a) to estimate the transition rate for top 50 ranked track and field jumpers, (b) to compare the performance progression of top 50 ranked senior jumpers (top50 senior) to those who failed to be top 50 ranked in the senior category despite being top 50 ranked in the under 18 category (only U18), and (c) to verify whether relative age effect may at least partially explain the differences in the two above-mentioned subgroups. The career performance trajectories of 5981 athletes (2837 females) competing in jump events from 2000 to 2019 were extracted from the World Athletics database. The all-time top 50 ranked athletes for each age from 16 years to senior category were identified. Performance progression characteristics were compared using linear mixed-effects model. Only 8% of males and 16% of females top 50 ranked at the age of 16 years managed to be included among the top50 senior. Only U18subgroup made the first appearance in the database (at 15-16 years) and reached the peak performance (at 20 years) earlier than top50 senior (17-18 and 26-27 years, respectively). The relative age effect was largely present in Only U18 but not in top50 senior subgroups. Most of the early-successful U18 world-class jumpers did not manage to maintain the same level of competitiveness in adulthood since they experienced a plateau in performance from 20 years of age. Conversely, top 50 ranked senior jumpers continued to produce consistent performance improvement up to 26-27 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Boccia
- NeuroMuscularFunction, Research Group, School of Exercise & Sport Sciences, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Cardinale
- Research and Scientific Support Department, Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,Faculty of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth MARJON University, Plymouth, UK.,Department of Computer Science and Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paolo Riccardo Brustio
- NeuroMuscularFunction, Research Group, School of Exercise & Sport Sciences, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Hill M, Scott S, McGee D, Cumming S. Coaches’ Evaluations of Match Performance in Academy Soccer Players in Relation to the Adolescent Growth Spurt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42978-020-00072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIndividual differences in biological maturation present challenges for coaches involved with youth soccer players. Youth in the same chronological age group vary in terms of stage of maturity (pre, circum- and post-pubescent) and rate of growth, but how this affects coaches’ evaluations of player performance is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare youth soccer coaches’ evaluations of players match performances before, during and post growth spurt in a professional English soccer academy across four seasons. Two hundred and seventy-eight male soccer players in the under-9 to under-16 age-groups had their performances evaluated by their coach on a 4-point Likert scale. For each game, players were categorised by their maturity status estimated using percentage of predicted adult height at the time of observation. A one-way ANCOVA controlling for the level of opposition and game outcome revealed that coaches’ evaluations declined from the pre- to during growth spurt stages, however, this was only significant in the under 12 age-group. Further, coaches’ evaluations increased again in the post-growth spurt stage, although only significant in the under 15 age-group. Coaches evaluations of player performance appear to vary in accordance with stage of maturity and rate of growth. Practitioners in youth soccer should understand the extent to which maturity status may adversely impact performance and consider this when making talent selection decisions.
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