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Romer J, Gutbrod K, Schuppener A, Melzer M, Müller-Schüssele SJ, Meyer AJ, Dörmann P. Tocopherol and phylloquinone biosynthesis in chloroplasts requires the phytol kinase VITAMIN E PATHWAY GENE5 (VTE5) and the farnesol kinase (FOLK). THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1140-1158. [PMID: 38124486 PMCID: PMC10980339 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll degradation causes the release of phytol, which is converted into phytyl diphosphate (phytyl-PP) by phytol kinase (VITAMIN E PATHWAY GENE5 [VTE5]) and phytyl phosphate (phytyl-P) kinase (VTE6). The kinase pathway is important for tocopherol synthesis, as the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) vte5 mutant contains reduced levels of tocopherol. Arabidopsis harbors one paralog of VTE5, farnesol kinase (FOLK) involved in farnesol phosphorylation. Here, we demonstrate that VTE5 and FOLK harbor kinase activities for phytol, geranylgeraniol, and farnesol with different specificities. While the tocopherol content of the folk mutant is unchanged, vte5-2 folk plants completely lack tocopherol. Tocopherol deficiency in vte5-2 plants can be complemented by overexpression of FOLK, indicating that FOLK is an authentic gene of tocopherol synthesis. The vte5-2 folk plants contain only ∼40% of wild-type amounts of phylloquinone, demonstrating that VTE5 and FOLK both contribute in part to phylloquinone synthesis. Tocotrienol and menaquinone-4 were produced in vte5-2 folk plants after supplementation with homogentisate or 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, respectively, indicating that their synthesis is independent of the VTE5/FOLK pathway. These results show that phytyl moieties for tocopherol synthesis are completely but, for phylloquinone production, only partially derived from geranylgeranyl-chlorophyll and phytol phosphorylation by VTE5 and FOLK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Romer
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Gutbrod
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Antonia Schuppener
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Melzer
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Department Physiology and Cell Biology, 06466 Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | | | - Andreas J Meyer
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Qin P, Chen P, Zhou Y, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Xu J, Gan L, Liu Y, Romer J, Dörmann P, Cahoon EB, Zhang C. Vitamin E biofortification: enhancement of seed tocopherol concentrations by altered chlorophyll metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1344095. [PMID: 38469330 PMCID: PMC10925712 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1344095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Homogentisate Phytyltransferase (HPT) catalyzes condensation of homogentisate (HGA) and phytyl diphosphate (PDP) to produce tocopherols, but can also synthesize tocotrienols using geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP) in plants engineered for deregulated HGA synthesis. In contrast to prior tocotrienol biofortification efforts, engineering enhanced tocopherol concentrations in green oilseeds has proven more challenging due to the integral role of chlorophyll metabolism in supplying the PDP substrate. This study show that RNAi suppression of CHLSYN coupled with HPT overexpression increases tocopherol concentrations by >two-fold in Arabidopsis seeds. We obtained additional increases in seed tocopherol concentrations by engineering increased HGA production via overexpression of bacterial TyrA that encodes chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydrogenase activities. In overexpression lines, seed tocopherol concentrations increased nearly three-fold, and resulted in modest tocotrienol accumulation. We further increased total tocochromanol concentrations by enhancing production of HGA and GGDP by overexpression of the gene for hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD). This shifted metabolism towards increased amounts of tocotrienols relative to tocopherols, which was reflected in corresponding increases in ratios of GGDP/PDP in these seeds. Overall, our results provide a theoretical basis for genetic improvement of total tocopherol concentrations in green oilseeds (e.g., rapeseed, soybean) through strategies that include seed-suppression of CHLSYN coupled with increased HGA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Qin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanwei Zhou
- Yichang Academy of Agricultural Science, Ministry of Agriculture and rural areas, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunyun Zhang
- Industrial Crops Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and rural areas, Kunming, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Gan
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Yingnan Liu
- Lincang Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Lincang, Yunnan, China
| | - Jill Romer
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Edgar B. Cahoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Deng M, Chen H, Zhang W, Cahoon EB, Zhou Y, Zhang C. Genetic improvement of tocotrienol content enhances the oxidative stability of canola oil. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1247781. [PMID: 37790787 PMCID: PMC10543761 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1247781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Tocotrienols and tocopherols, which are synthesized in plastids of plant cells with similar functionalities, comprise vitamin E to serve as a potent lipid-soluble antioxidant in plants. The synthesis of tocopherols involves the condensation of homogentisic acid (HGA) and phytyl diphosphate (PDP) under the catalysis of homogentisate phytyltransferase (HPT). Tocotrienol synthesis is initiated by the condensation of HGA and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP) mediated by homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase (HGGT). As one of the most important oil crops, canola seed is regarded as an ideal plant to efficiently improve the production of vitamin E tocochromanols through genetic engineering approaches. However, only a modest increase in tocopherol content has been achieved in canola seed to date. Methods In this study, we transformed barley HGGT (HvHGGT) into canola to improve total tocochromanol content in canola seeds. Results and discussion The results showed that the total tocochromanol content in the transgenic canola seeds could be maximally increased by fourfold relative to that in wild-type canola seeds. Notably, no negative impact on important agronomic traits was observed in transgenic canola plants, indicating great application potential of the HvHGGT gene in enhancing tocochromanol content in canola in the future. Moreover, the oil extracted from the transgenic canola seeds exhibited significantly enhanced oxidative stability under high temperature in addition to the increase in total tocochromanol content, demonstrating multiple desirable properties of HvHGGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Deng
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Edgar B. Cahoon
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Yongming Zhou
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Konda AR, Gelli M, Pedersen C, Cahoon RE, Zhang C, Obata T, Cahoon EB. Vitamin E biofortification: Maximizing oilseed tocotrienol and total vitamin E tocochromanol production by use of metabolic bypass combinations. Metab Eng 2023; 79:66-77. [PMID: 37429412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin E tocochromanols are generated in plants by prenylation of homogentisate using geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP) for tocotrienol biosynthesis and phytyl diphosphate (PDP) for tocopherol biosynthesis. Homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase (HGGT), which uses GGDP for prenylation, is a proven target for oilseed tocochromanol biofortification that effectively bypasses the chlorophyll-linked pathway that limits PDP for vitamin E biosynthesis. In this report, we explored the feasibility of maximizing tocochromanol production in the oilseed crop camelina (Camelina sativa) by combining seed-specific HGGT expression with increased biosynthesis and/or reduced homogentisate catabolism. Plastid-targeted Escherichia coli TyrA-encoded chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydrogenase and Arabidopsis hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) cDNA were co-expressed in seeds to bypass feedback-regulated steps and increase flux into homogentisate biosynthesis. Homogentisate catabolism was also suppressed by seed-specific RNAi of the gene for homogentisate oxygenase (HGO), which initiates homogentisate degradation. In the absence of HGGT expression, tocochromanols were increased by ∼2.5-fold with HPPD/TyrA co-expression, and ∼1.4-fold with HGO suppression compared to levels in non-transformed seeds. No further increase in tocochromanols was observed in HPPD/TyrA lines with the addition of HGO RNAi. HGGT expression alone increased tocochromanol concentrations in seeds by ∼four-fold to ≤1400 μg/g seed weight. When combined with HPPD/TyrA co-expression, we obtained an additional three-fold increase in tocochromanol concentrations indicating that homogentisate concentrations limit HGGT's capacity for maximal tocochromanol production. The addition of HGO RNAi further increased tocochromanol concentrations to 5000 μg/g seed weight, an unprecedented tocochromanol concentration in an engineered oilseed. Metabolomic data obtained from engineered seeds provide insights into phenotypic changes associated with "extreme" tocochromanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anji Reddy Konda
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA; USA
| | - Malleswari Gelli
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Connor Pedersen
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA; USA
| | - Rebecca E Cahoon
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA; USA
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Toshihiro Obata
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA; USA
| | - Edgar B Cahoon
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA; USA.
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Xu K, Liu X, Zhao C, Pan Q, Chen X, Jiang N, Du C, Xu Y, Shao M, Qu B. Nitrogen deposition further increases Ambrosia trifida root exudate invasiveness under global warming. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:759. [PMID: 37249649 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11380-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Invasive plants can change the soil ecological environment in the invasion area to adapt to their growth and reproduction through root exudates. Root exudates are the most direct manifestation of plant responses to external environmental changes, but there is a lack of studies on root exudates of invasive plants in the context of inevitable global warming and nitrogen deposition. In this research, we used widely targeted metabolomics to investigate Ambrosia trifida root exudates during seedling and maturity under warming and nitrogen deposition to reveal the possible mechanisms of A. trifida adaptation to climate change. The results showed that the organic acids increased under warming condition but decreased after nitrogen addition in the seedling stage. Phenolic acids increased greatly after nitrogen addition in the mature stage. Most phenolic acids were annotated in the phenylpropane metabolic pathway and tyrosine metabolism. Therefore, nitrogen deposition may increase the adaptability of A. trifida through root exudates, making it more invasive under global warming. The results provide new ideas for preventing and controlling the invasion of A. trifida under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Biological Invasions and Global Changes, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Biological Invasions and Global Changes, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Changxin Zhao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Biological Invasions and Global Changes, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qingmin Pan
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Biological Invasions and Global Changes, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoxing Chen
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Biological Invasions and Global Changes, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Biological Invasions and Global Changes, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Cuiping Du
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Biological Invasions and Global Changes, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yufeng Xu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Biological Invasions and Global Changes, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Meini Shao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Biological Invasions and Global Changes, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Qu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Biological Invasions and Global Changes, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.
- Liaoning Panjin Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Shenyang, 110866, China.
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Park ME, Choi HA, Kim HU. Physaria fendleri FAD3-1 overexpression increases ɑ-linolenic acid content in Camelina sativa seeds. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7143. [PMID: 37130939 PMCID: PMC10154323 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34364-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Camelina (Camelina sativa) is an oil crop with a short growing period, resistance to drought and cold, low fertilizer requirements, and can be transformed using floral dipping. Seeds have a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially ɑ-linolenic acid (ALA), at 32-38%. ALA is an omega-3 fatty acid that is a substrate for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the human body. In this study, ALA content was further enhanced by the seed-specific expression of Physaria fendleri FAD3-1 (PfFAD3-1) in camelina. The ALA content increased up to 48% in T2 seeds and 50% in T3 seeds. Additionally, size of the seeds increased. The expression of fatty acid metabolism-related genes in PfFAD3-1 OE transgenic lines was different from that in the wild type, where the expression of CsFAD2 decreased and CsFAD3 increased. In summary, we developed a high omega-3 fatty acid-containing camelina with up to 50% ALA content by introducing PfFAD3-1. This line can be used for genetic engineering to obtain EPA and DHA from seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mid-Eum Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-A Choi
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Uk Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea.
- Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea.
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7
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Role of Tocochromanols in Tolerance of Cereals to Biotic Stresses: Specific Focus on Pathogenic and Toxigenic Fungal Species. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169303. [PMID: 36012567 PMCID: PMC9408828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens capable of producing mycotoxins are one of the main threats to the cultivation of cereals and the safety of the harvested kernels. Improving the resistance of crops to fungal disease and accumulation of mycotoxins is therefore a crucial issue. Achieving this goal requires a deep understanding of plant defense mechanisms, most of them involving specialized metabolites. However, while numerous studies have addressed the contribution of phenylpropanoids and carotenoids to plant chemical defense, very few have dealt with tocochromanols. Tocochromanols, which encompass tocopherols and tocotrienols and constitute the vitamin E family, are widely distributed in cereal kernels; their biosynthetic pathway has been extensively studied with the aim to enrich plant oils and combat vitamin E deficiency in humans. Here we provide strong assumptions arguing in favor of an involvement of tocochromanols in plant–fungal pathogen interactions. These assumptions are based on both direct effects resulting from their capacity to scavenge reactive oxygen species, including lipid peroxyl radicals, on their potential to inhibit fungal growth and mycotoxin yield, and on more indirect effects mainly based on their role in plant protection against abiotic stresses.
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Genome-wide association identifies a missing hydrolase for tocopherol synthesis in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2113488119. [PMID: 35639691 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113488119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SignificanceTocopherols (vitamin E) are plant-synthesized, lipid-soluble antioxidants whose dietary intake, primarily from seed oils, is essential for human health. Tocopherols contain a phytol-derived hydrophobic tail whose in vivo source has been elusive. The most significant genome-wide association signal for Arabidopsis seed tocopherols identified an uncharacterized, seed-specific esterase (VTE7) localized to the chloroplast envelope, where tocopherol synthesis occurs. VTE7 disruption and overexpression had large impacts on tissue tocopherol contents with metabolic phenotypes consistent with release of prenyl alcohols, including phytol, during chlorophyll synthesis, rather than from the bulk degradation of thylakoid chlorophylls as has long been assumed. Understanding the source of phytol for tocopherols will enable breeding and engineering plants for vitamin E biofortification and enhanced stress resilience.
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Dou Y, Xia W, Mason AS, Huang D, Sun X, Fan H, Xiao Y. Developing functional markers for vitamin E biosynthesis in oil palm. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259684. [PMID: 34797841 PMCID: PMC8604351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E is essential for human health and plays positive roles in anti-oxidation. Previously, we detected large variation in vitamin E content among 161 oil palm accessions. In this study, twenty oil palm accessions with distinct variation in vitamin E contents (171.30 to 1 258.50 ppm) were selected for genetic variation analysis and developing functional markers associated with vitamin E contents. Thirty-seven homologous genes in oil palm belonging to vitamin E biosynthesis pathway were identified via BLASTP analysis, the lengths of which ranged from 426 to 25 717 bp (average 7 089 bp). Multiplex PCR sequencing for the 37 genes found 1 703 SNPs and 85 indels among the 20 oil palm accessions, with 226 SNPs locating in the coding regions. Clustering analysis for these polymorphic loci showed that the 20 oil palm accessions could be divided into five groups. Among these groups, group I included eight oil palm accessions whose vitamin E content (mean value: 893.50 ppm) was far higher than other groups (mean value 256.29 to 532.94 ppm). Correlation analysis between the markers and vitamin E traits showed that 134 SNP and 7 indel markers were significantly (p < 0.05) related with total vitamin E content. Among these functional markers, the indel EgTMT-1-24 was highly correlated with variation in vitamin E content, especially tocotrienol content. Our study identified a number of candidate function associated markers and provided clues for further research into molecular breeding for high vitamin E content oil palm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Dou
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, P.R. China
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural sciences, Wenchang, Hainan, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xia
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, P.R. China
| | - Annaliese S. Mason
- Plant Breeding Department, The University of Bonn, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Dongyi Huang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, P.R. China
| | - Xiwei Sun
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural sciences, Wenchang, Hainan, P.R. China
| | - Haikuo Fan
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural sciences, Wenchang, Hainan, P.R. China
| | - Yong Xiao
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural sciences, Wenchang, Hainan, P.R. China
- Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan, P.R. China
- * E-mail: ,
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Production of the infant formula ingredient 1,3-olein-2-palmitin in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. Metab Eng 2021; 67:67-74. [PMID: 34091040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In human milk fat, palmitic acid (16:0) is esterified to the middle (sn-2 or β) position on the glycerol backbone and oleic acid (18:1) predominantly to the outer positions, giving the triacylglycerol (TG) a distinctive stereoisomeric structure that is believed to assist nutrient absorption in the infant gut. However, the fat used in most infant formulas is derived from plants, which preferentially esterify 16:0 to the outer positions. We have previously showed that the metabolism of the model oilseed Arabidopsis thaliana can be engineered to incorporate 16:0 into the middle position of TG. However, the fatty acyl composition of Arabidopsis seed TG does not mimic human milk, which is rich in both 16:0 and 18:1 and is defined by the high abundance of the TG molecular species 1,3-olein-2-palmitin (OPO). Here we have constructed an Arabidopsis fatty acid biosynthesis 1-1 fatty acid desaturase 2 fatty acid elongase 1 mutant with around 20% 16:0 and 70% 18:1 in its seeds and we have engineered it to esterify more than 80% of the 16:0 to the middle position of TG, using heterologous expression of the human lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase isoform AGPAT1, combined with suppression of LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACID ACYLTRANSFERASE 2 and PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE:DIACYLGLYCEROL CHOLINEPHOSPHOTRANSFERASE. Our data show that oilseeds can be engineered to produce TG that is rich in OPO, which is a structured fat ingredient used in infant formulas.
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11
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Burgos E, Belen De Luca M, Diouf I, de Haro LA, Albert E, Sauvage C, Tao ZJ, Bermudez L, Asís R, Nesi AN, Matringe M, Bréhélin C, Guiraud T, Ferrand C, Atienza I, Jorly J, Mauxion JP, Baldet P, Fernie AR, Quadrana L, Rothan C, Causse M, Carrari F. Validated MAGIC and GWAS population mapping reveals the link between vitamin E content and natural variation in chorismate metabolism in tomato. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:907-923. [PMID: 33179365 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Tocochromanols constitute the different forms of vitamin E (VTE), essential components of the human diet, and display a high membrane protectant activity. By combining interval mapping and genome-wide association studies (GWAS), we unveiled the genetic determinants of tocochromanol accumulation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits. To enhance the nutritional value of this highly consumed vegetable, we dissected the natural intraspecific variability of tocochromanols in tomato fruits and genetically engineered their biosynthetic pathway. These analyses allowed the identification of a total of 25 quantitative trait loci interspersed across the genome pinpointing the chorismate-tyrosine pathway as a regulatory hub controlling the supply of the aromatic head group for tocochromanol biosynthesis. To validate the link between the chorismate-tyrosine pathway and VTE, we engineered tomato plants to bypass the pathway at the arogenate branch point. Transgenic tomatoes showed moderate increments in tocopherols (up to approximately 20%) and a massive accumulation of tocotrienols (up to approximately 3400%). Gene expression analyses of these plants reveal a trade-off between VTE and natural variation in chorismate metabolism explained by transcriptional reprogramming of specific structural genes of the pathway. By restoring the accumulation of alpha-tocotrienols (α-t3) in fruits, the plants produced here are of high pharmacological and nutritional interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estanislao Burgos
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Maria Belen De Luca
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Isidore Diouf
- INRAE, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, Centre de Recherche PACA, 67 Allée des Chênes, Domaine Saint Maurice CS60094, Montfavet, 84143, France
| | - Luis A de Haro
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Elise Albert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Zhao J Tao
- INRAE, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, Centre de Recherche PACA, 67 Allée des Chênes, Domaine Saint Maurice CS60094, Montfavet, 84143, France
| | - Luisa Bermudez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, PO Box 25, Castelar, B1712WAA, Argentina
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Genética, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ramon Asís
- CIBICI, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, CC, 5000, Argentina
| | - Adriano N Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Michel Matringe
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 CNRS-CEA-INRAE, Université Joseph Fourier, CEA Grenoble, PCV, Grenoble Cedex 9, Grenoble, 38054, France
| | - Claire Bréhélin
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 CNRS-CEA-INRAE, Université Joseph Fourier, CEA Grenoble, PCV, Grenoble Cedex 9, Grenoble, 38054, France
| | - Thomas Guiraud
- Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE, Villenave d'OrnoF-33140, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, UMR 1332, France
| | - Carine Ferrand
- Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE, Villenave d'OrnoF-33140, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, UMR 1332, France
| | - Isabelle Atienza
- Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE, Villenave d'OrnoF-33140, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, UMR 1332, France
| | - Joana Jorly
- Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE, Villenave d'OrnoF-33140, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, UMR 1332, France
| | - Jean P Mauxion
- Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE, Villenave d'OrnoF-33140, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, UMR 1332, France
| | - Pierre Baldet
- Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE, Villenave d'OrnoF-33140, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, UMR 1332, France
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Max-Planck, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Leandro Quadrana
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Christophe Rothan
- Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE, Villenave d'OrnoF-33140, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, UMR 1332, France
| | - Mathilde Causse
- INRAE, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, Centre de Recherche PACA, 67 Allée des Chênes, Domaine Saint Maurice CS60094, Montfavet, 84143, France
| | - Fernando Carrari
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, C1428EHA, Argentina
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Genética, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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12
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Mahalingam R, Sallam AH, Steffenson BJ, Fiedler JD, Walling JG. Genome-wide association analysis of natural variation in seed tocochromanols of barley. THE PLANT GENOME 2020; 13:e20039. [PMID: 33217201 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tocochromanols (tocols for short), commonly called Vitamin E, are lipid-soluble plant antioxidants vital for regulating lipid peroxidation in chloroplasts and seeds. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seeds contain all eight different isoforms of tocols; however, the extent of natural variation in their composition and their underlying genetic basis is not known. Tocol levels in barley seeds were quantified in diverse H. vulgare panels comprising 297 wild lines from a diversity panel and 160 cultivated spring-type accessions from the mini-core panel representing the genetic diversity of the USDA barley germplasm collection. Significant differences were observed in the concentration of tocols between the two panels. To identify the genes associated with tocols, genome-wide association analysis was conducted with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from Illumina arrays for the mini-core panel and genotyping-by-sequencing for the wild barley panel. Forty unique SNPs in the wild barley and 27 SNPs in the mini-core panel were significantly associated with various tocols. Marker-trait associations (MTAs) were identified on chromosomes 1, 6, and 7 for key genes in the tocol biosynthesis pathway, which have also been reported in other studies. Several novel MTAs were identified on chromosomes 2, 3, 4 and 5 and were found to be in proximity to genes involved in the generation of precursor metabolites required for tocol biosynthesis. This study provides a valuable resource for barley breeding programs targeting specific isoforms of seed tocols and for investigating the physiological roles of these metabolites in seed longevity, dormancy, and germination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad H Sallam
- Department of Plant Pathology, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Brian J Steffenson
- Department of Plant Pathology, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Jason D Fiedler
- USDA-ARS, Cereal Crops Research Unit, 1616 Albrecht Blvd, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Jason G Walling
- USDA-ARS, Cereal Crops Research Unit, 502 Walnut Street, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
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13
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Fermentative production of Vitamin E tocotrienols in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under cold-shock-triggered temperature control. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5155. [PMID: 33056995 PMCID: PMC7560618 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18958-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The diverse physiological functions of tocotrienols have listed them as valuable supplementations to α-tocopherol-dominated Vitamin E products. To make tocotrienols more readily available, tocotrienols-producing S. cerevisiae has been constructed by combining the heterologous genes from photosynthetic organisms with the endogenous shikimate pathway and mevalonate pathway. After identification and elimination of metabolic bottlenecks and enhancement of precursors supply, the engineered yeast can produce tocotrienols at yield of up to 7.6 mg/g dry cell weight (DCW). In particular, proper truncation of the N-terminal transit peptide from the plant-sourced enzymes is crucial. To further solve the conflict between cell growth and tocotrienols accumulation so as to enable high-density fermentation, a cold-shock-triggered temperature control system is designed for efficient control of two-stage fermentation, leading to production of 320 mg/L tocotrienols. The success in high-density fermentation of tocotrienols by engineered yeast sheds light on the potential of fermentative production of vitamin E tocochromanols. Tocotrienols are valuable supplementations to α-tocopherol-dominated Vitamin E products. Here, the authors engineer baker’s yeast by combining the heterologous genes from photosynthetic organisms with the endogenous pathway for the production of tocotrienols under cold-shock-triggered temperature control.
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14
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Xu JJ, Fang X, Li CY, Yang L, Chen XY. General and specialized tyrosine metabolism pathways in plants. ABIOTECH 2020; 1:97-105. [PMID: 36304719 PMCID: PMC9590561 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-019-00006-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The tyrosine metabolism pathway serves as a starting point for the production of a variety of structurally diverse natural compounds in plants, such as tocopherols, plastoquinone, ubiquinone, betalains, salidroside, benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, and so on. Among these, tyrosine-derived metabolites, tocopherols, plastoquinone, and ubiquinone are essential to plant survival. In addition, this pathway provides us essential micronutrients (e.g., vitamin E and ubiquinone) and medicine (e.g., morphine, salidroside, and salvianolic acid B). However, our knowledge of the plant tyrosine metabolism pathway remains rudimentary, and genes encoding the pathway enzymes have not been fully defined. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent advances in the tyrosine metabolism pathway, key enzymes, and important tyrosine-derived metabolites in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen-Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ya Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
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15
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Luo T, Xia W, Gong S, Mason AS, Li Z, Liu R, Dou Y, Tang W, Fan H, Zhang C, Xiao Y. Identifying Vitamin E Biosynthesis Genes in Elaeis guineensis by Genome-Wide Association Study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:678-685. [PMID: 31858793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Elaeis guineensis is a tropical oil crop and has the highest oil yield per unit area. Palm oil has high palmitic acid content and is also rich in vitamins, including vitamin E. We conducted genome-wide association studies in a diversity panel of 161 E. guineensis accessions to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) linked with vitamin E and validated candidate genes in these marker-associated intervals. Based on the SNPs reported in our previous research, 47 SNP markers were detected to be significantly associated with the variation of tocopherol and tocotrienol content at a cutoff P value of 6.3 × 10-7. A total of 656 candidate genes in the flanking regions of the 47 SNPs were identified, followed by pathway enrichment analysis. Of these candidate genes, EgHGGT (homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase) involved in the biosynthesis of tocotrienols had a higher expression level in the mesocarp compared to other tissues. Expression of the EgHGGT gene was positively correlated with the variation in α-tocotrienol content. Induced overexpression of the gene in Arabidopsis caused a significant increase in vitamin E content and production of α-tocotrienols compared to wild Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Luo
- National Research Center of Rapeseed Engineering and Technology, College of Plant Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Wei Xia
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops , Hainan University , Haikou 570228 , P.R China
| | - Shufang Gong
- Coconut Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Wenchang 571339 , P.R. China
| | - Annaliese S Mason
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 , Giessen 35392i , Germany
| | - Zhiying Li
- Coconut Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Wenchang 571339 , P.R. China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafe Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Region , Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Haikou 571101 , China
| | - Rui Liu
- Coconut Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Wenchang 571339 , P.R. China
| | - Yajing Dou
- Coconut Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Wenchang 571339 , P.R. China
| | - Wenqi Tang
- Coconut Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Wenchang 571339 , P.R. China
| | - Haikuo Fan
- Coconut Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Wenchang 571339 , P.R. China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- National Research Center of Rapeseed Engineering and Technology, College of Plant Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Yong Xiao
- Coconut Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Wenchang 571339 , P.R. China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafe Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Region , Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Haikou 571101 , China
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16
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Konda AR, Nazarenus TJ, Nguyen H, Yang J, Gelli M, Swenson S, Shipp JM, Schmidt MA, Cahoon RE, Ciftci ON, Zhang C, Clemente TE, Cahoon EB. Metabolic engineering of soybean seeds for enhanced vitamin E tocochromanol content and effects on oil antioxidant properties in polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich germplasm. Metab Eng 2020; 57:63-73. [PMID: 31654815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Soybean seeds produce oil enriched in oxidatively unstable polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and are also a potential biotechnological platform for synthesis of oils with nutritional omega-3 PUFAs. In this study, we engineered soybeans for seed-specific expression of a barley homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase (HGGT) transgene alone and with a soybean γ-tocopherol methyltransferase (γ-TMT) transgene. Seeds for HGGT-expressing lines had 8- to 10-fold increases in total vitamin E tocochromanols, principally as tocotrienols, with little effect on seed oil or protein concentrations. Tocochromanols were primarily in δ- and γ-forms, which were shifted largely to α- and β-tocochromanols with γ-TMT co-expression. We tested whether oxidative stability of conventional or PUFA-enhanced soybean oil could be improved by metabolic engineering for increased vitamin E antioxidants. Selected lines were crossed with a stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4Δ6,9,12,15)-producing line, resulting in progeny with oil enriched in SDA and α- or γ-linoleic acid (ALA, 18:3Δ9,12,15 or GLA, 18:3Δ6,9,12), from transgene segregation. Oil extracted from HGGT-expressing lines had ≥6-fold increase in free radical scavenging activity compared to controls. However, the oxidative stability index of oil from vitamin E-enhanced lines was ~15% lower than that of oil from non-engineered seeds and nearly the same or modestly increased in oil from the GLA, ALA and SDA backgrounds relative to controls. These findings show that soybean is an effective platform for producing high levels of free-radical scavenging vitamin E antioxidants, but this trait may have negative effects on oxidative stability of conventional oil or only modest improvement of the oxidative stability of PUFA-enhanced oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anji Reddy Konda
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Tara J Nazarenus
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Hanh Nguyen
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA; Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Junsi Yang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Malleswari Gelli
- Systems and Innovations for Breeding and Seed Products, Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Samantha Swenson
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Jamie M Shipp
- USDA-ARS Plant Genetics Research Unit, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, Missouri, 63132, USA
| | - Monica A Schmidt
- USDA-ARS Plant Genetics Research Unit, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, Missouri, 63132, USA
| | - Rebecca E Cahoon
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Ozan N Ciftci
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tom Elmo Clemente
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA; Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Edgar B Cahoon
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
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17
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Muñoz P, Munné-Bosch S. Vitamin E in Plants: Biosynthesis, Transport, and Function. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:1040-1051. [PMID: 31606282 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin E, which includes both tocopherols and tocotrienols, comprises lipid-soluble antioxidants that modulate lipid peroxidation. Recently, significant advances have been made in our understanding of vitamin E biosynthesis, transport, and function. The phytyl moiety from chlorophyll degradation is used for tocopherol biosynthesis. An α-tocopherol-binding protein (TBP) has been identified in tomato (SlTBP) serving in intraorganellar vitamin E transport in plants. Moreover, α-tocopherol not only scavenges free radicals through flip-flop movements in the lipid bilayer, but may also contribute to fine-tuning the transmission of specific signals outside chloroplasts. Vitamin E, and α-tocopherol in particular, appear to be essential for plant development and help to provide the most suitable response to a number of environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Muñoz
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Faculty of Biology, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Faculty of Biology, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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18
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Zhang L, Luo Y, Liu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, Chen R, Wang L. Overexpression of the maize γ-tocopherol methyltransferase gene (ZmTMT) increases α-tocopherol content in transgenic Arabidopsis and maize seeds. Transgenic Res 2019; 29:95-104. [PMID: 31673914 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-019-00180-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin E family includes tocopherols and tocotrienols, which are essential lipid-soluble antioxidants necessary for human and livestock health. The seeds of many plant species, including maize, have high gamma (γ)-tocopherol but low alpha (α)-tocopherol contents; however, α-tocopherol is the most effective antioxidant. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the tocopherol composition in plants. α-Tocopherol is synthesized from γ-tocopherol by γ-tocopherol methyltransferase (γ-TMT, VTE4) in the final step of the tocopherol biosynthetic pathway. In the present study, the full-length coding sequence (CDS) of γ-TMT was isolated from Zea mays, named ZmTMT. The ZmTMT CDS was 1059 bp in size, encoding 352 amino acids. Recombinant ZmTMT was expressed in Escherichia coli and the purified protein effectively converted γ-tocopherol into α-tocopherol in vitro. A comparison of enzyme activities showed that the activity of ZmTMT was higher than that of GmTMT2a (Glycine max) and AtTMT (Arabidopsis thaliana). Overexpression of ZmTMT increased the α-tocopherol content 4-5-fold in transgenic Arabidopsis and around 6.5-fold in transgenic maize kernels, and increased the α-/γ-tocopherol ratio to approximately 15 and 17, respectively. These results show that it is feasible to overexpress ZmTMT to optimize the tocopherol composition in maize; such a corn product might be useful in the feed industry in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhang
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanzhong Luo
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bin Liu
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Rumei Chen
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lei Wang
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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19
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Munir N, Cheng C, Xia C, Xu X, Nawaz MA, Iftikhar J, Chen Y, Lin Y, Lai Z. RNA-Seq analysis reveals an essential role of tyrosine metabolism pathway in response to root-rot infection in Gerbera hybrida. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223519. [PMID: 31644543 PMCID: PMC6808435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gerbera hybrida is one of the top five cut flowers across the world, it is host for the root rot causing parasite called Phytophthora cryptogea. In this study, plantlets of healthy and root-rot pathogen-infected G. hybrida were used as plant materials for transcriptome analyis using high-throughput Illumina sequencing technique. A total 108,135 unigenes were generated with an average length of 727 nt and N50 equal to 1274 nt out of which 611 genes were identified as DEGs by DESeq analyses. Among DEGs, 228 genes were up-regulated and 383 were down-regulated. Through this annotated data and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG), molecular interaction network, transcripts accompanying with tyrosine metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, and plant hormone signal transduction pathways were thoroughly observed considering expression pattern. The involvement of DEGs in tyrosine metabolism pathway was validated by real-time qPCR. We found that genes related with tyrosine metabolism were activated and up-regulated against stress response. The expression of GhTAT, GhAAT, GhHPD, GhHGD and GhFAH genes was significantly increased in the leaves and petioles at four and six dpi (days post inoculation) as compared with control. The study predicts the gene sequences responsible for the tyrosine metabolism pathway and its responses against root-rot resistance in gerbera plant. In future, identification of such genes is necessary for the better understanding of rot resistance mechanism and to develop a root rot resistance strategy for ornamental plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigarish Munir
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chunzhen Cheng
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chaoshui Xia
- Sanming Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanming, Fujian, China
| | - Xuming Xu
- Sanming Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanming, Fujian, China
| | - Muhammad Azher Nawaz
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Junaid Iftikhar
- Fujian Provincial Key Labortary of Plant Functional Biology, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yukun Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuling Lin
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhongxiong Lai
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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20
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Abstract
Human milk fat substitute (HMFS) is a class of structured lipid that is widely used as an ingredient in infant formulas. Like human milk fat, HMFS is characterized by enrichment of palmitoyl (C16:0) groups specifically at the middle (sn-2 or β) position on the glycerol backbone, and there is evidence that triacylglycerol (TAG) with this unusual stereoisomeric structure provides nutritional benefits. HMFS is currently made by in vitro enzyme-based catalysis because there is no appropriate biological alternative to human milk fat. Most of the fat currently used in infant formulas is obtained from plants, which exclude C16:0 from the middle position. In this study, we have modified the metabolic pathway for TAG biosynthesis in the model oilseed Arabidopsis thaliana to increase the percentage of C16:0 at the middle (vs. outer) positions by more than 20-fold (i.e., from ∼3% in wild type to >70% in our final iteration). This level of C16:0 enrichment is comparable to human milk fat. We achieved this by relocating the C16:0-specific chloroplast isoform of the enzyme lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAT) to the endoplasmic reticulum so that it functions within the cytosolic glycerolipid biosynthetic pathway to esterify C16:0 to the middle position. We then suppressed endogenous LPAT activity to relieve competition and knocked out phosphatidylcholine:diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase activity to promote the flux of newly made diacylglycerol directly into TAG. Applying this technology to oilseed crops might provide a source of HMFS for infant formula.
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21
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Georgiadou EC, Koubouris G, Goulas V, Sergentani C, Nikoloudakis N, Manganaris GA, Kalaitzis P, Fotopoulos V. Genotype-dependent regulation of vitamin E biosynthesis in olive fruits as revealed through metabolic and transcriptional profiles. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:604-614. [PMID: 30556243 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin E is a general term used to describe a group of eight lipophilic compounds known as tocochromanols. These vitamin E variants are chemically categorised into two classes formed by α-, β-, γ- and δ- tocopherols and tocotrienols isoforms, respectively. The present study describes the concurrent regulation of genes and metabolites orchestrating vitamin E biosynthesis in olive drupes of five distinctive Greek olive cultivars. A combination of analytical, biochemical and molecular approaches was employed in order to carry out comparative analyses, including real-time RT-qPCR for gene expression levels and HPLC analysis of metabolite content. Findings indicated that tocochromanol levels and composition, oil content, gene expression levels as well as total antioxidant activity were highly dependent on cultivar and, to a lesser extent, on fruit developmental stage. Specifically, cultivars 'Kalokairida' and 'Lianolia Kerkyras' demonstrated the highest vitamin E content. The latter possessed high tocochromanol content combined with highest overall antioxidant activity in all developmental stages, concomitant with the up-regulation expression profile of HPPD. The genotypic imprint versus the temporal contribution to vitamin E levels, as well as the potential link to lipid peroxidation amelioration, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Georgiadou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - G Koubouris
- ELGO DEMETER, NAGREF - Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Plants & Viticulture, Chania, Greece
| | - V Goulas
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - C Sergentani
- ELGO DEMETER, NAGREF - Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Plants & Viticulture, Chania, Greece
| | - N Nikoloudakis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - G A Manganaris
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - P Kalaitzis
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (MAICh), Chania, Greece
| | - V Fotopoulos
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
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Abstract
Phytol, the prenyl side chain of chlorophyll, is derived from geranylgeraniol by reduction of three double bonds. Recent results demonstrated that the conversion of geranylgeraniol to phytol is linked to chlorophyll synthesis, which is catalyzed by protein complexes associated with the thylakoid membranes. One of these complexes contains light harvesting chlorophyll binding like proteins (LIL3), enzymes of chlorophyll synthesis (protoporphyrinogen oxidoreductase, POR; chlorophyll synthase, CHLG) and geranylgeranyl reductase (GGR). Phytol is not only employed for the synthesis of chlorophyll, but also for tocopherol (vitamin E), phylloquinol (vitamin K) and fatty acid phytyl ester production. Previously, it was believed that phytol is derived from reduction of geranylgeranyl-diphosphate originating from the 4-methylerythritol-5-phosphate (MEP) pathway. The identification and characterization of two kinases, VTE5 and VTE6, involved in phytol and phytyl-phosphate phosphorylation, respectively, indicated that most phytol employed for tocopherol synthesis is derived from reduction of geranylgeranylated chlorophyll to (phytol-) chlorophyll. After hydrolysis from chlorophyll, free phytol is phosphorylated by the two kinases, and phytyl-diphosphate employed for the synthesis of tocopherol and phylloquinol. The reason why some chloroplast lipids, i.e. chlorophyll, tocopherol and phylloquinol, are derived from phytol, while others, i.e. carotenoids and tocotrienols (in some plant species) are synthesized from geranylgeraniol, remains unclear.
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Siles L, Alegre L, González-Solís A, Cahoon EB, Munné-Bosch S. Transcriptional Regulation of Vitamin E Biosynthesis during Germination of Dwarf Fan Palm Seeds. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:2490-2501. [PMID: 30137562 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin E, a potent antioxidant either presents in the form of tocopherols and/or tocotrienols depending on the plant species, tissue and developmental stage, plays a major role in protecting lipids from oxidation in seeds. Unlike tocopherols, which have a more universal distribution, the occurrence of tocotrienols is limited primarily to monocot seeds. Dwarf fan palm (Chamaerops humilis var. humilis) seeds accumulate tocotrienols in quiescent and dormant seeds, while tocopherols are de novo synthesized during germination. Here, we aimed to elucidate whether tocopherol biosynthesis is regulated at the transcriptional level during germination in this species. We identified and quantified the expression levels of five genes involved in vitamin E biosynthesis, including TYROSINE AMINOTRANSFERASE (ChTAT), HOMOGENTISATE PHYTYLTRANSFERASE (ChHPT), HOMOGENTISATE GERANYLGERANYL TRANSFERASE (ChHGGT), TOCOPHEROL CYCLASE (ChTC) and TOCOPHEROL γ-METHYLTRANSFERASE (Chγ-TMT). Furthermore, we evaluated to what extent variations in the endogenous contents of hormones and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) correlated with transcriptional regulation. Results showed an increase of ChTAT and ChHPT levels during seed germination, which correlated with an increase of jasmonic acid (JA), gibberellin4 (GA4), and H2O2 contents, while ChHGGT and Chγ-TMT expression levels decreased, thus clearly indicating vitamin E biosynthesis is diverted to tocopherols rather than to tocotrienols. Exogenous application of jasmonic acid increased tocopherol, but not tocotrienol content, thus confirming its regulatory role in vitamin E biosynthesis during seed germination. It is concluded that the biosynthesis of vitamin E is regulated at the transcriptional level during germination in dwarf fan palm seeds, with ChHPT playing a key role in the diversion of the vitamin E pathway towards tocopherols instead of tocotrienols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Siles
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leonor Alegre
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna González-Solís
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Edgar B Cahoon
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Damiano S, Navas L, Lombari P, Montagnaro S, Forte IM, Giordano A, Florio S, Ciarcia R. Effects of δ‐tocotrienol on ochratoxin A—induced nephrotoxicity in rats. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:8731-8739. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Damiano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ProductionsUniversity of Naples “Federico II”NaplesItaly
| | - Luigi Navas
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ProductionsUniversity of Naples “Federico II”NaplesItaly
| | - Patrizia Lombari
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory ScienceUniversity of Campania Luigi VanvitelliNaplesItaly
| | - Serena Montagnaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ProductionsUniversity of Naples “Federico II”NaplesItaly
| | - Iris M. Forte
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM)Istituto Nazionale Tumori—IRCCS“Fondazione G. Pascale”NapoliItalia
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of MedicineSurgery and NeuroscienceUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular MedicineCenter of BiotechnologyCollege of Science and TechnologyTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Salvatore Florio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ProductionsUniversity of Naples “Federico II”NaplesItaly
| | - Roberto Ciarcia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ProductionsUniversity of Naples “Federico II”NaplesItaly
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25
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Schenck CA, Maeda HA. Tyrosine biosynthesis, metabolism, and catabolism in plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 149:82-102. [PMID: 29477627 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
L-Tyrosine (Tyr) is an aromatic amino acid (AAA) required for protein synthesis in all organisms, but synthesized de novo only in plants and microorganisms. In plants, Tyr also serves as a precursor of numerous specialized metabolites that have diverse physiological roles as electron carriers, antioxidants, attractants, and defense compounds. Some of these Tyr-derived plant natural products are also used in human medicine and nutrition (e.g. morphine and vitamin E). While the Tyr biosynthesis and catabolic pathways have been extensively studied in microbes and animals, respectively, those of plants have received much less attention until recently. Accumulating evidence suggest that the Tyr biosynthetic pathways differ between microbes and plants and even within the plant kingdom, likely to support the production of lineage-specific plant specialized metabolites derived from Tyr. The interspecies variations of plant Tyr pathway enzymes can now be used to enhance the production of Tyr and Tyr-derived compounds in plants and other synthetic biology platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Schenck
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Hiroshi A Maeda
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Pellaud S, Bory A, Chabert V, Romanens J, Chaisse-Leal L, Doan AV, Frey L, Gust A, Fromm KM, Mène-Saffrané L. WRINKLED1 and ACYL-COA:DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE1 regulate tocochromanol metabolism in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:245-260. [PMID: 29105089 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms such as plants, algae and some cyanobacteria synthesize tocochromanols, a group of compounds that encompasses tocopherols and tocotrienols and that exhibits vitamin E activity in animals. While most vitamin E biosynthetic genes have been identified in plant genomes, regulatory genes controlling tocopherol accumulation are currently unknown. We isolated by forward genetics Arabidopsis enhanced vitamin E (eve) mutants that overaccumulate the classic tocopherols and plastochromanol-8, and a tocochromanol unknown in this species. We mapped eve1 and eve4, and identified the unknown Arabidopsis tocochromanol by using a combination of analytical tools. In addition, we determined its biosynthetic pathway with a series of tocochromanol biosynthetic mutants and transgenic lines. eve1 and eve4 are two seed lipid mutants affecting the WRINKLED1 (WRI1) and ACYL-COA:DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE1 (DGAT1) genes, respectively. The unknown tocochromanol is 11'-12' γ-tocomonoenol, whose biosynthesis is VITAMIN E 1 (VTE1) - and VTE2-dependent and is initiated by the condensation of homogentisate (HGA) and tetrahydrogeranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. This study identifies the first two regulatory genes, WRI1 and DGAT1, that control the synthesis of all tocochromanol forms in seeds, and shows the existence of a metabolic trade-off between lipid and tocochromanol metabolisms. Moreover, it shows that Arabidopsis possesses a tocomonoenol biosynthetic pathway that competes with tocopherol synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Pellaud
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musée 10, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Bory
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musée 10, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Chabert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musée, 9, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Joëlle Romanens
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musée 10, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Laurie Chaisse-Leal
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musée 10, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Anh Vu Doan
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musée 10, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Frey
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musée 10, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Gust
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, ZMBP - Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katharina M Fromm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musée, 9, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Mène-Saffrané
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musée 10, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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27
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Mène-Saffrané L. Vitamin E Biosynthesis and Its Regulation in Plants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 7:E2. [PMID: 29295607 PMCID: PMC5789312 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E is one of the 13 vitamins that are essential to animals that do not produce them. To date, six natural organic compounds belonging to the chemical family of tocochromanols-four tocopherols and two tocotrienols-have been demonstrated as exhibiting vitamin E activity in animals. Edible plant-derived products, notably seed oils, are the main sources of vitamin E in the human diet. Although this vitamin is readily available, independent nutritional surveys have shown that human populations do not consume enough vitamin E, and suffer from mild to severe deficiency. Tocochromanols are mostly produced by plants, algae, and some cyanobacteria. Tocochromanol metabolism has been mainly studied in higher plants that produce tocopherols, tocotrienols, plastochromanol-8, and tocomonoenols. In contrast to the tocochromanol biosynthetic pathways that are well characterized, our understanding of the physiological and molecular mechanisms regulating tocochromanol biosynthesis is in its infancy. Although it is known that tocochromanol biosynthesis is strongly conditioned by the availability in homogentisate and polyprenyl pyrophosphate, its polar and lipophilic biosynthetic precursors, respectively, the mechanisms regulating their biosyntheses are barely known. This review summarizes our current knowledge of tocochromanol biosynthesis in plants, and highlights future challenges regarding the understanding of its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Mène-Saffrané
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée, 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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28
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Martin C, Li J. Medicine is not health care, food is health care: plant metabolic engineering, diet and human health. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:699-719. [PMID: 28796289 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Contents 699 I. 699 II. 700 III. 700 IV. 706 V. 707 VI. 714 714 References 714 SUMMARY: Plants make substantial contributions to our health through our diets, providing macronutrients for energy and growth as well as essential vitamins and phytonutrients that protect us from chronic diseases. Imbalances in our food can lead to deficiency diseases or obesity and associated metabolic disorders, increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Nutritional security is now a global challenge which can be addressed, at least in part, through plant metabolic engineering for nutritional improvement of foods that are accessible to and eaten by many. We review the progress that has been made in nutritional enhancement of foods, both improvements through breeding and through biotechnology and the engineering principles on which increased phytonutrient levels are based. We also consider the evidence, where available, that such foods do enhance health and protect against chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathie Martin
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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29
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Mène-Saffrané L, Pellaud S. Current strategies for vitamin E biofortification of crops. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 44:189-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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BABURA SR, ABDULLAH SNA, KHAZA′AI H. Advances in Genetic Improvement for Tocotrienol Production: A Review. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2017; 63:215-221. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.63.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman Rufai BABURA
- Department of Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia
- Department of Plant Biology, Bayero University Kano
| | - Siti Nor Akmar ABDULLAH
- Department of Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia
- Laboratory of Plantation Science and Technology, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia
| | - Huzwah KHAZA′AI
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia
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31
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Georgiadou EC, Goulas V, Ntourou T, Manganaris GA, Kalaitzis P, Fotopoulos V. Regulation of On-Tree Vitamin E Biosynthesis in Olive Fruit during Successive Growing Years: The Impact of Fruit Development and Environmental Cues. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1656. [PMID: 27899927 PMCID: PMC5111394 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The term vitamin E refers to a group of eight lipophilic compounds known as tocochromanols. The tocochromanols are divided into two groups, that is, tocopherols and tocotrienols, with four forms each, namely α-, β-, γ-, and δ-. In order to explore the temporal biosynthesis of tocochromanols in olive (Olea europaea cv. 'Koroneiki') fruit during on-tree development and ripening over successive growing years, a combined array of analytical, molecular, bioinformatic, immunoblotting, and antioxidant techniques were employed. Fruits were harvested at eight successive developmental stages [10-30 weeks after flowering (WAF)], over three consecutive years. Intriguingly, climatic conditions affected relative transcription levels of vitamin E biosynthetic enzymes; a general suppression to induction pattern (excluding VTE5) was monitored moving from the 1st to the 3rd growing year, probably correlated to decreasing rainfall levels and higher temperature, particularly at the fruit ripening stage. A gradual diminution of VTE5 protein content was detected during the fruit development of each year, with a marked decrease occurring after 16 WAF. Alpha-tocopherol was the most abundant metabolite with an average percentage of 96.82 ± 0.23%, 91.13 ± 0.95%, and 88.53 ± 0.96% (during the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd year, respectively) of total vitamin E content in 10-30 WAF. The concentrations of α-tocopherol revealed a generally declining pattern, both during the on-tree ripening of the olive fruit and across the 3 years, accompanied by a parallel decline of the total antioxidant capacity of the drupe. Contrarily, all other tocochromanols demonstrated an inverse pattern with lowest levels being recorded during the 1st year. It is likely that, in a defense attempt against water deficit conditions and increased air temperature, transcription of genes involved in vitamin E biosynthesis (excluding VTE5) is up-regulated in olive fruit, probably leading to the blocking/deactivating of the pathway through a negative feedback regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egli C. Georgiadou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of TechnologyLemesos, Cyprus
| | - Vlasios Goulas
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of TechnologyLemesos, Cyprus
| | - Thessaloniki Ntourou
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of ChaniaChania, Greece
| | - George A. Manganaris
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of TechnologyLemesos, Cyprus
| | - Panagiotis Kalaitzis
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of ChaniaChania, Greece
| | - Vasileios Fotopoulos
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of TechnologyLemesos, Cyprus
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32
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Jiang J, Jia H, Feng G, Wang Z, Li J, Gao H, Wang X. Overexpression of Medicago sativa TMT elevates the α-tocopherol content in Arabidopsis seeds, alfalfa leaves, and delays dark-induced leaf senescence. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 249:93-104. [PMID: 27297993 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a major forage legume for livestock and a target for improving their dietary quality. Vitamin E is an essential vitamin that animals must obtain from their diet for proper growth and development. γ-tocopherol methyltransferase (γ-TMT), which catalyzes the conversion of δ- and γ-tocopherols (or tocotrienols) to β- and α-tocopherols (or tocotrienols), respectively, is the final enzyme involved in the vitamin E biosynthetic pathway. The overexpression of M. sativa L.'s γ-TMT (MsTMT) increased the α-tocopherol content 10-15 fold above that of wild type Arabidopsis seeds without altering the total content of vitamin E. Additionally, in response to osmotic stress, the biomass and the expression levels of several osmotic marker genes were significantly higher in the transgenic lines compared with wild type. Overexpression of MsTMT in alfalfa led to a modest, albeit significant, increase in α-tocopherol in leaves and was also responsible for a delayed leaf senescence phenotype. Additionally, the crude protein content was increased, while the acid and neutral detergent fiber contents were unchanged in these transgenic lines. Thus, increased α-tocopherol content occurred in transgenic alfalfa without compromising the nutritional qualities. The targeted metabolic engineering of vitamin E biosynthesis through MsTMT overexpression provides a promising approach to improve the α-tocopherol content of forage crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishan Jiang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huili Jia
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Present address: Animal Husbandry and Veterinary institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Guangyan Feng
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Present address: Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China
| | - Zan Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Present address: Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Huhhot 010020,China
| | - Hongwen Gao
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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33
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Almeida J, Azevedo MDS, Spicher L, Glauser G, vom Dorp K, Guyer L, del Valle Carranza A, Asis R, de Souza AP, Buckeridge M, Demarco D, Bres C, Rothan C, Peres LEP, Hörtensteiner S, Kessler F, Dörmann P, Carrari F, Rossi M. Down-regulation of tomato PHYTOL KINASE strongly impairs tocopherol biosynthesis and affects prenyllipid metabolism in an organ-specific manner. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:919-34. [PMID: 26596763 PMCID: PMC4737080 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tocopherol, a compound with vitamin E (VTE) activity, is a conserved constituent of the plastidial antioxidant network in photosynthetic organisms. The synthesis of tocopherol involves the condensation of an aromatic head group with an isoprenoid prenyl side chain. The latter, phytyl diphosphate, can be derived from chlorophyll phytol tail recycling, which depends on phytol kinase (VTE5) activity. How plants co-ordinate isoprenoid precursor distribution for supplying biosynthesis of tocopherol and other prenyllipids in different organs is poorly understood. Here, Solanum lycopersicum plants impaired in the expression of two VTE5-like genes identified by phylogenetic analyses, named SlVTE5 and SlFOLK, were characterized. Our data show that while SlFOLK does not affect tocopherol content, the production of this metabolite is >80% dependent on SlVTE5 in tomato, in both leaves and fruits. VTE5 deficiency greatly impacted lipid metabolism, including prenylquinones, carotenoids, and fatty acid phytyl esters. However, the prenyllipid profile greatly differed between source and sink organs, revealing organ-specific metabolic adjustments in tomato. Additionally, VTE5-deficient plants displayed starch accumulation and lower CO2 assimilation in leaves associated with mild yield penalty. Taken together, our results provide valuable insights into the distinct regulation of isoprenoid metabolism in leaves and fruits and also expose the interaction between lipid and carbon metabolism, which results in carbohydrate export blockage in the VTE5-deficient plants, affecting tomato fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Almeida
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana da Silva Azevedo
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, 13418-900, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Livia Spicher
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Katharina vom Dorp
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Luzia Guyer
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ramón Asis
- CIBICI, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CC 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Amanda Pereira de Souza
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Buckeridge
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego Demarco
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cécile Bres
- INRA and Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Christophe Rothan
- INRA and Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Lázaro Eustáquio Pereira Peres
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, 13418-900, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Stefan Hörtensteiner
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Félix Kessler
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Fernando Carrari
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, PO Box 25, B1712WAA, Castelar, Argentina
| | - Magdalena Rossi
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
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Liu J, Deng M, Guo H, Raihan S, Luo J, Xu Y, Dong X, Yan J. Maize orthologs of rice GS5 and their trans-regulator are associated with kernel development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:943-53. [PMID: 26282053 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Genome information from model species such as rice can assist in the cloning of genes in a complex genome, such as maize. Here, we identified a maize ortholog of rice GS5 that contributes to kernel development in maize. The genome-wide association analysis of the expression levels of ZmGS5, and 15 of its 26 paralogs, identified a trans-regulator on chromosome 7, which was a BAK1-like gene. This gene that we named as ZmBAK1-7 could regulate the expression of ZmGS5 and three of the paralogs. Candidate-gene association analyses revealed that these five genes were associated with maize kernel development-related traits. Linkage analyses also detected that ZmGS5 and ZmBAK1-7 co-localized with mapped QTLs. A transgenic analysis of ZmGS5 in Arabidopsis thaliana L. showed a significant increase in seed weight and cell number, suggesting that ZmGS5 may have a conserved function among different plant species that affects seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Min Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Huan Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Sharif Raihan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jingyun Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuancheng Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaofei Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jianbing Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Georgiadou EC, Ntourou T, Goulas V, Manganaris GA, Kalaitzis P, Fotopoulos V. Temporal analysis reveals a key role for VTE5 in vitamin E biosynthesis in olive fruit during on-tree development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:871. [PMID: 26557125 PMCID: PMC4617049 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to generate a high resolution temporal mapping of the biosynthetic pathway of vitamin E in olive fruit (Olea europaea cv. "Koroneiki") during 17 successive on-tree developmental stages. Fruit material was collected from the middle of June until the end of January, corresponding to 6-38 weeks after flowering (WAF). Results revealed a variable gene regulation pattern among 6-38 WAF studied and more pronounced levels of differential regulation of gene expression for the first and intermediate genes in the biosynthetic pathway (VTE5, geranylgeranyl reductase, HPPD, VTE2, HGGT and VTE3) compared with the downstream components of the pathway (VTE1 and VTE4). Notably, expression of HGGT and VTE2 genes were significantly suppressed throughout the developmental stages examined. Metabolite analysis indicated that the first and intermediate stages of development (6-22 WAF) have higher concentrations of tocochromanols compared with the last on-tree stages (starting from 24 WAF onwards). The concentration of α-tocopherol (16.15 ± 0.60-32.45 ± 0.54 mg/100 g F.W.) were substantially greater (up to 100-fold) than those of β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols (0.13 ± 0.01-0.25 ± 0.03 mg/100 g F.W., 0.13 ± 0.01-0.33 ± 0.04 mg/100 g F.W., 0.14 ± 0.01-0.28 ± 0.01 mg/100 g F.W., respectively). In regard with tocotrienol content, only γ-tocotrienol was detected. Overall, olive fruits (cv. "Koroneiki") exhibited higher concentrations of vitamin E until 22 WAF as compared with later WAF, concomitant with the expression profile of phytol kinase (VTE5), which could be used as a marker gene due to its importance in the biosynthesis of vitamin E. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that explores the complete biosynthetic pathway of vitamin E in a fruit tree crop of great horticultural importance such as olive, linking molecular gene expression analysis with tocochromanol content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egli C. Georgiadou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of TechnologyLemesos, Cyprus
| | - Thessaloniki Ntourou
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of ChaniaChania, Greece
| | - Vlasios Goulas
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of TechnologyLemesos, Cyprus
| | - George A. Manganaris
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of TechnologyLemesos, Cyprus
| | - Panagiotis Kalaitzis
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of ChaniaChania, Greece
| | - Vasileios Fotopoulos
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of TechnologyLemesos, Cyprus
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Kim HJ, Silva JE, Vu HS, Mockaitis K, Nam JW, Cahoon EB. Toward production of jet fuel functionality in oilseeds: identification of FatB acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterases and evaluation of combinatorial expression strategies in Camelina seeds. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4251-65. [PMID: 25969557 PMCID: PMC4493788 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Seeds of members of the genus Cuphea accumulate medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs; 8:0-14:0). MCFA- and palmitic acid- (16:0) rich vegetable oils have received attention for jet fuel production, given their similarity in chain length to Jet A fuel hydrocarbons. Studies were conducted to test genes, including those from Cuphea, for their ability to confer jet fuel-type fatty acid accumulation in seed oil of the emerging biofuel crop Camelina sativa. Transcriptomes from Cuphea viscosissima and Cuphea pulcherrima developing seeds that accumulate >90% of C8 and C10 fatty acids revealed three FatB cDNAs (CpuFatB3, CvFatB1, and CpuFatB4) expressed predominantly in seeds and structurally divergent from typical FatB thioesterases that release 16:0 from acyl carrier protein (ACP). Expression of CpuFatB3 and CvFatB1 resulted in Camelina oil with capric acid (10:0), and CpuFatB4 expression conferred myristic acid (14:0) production and increased 16:0. Co-expression of combinations of previously characterized Cuphea and California bay FatBs produced Camelina oils with mixtures of C8-C16 fatty acids, but amounts of each fatty acid were less than obtained by expression of individual FatB cDNAs. Increases in lauric acid (12:0) and 14:0, but not 10:0, in Camelina oil and at the sn-2 position of triacylglycerols resulted from inclusion of a coconut lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase specialized for MCFAs. RNA interference (RNAi) suppression of Camelina β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase II, however, reduced 12:0 in seeds expressing a 12:0-ACP-specific FatB. Camelina lines presented here provide platforms for additional metabolic engineering targeting fatty acid synthase and specialized acyltransferases for achieving oils with high levels of jet fuel-type fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Jin Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Jillian E Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Hieu Sy Vu
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Keithanne Mockaitis
- Department of Biology, and Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jeong-Won Nam
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Edgar B Cahoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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Nguyen HT, Park H, Koster KL, Cahoon RE, Nguyen HTM, Shanklin J, Clemente TE, Cahoon EB. Redirection of metabolic flux for high levels of omega-7 monounsaturated fatty acid accumulation in camelina seeds. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:38-50. [PMID: 25065607 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Seed oils enriched in omega-7 monounsaturated fatty acids, including palmitoleic acid (16:1∆9) and cis-vaccenic acid (18:1∆11), have nutraceutical and industrial value for polyethylene production and biofuels. Existing oilseed crops accumulate only small amounts (<2%) of these novel fatty acids in their seed oils. We demonstrate a strategy for enhanced production of omega-7 monounsaturated fatty acids in camelina (Camelina sativa) and soybean (Glycine max) that is dependent on redirection of metabolic flux from the typical ∆9 desaturation of stearoyl (18:0)-acyl carrier protein (ACP) to ∆9 desaturation of palmitoyl (16:0)-acyl carrier protein (ACP) and coenzyme A (CoA). This was achieved by seed-specific co-expression of a mutant ∆9-acyl-ACP and an acyl-CoA desaturase with high specificity for 16:0-ACP and CoA substrates, respectively. This strategy was most effective in camelina where seed oils with ~17% omega-7 monounsaturated fatty acids were obtained. Further increases in omega-7 fatty acid accumulation to 60-65% of the total fatty acids in camelina seeds were achieved by inclusion of seed-specific suppression of 3-keto-acyl-ACP synthase II and the FatB 16:0-ACP thioesterase genes to increase substrate pool sizes of 16:0-ACP for the ∆9-acyl-ACP desaturase and by blocking C18 fatty acid elongation. Seeds from these lines also had total saturated fatty acids reduced to ~5% of the seed oil versus ~12% in seeds of nontransformed plants. Consistent with accumulation of triacylglycerol species with shorter fatty acid chain lengths and increased monounsaturation, seed oils from engineered lines had marked shifts in thermotropic properties that may be of value for biofuel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huu Tam Nguyen
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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Schenck CA, Chen S, Siehl DL, Maeda HA. Non-plastidic, tyrosine-insensitive prephenate dehydrogenases from legumes. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:52-7. [PMID: 25402771 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
L-Tyrosine (Tyr) and its plant-derived natural products are essential in both plants and humans. In plants, Tyr is generally assumed to be synthesized in the plastids via arogenate dehydrogenase (TyrA(a), also known also ADH), which is strictly inhibited by L-Tyr. Using phylogenetic and expression analyses, together with recombinant enzyme and endogenous activity assays, we identified prephenate dehydrogenases (TyrA(p)s, also known as PDHs) from two legumes, Glycine max (soybean) and Medicago truncatula. The identified PDHs were phylogenetically distinct from canonical plant ADH enzymes, preferred prephenate to arogenate substrate, localized outside of the plastids and were not inhibited by L-Tyr. The results provide molecular evidence for the diversification of primary metabolic Tyr pathway via an alternative cytosolic PDH pathway in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Schenck
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Hiroshi A Maeda
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Zhang W, Liu T, Ren G, Hörtensteiner S, Zhou Y, Cahoon EB, Zhang C. Chlorophyll degradation: the tocopherol biosynthesis-related phytol hydrolase in Arabidopsis seeds is still missing. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:70-9. [PMID: 25059706 PMCID: PMC4149732 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.243709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phytyl diphosphate (PDP) is the prenyl precursor for tocopherol biosynthesis. Based on recent genetic evidence, PDP is supplied to the tocopherol biosynthetic pathway primarily by chlorophyll degradation and sequential phytol phosphorylation. Three enzymes of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) are known to be capable of removing the phytol chain from chlorophyll in vitro: chlorophyllase1 (CLH1), CLH2, and pheophytin pheophorbide hydrolase (PPH), which specifically hydrolyzes pheophytin. While PPH, but not chlorophyllases, is required for in vivo chlorophyll breakdown during Arabidopsis leaf senescence, little is known about the involvement of these phytol-releasing enzymes in tocopherol biosynthesis. To explore the origin of PDP for tocopherol synthesis, seed tocopherol concentrations were determined in Arabidopsis lines engineered for seed-specific overexpression of PPH and in single and multiple mutants in the three genes encoding known dephytylating enzymes. Except for modestly increasing tocopherol content observed in the PPH overexpressor, none of the remaining lines exhibited significantly reduced tocopherol concentrations, suggesting that the known chlorophyll-derived phytol-releasing enzymes do not play major roles in tocopherol biosynthesis. Tocopherol content of seeds from double mutants in NONYELLOWING1 (NYE1) and NYE2, regulators of chlorophyll degradation, had modest reduction compared with wild-type seeds, although mature seeds of the double mutant retained significantly higher chlorophyll levels. These findings suggest that NYEs may play limited roles in regulating an unknown tocopherol biosynthesis-related phytol hydrolase. Meanwhile, seeds of wild-type over-expressing NYE1 had lower tocopherol levels, suggesting that phytol derived from NYE1-dependent chlorophyll degradation probably doesn't enter tocopherol biosynthesis. Potential routes of chlorophyll degradation are discussed in relation to tocopherol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (W.Z., T.L., Y.Z., C.Z.);State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China (G.R.);Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (S.H.); andCenter for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 (E.B.C.)
| | - Tianqi Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (W.Z., T.L., Y.Z., C.Z.);State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China (G.R.);Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (S.H.); andCenter for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 (E.B.C.)
| | - Guodong Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (W.Z., T.L., Y.Z., C.Z.);State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China (G.R.);Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (S.H.); andCenter for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 (E.B.C.)
| | - Stefan Hörtensteiner
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (W.Z., T.L., Y.Z., C.Z.);State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China (G.R.);Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (S.H.); andCenter for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 (E.B.C.)
| | - Yongming Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (W.Z., T.L., Y.Z., C.Z.);State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China (G.R.);Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (S.H.); andCenter for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 (E.B.C.)
| | - Edgar B Cahoon
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (W.Z., T.L., Y.Z., C.Z.);State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China (G.R.);Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (S.H.); andCenter for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 (E.B.C.)
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (W.Z., T.L., Y.Z., C.Z.);State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China (G.R.);Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland (S.H.); andCenter for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588 (E.B.C.)
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Watts EJ, Shen Y, Lansky EP, Nevo E, Bobe G, Traber MG. High environmental stress yields greater tocotrienol content while changing vitamin e profiles of wild emmer wheat seeds. J Med Food 2014; 18:216-23. [PMID: 25105230 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E is an essential human nutrient that was first isolated from wheat. Emmer wheat, the cereal of Old World agriculture and a precursor to durum wheat, grows wild in the Fertile Crescent. Evolution Canyon, Israel, provides a microsite that models effects of contrasting environments. The north-facing and south-facing slopes exhibit low and high stress environments, respectively. Wild emmer wheat seeds were collected from both slopes and seed tocochromanol contents measured to test the hypothesis that high stress alters emmer wheat seed tocol-omics. Seeds from high stress areas contained more total vitamin E (108±15 nmol/g) than seeds from low stress environments (80±17 nmol/g, P=.0004). Vitamin E profiles within samples from these different environments revealed significant differences in isoform concentrations. Within each region, β- plus γ-tocotrienols represented the highest concentration of wheat tocotrienols (high stress, P<.0001; low stress, P<.0001), while α-tocopherol represented the highest concentration of the tocopherols (high stress, P=.0002; low stress, P<.0001). Percentages of both δ-tocotrienol and δ-tocopherol increased in high stress conditions. Changes under higher stress apparently are due to increased pathway flux toward more tocotrienol production. The production of more δ-isoforms suggests increased flow through a divergent path controlled by the VTE1 gene. Hence, stress conditions alter plant responses such that vitamin E profiles are changed, likely an attempt to provide additional antioxidant activity to promote seed viability and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Watts
- 1 Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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Hwang JE, Ahn JW, Kwon SJ, Kim JB, Kim SH, Kang SY, Kim DS. Selection and molecular characterization of a high tocopherol accumulation rice mutant line induced by gamma irradiation. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:7671-81. [PMID: 25098603 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3660-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tocopherols are micronutrients with antioxidant properties. They are synthesized by photosynthetic bacteria and plants, and play important roles in animal and human nutrition. In this study, we isolated a new rice mutant line with elevated tocopherol content (MRXII) from an in vitro mutagenized population induced by gamma irradiation. The mutant exhibited greater seed longevity than the control, indicating a crucial role for tocopherols in maintaining viability during quiescence, and displayed faster seedling growth during the early growth stage. To study the molecular mechanism underlying vitamin E biosynthesis, we examined the expression patterns of seven rice genes encoding vitamin E biosynthetic enzymes. Accumulation levels of the OsVTE2 transcript and OsVTE2 protein in the MRXII mutant were significantly higher than in the control. Sequence analysis revealed that the MRXII mutant harbored a point mutation in the OsVTE2 promoter region, which resulted in the generation of MYB transcription factor-binding cis-element. These results help identify the promoter regions that regulate OsVTE2 transcription, and offer insights into the regulation of tocopherol content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Hwang
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 1266 Sinjeong, Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, 580-185, Republic of Korea
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Genome-wide association study and pathway-level analysis of tocochromanol levels in maize grain. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2013; 3:1287-99. [PMID: 23733887 PMCID: PMC3737168 DOI: 10.1534/g3.113.006148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tocopherols and tocotrienols, collectively known as tocochromanols, are the major lipid-soluble antioxidants in maize (Zea mays L.) grain. Given that individual tocochromanols differ in their degree of vitamin E activity, variation for tocochromanol composition and content in grain from among diverse maize inbred lines has important nutritional and health implications for enhancing the vitamin E and antioxidant contents of maize-derived foods through plant breeding. Toward this end, we conducted a genome-wide association study of six tocochromanol compounds and 14 of their sums, ratios, and proportions with a 281 maize inbred association panel that was genotyped for 591,822 SNP markers. In addition to providing further insight into the association between ZmVTE4 (γ-tocopherol methyltransferase) haplotypes and α-tocopherol content, we also detected a novel association between ZmVTE1 (tocopherol cyclase) and tocotrienol composition. In a pathway-level analysis, we assessed the genetic contribution of 60 a priori candidate genes encoding the core tocochromanol pathway (VTE genes) and reactions for pathways supplying the isoprenoid tail and aromatic head group of tocochromanols. This analysis identified two additional genes, ZmHGGT1 (homogentisate geranylgeranyltransferase) and one prephenate dehydratase parolog (of four in the genome) that also modestly contribute to tocotrienol variation in the panel. Collectively, our results provide the most favorable ZmVTE4 haplotype and suggest three new gene targets for increasing vitamin E and antioxidant levels through marker-assisted selection.
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Genetic analysis of health-related secondary metabolites in a Brassica rapa recombinant inbred line population. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:15561-77. [PMID: 23892600 PMCID: PMC3759873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140815561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of the wide variation for nutritional traits in Brassica rapa is largely unknown. A new Recombinant Inbred Line (RIL) population was profiled using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling seed tocopherol and seedling metabolite concentrations. RIL population parent L58 had a higher level of glucosinolates and phenylpropanoids, whereas levels of sucrose, glucose and glutamate were higher in the other RIL population parent, R-o-18. QTL related to seed tocopherol (α-, β-, γ-, δ-, α-/γ- and total tocopherol) concentrations were detected on chromosomes A3, A6, A9 and A10, explaining 11%–35% of the respective variation. The locus on A3 co-locates with the BrVTE1gene, encoding tocopherol cyclase. NMR spectroscopy identified the presence of organic/amino acid, sugar/glucosinolate and aromatic compounds in seedlings. QTL positions were obtained for most of the identified compounds. Compared to previous studies, novel loci were found for glucosinolate concentrations. This work can be used to design markers for marker-assisted selection of nutritional compounds in B. rapa.
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