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Bredvik K, Liu C, Ryan TA. Characterization of β-Hydroxybutyrate as a Cell Autonomous Fuel for Active Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurons: β-Hydroxybutyrate as a Fuel for Active Neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.08.598077. [PMID: 38895313 PMCID: PMC11185772 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.08.598077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The ketogenic diet is an effective treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy, but the therapeutic mechanisms are poorly understood. Although ketones are able to fuel the brain, it is not known whether ketones are directly metabolized by neurons on a time scale sufficiently rapid to fuel the bioenergetic demands of sustained synaptic transmission. Here, we show that nerve terminals can use the ketone β-hydroxybutyrate in a cell- autonomous fashion to support neurotransmission in both excitatory and inhibitory nerve terminals and that this flexibility relies on Ca2+ dependent upregulation of mitochondrial metabolism. Using a genetically encoded ATP sensor, we show that inhibitory axons fueled by ketones sustain much higher ATP levels under steady state conditions than excitatory axons, but that the kinetics of ATP production following activity are slower when using ketones as fuel compared to lactate/pyruvate for both excitatory and inhibitory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Bredvik
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA, 10065
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY, USA, 10065
| | - Charmaine Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA, 10065
| | - Timothy A. Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA, 10065
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2
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Ponnusamy T, Velusamy P, Shanmughapriya S. Mrs2-mediated mitochondrial magnesium uptake is essential for the regulation of MCU-mediated mitochondrial Ca 2+ uptake and viability. Mitochondrion 2024; 76:101877. [PMID: 38599304 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake is essential in regulating bioenergetics, cell death, and cytosolic Ca2+ transients. Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter (MCU) mediates the mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. Though MCU regulation by MICUs is unequivocally established, there needs to be more knowledge of whether divalent cations regulate MCU. Here, we set out to understand the mitochondrial matrix Mg2+-dependent regulation of MCU activity. We showed that decreased matrix [Mg2+] is associated with increased MCU activity and significantly prompted mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. Our findings support the critical role of mMg2+ in regulating MCU activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiruvelselvan Ponnusamy
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Prema Velusamy
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Santhanam Shanmughapriya
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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3
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Oh S, Mai XL, Kim J, de Guzman ACV, Lee JY, Park S. Glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenases (1 and 2) in cancer and other diseases. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:1066-1079. [PMID: 38689091 PMCID: PMC11148179 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle (GPS) is composed of two different enzymes: cytosolic NAD+-linked glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1) and mitochondrial FAD-linked glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 (GPD2). These two enzymes work together to act as an NADH shuttle for mitochondrial bioenergetics and function as an important bridge between glucose and lipid metabolism. Since these genes were discovered in the 1960s, their abnormal expression has been described in various metabolic diseases and tumors. Nevertheless, it took a long time until scientists could investigate the causal relationship of these enzymes in those pathophysiological conditions. To date, numerous studies have explored the involvement and mechanisms of GPD1 and GPD2 in cancer and other diseases, encompassing reports of controversial and non-conventional mechanisms. In this review, we summarize and update current knowledge regarding the functions and effects of GPS to provide an overview of how the enzymes influence disease conditions. The potential and challenges of developing therapeutic strategies targeting these enzymes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehyun Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Xuan Linh Mai
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Jiwoo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Arvie Camille V de Guzman
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Ji Yun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
| | - Sunghyouk Park
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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4
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Pannoni KE, Fischer QS, Tarannum R, Cawley ML, Alsalman MM, Acosta N, Ezigbo C, Gil DV, Campbell LA, Farris S. MCU-enriched dendritic mitochondria regulate plasticity in distinct hippocampal circuits. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.10.566606. [PMID: 37986798 PMCID: PMC10659405 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.10.566606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that are morphologically and functionally diverse across cell types and subcellular compartments in order to meet unique energy demands. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in a wide variety of neurological disorders, including psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Despite it being well known that mitochondria are essential for synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity, the mechanisms regulating mitochondria in support of normal synapse function are incompletely understood. The mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) regulates calcium entry into the mitochondria, which in turn regulates the bioenergetics and distribution of mitochondria to active synapses. Evidence suggests that calcium influx via MCU couples neuronal activity to mitochondrial metabolism and ATP production, which would allow neurons to rapidly adapt to changing energy demands. Intriguingly, MCU is uniquely enriched in hippocampal CA2 distal dendrites relative to neighboring hippocampal CA1 or CA3 distal dendrites, however, the functional significance of this enrichment is not clear. Synapses from the entorhinal cortex layer II (ECII) onto CA2 distal dendrites readily express long term potentiation (LTP), unlike the LTP-resistant synapses from CA3 onto CA2 proximal dendrites, but the mechanisms underlying these different plasticity profiles are unknown. We hypothesized that enrichment of MCU near ECII-CA2 synapses promotes LTP in an otherwise plasticity-restricted cell type. Using a CA2-specific MCU knockout (cKO) mouse, we found that MCU is required for LTP at distal dendrite synapses but does not affect the lack of LTP at proximal dendrite synapses. Loss of LTP at ECII-CA2 synapses correlated with a trend for decreased spine density in CA2 distal dendrites of cKO mice compared to control (CTL) mice, which was predominantly seen in immature spines. Moreover, mitochondria were significantly smaller and more numerous across all dendritic layers of CA2 in cKO mice compared to CTL mice, suggesting an overall increase in mitochondrial fragmentation. Fragmented mitochondria might have functional changes, such as altered ATP production, that might explain a deficit in synaptic plasticity. Collectively, our data reveal that MCU regulates layer-specific forms of plasticity in CA2 dendrites, potentially by maintaining proper mitochondria morphology and distribution within dendrites. Differences in MCU expression across different cell types and circuits might be a general mechanism to tune the sensitivity of mitochondria to cytoplasmic calcium levels to power synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy E. Pannoni
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Neurobiology Research, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Quentin S. Fischer
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Neurobiology Research, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Renesa Tarannum
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Neurobiology Research, Roanoke, Virginia
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Mikel L. Cawley
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Neurobiology Research, Roanoke, Virginia
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Mayd M. Alsalman
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Neurobiology Research, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Nicole Acosta
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Neurobiology Research, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Chisom Ezigbo
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Neurobiology Research, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Daniela V. Gil
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Neurobiology Research, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Logan A. Campbell
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Neurobiology Research, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Shannon Farris
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Neurobiology Research, Roanoke, Virginia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia
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5
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Calbiague-Garcia V, Chen Y, Cádiz B, Tapia F, Paquet-Durand F, Schmachtenberg O. Extracellular lactate as an alternative energy source for retinal bipolar cells. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:106794. [PMID: 38403245 PMCID: PMC10966802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.106794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinal bipolar and amacrine cells receive visual information from photoreceptors and participate in the first steps of image processing in the retina. Several studies have suggested the operation of aerobic glycolysis and a lactate shuttle system in the retina due to the high production of this metabolite under aerobic conditions. However, whether bipolar cells form part of this metabolic circuit remains unclear. Here, we show that the monocarboxylate transporter 2 is expressed and functional in inner retinal neurons. Additionally, we used genetically encoded FRET nanosensors to demonstrate the ability of inner retinal neurons to consume extracellular lactate as an alternative to glucose. In rod bipolar cells, lactate consumption allowed cells to maintain the homeostasis of ions and electrical responses. We also found that lactate synthesis and transporter inhibition caused functional alterations and an increased rate of cell death. Overall, our data shed light on a notable but still poorly understood aspect of retinal metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Calbiague-Garcia
- PhD Program in Neuroscience, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; CINV, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Yiyi Chen
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bárbara Cádiz
- CINV, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Felipe Tapia
- CINV, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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6
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Wang J, Zhao J, Zhao K, Wu S, Chen X, Hu W. The Role of Calcium and Iron Homeostasis in Parkinson's Disease. Brain Sci 2024; 14:88. [PMID: 38248303 PMCID: PMC10813814 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Calcium and iron are essential elements that regulate many important processes of eukaryotic cells. Failure to maintain homeostasis of calcium and iron causes cell dysfunction or even death. PD (Parkinson's disease) is the second most common neurological disorder in humans, for which there are currently no viable treatment options or effective strategies to cure and delay progression. Pathological hallmarks of PD, such as dopaminergic neuronal death and intracellular α-synuclein deposition, are closely involved in perturbations of iron and calcium homeostasis and accumulation. Here, we summarize the mechanisms by which Ca2+ signaling influences or promotes PD progression and the main mechanisms involved in ferroptosis in Parkinson's disease. Understanding the mechanisms by which calcium and iron imbalances contribute to the progression of this disease is critical to developing effective treatments to combat this devastating neurological disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China;
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (J.Z.); (K.Z.); (S.W.)
| | - Jindong Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (J.Z.); (K.Z.); (S.W.)
| | - Kunying Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (J.Z.); (K.Z.); (S.W.)
| | - Shangpeng Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (J.Z.); (K.Z.); (S.W.)
| | - Xinglong Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China;
| | - Weiyan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (J.Z.); (K.Z.); (S.W.)
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7
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Llorente-Folch I, Düssmann H, Watters O, Connolly NMC, Prehn JHM. Ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) preserves mitochondrial bioenergetics. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19664. [PMID: 37952048 PMCID: PMC10640643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46776-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The ketogenic diet is an emerging therapeutic approach for refractory epilepsy, as well as certain rare and neurodegenerative disorders. The main ketone body, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), is the primary energy substrate endogenously produced in a ketogenic diet, however, mechanisms of its therapeutic actions remain unknown. Here, we studied the effects of BHB on mitochondrial energetics, both in non-stimulated conditions and during glutamate-mediated hyperexcitation. We found that glutamate-induced hyperexcitation stimulated mitochondrial respiration in cultured cortical neurons, and that this response was greater in cultures supplemented with BHB than with glucose. BHB enabled a stronger and more sustained maximal uncoupled respiration, indicating that BHB enables neurons to respond more efficiently to increased energy demands such as induced during hyperexcitation. We found that cytosolic Ca2+ was required for BHB-mediated enhancement of mitochondrial function, and that this enhancement was independent of the mitochondrial glutamate-aspartate carrier, Aralar/AGC1. Our results suggest that BHB exerts its protective effects against hyperexcitation by enhancing mitochondrial function through a Ca2+-dependent, but Aralar/AGC1-independent stimulation of mitochondrial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Llorente-Folch
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
- Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland.
- Department of Basic Sciences of Health, Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - H Düssmann
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - O Watters
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
- SFI FUTURE-NEURO Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - N M C Connolly
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jochen H M Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
- Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland.
- SFI FUTURE-NEURO Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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8
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Ding K, Xu Q, Zhang X, Liu S. Metabolomic insights into neurological effects of BDE-47 exposure in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 266:115558. [PMID: 37820477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The persistent organic pollutant 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), a prevalent congener among polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), exhibits potent bioaccumulation and toxicity. Despite extensive research into the adverse effects of BDE-47, its neurotoxicity in sea cucumbers remains unexplored. Given the crucial role of the sea cucumber's nervous system in survival and adaptation, evaluating the impacts of BDE-47 is vital for sustainable aquaculture and consumption. In this study, we employed ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS) to analyze metabolomic changes in neuro-related tissues of Apostichopus japonicus exposed to low (0.1 µg/L), medium (1.0 µg/L), and high (10.0 µg/L) BDE-47 concentrations. We identified significantly changed metabolites in each exposure group (87 in low, 79 in medium, and 102 in high), affecting a variety of physiological processes such as steroid hormone balance, nucleotide metabolism, energy metabolism, neurotransmitter levels, and neuroprotection. In addition, we identified concentration-dependent, common, and some other metabolic responses in the neuro-related tissues. Our findings reveal critical insights into the neurotoxic effects of BDE-47 in sea cucumbers and contribute to risk assessment related to BDE-47 exposure in the sea cucumber industry, paving the way for future neurotoxicological research in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Ding
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Qinzeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Xuelei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Shilin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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9
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Bosetto Fiebrantz AK, Felski Leite L, Dal Pisol Schwab E, Sartori Bonini J, da Silva WC. On the participation of adenosinergic receptors in the reconsolidation of spatial long-term memory in male rats. Learn Mem 2023; 30:260-270. [PMID: 37802547 PMCID: PMC10561635 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053785.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
To date, there is insufficient evidence to explain the role of adenosinergic receptors in the reconsolidation of long-term spatial memory. In this work, the role of the adenosinergic receptor family (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3) in this process has been elucidated. It was demonstrated that when infused bilaterally into the hippocampal CA1 region immediately after an early nonreinforced test session performed 24 h posttraining in the Morris water maze task, adenosine can cause anterograde amnesia for recent and late long-term spatial memory. This effect on spatial memory reconsolidation was blocked by A1 or A3 receptor antagonists and mimicked by A1 plus A3 receptor agonists, showing that this effect occurs through A1 and A3 receptors simultaneously. The A3 receptor alone participates only in the reconsolidation of late long-term spatial memory. When the memory to be reconsolidated was delayed (reactivation 5 d posttraining), the amnesic effect of adenosine became transient and did not occur in a test performed 5 d after the reactivation of the mnemonic trace. Finally, it has been shown that the amnesic effect of adenosine on spatial memory reconsolidation depends on the occurrence of protein degradation and that the amnesic effect of inhibition of protein synthesis on spatial memory reconsolidation is dependent on the activation of A3 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Karine Bosetto Fiebrantz
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava, Paraná 85040-167, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90035-003, Brasil
| | - Luana Felski Leite
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava, Paraná 85040-167, Brasil
| | - Eduarda Dal Pisol Schwab
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava, Paraná 85040-167, Brasil
| | - Juliana Sartori Bonini
- Laboratório de Neurociências e Comportamento, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava, Paraná 85040-167, Brasil
| | - Weber Cláudio da Silva
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava, Paraná 85040-167, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90035-003, Brasil
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10
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Lee H, Jeon JH, Kim ES. Mitochondrial dysfunctions in T cells: focus on inflammatory bowel disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1219422. [PMID: 37809060 PMCID: PMC10556505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1219422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria has emerged as a critical ruler of metabolic reprogramming in immune responses and inflammation. In the context of colitogenic T cells and IBD, there has been increasing research interest in the metabolic pathways of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and glutaminolysis. These pathways have been shown to play a crucial role in the metabolic reprogramming of colitogenic T cells, leading to increased inflammatory cytokine production and tissue damage. In addition to metabolic reprogramming, mitochondrial dysfunction has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD. Studies have shown that colitogenic T cells exhibit impaired mitochondrial respiration, elevated levels of mROS, alterations in calcium homeostasis, impaired mitochondrial biogenesis, and aberrant mitochondria-associated membrane formation. Here, we discuss our current knowledge of the metabolic reprogramming and mitochondrial dysfunctions in colitogenic T cells, as well as the potential therapeutic applications for treating IBD with evidence from animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoyul Lee
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Han Jeon
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Soo Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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11
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Ponnusamy T, Velusamy P, Kumar A, Morris D, Zhang X, Ning G, Klinger M, Copper JE, Rajan S, Cheung JY, Natarajaseenivasan K, Mnatsakanyan N, Shanmughapriya S. Mitochondrial Magnesium is the cationic rheostat for MCU-mediated mitochondrial Ca 2+ uptake. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3088175. [PMID: 37502932 PMCID: PMC10371168 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3088175/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) uptake by mitochondria is essential in regulating bioenergetics, cell death, and cytosolic Ca2+ transients. Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter (MCU) mediates the mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. MCU is a heterooligomeric complex with a pore-forming component and accessory proteins required for channel activity. Though MCU regulation by MICUs is unequivocally established, there needs to be more knowledge of whether divalent cations regulate MCU. Here we set out to understand the mitochondrial matrix Mg2+-dependent regulation of MCU activity. We showed Mrs2 as the authentic mammalian mitochondrial Mg2+ channel using the planar lipid bilayer recordings. Using a liver-specific Mrs2 KO mouse model, we showed that decreased matrix [Mg2+] is associated with increased MCU activity and matrix Ca2+ overload. The disruption of Mg2+dependent MCU regulation significantly prompted mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening-mediated cell death during tissue IR injury. Our findings support a critical role for mMg2+ in regulating MCU activity and attenuating mCa2+ overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiruvelselvan Ponnusamy
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Prema Velusamy
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Amrendra Kumar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Daniel Morris
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Xueqian Zhang
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Gang Ning
- Microscopy Core Facility, Penn State Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Marianne Klinger
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jean E. Copper
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Sudarsan Rajan
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Joseph Y Cheung
- Department of Renal Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Nelli Mnatsakanyan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Santhanam Shanmughapriya
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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12
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Cabral-Costa JV, Vicente-Gutiérrez C, Agulla J, Lapresa R, Elrod JW, Almeida Á, Bolaños JP, Kowaltowski AJ. Mitochondrial sodium/calcium exchanger NCLX regulates glycolysis in astrocytes, impacting on cognitive performance. J Neurochem 2023; 165:521-535. [PMID: 36563047 PMCID: PMC10478152 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular Ca2+ concentrations are strictly controlled by plasma membrane transporters, the endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria, in which Ca2+ uptake is mediated by the mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex (MCUc), while efflux occurs mainly through the mitochondrial Na+ /Ca2+ exchanger (NCLX). RNAseq database repository searches led us to identify the Nclx transcript as highly enriched in astrocytes when compared with neurons. To assess the role of NCLX in mouse primary culture astrocytes, we inhibited its function both pharmacologically or genetically. This resulted in re-shaping of cytosolic Ca2+ signaling and a metabolic shift that increased glycolytic flux and lactate secretion in a Ca2+ -dependent manner. Interestingly, in vivo genetic deletion of NCLX in hippocampal astrocytes improved cognitive performance in behavioral tasks, whereas hippocampal neuron-specific deletion of NCLX impaired cognitive performance. These results unveil a role for NCLX as a novel modulator of astrocytic glucose metabolism, impacting on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Victor Cabral-Costa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos Vicente-Gutiérrez
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesús Agulla
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rebeca Lapresa
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - John W. Elrod
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ángeles Almeida
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan P. Bolaños
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alicia J. Kowaltowski
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Mitochondrial Ca2+ handling as a cell signaling hub: lessons from astrocyte function. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:63-75. [PMID: 36636961 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are a heterogenous population of macroglial cells spread throughout the central nervous system with diverse functions, expression signatures, and intricate morphologies. Their subcellular compartments contain a distinct range of mitochondria, with functional microdomains exhibiting widespread activities, such as controlling local metabolism and Ca2+ signaling. Ca2+ is an ion of utmost importance, both physiologically and pathologically, and participates in critical central nervous system processes, including synaptic plasticity, neuron-astrocyte integration, excitotoxicity, and mitochondrial physiology and metabolism. The mitochondrial Ca2+ handling system is formed by the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter complex (MCUc), which mediates Ca2+ influx, and the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCLX), responsible for most mitochondrial Ca2+ efflux, as well as additional components, including the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mtPTP). Over the last decades, mitochondrial Ca2+ handling has been shown to be key for brain homeostasis, acting centrally in physiopathological processes such as astrogliosis, astrocyte-neuron activity integration, energy metabolism control, and neurodegeneration. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge regarding the mitochondrial Ca2+ handling system molecular composition, highlighting its impact on astrocytic homeostasis.
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14
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Pannoni K, Gil D, Cawley M, Alsalman M, Campbell L, Farris S. Layer-specific mitochondrial diversity across hippocampal CA2 dendrites. Hippocampus 2023; 33:182-196. [PMID: 36762797 PMCID: PMC9974919 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
CA2 is an understudied subregion of the hippocampus that is critical for social memory. Previous studies identified multiple components of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) complex as selectively enriched in CA2. The MCU complex regulates calcium entry into mitochondria, which in turn regulates mitochondrial transport and localization to active synapses. We found that MCU is strikingly enriched in CA2 distal apical dendrites, precisely where CA2 neurons receive entorhinal cortical input carrying social information. Furthermore, MCU-enriched mitochondria in CA2 distal dendrites are larger compared to mitochondria in CA2 proximal apical dendrites and neighboring CA1 apical dendrites, which was confirmed in CA2 with genetically labeled mitochondria and electron microscopy. MCU overexpression in neighboring CA1 led to a preferential localization of MCU in the proximal dendrites of CA1 compared to the distal dendrites, an effect not seen in CA2. Our findings demonstrate that mitochondria are molecularly and structurally diverse across hippocampal cell types and circuits, and suggest that MCU can be differentially localized within dendrites, possibly to meet local energy demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy Pannoni
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Neurobiology Research, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Daniela Gil
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Neurobiology Research, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Mikel Cawley
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Neurobiology Research, Roanoke, Virginia
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Mayd Alsalman
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Neurobiology Research, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Logan Campbell
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Neurobiology Research, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Shannon Farris
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Neurobiology Research, Roanoke, Virginia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia
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15
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del Arco A, González-Moreno L, Pérez-Liébana I, Juaristi I, González-Sánchez P, Contreras L, Pardo B, Satrústegui J. Regulation of neuronal energy metabolism by calcium: Role of MCU and Aralar/malate-aspartate shuttle. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA (BBA) - MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119468. [PMID: 36997074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Calcium is a major regulator of cellular metabolism. Calcium controls mitochondrial respiration, and calcium signaling is used to meet cellular energetic demands through energy production in the organelle. Although it has been widely assumed that Ca2+-actions require its uptake by mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU), alternative pathways modulated by cytosolic Ca2+ have been recently proposed. Recent findings have indicated a role for cytosolic Ca2+ signals acting on mitochondrial NADH shuttles in the control of cellular metabolism in neurons using glucose as fuel. It has been demonstrated that AGC1/Aralar, the component of the malate/aspartate shuttle (MAS) regulated by cytosolic Ca2+, participates in the maintenance of basal respiration exerted through Ca2+-fluxes between ER and mitochondria, whereas mitochondrial Ca2+-uptake by MCU does not contribute. Aralar/MAS pathway, activated by small cytosolic Ca2+ signals, provides in fact substrates, redox equivalents and pyruvate, fueling respiration. Upon activation and increases in workload, neurons upregulate OxPhos, cytosolic pyruvate production and glycolysis, together with glucose uptake, in a Ca2+-dependent way, and part of this upregulation is via Ca2+ signaling. Both MCU and Aralar/MAS contribute to OxPhos upregulation, Aralar/MAS playing a major role, especially at small and submaximal workloads. Ca2+ activation of Aralar/MAS, by increasing cytosolic NAD+/NADH provides Ca2+-dependent increases in glycolysis and cytosolic pyruvate production priming respiration as a feed-forward mechanism in response to workload. Thus, except for glucose uptake, these processes are dependent on Aralar/MAS, whereas MCU is the relevant target for Ca2+ signaling when MAS is bypassed, by using pyruvate or β-hydroxybutyrate as substrates.
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16
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Zanfardino P, Longo G, Amati A, Morani F, Picardi E, Girolamo F, Pafundi M, Cox SN, Manzari C, Tullo A, Doccini S, Santorelli FM, Petruzzella V. Mitofusin 2 mutation drives cell proliferation in Charcot-Marie-Tooth 2A fibroblasts. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:333-350. [PMID: 35994048 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dominant mutations in ubiquitously expressed mitofusin 2 gene (MFN2) cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2A (CMT2A; OMIM 609260), an inherited sensory-motor neuropathy that affects peripheral nerve axons. Mitofusin 2 protein has been found to take part in mitochondrial fusion, mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum tethering, mitochondrial trafficking along axons, mitochondrial quality control and various types of cancer, in which MFN2 has been indicated as a tumor suppressor gene. Discordant data on the mitochondrial altered phenotypes in patient-derived fibroblasts harboring MFN2 mutations and in animal models have been reported. We addressed some of these issues by focusing on mitochondria behavior during autophagy and mitophagy in fibroblasts derived from a CMT2AMFN2 patient with an MFN2650G > T/C217F mutation in the GTPase domain. This study investigated mitochondrial dynamics, respiratory capacity and autophagy/mitophagy, to tackle the multifaceted MFN2 contribution to CMT2A pathogenesis. We found that MFN2 mutated fibroblasts showed impairment of mitochondrial morphology, bioenergetics capacity, and impairment of the early stages of autophagy, but not mitophagy. Unexpectedly, transcriptomic analysis of mutated fibroblasts highlighted marked differentially expressed pathways related to cell population proliferation and extracellular matrix organization. We consistently found the activation of mTORC2/AKT signaling and accelerated proliferation in the CMT2AMFN2 fibroblasts. In conclusion, our evidence indicates that MFN2 mutation can positively drive cell proliferation in CMT2AMFN2 fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Zanfardino
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Longo
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Amati
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Federica Morani
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ernesto Picardi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy.,Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Girolamo
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Mariella Pafundi
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Sharon N Cox
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Manzari
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Apollonia Tullo
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Doccini
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo M Santorelli
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vittoria Petruzzella
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
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17
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Arnst N, Redolfi N, Lia A, Bedetta M, Greotti E, Pizzo P. Mitochondrial Ca 2+ Signaling and Bioenergetics in Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:3025. [PMID: 36551781 PMCID: PMC9775979 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a hereditary and sporadic neurodegenerative illness defined by the gradual and cumulative loss of neurons in specific brain areas. The processes that cause AD are still under investigation and there are no available therapies to halt it. Current progress puts at the forefront the "calcium (Ca2+) hypothesis" as a key AD pathogenic pathway, impacting neuronal, astrocyte and microglial function. In this review, we focused on mitochondrial Ca2+ alterations in AD, their causes and bioenergetic consequences in neuronal and glial cells, summarizing the possible mechanisms linking detrimental mitochondrial Ca2+ signals to neuronal death in different experimental AD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Arnst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Nelly Redolfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Annamaria Lia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Martina Bedetta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Greotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Paola Pizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy
- Study Centre for Neurodegeneration (CESNE), University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
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18
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Dhoundiyal A, Goeschl V, Boehm S, Kubista H, Hotka M. Glycerol-3-Phosphate Shuttle Is a Backup System Securing Metabolic Flexibility in Neurons. J Neurosci 2022; 42:7339-7354. [PMID: 35999055 PMCID: PMC9525167 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0193-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical activity in neurons is highly energy demanding and accompanied by rises in cytosolic Ca2+ Cytosolic Ca2+, in turn, secures energy supply by pushing mitochondrial metabolism either through augmented NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) transfer into mitochondria via the malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) or via direct activation of dehydrogenases of the TCA cycle after passing into the matrix through the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU). Another Ca2+-sensitive booster of mitochondrial ATP synthesis is the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle (G3PS), whose role in neuronal energy supply has remained elusive. Essential components of G3PS are expressed in hippocampal neurons. Single neuron metabolic measurements in primary hippocampal cultures derived from rat pups of either sex reveal only moderate, if any, constitutive activity of G3PS. However, during electrical activity neurons fully rely on G3PS when MAS and MCU are unavailable. Under these conditions, G3PS is required for appropriate action potential firing. Accordingly, G3PS safeguards metabolic flexibility of neurons to cope with energy demands of electrical signaling.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Ca2+ ions are known to provide a link between the energy-demanding electrical activity and an adequate ATP supply in neurons. To do so, Ca2+ acts both from outside and inside of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Neuronal function critically depends on this regulation, and its defects are often found in various neurologic disorders. Although interest in neuronal metabolism has increased, many aspects thereof have remained unresolved. In particular, a Ca2+-sensitive NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) shuttling system, the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle, has been largely ignored with respect to its function in neurons. Our results demonstrate that this shuttle is functional in hippocampal neurons and safeguards ATP supply and appropriate action potential firing when malate aspartate shuttle and mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter are unavailable, thereby ensuring neuronal metabolic flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Dhoundiyal
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vanessa Goeschl
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Boehm
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Kubista
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matej Hotka
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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19
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Groten CJ, MacVicar BA. Mitochondrial Ca 2+ uptake by the MCU facilitates pyramidal neuron excitability and metabolism during action potential firing. Commun Biol 2022; 5:900. [PMID: 36056095 PMCID: PMC9440007 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03848-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal activation is fundamental to information processing by the brain and requires mitochondrial energy metabolism. Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake by the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) has long been implicated in the control of energy metabolism and intracellular Ca2+ signalling, but its importance to neuronal function in the brain remains unclear. Here, we used in situ electrophysiology and two-photon imaging of mitochondrial Ca2+, cytosolic Ca2+, and NAD(P)H to test the relevance of MCU activation to pyramidal neuron Ca2+ signalling and energy metabolism during action potential firing. We demonstrate that mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake by the MCU is tuned to enhanced firing rate and the strength of this relationship varied between neurons of discrete brain regions. MCU activation promoted electron transport chain activity and chemical reduction of NAD+ to NADH. Moreover, Ca2+ buffering by mitochondria attenuated cytosolic Ca2+ signals and thereby reduced the coupling between activity and the slow afterhyperpolarization, a ubiquitous regulator of excitability. Collectively, we demonstrate that the MCU is engaged by accelerated spike frequency to facilitate neuronal activity through simultaneous control of energy metabolism and excitability. As such, the MCU is situated to promote brain functions associated with high frequency signalling and may represent a target for controlling excessive neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Groten
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Brian A MacVicar
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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20
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Lysakowski A, Govindaraju AC, Raphael RM. Structural and Functional Diversity of Mitochondria in Vestibular/Cochlear Hair Cells and Vestibular Calyx Afferents. Hear Res 2022; 426:108612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2022.108612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Cheng XT, Huang N, Sheng ZH. Programming axonal mitochondrial maintenance and bioenergetics in neurodegeneration and regeneration. Neuron 2022; 110:1899-1923. [PMID: 35429433 PMCID: PMC9233091 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria generate ATP essential for neuronal growth, function, and regeneration. Due to their polarized structures, neurons face exceptional challenges to deliver mitochondria to and maintain energy homeostasis throughout long axons and terminal branches where energy is in high demand. Chronic mitochondrial dysfunction accompanied by bioenergetic failure is a pathological hallmark of major neurodegenerative diseases. Brain injury triggers acute mitochondrial damage and a local energy crisis that accelerates neuron death. Thus, mitochondrial maintenance defects and axonal energy deficits emerge as central problems in neurodegenerative disorders and brain injury. Recent studies have started to uncover the intrinsic mechanisms that neurons adopt to maintain (or reprogram) axonal mitochondrial density and integrity, and their bioenergetic capacity, upon sensing energy stress. In this review, we discuss recent advances in how neurons maintain a healthy pool of axonal mitochondria, as well as potential therapeutic strategies that target bioenergetic restoration to power neuronal survival, function, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Tang Cheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA
| | - Ning Huang
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA
| | - Zu-Hang Sheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA.
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22
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Pérez-Liébana I, Juaristi I, González-Sánchez P, González-Moreno L, Rial E, Podunavac M, Zakarian A, Molgó J, Vallejo-Illarramendi A, Mosqueira-Martín L, Lopez de Munain A, Pardo B, Satrústegui J, Del Arco A. A Ca 2+-Dependent Mechanism Boosting Glycolysis and OXPHOS by Activating Aralar-Malate-Aspartate Shuttle, upon Neuronal Stimulation. J Neurosci 2022; 42:3879-3895. [PMID: 35387872 PMCID: PMC9097769 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1463-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium is an important second messenger regulating a bioenergetic response to the workloads triggered by neuronal activation. In embryonic mouse cortical neurons using glucose as only fuel, activation by NMDA elicits a strong workload (ATP demand)-dependent on Na+ and Ca2+ entry, and stimulates glucose uptake, glycolysis, pyruvate and lactate production, and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in a Ca2+-dependent way. We find that Ca2+ upregulation of glycolysis, pyruvate levels, and respiration, but not glucose uptake, all depend on Aralar/AGC1/Slc25a12, the mitochondrial aspartate-glutamate carrier, component of the malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS). MAS activation increases glycolysis, pyruvate production, and respiration, a process inhibited in the presence of BAPTA-AM, suggesting that the Ca2+ binding motifs in Aralar may be involved in the activation. Mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) silencing had no effect, indicating that none of these processes required MCU-dependent mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. The neuronal respiratory response to carbachol was also dependent on Aralar, but not on MCU. We find that mouse cortical neurons are endowed with a constitutive ER-to-mitochondria Ca2+ flow maintaining basal cell bioenergetics in which ryanodine receptors, RyR2, rather than InsP3R, are responsible for Ca2+ release, and in which MCU does not participate. The results reveal that, in neurons using glucose, MCU does not participate in OXPHOS regulation under basal or stimulated conditions, while Aralar-MAS appears as the major Ca2+-dependent pathway tuning simultaneously glycolysis and OXPHOS to neuronal activation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neuronal activation increases cell workload to restore ion gradients altered by activation. Ca2+ is involved in matching increased workload with ATP production, but the mechanisms are still unknown. We find that glycolysis, pyruvate production, and neuronal respiration are stimulated on neuronal activation in a Ca2+-dependent way, independently of effects of Ca2+ as workload inducer. Mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) does not play a relevant role in Ca2+ stimulated pyruvate production and oxygen consumption as both are unchanged in MCU silenced neurons. However, Ca2+ stimulation is blunt in the absence of Aralar, a Ca2+-binding mitochondrial carrier component of Malate-Aspartate Shuttle (MAS). The results suggest that Ca2+-regulated Aralar-MAS activation upregulates glycolysis and pyruvate production, which fuels mitochondrial respiration, through regulation of cytosolic NAD+/NADH ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Pérez-Liébana
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biología Molecular -IUBM, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Inés Juaristi
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biología Molecular -IUBM, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Paloma González-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biología Molecular -IUBM, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Luis González-Moreno
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biología Molecular -IUBM, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Eduardo Rial
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Maša Podunavac
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Jordi Molgó
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, ERL Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique no. 9004, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire pour la Santé, Gif sur Yvette, F-91191, France
| | - Ainara Vallejo-Illarramendi
- IIS Biodonostia-University of the Basque Country, Donostia, Spain; CIBERNED (institute Carlos III), Madrid, Spain; and Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia-OSAKIDETZA, San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Laura Mosqueira-Martín
- IIS Biodonostia-University of the Basque Country, Donostia, Spain; CIBERNED (institute Carlos III), Madrid, Spain; and Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia-OSAKIDETZA, San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Adolfo Lopez de Munain
- IIS Biodonostia-University of the Basque Country, Donostia, Spain; CIBERNED (institute Carlos III), Madrid, Spain; and Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia-OSAKIDETZA, San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pardo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biología Molecular -IUBM, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Jorgina Satrústegui
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biología Molecular -IUBM, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Araceli Del Arco
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biología Molecular -IUBM, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla la Mancha, Toledo, 45071 Spain; and Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina, Toledo, 45071, Spain
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23
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TRPM3-mediated dynamic mitochondrial activity in NGF-induced latent sensitization of chronic low back pain. Pain 2022; 163:e1115-e1128. [PMID: 35384915 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The transient receptor potential ion channel TRPM3 is highly prevalent on nociceptive dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, but its functions in neuronal plasticity of chronic pain remain obscure. In an animal model of nonspecific low back pain (LBP), latent spinal sensitization known as nociceptive priming is induced by nerve growth factor (NGF) injection. Here we address the TRPM3-associated molecular basis of NGF-induced latent spinal sensitization at presynaptic level by studying TRPM3-mediated calcium transients in DRG neurons. By investigating TRPM3-expressing HEK cells, we further show the dynamic mitochondrial activity downstream of TRPM3 activation. NGF enhances TRPM3 function, attenuates TRPM3 tachyphylaxis, and slows intracellular calcium clearance; TRPM3 activation triggers more mitochondrial calcium loading than depolarization does, causing a steady-state mitochondrial calcium elevation and a delayed recovery of cytosolic calcium; mitochondrial calcium buffering accounts for approximately 40% of calcium influx subsequent to TRPM3 activation. TRPM3 activation provokes an outbreak of pulsatile superoxide production (mitoflash) that comes in the form of a surge in frequency being tunable. We suggest that mitoflash pulsations downstream of TRPM3 activation might be an early signaling event initiating pain sensitization. Tuning of mitoflash activity would be a novel bottom-up therapeutic strategy for chronic pain conditions such as LBP and beyond.
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24
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Serrat R, Oliveira-Pinto A, Marsicano G, Pouvreau S. Imaging mitochondrial calcium dynamics in the central nervous system. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 373:109560. [PMID: 35320763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial calcium handling is a particularly active research area in the neuroscience field, as it plays key roles in the regulation of several functions of the central nervous system, such as synaptic transmission and plasticity, astrocyte calcium signaling, neuronal activity… In the last few decades, a panel of techniques have been developed to measure mitochondrial calcium dynamics, relying mostly on photonic microscopy, and including synthetic sensors, hybrid sensors and genetically encoded calcium sensors. The goal of this review is to endow the reader with a deep knowledge of the historical and latest tools to monitor mitochondrial calcium events in the brain, as well as a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art in brain mitochondrial calcium signaling. We will discuss the main calcium probes used in the field, their mitochondrial targeting strategies, their key properties and major drawbacks. In addition, we will detail the main roles of mitochondrial calcium handling in neuronal tissues through an extended report of the recent studies using mitochondrial targeted calcium sensors in neuronal and astroglial cells, in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Serrat
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie, France; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33077, France
| | - Alexandre Oliveira-Pinto
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie, France; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33077, France
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie, France; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33077, France
| | - Sandrine Pouvreau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie, France; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33077, France.
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25
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Gouda NA, Elkamhawy A, Cho J. Emerging Therapeutic Strategies for Parkinson’s Disease and Future Prospects: A 2021 Update. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020371. [PMID: 35203580 PMCID: PMC8962417 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder pathologically distinguished by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Muscle rigidity, tremor, and bradykinesia are all clinical motor hallmarks of PD. Several pathways have been implicated in PD etiology, including mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired protein clearance, and neuroinflammation, but how these factors interact remains incompletely understood. Although many breakthroughs in PD therapy have been accomplished, there is currently no cure for PD, only trials to alleviate the related motor symptoms. To reduce or stop the clinical progression and mobility impairment, a disease-modifying approach that can directly target the etiology rather than offering symptomatic alleviation remains a major unmet clinical need in the management of PD. In this review, we briefly introduce current treatments and pathophysiology of PD. In addition, we address the novel innovative therapeutic targets for PD therapy, including α-synuclein, autophagy, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and others. Several immunomodulatory approaches and stem cell research currently in clinical trials with PD patients are also discussed. Moreover, preclinical studies and clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of novel and repurposed therapeutic agents and their pragmatic applications with encouraging outcomes are summarized. Finally, molecular biomarkers under active investigation are presented as potentially valuable tools for early PD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha A. Gouda
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea; (N.A.G.); (A.E.)
| | - Ahmed Elkamhawy
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea; (N.A.G.); (A.E.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Jungsook Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea; (N.A.G.); (A.E.)
- Correspondence:
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26
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Pardo B, Herrada-Soler E, Satrústegui J, Contreras L, del Arco A. AGC1 Deficiency: Pathology and Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of the Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:528. [PMID: 35008954 PMCID: PMC8745132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AGC1/Aralar/Slc25a12 is the mitochondrial carrier of aspartate-glutamate, the regulatory component of the NADH malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) that transfers cytosolic redox power to neuronal mitochondria. The deficiency in AGC1/Aralar leads to the human rare disease named "early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 39" (EIEE 39, OMIM # 612949) characterized by epilepsy, hypotonia, arrested psychomotor neurodevelopment, hypo myelination and a drastic drop in brain aspartate (Asp) and N-acetylaspartate (NAA). Current evidence suggest that neurons are the main brain cell type expressing Aralar. However, paradoxically, glial functions such as myelin and Glutamine (Gln) synthesis are markedly impaired in AGC1 deficiency. Herein, we discuss the role of the AGC1/Aralar-MAS pathway in neuronal functions such as Asp and NAA synthesis, lactate use, respiration on glucose, glutamate (Glu) oxidation and other neurometabolic aspects. The possible mechanism triggering the pathophysiological findings in AGC1 deficiency, such as epilepsy and postnatal hypomyelination observed in humans and mice, are also included. Many of these mechanisms arise from findings in the aralar-KO mice model that extensively recapitulate the human disease including the astroglial failure to synthesize Gln and the dopamine (DA) mishandling in the nigrostriatal system. Epilepsy and DA mishandling are a direct consequence of the metabolic defect in neurons due to AGC1/Aralar deficiency. However, the deficits in myelin and Gln synthesis may be a consequence of neuronal affectation or a direct effect of AGC1/Aralar deficiency in glial cells. Further research is needed to clarify this question and delineate the transcellular metabolic fluxes that control brain functions. Finally, we discuss therapeutic approaches successfully used in AGC1-deficient patients and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Pardo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.H.-S.); (J.S.); (L.C.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Herrada-Soler
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.H.-S.); (J.S.); (L.C.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorgina Satrústegui
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.H.-S.); (J.S.); (L.C.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Contreras
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.H.-S.); (J.S.); (L.C.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Araceli del Arco
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
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27
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Rosenstock TR, Sun C, Hughes GW, Winter K, Sarkar S. Analysis of Mitochondrial Dysfunction by Microplate Reader in hiPSC-Derived Neuronal Cell Models of Neurodegenerative Disorders. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2549:1-21. [PMID: 35347693 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2021_451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are responsible for many vital pathways governing cellular homeostasis, including cellular energy management, heme biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, cellular proliferation and differentiation, cell cycle regulation, and cellular viability. Electron transport and ADP phosphorylation coupled with proton pumping through the mitochondrial complexes contribute to the preservation of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). Importantly, mitochondrial polarization is essential for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) handling. Thus, changes in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), ΔΨm, and ATP/ADP may occur in parallel or stimulate each other. Brain cells like neurons are heavily reliant on mitochondrial OXPHOS for its high-energy demands, and hence improper mitochondrial function is detrimental for neuronal survival. Indeed, several neurodegenerative disorders are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Modeling this disease-relevant phenotype in neuronal cells differentiated from patient-derived human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) provide an appropriate cellular platform for studying the disease pathology and drug discovery. In this review, we describe high-throughput analysis of crucial parameters related to mitochondrial function in hiPSC-derived neurons. These methodologies include measurement of ΔΨm, intracellular Ca2+, oxidative stress, and ATP/ADP levels using fluorescence probes via a microplate reader. Benefits of such an approach include analysis of mitochondrial parameters on a large population of cells, simultaneous analysis of different cell lines and experimental conditions, and for drug screening to identify compounds restoring mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana R Rosenstock
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Bioscience, Sygnature Discovery, BioCity, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Congxin Sun
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Georgina Wynne Hughes
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Katherine Winter
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sovan Sarkar
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.
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28
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Strachan EL, Mac White-Begg D, Crean J, Reynolds AL, Kennedy BN, O'Sullivan NC. The Role of Mitochondria in Optic Atrophy With Autosomal Inheritance. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:784987. [PMID: 34867178 PMCID: PMC8634724 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.784987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Optic atrophy (OA) with autosomal inheritance is a form of optic neuropathy characterized by the progressive and irreversible loss of vision. In some cases, this is accompanied by additional, typically neurological, extra-ocular symptoms. Underlying the loss of vision is the specific degeneration of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) which form the optic nerve. Whilst autosomal OA is genetically heterogenous, all currently identified causative genes appear to be associated with mitochondrial organization and function. However, it is unclear why RGCs are particularly vulnerable to mitochondrial aberration. Despite the relatively high prevalence of this disorder, there are currently no approved treatments. Combined with the lack of knowledge concerning the mechanisms through which aberrant mitochondrial function leads to RGC death, there remains a clear need for further research to identify the underlying mechanisms and develop treatments for this condition. This review summarizes the genes known to be causative of autosomal OA and the mitochondrial dysfunction caused by pathogenic mutations. Furthermore, we discuss the suitability of available in vivo models for autosomal OA with regards to both treatment development and furthering the understanding of autosomal OA pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin L Strachan
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Delphi Mac White-Begg
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Crean
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alison L Reynolds
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Breandán N Kennedy
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh C O'Sullivan
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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29
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Rewiring cell signalling pathways in pathogenic mtDNA mutations. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 32:391-405. [PMID: 34836781 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria generate the energy to sustain cell viability and serve as a hub for cell signalling. Their own genome (mtDNA) encodes genes critical for oxidative phosphorylation. Mutations of mtDNA cause major disease and disability with a wide range of presentations and severity. We review here an emerging body of data suggesting that changes in cell metabolism and signalling pathways in response to the presence of mtDNA mutations play a key role in shaping disease presentation and progression. Understanding the impact of mtDNA mutations on cellular energy homeostasis and signalling pathways seems fundamental to identify novel therapeutic interventions with the potential to improve the prognosis for patients with primary mitochondrial disease.
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30
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Energy matters: presynaptic metabolism and the maintenance of synaptic transmission. Nat Rev Neurosci 2021; 23:4-22. [PMID: 34782781 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-021-00535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic activity imposes large energy demands that are met by local adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis through glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. ATP drives action potentials, supports synapse assembly and remodelling, and fuels synaptic vesicle filling and recycling, thus sustaining synaptic transmission. Given their polarized morphological features - including long axons and extensive branching in their terminal regions - neurons face exceptional challenges in maintaining presynaptic energy homeostasis, particularly during intensive synaptic activity. Recent studies have started to uncover the mechanisms and signalling pathways involved in activity-dependent and energy-sensitive regulation of presynaptic energetics, or 'synaptoenergetics'. These conceptual advances have established the energetic regulation of synaptic efficacy and plasticity as an exciting research field that is relevant to a range of neurological disorders associated with bioenergetic failure and synaptic dysfunction.
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31
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Fairless R, Bading H, Diem R. Pathophysiological Ionotropic Glutamate Signalling in Neuroinflammatory Disease as a Therapeutic Target. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:741280. [PMID: 34744612 PMCID: PMC8567076 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.741280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate signalling is an essential aspect of neuronal communication involving many different glutamate receptors, and underlies the processes of memory, learning and synaptic plasticity. Despite neuroinflammatory diseases covering a range of maladies with very different biological causes and pathophysiologies, a central role for dysfunctional glutamate signalling is becoming apparent. This is not just restricted to the well-described role of glutamate in mediating neurodegeneration, but also includes a myriad of other influences that glutamate can exert on the vasculature, as well as immune cell and glial regulation, reflecting the ability of neurons to communicate with these compartments in order to couple their activity with neuronal requirements. Here, we discuss the role of pathophysiological glutamate signalling in neuroinflammatory disease, using both multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease as examples, and how current steps are being made to harness our growing understanding of these processes in the development of neuroprotective strategies. This review focuses in particular on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisooxazol-4-yl) propionate (AMPA) type ionotropic glutamate receptors, although metabotropic, G-protein-coupled glutamate receptors may also contribute to neuroinflammatory processes. Given the indispensable roles of glutamate-gated ion channels in synaptic communication, means of pharmacologically distinguishing between physiological and pathophysiological actions of glutamate will be discussed that allow deleterious signalling to be inhibited whilst minimising the disturbance of essential neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Fairless
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU) Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hilmar Bading
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ricarda Diem
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU) Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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32
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Kovacs G, Reimer L, Jensen PH. Endoplasmic Reticulum-Based Calcium Dysfunctions in Synucleinopathies. Front Neurol 2021; 12:742625. [PMID: 34744980 PMCID: PMC8563702 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.742625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal calcium dyshomeostasis has been associated to Parkinson's disease (PD) development based on epidemiological studies on users of calcium channel antagonists and clinical trials are currently conducted exploring the hypothesis of increased calcium influx into neuronal cytosol as basic premise. We reported in 2018 an opposite hypothesis based on the demonstration that α-synuclein aggregates stimulate the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium pump SERCA and demonstrated in cell models the existence of an α-synuclein-aggregate dependent neuronal state wherein cytosolic calcium is decreased due to an increased pumping of calcium into the ER. Inhibiting the SERCA pump protected both neurons and an α-synuclein transgenic C. elegans model. This models two cellular states that could contribute to development of PD. First the prolonged state with reduced cytosolic calcium that could deregulate multiple signaling pathways. Second the disease ER state with increased calcium concentration. We will discuss our hypothesis in the light of recent papers. First, a mechanistic study describing how variation in the Inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) kinase B (ITPKB) may explain GWAS studies identifying the ITPKB gene as a protective factor toward PD. Here it was demonstrated that how increased ITPKB activity reduces influx of ER calcium to mitochondria via contact between IP3-receptors and the mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex in ER-mitochondria contact, known as mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs). Secondly, it was demonstrated that astrocytes derived from PD patients contain α-synuclein accumulations. A recent study has demonstrated how human astrocytes derived from a few PD patients carrying the LRRK2-2019S mutation express more α-synuclein than control astrocytes, release more calcium from ER upon ryanodine receptor (RyR) stimulation, show changes in ER calcium channels and exhibit a decreased maximal and spare respiration indicating altered mitochondrial function in PD astrocytes. Here, we summarize the previous findings focusing the effect of α-synuclein to SERCA, RyR, IP3R, MCU subunits and other MAM-related channels. We also consider how the SOCE-related events could contribute to the development of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergo Kovacs
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lasse Reimer
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Poul Henning Jensen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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33
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Song J, Yang X, Zhang M, Wang C, Chen L. Glutamate Metabolism in Mitochondria is Closely Related to Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 84:557-578. [PMID: 34602474 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, and its excitatory neurotoxicity is closely related to the occurrence and development of Alzheimer's disease. However, increasing evidence shows that in the process of Alzheimer's disease, glutamate is not only limited to its excitotoxicity as a neurotransmitter but also related to the disorder of its metabolic balance. The balance of glutamate metabolism in the brain is an important determinant of central nervous system health, and the maintenance of this balance is closely related to glutamate uptake, glutamate circulation, intracellular mitochondrial transport, and mitochondrial metabolism. In this paper, we intend to elaborate the key role of mitochondrial glutamate metabolism in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and review glutamate metabolism in mitochondria as a potential target in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China.,Cadre's Ward, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Cadre's Ward, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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34
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Khmelinskii I, Makarov V. Reversible and irreversible mitochondrial swelling in vitro. Biophys Chem 2021; 278:106668. [PMID: 34418677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2021.106668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial activity as regards ATP production strongly depends on mitochondrial swelling (MS) mode. Therefore, this work analyzes reversible and irreversible MS using a detailed biophysical model. The reported model includes mechanical properties of the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). The model describes MS dynamics for spherically symmetric, axisymmetric ellipsoidal and general ellipsoidal mitochondria. Mechanical stretching properties of the IMM were described by a second-rank rigidity tensor. The tensor components were estimated by fitting to the earlier reported results of in vitro experiments. The IMM rigidity constant of ca. 0.008 dyn/nm was obtained for linear deformations. The model also included membrane bending effects, which were small compared to those of membrane stretching. The model was also tested by simulation of the earlier reported experimental data and of the system dynamics at different initial conditions, predicting the system behavior. The transition criteria from reversible to irreversible swelling were determined and tested. The presently developed model is applicable directly to the analysis of in vitro experimental data, while additional improvements are necessary before it could be used to describe mitochondrial swelling in vivo. The reported theoretical model also provides an idea of physically consistent mechanism for the permeability transport pore (PTP) opening, which depends on the IMM stretching stress. In the current study, this idea is discussed briefly, but a detailed theoretical analysis of these ideas will be performed later. The currently developed model provides new understanding of the detailed MS mechanism and of the conditions for the transition between reversible and irreversible MS modes. On the other hand, the current model provides useful mathematical tools, that may be successfully used in mitochondrial biophysics research, and also in other applications, predicting the behavior of mitochondria in different conditions of the surrounding media in vitro or cellular cyto(sarco)plasm in vivo. These mathematical tools are based on real biophysical processes occurring in mitochondria. Thus, we note a significant progress in the theoretical approach, which may be used in real biological systems, compared to the earlier reported models. Significance of this study derives from inclusion of IMM mechanical properties, which directly impact the reversible and irreversible mitochondrial swelling dynamics. Reversible swelling corresponds to reversible IMM deformations, while irreversible swelling corresponds to irreversible deformations, with eventual membrane disruption. The IMM mechanical properties are directly dependent on the membrane biochemical composition and structure. The IMM deformationas are induced by osmotic pressure created by the ionic/neutral solute imbalance between the mitochondrial matrix media and the bulk solution in vitro, or cyto(sarco)plasm in vivo. The novelty of the reported model is in the biophysical mechanism detailing ionic and neutral solute transport for a large number of solutes, which were not taken into account in the earlier reported biophysical models of MS. Therefore, the reported model allows understanding response of mitochondria to the changes of initial concentration(s) of any of the solute(s) included in the model. Note that the values of all of the model parameters and kinetic constants have been estimated and the resulting complete model may be used for quantitative analysis of mitochondrial swelling dynamics in conditions of real in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Khmelinskii
- Universidade do Algarve, FCT, DQB and CEOT, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Vladimir Makarov
- University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, PO Box 23343, San Juan, PR 00931-3343, USA.
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Inositol monophosphatase 1 (IMPA1) mutation in intellectual disability patients impairs neurogenesis but not gliogenesis. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:3558-3571. [PMID: 32839513 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00862-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A homozygous mutation in the inositol monophosphatase 1 (IMPA1) gene was recently identified in nine individuals with severe intellectual disability (ID) and disruptive behavior. These individuals belong to the same family from Northeastern Brazil, which has 28 consanguineous marriages and 59 genotyped family members. IMPA1 is responsible for the generation of free inositol from de novo biosynthesis and recycling from inositol polyphosphates and participates in the phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway. To understand the role of IMPA1 deficiency in ID, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patients and neurotypical controls and differentiated these into hippocampal dentate gyrus-like neurons and astrocytes. IMPA1-deficient neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs) revealed substantial deficits in proliferation and neurogenic potential. At low passage NPCs (P1 to P3), we observed cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, progressive change to a glial morphology and reduction in neuronal differentiation. These observations were validated by rescuing the phenotype with myo-inositol supplemented media during differentiation of patient-derived iPSCs into neurons and by the reduction of neurogenic potential in control NPCs-expressing shIMPA1. Transcriptome analysis showed that NPCs and neurons derived from ID patients have extensive deregulation of gene expression affecting pathways necessary for neurogenesis and upregulation of gliogenic genes. IMPA1 deficiency did not affect cell cycle progression or survival in iPSCs and glial progenitor cells or astrocyte differentiation. Therefore, this study shows that the IMPA1 mutation specifically affects NPC survival and neuronal differentiation.
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Kolar D, Kleteckova L, Brozka H, Vales K. Mini-review: Brain energy metabolism and its role in animal models of depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and autism. Neurosci Lett 2021; 760:136003. [PMID: 34098028 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular organelles essential for energy metabolism and antioxidant defense. Mitochondrial impairment is implicated in many psychiatric disorders, including depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and autism. To characterize and eventually find effective treatments of bioenergetic impairment in psychiatric disease, researchers find animal models indispensable. The present review focuses on brain energetics in several environmental, genetic, drug-induced, and surgery-induced animal models of depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and autism. Most reported deficits included decreased activity in the electron transport chain, increased oxidative damage, decreased antioxidant defense, decreased ATP levels, and decreased mitochondrial potential. Models of depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and autism shared many bioenergetic deficits. This is in concordance with the absence of a disease-specific brain energy phenotype in human patients. Unfortunately, due to the absence of null results in examined literature, indicative of reporting bias, we refrain from making generalized conclusions. Present review can be a valuable tool for comparing current findings, generating more targeted hypotheses, and selecting fitting models for further preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kolar
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Hana Brozka
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Vales
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
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Activation of the Integrated Stress Response and ER Stress Protect from Fluorizoline-Induced Apoptosis in HEK293T and U2OS Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116117. [PMID: 34204139 PMCID: PMC8201103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prohibitin (PHB)-binding compound fluorizoline as well as PHB-downregulation activate the integrated stress response (ISR) in HEK293T and U2OS human cell lines. This activation is denoted by phosphorylation of eIF2α and increases in ATF4, ATF3, and CHOP protein levels. The blockage of the activation of the ISR by overexpression of GRP78, as well as an increase in IRE1 activity, indicate the presence of ER stress after fluorizoline treatment. The inhibition of the ER stress response in HEK293T and U2OS led to increased sensitivity to fluorizoline-induced apoptosis, indicating a pro-survival role of this pathway after fluorizoline treatment in these cell lines. Fluorizoline induced an increase in calcium concentration in the cytosol and the mitochondria. Finally, two different calcium chelators reduced fluorizoline-induced apoptosis in U2OS cells. Thus, we have found that fluorizoline causes increased ER stress and activation of the integrated stress response, which in HEK293T and U2OS cells are protective against fluorizoline-induced apoptosis.
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Stavsky A, Stoler O, Kostic M, Katoshevsky T, Assali EA, Savic I, Amitai Y, Prokisch H, Leiz S, Daumer-Haas C, Fleidervish I, Perocchi F, Gitler D, Sekler I. Aberrant activity of mitochondrial NCLX is linked to impaired synaptic transmission and is associated with mental retardation. Commun Biol 2021; 4:666. [PMID: 34079053 PMCID: PMC8172942 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium dynamics control synaptic transmission. Calcium triggers synaptic vesicle fusion, determines release probability, modulates vesicle recycling, participates in long-term plasticity and regulates cellular metabolism. Mitochondria, the main source of cellular energy, serve as calcium signaling hubs. Mitochondrial calcium transients are primarily determined by the balance between calcium influx, mediated by the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU), and calcium efflux through the sodium/lithium/calcium exchanger (NCLX). We identified a human recessive missense SLC8B1 variant that impairs NCLX activity and is associated with severe mental retardation. On this basis, we examined the effect of deleting NCLX in mice on mitochondrial and synaptic calcium homeostasis, synaptic activity, and plasticity. Neuronal mitochondria exhibited basal calcium overload, membrane depolarization, and a reduction in the amplitude and rate of calcium influx and efflux. We observed smaller cytoplasmic calcium transients in the presynaptic terminals of NCLX-KO neurons, leading to a lower probability of release and weaker transmission. In agreement, synaptic facilitation in NCLX-KO hippocampal slices was enhanced. Importantly, deletion of NCLX abolished long term potentiation of Schaffer collateral synapses. Our results show that NCLX controls presynaptic calcium transients that are crucial for defining synaptic strength as well as short- and long-term plasticity, key elements of learning and memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Stavsky
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ohad Stoler
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Marko Kostic
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Tomer Katoshevsky
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Essam A Assali
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ivana Savic
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yael Amitai
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Holger Prokisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Steffen Leiz
- Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Ilya Fleidervish
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Fabiana Perocchi
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Gitler
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
- Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Israel Sekler
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
- Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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Modesti L, Danese A, Angela Maria Vitto V, Ramaccini D, Aguiari G, Gafà R, Lanza G, Giorgi C, Pinton P. Mitochondrial Ca 2+ Signaling in Health, Disease and Therapy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061317. [PMID: 34070562 PMCID: PMC8230075 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The divalent cation calcium (Ca2+) is considered one of the main second messengers inside cells and acts as the most prominent signal in a plethora of biological processes. Its homeostasis is guaranteed by an intricate and complex system of channels, pumps, and exchangers. In this context, by regulating cellular Ca2+ levels, mitochondria control both the uptake and release of Ca2+. Therefore, at the mitochondrial level, Ca2+ plays a dual role, participating in both vital physiological processes (ATP production and regulation of mitochondrial metabolism) and pathophysiological processes (cell death, cancer progression and metastasis). Hence, it is not surprising that alterations in mitochondrial Ca2+ (mCa2+) pathways or mutations in Ca2+ transporters affect the activities and functions of the entire cell. Indeed, it is widely recognized that dysregulation of mCa2+ signaling leads to various pathological scenarios, including cancer, neurological defects and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This review summarizes the current knowledge on the regulation of mCa2+ homeostasis, the related mechanisms and the significance of this regulation in physiology and human diseases. We also highlight strategies aimed at remedying mCa2+ dysregulation as promising therapeutical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Modesti
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.M.); (A.D.); (V.A.M.V.); (D.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Alberto Danese
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.M.); (A.D.); (V.A.M.V.); (D.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Veronica Angela Maria Vitto
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.M.); (A.D.); (V.A.M.V.); (D.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Daniela Ramaccini
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.M.); (A.D.); (V.A.M.V.); (D.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Gianluca Aguiari
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Roberta Gafà
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (R.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Giovanni Lanza
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (R.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.M.); (A.D.); (V.A.M.V.); (D.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.M.); (A.D.); (V.A.M.V.); (D.R.); (C.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0532-455802
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Bitarafan F, Khodaeian M, Amjadi Sardehaei E, Darvishi FZ, Almadani N, Nilipour Y, Garshasbi M. Identification of a novel MICU1 nonsense variant causes myopathy with extrapyramidal signs in an Iranian consanguineous family. Mol Cell Pediatr 2021; 8:6. [PMID: 33969448 PMCID: PMC8107061 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-021-00116-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ca2+ as a universal second messenger regulates basic biological functions including cell cycle, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and cell death. Lack of the protein mitochondrial calcium uptake1 (MICU1), which has been regarded as a gatekeeper of Ca ions, leads to the abnormal mitochondrial Ca2+ handling, excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and increased cell death. Mutations in MICU1 gene causes a very rare neuromuscular disease, myopathy with extrapyramidal signs (MPXPS), due to primary alterations in mitochondrial calcium signaling which demonstrates the key role of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. To date, 13 variants have been reported in MICU1 gene in 44 patients presented with the vast spectrum of symptoms. CASE PRESENTATION Here, we report a 44-year-old Iranian patient presented with learning disability, muscle weakness, easy fatigability, reduced tendon reflexes, ataxia, gait disturbance, elevated hepatic transaminases, elevated serum creatine kinase (CK), and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). We identified a novel nonsense variant c.385C>T; p.(R129*) in MICU1 gene by whole exome sequencing (WES) and segregation analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our finding along with previous studies provides more evidence on the clinical presentation of the disease caused by pathogenic mutations in MICU1. Finding more variants and expanding the spectrum of the disease increases the diagnostic rate of molecular testing in screening of this kind of diseases and in turn improves the quality of counseling for at risk couples and helps them to minimize the risks of having affected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Bitarafan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Navid Almadani
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yalda Nilipour
- Pediatric Pathology Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Garshasbi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Rossi A, Rigotto G, Valente G, Giorgio V, Basso E, Filadi R, Pizzo P. Defective Mitochondrial Pyruvate Flux Affects Cell Bioenergetics in Alzheimer's Disease-Related Models. Cell Rep 2021; 30:2332-2348.e10. [PMID: 32075767 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are key organelles for brain health. Mitochondrial alterations have been reported in several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the comprehension of the underlying mechanisms appears crucial to understand their relationship with the pathology. Using multiple genetic, pharmacological, imaging, and biochemical approaches, we demonstrate that, in different familial AD cell models, mitochondrial ATP synthesis is affected. The defect depends on reduced mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation, due to both lower Ca2+-mediated stimulation of the Krebs cycle and dampened mitochondrial pyruvate uptake. Importantly, this latter event is linked to glycogen-synthase-kinase-3β (GSK-3β) hyper-activation, leading, in turn, to impaired recruitment of hexokinase 1 (HK1) to mitochondria, destabilization of mitochondrial-pyruvate-carrier (MPC) complexes, and decreased MPC2 protein levels. Remarkably, pharmacological GSK-3β inhibition in AD cells rescues MPC2 expression and improves mitochondrial ATP synthesis and respiration. The defective mitochondrial bioenergetics influences glutamate-induced neuronal excitotoxicity, thus representing a possible target for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Rossi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Rigotto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Valente
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padua, Italy; Neuroscience Institute - Italian National Research Council (CNR), Padua 35121, Italy
| | - Valentina Giorgio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padua, Italy; Neuroscience Institute - Italian National Research Council (CNR), Padua 35121, Italy
| | - Emy Basso
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padua, Italy; Neuroscience Institute - Italian National Research Council (CNR), Padua 35121, Italy
| | - Riccardo Filadi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padua, Italy; Neuroscience Institute - Italian National Research Council (CNR), Padua 35121, Italy.
| | - Paola Pizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padua, Italy; Neuroscience Institute - Italian National Research Council (CNR), Padua 35121, Italy.
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Fessel J. A vaccine to prevent initial loss of cognition and eventual Alzheimer's disease in elderly persons. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2021; 7:e12126. [PMID: 33598529 PMCID: PMC7864087 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Prevention is better than cure and prevention of Alzheimer's disease (AD) may be possible. In elderly persons who are cognitively normal, synaptic hypometabolism as shown by reduced cerebral uptake of fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), provides a premonitory signal of potential, future loss of cognition if those individuals also have present evidence of amyloid deposition seen in the Pittsburgh compound B positron emission tomography (PIB-PET) scan for amyloid. Those are the persons who should be targeted if one aims to prevent AD. The synaptic hypometabolism implies that the brain's availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is inadequate for performance of all required synaptic functions. This review first describes the basis for asserting that reduced cerebral uptake of 18F-FDG accurately reflects synaptic hypometabolism; second, explains the basis for asserting that hypometabolism implies inadequate ATP; third, shows that amyloid beta (Aβ) itself, Aβ modified by pyroglutamate to become a molecule termed pE(3)Aβ, and cyclophilin-D, in concert are the main contributors to inadequate synaptic ATP and that, therefore, reducing all of their levels would neutralize their combined effect and correct the hypometabolism. pE(3)Aβ is more neurotoxic than unmodified Aβ; and cyclophilin D inhibits ATP synthase and reduces ATP formation. Finally, this review describes an mRNA self-replicating vaccine that will raise brain levels of ATP by reducing Aβ, pyroglutamate-modified Aβ, and cyclophilin-D, and thereby-in cognitively normal elderly persons who have synaptic hypometabolism-prevent initiation of the process that terminates in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Fessel
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
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Wang B, Li Y, You C. miR-129-3p Targeting of MCU Protects Against Glucose Fluctuation-Mediated Neuronal Damage via a Mitochondrial-Dependent Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:153-163. [PMID: 33488104 PMCID: PMC7815084 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s285179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glucose fluctuations have an adverse effect on several diabetes-related complications, especially for the nervous system, but the underlying mechanisms are not clear. MicroRNAs are critical regulators of posttranscription in many physiological processes, such as apoptosis. Our study clarified the neuroprotective effects of miR-129-3p targeting mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) in glucose fluctuation-mediated neuronal damage and the specific mechanisms involved. METHODS The expression of MCU and miR-129-3p was examined by real-time PCR and Western blot in the glucose fluctuation cell model. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to confirm the transcriptional regulation of miR-129-3p by MCU. Fluorescent probe and assay kit assay was used to determine oxidative stress condition. Mitochondrial-dependent intrinsic apoptotic factors were examined by flow cytometry assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and gene and protein expression assays. RESULTS We found an upregulation of MCU and downregulation of miR-129-3p in glucose fluctuation-treated primary hippocampal neuronal cells, and miR-129-3p directly targeted MCU. miR-129-3p overexpression produced a dramatic reduction in calcium overload, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, GSH-to-GSSG ratio, MMP-2 expression in the mitochondrial-dependent intrinsic apoptosis pathway and an increase in MnSOD activity. Increasing MCU expression rescued the effects of miR-129-3p overexpression. miR-129-3p downregulation produced a significant increase in calcium overload, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, MMP-2 expression, cytochrome c release and cell apoptosis, and antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) rescued the effects of miR-129-3p downregulation. CONCLUSION Therefore, miR-129-3p suppressed glucose fluctuation-mediated neuronal damage by targeting MCU via a mitochondrial-dependent intrinsic apoptotic pathway. The miR-129-3p/MCU axis may be a promising therapeutic target for glucose fluctuation-mediated neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China School of Medicine/West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kunming Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan650032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Intensive Care Unit, West China School of Medicine/West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao You
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China School of Medicine/West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Chao You Department of Neurosurgery, West China School of Medicine/West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610041, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 28-85422026 Email
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Simple models including energy and spike constraints reproduce complex activity patterns and metabolic disruptions. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008503. [PMID: 33347433 PMCID: PMC7785241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we introduce new phenomenological neuronal models (eLIF and mAdExp) that account for energy supply and demand in the cell as well as the inactivation of spike generation how these interact with subthreshold and spiking dynamics. Including these constraints, the new models reproduce a broad range of biologically-relevant behaviors that are identified to be crucial in many neurological disorders, but were not captured by commonly used phenomenological models. Because of their low dimensionality eLIF and mAdExp open the possibility of future large-scale simulations for more realistic studies of brain circuits involved in neuronal disorders. The new models enable both more accurate modeling and the possibility to study energy-associated disorders over the whole time-course of disease progression instead of only comparing the initially healthy status with the final diseased state. These models, therefore, provide new theoretical and computational methods to assess the opportunities of early diagnostics and the potential of energy-centered approaches to improve therapies. Neurons, even “at rest”, require a constant supply of energy to function. They cannot sustain high-frequency activity over long periods because of regulatory mechanisms, such as adaptation or sodium channels inactivation, and metabolic limitations. These limitations are especially severe in many neuronal disorders, where energy can become insufficient and make the neuronal response change drastically, leading to increased burstiness, network oscillations, or seizures. Capturing such behaviors and impact of energy constraints on them is an essential prerequisite to study disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and epilepsy. However, energy and spiking constraints are not present in any of the standard neuronal models used in computational neuroscience. Here we introduce models that provide a simple and scalable way to account for these features, enabling large-scale theoretical and computational studies of neurological disorders and activity patterns that could not be captured by previously used models. These models provide a way to study energy-associated disorders over the whole time-course of disease progression, and they enable a better assessment of energy-centered approaches to improve therapies.
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Filadi R, Greotti E. The yin and yang of mitochondrial Ca 2+ signaling in cell physiology and pathology. Cell Calcium 2020; 93:102321. [PMID: 33310302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are autonomous and dynamic cellular organelles orchestrating a diverse range of cellular activities. Numerous cell-signaling pathways target these organelles and Ca2+ is one of the most significant. Mitochondria are able to rapidly and transiently take up Ca2+, thanks to the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter complex, as well as to extrude it through the Na+/Ca2+ and H+/Ca2+ exchangers. The transient accumulation of Ca2+ in the mitochondrial matrix impacts on mitochondrial functions and cell pathophysiology. Here we summarize the role of mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling in both physiological (yang) and pathological (yin) processes and the methods that can be used to investigate mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis. As an example of the pivotal role of mitochondria in pathology, we described the state of the art of mitochondrial Ca2+ alterations in different pathological conditions, with a special focus on Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Filadi
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131, Padua, Italy.
| | - Elisa Greotti
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131, Padua, Italy.
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Bas-Orth C, Schneider J, Lewen A, McQueen J, Hasenpusch-Theil K, Theil T, Hardingham GE, Bading H, Kann O. The mitochondrial calcium uniporter is crucial for the generation of fast cortical network rhythms. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:2225-2239. [PMID: 31722597 PMCID: PMC7585921 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19887777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The role of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) gene (Mcu) in cellular energy homeostasis and generation of electrical brain rhythms is widely unknown. We investigated this issue in mice and rats using Mcu-knockout and -knockdown strategies in vivo and in situ and determined the effects of these genetic manipulations on hippocampal gamma oscillations (30-70 Hz) and sharp wave-ripples. These physiological network states require precise neurotransmission between pyramidal cells and inhibitory interneurons, support spike-timing and synaptic plasticity and are associated with perception, attention and memory. Absence of the MCU resulted in (i) gamma oscillations with decreased power (by >40%) and lower synchrony, including less precise neural action potential generation ('spiking'), (ii) sharp waves with decreased incidence (by about 22%) and decreased fast ripple frequency (by about 3%) and (iii) lack of activity-dependent pyruvate dehydrogenase dephosphorylation. However, compensatory adaptation in gene expression related to mitochondrial function and glucose metabolism was not detected. These data suggest that the neuronal MCU is crucial for the generation of network rhythms, most likely by influences on oxidative phosphorylation and perhaps by controlling cytoplasmic Ca2+ homeostasis. This work contributes to an increased understanding of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in cortical information processing underlying cognition and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Bas-Orth
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Justus Schneider
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Lewen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jamie McQueen
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Thomas Theil
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hilmar Bading
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Kann
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Sellaththurai S, Omeka WKM, Nadarajapillai K, Shanaka KASN, Jung S, Lee S, Lee J. Identification, molecular characterization, expression analysis and wound-healing ability of multifunctional calreticulin from big-belly seahorse Hippocampus abdominalis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:410-420. [PMID: 32805417 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) is a multifunctional ubiquitous protein that is widely presented in all cells in eukaryotes except erythrocytes. CRT is well known for diverse cellular functions such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-specialized protein quality control during protein synthesis and folding, in-vivo Ca2+ homeostasis, antigen presentation, phagocytosis, wound-healing, proliferation, adhesion, and migration of cells. In the current study, we identified CRT from Hippocampus abdominalis (HaCRT) and analyzed expression profiles and functional properties. The cDNA sequence of HaCRT was identified with an open reading frame of 1226 bp. The molecular weight of HaCRT was estimated as 49 kDa. The in-silico study revealed conserved sequence arrangements such as two CRT signature motifs (5'-KHEQSIDCGGGYVKVF-3' and 5'-LMFGPDICG-3'), triplicate repeats (5'-IKDPEAKKPEDWD-3', 5'-IPDPDDTKPEDWD-3', 5'-IPDPDAKKPDDWD-3'), signal peptide and an ER-targeting 5'-KDEL-3' sequence of HaCRT. Close sequence similarity of HaCRT was observed with Hippocampus comes from phylogenetic analysis and pairwise sequence comparison. From quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) results, HaCRT was ubiquitously distributed in all tested tissues and expression levels of HaCRT were significantly modulated in blood, liver and gill tissues after stimulation with Streptococcus iniae, Edwardsiella tarda, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, and lipopolysaccharides. Bacterial- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns-binding activities were observed with recombinant HaCRT (rHaCRT). The treatment of murine macrophages with rHaCRT induced the expression of immune genes, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Furthermore, rHaCRT exhibited wound-healing ability. Based on the results from the above study, we suggest that HaCRT play an indispensable role in the immunity of big-belly seahorses by recognition and elimination of pathogens as well as the tissue repairing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarithaa Sellaththurai
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - W K M Omeka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Kishanthini Nadarajapillai
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - K A S N Shanaka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumi Jung
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukkyoung Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Filadi R, Pizzo P. Mitochondrial calcium handling and neurodegeneration: when a good signal goes wrong. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abstract
Vision loss, among the most feared complications of diabetes, is primarily caused by diabetic retinopathy, a disease that manifests in well-recognized, characteristic microvascular lesions. The reasons for retinal susceptibility to damage in diabetes are unclear, especially considering that microvascular networks are found in all tissues. However, the unique metabolic demands of retinal neurons could account for their vulnerability in diabetes. Photoreceptors are the first neurons in the visual circuit and are also the most energy-demanding cells of the retina. Here, we review experimental and clinical evidence linking photoreceptors to the development of diabetic retinopathy. We then describe the influence of retinal illumination on photoreceptor metabolism, effects of light modulation on the severity of diabetic retinopathy, and recent clinical trials testing the treatment of diabetic retinopathy with interventions that impact photoreceptor metabolism. Finally, we introduce several possible mechanisms that could link photoreceptor responses to light and the development of retinal vascular disease in diabetes. Collectively, these concepts form the basis for a growing body of investigative efforts aimed at developing novel pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic tools that target photoreceptor physiology to treat a very common cause of blindness across the world.
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Pascual-Caro C, Orantos-Aguilera Y, Sanchez-Lopez I, de Juan-Sanz J, Parys JB, Area-Gomez E, Pozo-Guisado E, Martin-Romero FJ. STIM1 Deficiency Leads to Specific Down-Regulation of ITPR3 in SH-SY5Y Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186598. [PMID: 32916960 PMCID: PMC7555297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
STIM1 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein that modulates the activity of a number of Ca2+ transport systems. By direct physical interaction with ORAI1, a plasma membrane Ca2+ channel, STIM1 activates the ICRAC current, whereas the binding with the voltage-operated Ca2+ channel CaV1.2 inhibits the current through this latter channel. In this way, STIM1 is a key regulator of Ca2+ signaling in excitable and non-excitable cells, and altered STIM1 levels have been reported to underlie several pathologies, including immunodeficiency, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. In both sporadic and familial Alzheimer’s disease, a decrease of STIM1 protein levels accounts for the alteration of Ca2+ handling that compromises neuronal cell viability. Using SH-SY5Y cells edited by CRISPR/Cas9 to knockout STIM1 gene expression, this work evaluated the molecular mechanisms underlying the cell death triggered by the deficiency of STIM1, demonstrating that STIM1 is a positive regulator of ITPR3 gene expression. ITPR3 (or IP3R3) is a Ca2+ channel enriched at ER-mitochondria contact sites where it provides Ca2+ for transport into the mitochondria. Thus, STIM1 deficiency leads to a strong reduction of ITPR3 transcript and ITPR3 protein levels, a consequent decrease of the mitochondria free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]mit), reduction of mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate, and decrease in ATP synthesis rate. All these values were normalized by ectopic expression of ITPR3 in STIM1-KO cells, providing strong evidence for a new mode of regulation of [Ca2+]mit mediated by the STIM1-ITPR3 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Pascual-Caro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences and Institute of Molecular Pathology and Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (C.P.-C.); (Y.O.-A.); (I.S.-L.)
| | - Yolanda Orantos-Aguilera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences and Institute of Molecular Pathology and Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (C.P.-C.); (Y.O.-A.); (I.S.-L.)
| | - Irene Sanchez-Lopez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences and Institute of Molecular Pathology and Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (C.P.-C.); (Y.O.-A.); (I.S.-L.)
| | - Jaime de Juan-Sanz
- Sorbonne Universités and Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (ICM) - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Inserm, CNRS, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Jan B. Parys
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Estela Area-Gomez
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032-3748, USA;
| | - Eulalia Pozo-Guisado
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine and Institute of Molecular Pathology and Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Francisco Javier Martin-Romero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences and Institute of Molecular Pathology and Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (C.P.-C.); (Y.O.-A.); (I.S.-L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-924-489-971
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