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Furrer R, Handschin C. Molecular aspects of the exercise response and training adaptation in skeletal muscle. Free Radic Biol Med 2024:S0891-5849(24)00572-0. [PMID: 39059515 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plasticity enables an enormous potential to adapt to various internal and external stimuli and perturbations. Most notably, changes in contractile activity evoke a massive remodeling of biochemical, metabolic and force-generating properties. In recent years, a large number of signals, sensors, regulators and effectors have been implicated in these adaptive processes. Nevertheless, our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of training adaptation remains rudimentary. Specifically, the mechanisms that underlie signal integration, output coordination, functional redundancy and other complex traits of muscle adaptation are unknown. In fact, it is even unclear how stimulus-dependent specification is brought about in endurance or resistance exercise. In this review, we will provide an overview on the events that describe the acute perturbations in single endurance and resistance exercise bouts. Furthermore, we will provide insights into the molecular principles of long-term training adaptation. Finally, current gaps in knowledge will be identified, and strategies for a multi-omic and -cellular analyses of the molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle plasticity that are engaged in individual, acute exercise bouts and chronic training adaptation discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regula Furrer
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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2
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Witard OC, Mettler S. The Anabolic Response to Protein Ingestion During Recovery From Exercise Has No Upper Limit in Magnitude and Duration In Vivo in Humans: A Commentary. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2024:1-3. [PMID: 38991545 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2024-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
A comprehensive recent study by Trommelen et al. demonstrated that muscle tissue exhibits a greater capacity to incorporate exogenous exogenous protein-derived amino acids into bound muscle protein than was previously appreciated, at least when measured in "anabolically sensitive," recreationally active (but not resistance-trained), young men following resistance exercise. Moreover, this study demonstrated that the duration of the postprandial period is modulated by the dose of ingested protein contained within a meal, that is, the postexercise muscle protein synthesis response to protein ingestion was more prolonged in 100PRO than 25PRO. Both observations represent important scientific advances in the field of protein metabolism. However, we respectfully caution that the practical implications of these findings may have been misinterpreted, at least in terms of dismissing the concept of protein meal distribution as an important factor in optimizing muscle tissue anabolism and/or metabolic health. Moreover, based on emerging evidence, this idea that the anabolic response to protein ingestion has no upper limit does not appear to translate to resistance-trained young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver C Witard
- Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Mettler
- Department of Health, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
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Brown F, Hill M, Renshaw D, Tallis J. Force-Time Characteristics of Repeated Bouts of Depth Jumps and the Effects of Compression Garments. J Appl Biomech 2024; 40:217-231. [PMID: 38580303 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2023-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
No studies have reported ground reaction force (GRF) profiles of the repeated depth jump (DJ) protocols commonly used to study exercise-induced muscle damage. Furthermore, while compression garments (CG) may accelerate recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage, any effects on the repeated bout effect are unknown. Therefore, we investigated the GRF profiles of 2 repeated bouts of damage-inducing DJs and the effects of wearing CG for recovery. Nonresistance-trained males randomly received CG (n = 9) or placebo (n = 8) for 72 hours recovery, following 20 × 20 m sprints and 10 × 10 DJs from 0.6 m. Exercise was repeated after 14 days. Using a 3-way (set × bout × group) design, changes in GRF were assessed with analysis of variance and statistical parametric mapping. Jump height, reactive strength, peak, and mean propulsive forces declined between sets (P < .001). Vertical stiffness, contact time, force at zero velocity, and propulsive duration increased (P < .05). According to statistical parametric mapping, braking (17%-25% of the movement) and propulsive forces (58%-81%) declined (P < .05). During the repeated bout, peak propulsive force and duration increased (P < .05), while mean propulsive force (P < .05) and GRF from 59% to 73% declined (P < .001). A repeated bout of DJs differed in propulsive GRF, without changes to the eccentric phase, or effects from CG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Brown
- Research Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Science, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Hill
- Research Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Science, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Renshaw
- Centre for Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Tallis
- Research Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Science, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Plotkin DL, Mattingly ML, Anglin DA, Michel JM, Godwin JS, McIntosh MC, Bergamasco JGA, Scarpelli MC, Angleri V, Taylor LW, Willoughby DS, Mobley CB, Kavazis AN, Ugrinowitsch C, Libardi CA, Roberts MD. Skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain protein fragmentation as a potential marker of protein degradation in response to resistance training and disuse atrophy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.24.595789. [PMID: 38826385 PMCID: PMC11142278 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.24.595789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
We sought to examine how resistance exercise (RE), cycling exercise, and disuse atrophy affect myosin heavy chain (MyHC) protein fragmentation in humans. In the first study (1boutRE), younger adult men (n=8; 5±2 years of RE experience) performed a lower body RE bout with vastus lateralis (VL) biopsies obtained immediately before, 3-, and 6-hours post-exercise. In the second study (10weekRT), VL biopsies were obtained in untrained younger adults (n=36, 18 men and 18 women) before and 24 hours (24h) after their first/naïve RE bout. These participants also engaged in 10 weeks (24 sessions) of resistance training and donated VL biopsies before and 24h after their last RE bout. VL biopsies were also examined from a third acute cycling study (n=7) and a fourth study involving two weeks of leg immobilization (n=20, 15 men and 5 women) to determine how MyHC fragmentation was affected. In the 1boutRE study, the fragmentation of all MyHC isoforms (MyHCTotal) increased 3 hours post-RE (~ +200%, p=0.018) and returned to pre-exercise levels by 6 hours post-RE. Immunoprecipitation of MyHCTotal revealed ubiquitination levels remained unaffected at the 3- and 6-hour post-RE time points. Interestingly, a greater increase in magnitude for MyHC type IIa versus I isoform fragmentation occurred 3-hours post-RE (8.6±6.3-fold versus 2.1±0.7-fold, p=0.018). In all 10weekRT participants, the first/naïve and last RE bouts increased MyHCTotal fragmentation 24h post-RE (+65% and +36%, respectively; p<0.001); however, the last RE bout response was attenuated compared to the first bout (p=0.045). The first/naïve bout response was significantly elevated in females only (p<0.001), albeit females also demonstrated a last bout attenuation response (p=0.002). Although an acute cycling bout did not alter MyHCTotal fragmentation, ~8% VL atrophy with two weeks of leg immobilization led to robust MyHCTotal fragmentation (+108%, p<0.001), and no sex-based differences were observed. In summary, RE and disuse atrophy increase MyHC protein fragmentation. A dampened response with 10 weeks of resistance training, and more refined responses in well-trained men, suggest this is an adaptive process. Given the null polyubiquitination IP findings, more research is needed to determine how MyHC fragments are processed. Moreover, further research is needed to determine how aging and disease-associated muscle atrophy affect these outcomes, and whether MyHC fragmentation is a viable surrogate for muscle protein turnover rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - J. Max Michel
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | | | | | - João G. A. Bergamasco
- MUSCULAB – Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos – UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maíra C. Scarpelli
- MUSCULAB – Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos – UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Vitor Angleri
- MUSCULAB – Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos – UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Lemuel W. Taylor
- School of Health Professions, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, Texas, USA
| | - Darryn S. Willoughby
- School of Health Professions, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo – USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Cleiton A. Libardi
- MUSCULAB – Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos – UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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5
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Scarpelli MC, Bergamasco JGA, Godwin JS, Mesquita PHC, Chaves TS, Silva DG, Bittencourt D, Dias NF, Medalha Junior RA, Carello Filho PC, Angleri V, Costa LAR, Kavazis AN, Ugrinowitsch C, Roberts MD, Libardi CA. Resistance training-induced changes in muscle proteolysis and extracellular matrix remodeling biomarkers in the untrained and trained states. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05484-5. [PMID: 38653795 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05484-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Resistance training (RT) induces muscle growth at varying rates across RT phases, and evidence suggests that the muscle-molecular responses to training bouts become refined or attenuated in the trained state. This study examined how proteolysis-related biomarkers and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling factors respond to a bout of RT in the untrained (UT) and trained (T) state. METHODS Participants (19 women and 19 men) underwent 10 weeks of RT. Biopsies of vastus lateralis were collected before and after (24 h) the first (UT) and last (T) sessions. Vastus lateralis cross-sectional area (CSA) was assessed before and after the experimental period. RESULTS There were increases in muscle and type II fiber CSAs. In both the UT and T states, calpain activity was upregulated and calpain-1/-2 protein expression was downregulated from Pre to 24 h. Calpain-2 was higher in the T state. Proteasome activity and 20S proteasome protein expression were upregulated from Pre to 24 h in both the UT and T. However, proteasome activity levels were lower in the T state. The expression of poly-ubiquitinated proteins was unchanged. MMP activity was downregulated, and MMP-9 protein expression was elevated from Pre to 24 h in UT and T. Although MMP-14 protein expression was acutely unchanged, this marker was lower in T state. TIMP-1 protein levels were reduced Pre to 24 h in UT and T, while TIMP-2 protein levels were unchanged. CONCLUSION Our results are the first to show that RT does not attenuate the acute-induced response of proteolysis and ECM remodeling-related biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra C Scarpelli
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235 - SP 310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
- School of Kinesiology, Nutrabolt Applied and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - João G A Bergamasco
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235 - SP 310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
- School of Kinesiology, Nutrabolt Applied and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Joshua S Godwin
- School of Kinesiology, Nutrabolt Applied and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Paulo H C Mesquita
- School of Kinesiology, Nutrabolt Applied and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Talisson S Chaves
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235 - SP 310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Deivid G Silva
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235 - SP 310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Diego Bittencourt
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235 - SP 310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Nathalia F Dias
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235 - SP 310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Medalha Junior
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235 - SP 310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Carello Filho
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235 - SP 310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Vitor Angleri
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235 - SP 310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Luiz A R Costa
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andreas N Kavazis
- School of Kinesiology, Nutrabolt Applied and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Nutrabolt Applied and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
| | - Cleiton A Libardi
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235 - SP 310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
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Park JH, Lim NK, Park HY. Associations of resistance training levels with low muscle mass: a nationwide cross-sectional study in Korea. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2024; 21:5. [PMID: 38454366 PMCID: PMC10918971 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-024-00339-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low muscle mass is associated with adverse health outcomes such as functional decline and all-cause mortality. This study investigated the relationship between the risk of low muscle mass and the training period and/or frequency of resistance training (RT). METHODS We included 126,339 participants (81,263 women) from nationwide cohorts in Korea. Low muscle mass was defined based on the fat-free mass index. To investigate the presence of an inverse dose-response relationship between RT levels and the risk of low muscle mass, the training period (months) and frequency (per week) of RT were used. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the risk of low muscle mass according to the RT levels. RESULTS Prevalence rates for low muscle mass in our study population were 21.27% and 6.92% in men and women, respectively. When compared with not performing RT, performing RT for 3-4 days/week and ≥5 days/week decreased the risk of low muscle mass by 22% and 27%, respectively, and performing RT for 12-23 months and ≥24 months decreased the risk by 19% and 41%, respectively. When simultaneously considering both training period and frequency, performing RT for either 3-4 days/week or ≥5 days/week was significantly related to risk reduction, provided that the training period was at least 1 year. Importantly, performing RT for more than 2 years resulted in an additional risk reduction. However, there was no additional effect of performing RT for ≥5 days/week compared to 3-4 days/week, regardless of whether the RT duration was 1-2 years or more than 2 years. CONCLUSIONS Since performing RT for 5 days/week or more did not yield any additional effects on the risk of low muscle mass, performing RT for 3-4 days/week was sufficient to prevent low muscle mass. The effectiveness of this preventive measure can be further enhanced by engaging in long-term RT, specifically for more than 2 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Park
- Division of Population Health Research, Department of Precision Medicine, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, 200 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28160, Korea
| | - Nam-Kyoo Lim
- Division of Population Health Research, Department of Precision Medicine, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, 200 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28160, Korea
| | - Hyun-Young Park
- Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, 28159, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea.
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Morcillo-Losa JA, Díaz-Martínez MDP, Ceylan Hİ, Moreno-Vecino B, Bragazzi NL, Párraga Montilla J. Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Muscle Strength for the Prevention and Treatment of Sarcopenia in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of the Literature. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1299. [PMID: 38592165 PMCID: PMC10931549 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a significant health concern primarily affecting old adult individuals, characterized by age-related muscle loss, and decreased strength, power, and endurance. It has profound negative effects on overall health and quality of life, including reduced independence, mobility, and daily activity performance, osteoporosis, increased fall and fracture risks, metabolic issues, and chronic diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular conditions. Preventive strategies typically involve a combination of proper nutrition and regular physical activity. Among strength training exercises, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) stands out as the most effective approach for improving muscle function in older adults with sarcopenia. The current review identifies and summarizes the studies that have examined the effects of HIIT on muscle strength in older adults as an element of the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia. A systematic search using several computerized databases, namely, MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science, was performed on 12 January 2023, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 224 studies were initially retrieved. A total of five studies met the selection criteria. HIIT training shows improvements in body composition and functional and cardiorespiratory capacity, has benefits on muscle strength, increases muscle quality and architecture, and is associated with muscle hypertrophy in healthy older adults. Nonetheless, given the shortcomings affecting primary research in terms of the limited number of studies and the high risk of bias, further research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alfonso Morcillo-Losa
- Department of Didactics of Corporal Expression, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (J.A.M.-L.); (M.d.P.D.-M.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Maria del Pilar Díaz-Martínez
- Department of Didactics of Corporal Expression, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (J.A.M.-L.); (M.d.P.D.-M.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Halil İbrahim Ceylan
- Physical Education and Sports Teaching Department, Kazim Karabekir Faculty of Education, Ataturk University, 25030 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Beatriz Moreno-Vecino
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Centre d’Ensenyament Superior Alberta Giménez CESAG, Pontifical University of Comillas, 07013 Palma, Spain;
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- Human Nutrition Unit (HNU), Department of Food and Drugs, Medical School, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Juan Párraga Montilla
- Department of Didactics of Corporal Expression, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (J.A.M.-L.); (M.d.P.D.-M.); (J.P.M.)
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Libardi CA, Godwin JS, Reece TM, Ugrinowitsch C, Herda TJ, Roberts MD. Effects of low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction on muscle fiber myofibrillar and extracellular area. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1368646. [PMID: 38444764 PMCID: PMC10912282 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1368646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood flow restriction applied during low-load resistance training (LL-BFR) induces a similar increase in the cross-sectional area of muscle fibers (fCSA) compared to traditional high-load resistance training (HL-RT). However, it is unclear whether LL-BFR leads to differential changes in myofibrillar spacing in muscle fibers and/or extracellular area compared to HL-RT. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether the hypertrophy of type I and II fibers induced by LL-BFR or HL-RT is accompanied by differential changes in myofibrillar and non-myofibrillar areas. In addition, we examined if extracellular spacing was differentially affected between these two training protocols. Twenty recreationally active participants were assigned to LL-BFR or HL-RT groups and underwent a 6-week training program. Muscle biopsies were taken before and after the training period. The fCSA of type I and II fibers, the area occupied by myofibrillar and non-myofibrillar components, and extracellular spacing were analyzed using immunohistochemistry techniques. Despite the significant increase in type II and mean (type I + II) fCSA (p < 0.05), there were no significant changes in the proportionality of the myofibrillar and non-myofibrillar areas [∼86% and ∼14%, respectively (p > 0.05)], indicating that initial adaptations to LL-BFR are primarily characterized by conventional hypertrophy rather than disproportionate non-myofibrillar expansion. Additionally, extracellular spacing was not significantly altered between protocols. In summary, our study reveals that LL-BFR, like HL-RT, induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy with proportional changes in the areas occupied by myofibrillar, non-myofibrillar, and extracellular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleiton A. Libardi
- MUSCULAB–Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, Brazil
| | - Joshua S. Godwin
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Tanner M. Reece
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Trent J. Herda
- Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
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Li DCW, Rudloff S, Langer HT, Norman K, Herpich C. Age-Associated Differences in Recovery from Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage. Cells 2024; 13:255. [PMID: 38334647 PMCID: PMC10854791 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the intricate mechanisms governing the cellular response to resistance exercise is paramount for promoting healthy aging. This narrative review explored the age-related alterations in recovery from resistance exercise, focusing on the nuanced aspects of exercise-induced muscle damage in older adults. Due to the limited number of studies in older adults that attempt to delineate age differences in muscle discovery, we delve into the multifaceted cellular influences of chronic low-grade inflammation, modifications in the extracellular matrix, and the role of lipid mediators in shaping the recovery landscape in aging skeletal muscle. From our literature search, it is evident that aged muscle displays delayed, prolonged, and inefficient recovery. These changes can be attributed to anabolic resistance, the stiffening of the extracellular matrix, mitochondrial dysfunction, and unresolved inflammation as well as alterations in satellite cell function. Collectively, these age-related impairments may impact subsequent adaptations to resistance exercise. Insights gleaned from this exploration may inform targeted interventions aimed at enhancing the efficacy of resistance training programs tailored to the specific needs of older adults, ultimately fostering healthy aging and preserving functional independence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Ching Wah Li
- Department of Nutrition and Gerontology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Stefan Rudloff
- Department of Geriatrics and Medical Gerontology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Kristina Norman
- Department of Nutrition and Gerontology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
- Department of Geriatrics and Medical Gerontology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13347 Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Catrin Herpich
- Department of Nutrition and Gerontology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
- Department of Geriatrics and Medical Gerontology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13347 Berlin, Germany
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10
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Coleman M, Burke R, Augustin F, Piñero A, Maldonado J, Fisher JP, Israetel M, Androulakis Korakakis P, Swinton P, Oberlin D, Schoenfeld BJ. Gaining more from doing less? The effects of a one-week deload period during supervised resistance training on muscular adaptations. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16777. [PMID: 38274324 PMCID: PMC10809978 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Based on emerging evidence that brief periods of cessation from resistance training (RT) may re-sensitize muscle to anabolic stimuli, we aimed to investigate the effects of a 1-week deload interval at the midpoint of a 9-week RT program on muscular adaptations in resistance-trained individuals. Methods Thirty-nine young men (n = 29) and women (n = 10) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 experimental, parallel groups: An experimental group that abstained from RT for 1 week at the midpoint of a 9-week, high-volume RT program (DELOAD) or a traditional training group that performed the same RT program continuously over the study period (TRAD). The lower body routines were directly supervised by the research staff while upper body training was carried out in an unsupervised fashion. Muscle growth outcomes included assessments of muscle thickness along proximal, mid and distal regions of the middle and lateral quadriceps femoris as well as the mid-region of the triceps surae. Adaptions in lower body isometric and dynamic strength, local muscular endurance of the quadriceps, and lower body muscle power were also assessed. Results Results indicated no appreciable differences in increases of lower body muscle size, local endurance, and power between groups. Alternatively, TRAD showed greater improvements in both isometric and dynamic lower body strength compared to DELOAD. Additionally, TRAD showed some slight psychological benefits as assessed by the readiness to train questionnaire over DELOAD. Conclusion In conclusion, our findings suggest that a 1-week deload period at the midpoint of a 9-week RT program appears to negatively influence measures of lower body muscle strength but has no effect on lower body hypertrophy, power or local muscular endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Coleman
- Applied Muscle Development Laboratory, City University of New York, Herbert H. Lehman College, Bronx, United States of America
| | - Ryan Burke
- Applied Muscle Development Laboratory, City University of New York, Herbert H. Lehman College, Bronx, United States of America
| | - Francesca Augustin
- Applied Muscle Development Laboratory, City University of New York, Herbert H. Lehman College, Bronx, United States of America
| | - Alec Piñero
- Applied Muscle Development Laboratory, City University of New York, Herbert H. Lehman College, Bronx, United States of America
| | - Jaime Maldonado
- Applied Muscle Development Laboratory, City University of New York, Herbert H. Lehman College, Bronx, United States of America
| | | | - Michael Israetel
- Applied Muscle Development Laboratory, City University of New York, Herbert H. Lehman College, Bronx, United States of America
| | - Patroklos Androulakis Korakakis
- Applied Muscle Development Laboratory, City University of New York, Herbert H. Lehman College, Bronx, United States of America
| | - Paul Swinton
- Robert Gordon Univesity, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas Oberlin
- Applied Muscle Development Laboratory, City University of New York, Herbert H. Lehman College, Bronx, United States of America
| | - Brad J. Schoenfeld
- Applied Muscle Development Laboratory, City University of New York, Herbert H. Lehman College, Bronx, United States of America
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11
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Refalo MC, Helms ER, Robinson ZP, Hamilton DL, Fyfe JJ. Similar muscle hypertrophy following eight weeks of resistance training to momentary muscular failure or with repetitions-in-reserve in resistance-trained individuals. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:85-101. [PMID: 38393985 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2321021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
This study examined the influence of resistance training (RT) proximity-to-failure, determined by repetitions-in-reserve (RIR), on quadriceps hypertrophy and neuromuscular fatigue. Resistance-trained males (n = 12) and females (n = 6) completed an 8-week intervention involving two RT sessions per week. Lower limbs were randomised to perform the leg press and leg extension exercises either to i) momentary muscular failure (FAIL), or ii) a perceived 2-RIR and 1-RIR, respectively (RIR). Muscle thickness of the quadriceps [rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL)] and acute neuromuscular fatigue (i.e., repetition and lifting velocity loss) were assessed. Data was analysed with Bayesian linear mixed-effect models. Increases in quadriceps thickness (average of RF and VL) from pre- to post-intervention were similar for FAIL [0.181 cm (HDI: 0.119 to 0.243)] and RIR [0.182 cm (HDI: 0.115 to 0.247)]. Between-protocol differences in RF thickness slightly favoured RIR [-0.036 cm (HDI: -0.113 to 0.047)], but VL thickness slightly favoured FAIL [0.033 cm (HDI: -0.046 to 0.116)]. Mean volume was similar across the RT intervention between FAIL and RIR. Lifting velocity and repetition loss were consistently greater for FAIL versus RIR, with the magnitude of difference influenced by the exercise and the stage of the RT intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Refalo
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Eric R Helms
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Zac P Robinson
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - D Lee Hamilton
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Jackson J Fyfe
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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12
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Lee MJ, Caruana NJ, Saner NJ, Kuang J, Stokes T, McLeod JC, Oikawa SY, Bishop DJ, Bartlett JD, Phillips SM. Resistance-only and concurrent exercise induce similar myofibrillar protein synthesis rates and associated molecular responses in moderately active men before and after training. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23392. [PMID: 38153675 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302024r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic and resistance exercise (RE) induce distinct molecular responses. One hypothesis is that these responses are antagonistic and unfavorable for the anabolic response to RE when concurrent exercise is performed. This thesis may also depend on the participants' training status and concurrent exercise order. We measured free-living myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) rates and associated molecular responses to resistance-only and concurrent exercise (with different exercise orders), before and after training. Moderately active men completed one of three exercise interventions (matched for age, baseline strength, body composition, and aerobic capacity): resistance-only exercise (RE, n = 8), RE plus high-intensity interval exercise (RE+HIIE, n = 8), or HIIE+RE (n = 9). Participants trained 3 days/week for 10 weeks; concurrent sessions were separated by 3 h. On the first day of Weeks 1 and 10, muscle was sampled immediately before and after, and 3 h after each exercise mode and analyzed for molecular markers of MyoPS and muscle glycogen. Additional muscle, sampled pre- and post-training, was used to determine MyoPS using orally administered deuterium oxide (D2 O). In both weeks, MyoPS rates were comparable between groups. Post-exercise changes in proteins reflective of protein synthesis were also similar between groups, though MuRF1 and MAFbx mRNA exhibited some exercise order-dependent responses. In Week 10, exercise-induced changes in MyoPS and some genes (PGC-1ɑ and MuRF1) were dampened from Week 1. Concurrent exercise (in either order) did not compromise the anabolic response to resistance-only exercise, before or after training. MyoPS rates and some molecular responses to exercise are diminished after training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Lee
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nikeisha J Caruana
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Saner
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jujiao Kuang
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tanner Stokes
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan C McLeod
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Y Oikawa
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan D Bartlett
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Kataoka R, Hammert WB, Yamada Y, Song JS, Seffrin A, Kang A, Spitz RW, Wong V, Loenneke JP. The Plateau in Muscle Growth with Resistance Training: An Exploration of Possible Mechanisms. Sports Med 2024; 54:31-48. [PMID: 37787845 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01932-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
It is hypothesized that there is likely a finite ability for muscular adaptation. While it is difficult to distinguish between a true plateau following a long-term training period and short-term stalling in muscle growth, a plateau in muscle growth has been attributed to reaching a genetic potential, with limited discussion on what might physiologically contribute to this muscle growth plateau. The present paper explores potential physiological factors that may drive the decline in muscle growth after prolonged resistance training. Overall, with chronic training, the anabolic signaling pathways may become more refractory to loading. While measures of anabolic markers may have some predictive capabilities regarding muscle growth adaptation, they do not always demonstrate a clear connection. Catabolic processes may also constrain the ability to achieve further muscle growth, which is influenced by energy balance. Although speculative, muscle cells may also possess cell scaling mechanisms that sense and regulate their own size, along with molecular brakes that hinder growth rate over time. When considering muscle growth over the lifespan, there comes a point when the anabolic response is attenuated by aging, regardless of whether or not individuals approach their muscle growth potential. Our goal is that the current review opens avenues for future experimental studies to further elucidate potential mechanisms to explain why muscle growth may plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kataoka
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - William B Hammert
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Yujiro Yamada
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Jun Seob Song
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Aldo Seffrin
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Anna Kang
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Robert W Spitz
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Vickie Wong
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA.
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14
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Heileson JL, Machek SB, Harris DR, Tomek S, de Souza LC, Kieffer AJ, Barringer ND, Gallucci A, Forsse JS, Funderburk LK. The effect of fish oil supplementation on resistance training-induced adaptations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2174704. [PMID: 36822153 PMCID: PMC9970203 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2174704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance exercise training (RET) is a common and well-established method to induce hypertrophy and improvement in strength. Interestingly, fish oil supplementation (FOS) may augment RET-induced adaptations. However, few studies have been conducted on young, healthy adults. METHODS A randomized, placebo-controlled design was used to determine the effect of FOS, a concentrated source of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), compared to placebo (PL) on RET-induced adaptations following a 10-week RET program (3 days·week-1). Body composition was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (LBM, fat mass [FM], percent body fat [%BF]) and strength was measured by 1-repetition maximum barbell back squat (1RMSQT) and bench press (1RMBP) at PRE (week 0) and POST (10 weeks). Supplement compliance was assessed via self-report and bottle collection every two weeks and via fatty acid dried blood spot collection at PRE and POST. An a priori α-level of 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance and Cohen's d was used to quantify effect sizes (ES). RESULTS Twenty-one of 28 male and female participants (FOS, n = 10 [4 withdrawals]; PL, n = 11 [3 withdrawals]) completed the 10-week progressive RET program and PRE/POST measurements. After 10-weeks, blood EPA+DHA substantially increased in the FOS group (+109.7%, p< .001) and did not change in the PL group (+1.3%, p = .938). Similar between-group changes in LBM (FOS: +3.4%, PL: +2.4%, p = .457), FM (FOS: -5.2%, PL: 0.0%, p = .092), and %BF (FOS: -5.9%, PL: -2.5%, p = .136) were observed, although, the between-group ES was considered large for FM (d = 0.84). Absolute and relative (kg·kg [body mass]-1) 1RMBP was significantly higher in the FOS group compared to PL (FOS: +17.7% vs. PL: +9.7%, p = .047; FOS: +17.6% vs. PL: +7.3%, p = .011; respectively), whereas absolute 1RMSQT was similar between conditions (FOS: +28.8% vs. PL: +20.5%, p = .191). Relative 1RMSQT was higher in the FOS group (FOS: +29.3% vs. PL: +17.9%, p = .045). CONCLUSIONS When combined with RET, FOS improves absolute and relative 1RM upper-body and relative 1RM lower-body strength to a greater extent than that observed in the PL group of young, recreationally trained adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery L. Heileson
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA,Nutrition Services Division, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA,CONTACT Jeffery L. Heileson Nutrition Services Division, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steven B. Machek
- Kinesiology Department, College of Health Sciences and Human Services, California State University - Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA, USA
| | - Dillon R. Harris
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Sara Tomek
- Department of Educational Psychology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Leticia C. de Souza
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Adam J. Kieffer
- Department of Nutrition, U.S. Military-Baylor University Graduate Program in Nutrition, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas D. Barringer
- Department of Nutrition, U.S. Military-Baylor University Graduate Program in Nutrition, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew Gallucci
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Forsse
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - LesLee K. Funderburk
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA,Department of Human Sciences and Design, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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15
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Leite CDFC, Zovico PVC, Rica RL, Barros BM, Machado AF, Evangelista AL, Leite RD, Barauna VG, Maia AF, Bocalini DS. Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage after a High-Intensity Interval Exercise Session: Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:7082. [PMID: 37998313 PMCID: PMC10671292 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20227082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is considered an effective method to improve fitness and health indicators, but its high-intensity exercises and the mechanical and metabolic stress generated during the session can lead to the occurrence of exercise-induced muscle damage. Therefore, this study aimed to describe, by means of a systematic review, the effects of a single HIIT session on exercise-induced muscle damage. A total of 43 studies were found in the Medline/PubMed Science Direct/Embase/Scielo/CINAHL/LILACS databases; however, after applying the exclusion criteria, only 15 articles were considered eligible for this review. The total sample was 315 participants. Among them, 77.2% were men, 13.3% were women and 9.5 uninformed. Their age ranged from 20.1 ± 2 to 47.8 ± 7.5 years. HIIT protocols included running with ergometers (n = 6), CrossFit-specific exercises (n = 2), running without ergometers (n = 3), swimming (n = 1), the Wingate test on stationary bicycles (n = 2), and cycling (n = 1). The most applied intensity controls were %vVO2max, "all out", MV, MAV, Vmax, and HRreserve%. The most used markers to evaluate muscle damage were creatine kinase, myoglobin, and lactate dehydrogenase. The time for muscle damage assessment ranged from immediately post exercise to seven days. HIIT protocols were able to promote changes in markers of exercise-induced muscle damage, evidenced by increases in CK, Mb, LDH, AST, ALT, pain, and muscle circumference observed mainly immediately and 24 h after the HIIT session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine D. F. C. Leite
- Experimental Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075810, ES, Brazil
| | - Paulo V. C. Zovico
- Experimental Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075810, ES, Brazil
| | - Roberta L. Rica
- Experimental Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075810, ES, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Estacio de Sá University, Vitoria 29090640, ES, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre F. Machado
- Experimental Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075810, ES, Brazil
| | | | - Richard D. Leite
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075810, ES, Brazil;
| | - Valerio G. Barauna
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria 29043900, ES, Brazil;
| | - Adriano F. Maia
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Physical Education and Sport Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29043900, ES, Brazil;
| | - Danilo S. Bocalini
- Experimental Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075810, ES, Brazil
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16
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Furrer R, Heim B, Schmid S, Dilbaz S, Adak V, Nordström KJV, Ritz D, Steurer SA, Walter J, Handschin C. Molecular control of endurance training adaptation in male mouse skeletal muscle. Nat Metab 2023; 5:2020-2035. [PMID: 37697056 PMCID: PMC10663156 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00891-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has an enormous plastic potential to adapt to various external and internal perturbations. Although morphological changes in endurance-trained muscles are well described, the molecular underpinnings of training adaptation are poorly understood. We therefore aimed to elucidate the molecular signature of muscles of trained male mice and unravel the training status-dependent responses to an acute bout of exercise. Our results reveal that, even though at baseline an unexpectedly low number of genes define the trained muscle, training status substantially affects the transcriptional response to an acute challenge, both quantitatively and qualitatively, in part associated with epigenetic modifications. Finally, transiently activated factors such as the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α are indispensable for normal training adaptation. Together, these results provide a molecular framework of the temporal and training status-dependent exercise response that underpins muscle plasticity in training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Heim
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Svenia Schmid
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sedat Dilbaz
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Volkan Adak
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karl J V Nordström
- Laboratory of EpiGenetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Danilo Ritz
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jörn Walter
- Laboratory of EpiGenetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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17
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Smeuninx B, Elhassan YS, Sapey E, Rushton AB, Morgan PT, Korzepa M, Belfield AE, Philp A, Brook MS, Gharahdaghi N, Wilkinson D, Smith K, Atherton PJ, Breen L. A single bout of prior resistance exercise attenuates muscle atrophy and declines in myofibrillar protein synthesis during bed-rest in older men. J Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37856286 DOI: 10.1113/jp285130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Impairments in myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) during bed rest accelerate skeletal muscle loss in older adults, increasing the risk of adverse secondary health outcomes. We investigated the effect of prior resistance exercise (RE) on MyoPS and muscle morphology during a disuse event in 10 healthy older men (65-80 years). Participants completed a single bout of unilateral leg RE the evening prior to 5 days of in-patient bed-rest. Quadriceps cross-sectional area (CSA) was determined prior to and following bed-rest. Serial muscle biopsies and dual stable isotope tracers were used to determine rates of integrated MyoPS (iMyoPS) over a 7 day habitual 'free-living' phase and the bed-rest phase, and rates of acute postabsorptive and postprandial MyoPS (aMyoPS) at the end of bed rest. Quadriceps CSA at 40%, 60% and 80% of muscle length significantly decreased in exercised (EX) and non-exercised control (CTL) legs with bed-rest. The decline in quadriceps CSA at 40% and 60% of muscle length was attenuated in EX compared with CTL. During bed-rest, iMyoPS rates decreased from habitual values in CTL, but not EX, and were significantly different between legs. Postprandial aMyoPS rates increased above postabsorptive values in EX only. The change in iMyoPS over bed-rest correlated with the change in quadriceps CSA in CTL, but not EX. A single bout of RE attenuated the decline in iMyoPS rates and quadriceps atrophy with 5 days of bed-rest in older men. Further work is required to understand the functional and clinical implications of prior RE in older patient populations. KEY POINTS: Age-related skeletal muscle deterioration, linked to numerous adverse health outcomes, is driven by impairments in muscle protein synthesis that are accelerated during periods of disuse. Resistance exercise can stimulate muscle protein synthesis over several days of recovery and therefore could counteract impairments in this process that occur in the early phase of disuse. In the present study, we demonstrate that the decline in myofibrillar protein synthesis and muscle atrophy over 5 days of bed-rest in older men was attenuated by a single bout of unilateral resistance exercise performed the evening prior to bed-rest. These findings suggest that concise resistance exercise intervention holds the potential to support muscle mass retention in older individuals during short-term disuse, with implications for delaying sarcopenia progression in ageing populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Smeuninx
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Cellular & Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yasir S Elhassan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Elizabeth Sapey
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alison B Rushton
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul T Morgan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Marie Korzepa
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Archie E Belfield
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew Philp
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew S Brook
- Centre Of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Nima Gharahdaghi
- Centre Of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Daniel Wilkinson
- Centre Of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Centre Of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Philip J Atherton
- Centre Of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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18
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Roberts MD, McCarthy JJ, Hornberger TA, Phillips SM, Mackey AL, Nader GA, Boppart MD, Kavazis AN, Reidy PT, Ogasawara R, Libardi CA, Ugrinowitsch C, Booth FW, Esser KA. Mechanisms of mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy: current understanding and future directions. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2679-2757. [PMID: 37382939 PMCID: PMC10625844 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy have been extensively researched since the landmark report by Morpurgo (1897) of "work-induced hypertrophy" in dogs that were treadmill trained. Much of the preclinical rodent and human resistance training research to date supports that involved mechanisms include enhanced mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, an expansion in translational capacity through ribosome biogenesis, increased satellite cell abundance and myonuclear accretion, and postexercise elevations in muscle protein synthesis rates. However, several lines of past and emerging evidence suggest that additional mechanisms that feed into or are independent of these processes are also involved. This review first provides a historical account of how mechanistic research into skeletal muscle hypertrophy has progressed. A comprehensive list of mechanisms associated with skeletal muscle hypertrophy is then outlined, and areas of disagreement involving these mechanisms are presented. Finally, future research directions involving many of the discussed mechanisms are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - John J McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Troy A Hornberger
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abigail L Mackey
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gustavo A Nader
- Department of Kinesiology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Marni D Boppart
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Andreas N Kavazis
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Riki Ogasawara
- Healthy Food Science Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Cleiton A Libardi
- MUSCULAB-Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
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19
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Arima S, Maeda N, Oda S, Esaki H, Tamura Y, Komiya M, Urabe Y. Acute Effects of Selective Strength Exercise on the Peroneus Longus and Brevis. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:397-405. [PMID: 37711716 PMCID: PMC10499122 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The peroneus muscles are muscles that mainly act in ankle eversion and can be divided into PL and PB, which have different but important roles in foot and ankle functions. Therefore, PL and PB dysfunction can lead to foot and ankle issues, making. selective strength exercise necessary. This study aimed to identify the effect of two different exercise techniques on PL and PB morphologies. Two interventions were performed on separate days: the PL intervention, in which a Thera-Band® was placed on the ball of the foot and pushed out from the contact point, and the PB intervention, in which the Thera-Band® was pulled from the base of the fifth metatarsal. Cross-sectional area (CSA) and thickness of the peroneus muscles at 25% (showing the PL morphology) and 75% (showing the PB morphology) proximal to the line connecting the fibular head and lateral malleolus, as well as ankle strength was measured before and immediately after the interventions and at 10, 20, and 30 min later. A repeated-measures two-way analysis of variance was conducted to identify differences in the effects of the interventions on the PL and PB. Main and interaction effects on CSA, thickness, and ankle strength, with a significant increase in CSA and thickness in the proximal 25% in the PL intervention and the distal 75% in the PB intervention immediately after implementation, were observed (p < 0.05). The transient increase in muscle volume due to edema immediately after exercise indicates the acute effect of exercise. The CSA and thickness of the proximal 25% in the PL intervention and the distal 75% in the PB intervention increased immediately after the intervention, indicating that these interventions can be used to selectively exercise the PL and PB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Arima
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Noriaki Maeda
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Sakura Oda
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Hinata Esaki
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Yuki Tamura
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Makoto Komiya
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Yukio Urabe
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
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20
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Smith JAB, Murach KA, Dyar KA, Zierath JR. Exercise metabolism and adaptation in skeletal muscle. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:607-632. [PMID: 37225892 PMCID: PMC10527431 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00606-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Viewing metabolism through the lens of exercise biology has proven an accessible and practical strategy to gain new insights into local and systemic metabolic regulation. Recent methodological developments have advanced understanding of the central role of skeletal muscle in many exercise-associated health benefits and have uncovered the molecular underpinnings driving adaptive responses to training regimens. In this Review, we provide a contemporary view of the metabolic flexibility and functional plasticity of skeletal muscle in response to exercise. First, we provide background on the macrostructure and ultrastructure of skeletal muscle fibres, highlighting the current understanding of sarcomeric networks and mitochondrial subpopulations. Next, we discuss acute exercise skeletal muscle metabolism and the signalling, transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of adaptations to exercise training. We address knowledge gaps throughout and propose future directions for the field. This Review contextualizes recent research of skeletal muscle exercise metabolism, framing further advances and translation into practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon A B Smith
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kevin A Murach
- Molecular Mass Regulation Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Kenneth A Dyar
- Metabolic Physiology, Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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21
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Gómez-Feria J, Martín-Rodríguez JF, Mir P. Corticospinal adaptations following resistance training and its relationship with strength: A systematic review and multivariate meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105289. [PMID: 37353049 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Neural adaptations to resistance training (RT) and their correlation with muscle strength remain partially understood. We conducted a systematic review and multivariate meta-analysis to examine the effects of metronome-paced (MP), self-paced (SP), and isometric (IM) training on M1 and corticospinal pathway activity. Following MP RT, a significant increase in corticospinal excitability was observed, correlating with increased strength. Conversely, no significant relationship was found after SP or IM training. RT also reduced the duration of the cortical silent period, but this change did not predict strength changes and was not specific to any training modality. No significant effects were found for short-interval intracortical inhibition. Our findings suggest that changes in corticospinal excitability may contribute to strength gains after RT. Furthermore, the relationship between these adaptations and strength appears dependent on the type of training performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Gómez-Feria
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Martín-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Psicología Experimental, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
| | - Pablo Mir
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
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22
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Wilkinson K, Koscien CP, Monteyne AJ, Wall BT, Stephens FB. Association of postprandial postexercise muscle protein synthesis rates with dietary leucine: A systematic review. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15775. [PMID: 37537134 PMCID: PMC10400406 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary protein ingestion augments post (resistance) exercise muscle protein synthesis (MPS) rates. It is thought that the dose of leucine ingested within the protein (leucine threshold hypothesis) and the subsequent plasma leucine variables (leucine trigger hypothesis; peak magnitude, rate of rise, and total availability) determine the magnitude of the postprandial postexercise MPS response. METHODS A quantitative systematic review was performed extracting data from studies that recruited healthy adults, applied a bout of resistance exercise, ingested a bolus of protein within an hour of exercise, and measured plasma leucine concentrations and MPS rates (delta change from basal). RESULTS Ingested leucine dose was associated with the magnitude of the MPS response in older, but not younger, adults over acute (0-2 h, r2 = 0.64, p = 0.02) and the entire postprandial (>2 h, r2 = 0.18, p = 0.01) period. However, no single plasma leucine variable possessed substantial predictive capacity over the magnitude of MPS rates in younger or older adults. CONCLUSION Our data provide support that leucine dose provides predictive capacity over postprandial postexercise MPS responses in older adults. However, no threshold in older adults and no plasma leucine variable was correlated with the magnitude of the postexercise anabolic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiera Wilkinson
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Christopher P. Koscien
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Alistair J. Monteyne
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Benjamin T. Wall
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Francis B. Stephens
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
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23
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West S, Monteyne AJ, van der Heijden I, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:774-795. [PMID: 37127187 PMCID: PMC10334161 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Accepting a continued rise in the prevalence of vegan-type diets in the general population is also likely to occur in athletic populations, it is of importance to assess the potential impact on athletic performance, adaptation, and recovery. Nutritional consideration for the athlete requires optimization of energy, macronutrient, and micronutrient intakes, and potentially the judicious selection of dietary supplements, all specified to meet the individual athlete's training and performance goals. The purpose of this review is to assess whether adopting a vegan diet is likely to impinge on such optimal nutrition and, where so, consider evidence based yet practical and pragmatic nutritional recommendations. Current evidence does not support that a vegan-type diet will enhance performance, adaptation, or recovery in athletes, but equally suggests that an athlete can follow a (more) vegan diet without detriment. A clear caveat, however, is that vegan diets consumed spontaneously may induce suboptimal intakes of key nutrients, most notably quantity and/or quality of dietary protein and specific micronutrients (eg, iron, calcium, vitamin B12, and vitamin D). As such, optimal vegan sports nutrition requires (more) careful consideration, evaluation, and planning. Individual/seasonal goals, training modalities, athlete type, and sensory/cultural/ethical preferences, among other factors, should all be considered when planning and adopting a vegan diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam West
- Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J Monteyne
- Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ino van der Heijden
- Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
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24
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Isath A, Koziol KJ, Martinez MW, Garber CE, Martinez MN, Emery MS, Baggish AL, Naidu SS, Lavie CJ, Arena R, Krittanawong C. Exercise and cardiovascular health: A state-of-the-art review. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 79:44-52. [PMID: 37120119 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD) is the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, and low levels of physical activity (PA) is a leading independent predictor of poor CV health and associated with an increased prevalence of risk factors that predispose to CVD development. In this review, we evaluate the benefits of exercise on CV health. We discuss the CV adaptations to exercise, focusing on the physiological changes in the heart and vasculature. We review the impact and benefits of exercise on specific CV prevention, including type II diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, and heart failure, in addition to CVD-related and all-cause mortality. Lastly, we evaluate the current PA guidelines and various modes of exercise, assessing the current literature for the effective regimens of PA that improve CVD outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameesh Isath
- Department of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Centre and New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States of America
| | - Klaudia J Koziol
- New York Medical College, School of Medicine, Valhalla, NY, United States of America
| | - Matthew W Martinez
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sports Cardiology and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Atlantic Health, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ, United States of America
| | - Carol Ewing Garber
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Program in Applied Physiology, Teachers College, Columbia University, United States of America
| | - Matthew N Martinez
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine and Langone Medical Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Michael S Emery
- Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Section of Clinical Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Aaron L Baggish
- Cardiovascular Performance Program, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Srihari S Naidu
- Department of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Centre and New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States of America
| | - Carl J Lavie
- John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Ross Arena
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
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25
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Sumi K, Munakata K, Nakagawa M, Yamada K, Yoshida N. Application of elemental analysis-coupled isotope ratio mass spectrometry for protein turnover analysis using deuterium labeling: Purification and analysis of hydrogen isotope ratio of non-derivatized protein-bound alanine. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9522. [PMID: 37041686 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Heavy water can be used as a tracer for the evaluation of protein turnover. By adding heavy water (D2 O) to the precursor pool, nonessential amino acids, including alanine, can be isotopically labeled in vivo. Protein turnover can then be quantified by measuring the hydrogen isotope ratio of protein-bound alanine. METHODS In this study, we constructed a novel method to apply deuterium labeling of alanine to the evaluation of protein turnover using elemental analysis-coupled isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS). We established a preparative high-performance liquid chromatography method to isolate alanine from protein hydrolysates. EA-IRMS was then used to determine the hydrogen isotope ratio of alanine isolated from hydrolysates of protein from mouse myoblast C2C12 cells that had been treated with D2 O over the course of 72 h. RESULTS In cells treated with 4% D2 O, the deuterium enrichment of alanine increased to approximately 0.9% over time, while that of cells treated with 0.017% D2 O increased to approximately 0.006%. The rate of protein synthesis calculated by fitting the increase of deuterium excess to rise-to-plateau kinetics was similar regardless of the concentration of D2 O. When C2C12 cells treated with insulin and rapamycin were analyzed 24 h after the addition of 0.017% D2 O, protein turnover was found to be accelerated by insulin, but this effect was offset by co-treatment with rapamycin. CONCLUSION The derivative-free measurement of the hydrogen isotope ratio of protein-bound alanine using EA-IRMS can be applied to the evaluation of protein turnover. The proposed method is an accessible option for many laboratories to perform highly sensitive IRMS-based evaluations of protein metabolic turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Sumi
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kinuyo Munakata
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayuko Nakagawa
- Earth-Life Science Institute (ELSI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keita Yamada
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naohiro Yoshida
- Earth-Life Science Institute (ELSI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Coleman M, Burke R, Benavente C, Piñero A, Augustin F, Maldonado J, Fisher JP, Oberlin D, Vigotsky AD, Schoenfeld BJ. Supervision during resistance training positively influences muscular adaptations in resistance-trained individuals. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1207-1217. [PMID: 37789670 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2261090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the effects of supervised versus unsupervised resistance training (RT) on measures of muscle strength and hypertrophy in resistance-trained individuals. Thirty-six young men and women were randomly assigned to one of two experimental, parallel groups to complete an 8-week RT programme: One group received direct supervision for their RT sessions (SUP); the other group performed the same RT programme in an unsupervised manner (UNSUP). Programme variables were kept constant between groups. We obtained pre- and post-study assessments of body composition via multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MF-BIA), muscle thickness of the upper and lower limbs via ultrasound, 1 repetition maximum (RM) in the back squat and bench press, isometric knee extension strength, and countermovement jump (CMJ) height. Results showed the SUP group generally achieved larger increases in muscle thickness for the triceps brachii, all sites of the rectus femoris, and the proximal region of the vastus lateralis. MF-BIA indicated increases in lean mass favoured SUP. Squat 1RM was greater for SUP; bench press 1RM and isometric knee extension were similar between conditions. CMJ increases modestly favoured UNSUP. In conclusion, our findings suggest that supervised RT promotes greater muscular adaptations and enhances exercise adherence in young, resistance-trained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Coleman
- Applied Muscle Development Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ryan Burke
- Applied Muscle Development Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Cristina Benavente
- Applied Muscle Development Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alec Piñero
- Applied Muscle Development Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Francesca Augustin
- Applied Muscle Development Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jaime Maldonado
- Applied Muscle Development Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - James P Fisher
- Department of Sport and Health, Solent University, Southampton, UK
| | - Douglas Oberlin
- Applied Muscle Development Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Andrew D Vigotsky
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Statistics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Applied Muscle Development Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, USA
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27
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Bersiner K, Park SY, Schaaf K, Yang WH, Theis C, Jacko D, Gehlert S. Resistance exercise: a mighty tool that adapts, destroys, rebuilds and modulates the molecular and structural environment of skeletal muscle. Phys Act Nutr 2023; 27:78-95. [PMID: 37583075 PMCID: PMC10440184 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2023.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Skeletal muscle regulates health and performance by maintaining or increasing strength and muscle mass. Although the molecular mechanisms in response to resistance exercise (RE) significantly target the activation of protein synthesis, a plethora of other mechanisms and structures must be involved in orchestrating the communication, repair, and restoration of homeostasis after RE stimulation. In practice, RE can be modulated by variations in intensity, continuity and volume, which affect molecular responses and skeletal muscle adaptation. Knowledge of these aspects is important with respect to planning of training programs and assessing the impact of RE training on skeletal muscle. METHODS In this narrative review, we introduce general aspects of skeletal muscle substructures that adapt in response to RE. We further highlighted the molecular mechanisms that control human skeletal muscle anabolism, degradation, repair and memory in response to acute and repeated RE and linked these aspects to major training variables. RESULTS Although RE is a key stimulus for the activation of skeletal muscle anabolism, it also induces myofibrillar damage. Nevertheless, to increase muscle mass accompanied by a corresponding adaptation of the essential substructures of the sarcomeric environment, RE must be continuously repeated. This requires the permanent engagement of molecular mechanisms that re-establish skeletal muscle integrity after each RE-induced muscle damage. CONCLUSION Various molecular regulators coordinately control the adaptation of skeletal muscle after acute and repeated RE and expand their actions far beyond muscle growth. Variations of key resistance training variables likely affect these mechanisms without affecting muscle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Käthe Bersiner
- Department for Biosciences of Sports, Institute of Sports Science, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - So-Young Park
- Graduate School of Sports Medicine, CHA University, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kirill Schaaf
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Woo-Hwi Yang
- Graduate School of Sports Medicine, CHA University, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, General Graduate School, CHA University, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Christian Theis
- Center for Anaesthesiology, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Daniel Jacko
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gehlert
- Department for Biosciences of Sports, Institute of Sports Science, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
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28
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Benavente C, Schoenfeld BJ, Padial P, Feriche B. Efficacy of resistance training in hypoxia on muscle hypertrophy and strength development: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3676. [PMID: 36871095 PMCID: PMC9985626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30808-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effects of resistance training under hypoxic conditions (RTH) on muscle hypertrophy and strength development. Searches of PubMed-Medline, Web of Science, Sport Discus and the Cochrane Library were conducted comparing the effect of RTH versus normoxia (RTN) on muscle hypertrophy (cross sectional area (CSA), lean mass and muscle thickness) and strength development [1-repetition maximum (1RM)]. An overall meta-analysis and subanalyses of training load (low, moderate or high), inter-set rest interval (short, moderate or long) and severity of hypoxia (moderate or high) were conducted to explore the effects on RTH outcomes. Seventeen studies met inclusion criteria. The overall analyses showed similar improvements in CSA (SMD [CIs] = 0.17 [- 0.07; 0.42]) and 1RM (SMD = 0.13 [0.0; 0.27]) between RTH and RTN. Subanalyses indicated a medium effect on CSA for longer inter-set rest intervals and a small effect for moderate hypoxia and moderate loads favoring RTH. Moreover, a moderate effect for longer inter-set rest intervals and a trivial effect for severe hypoxia and moderate loads favoring RTH was found on 1RM. Evidence suggests that RTH employed with moderate loads (60-80% 1RM) and longer inter-set rest intervals (≥ 120 s) enhances muscle hypertrophy and strength compared to normoxia. The use of moderate hypoxia (14.3-16% FiO2) seems to be somewhat beneficial to hypertrophy but not strength. Further research is required with greater standardization of protocols to draw stronger conclusions on the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Benavente
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, The Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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Smith MA, Sexton CL, Smith KA, Osburn SC, Godwin JS, Beausejour JP, Ruple BA, Goodlett MD, Edison JL, Fruge AD, Robinson AT, Gladden LB, Young KC, Roberts MD. Molecular predictors of resistance training outcomes in young untrained female adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:491-507. [PMID: 36633866 PMCID: PMC10190845 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00605.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We sought to determine if the myofibrillar protein synthetic (MyoPS) response to a naïve resistance exercise (RE) bout, or chronic changes in satellite cell number and muscle ribosome content, were associated with hypertrophic outcomes in females or differed in those who classified as higher (HR) or lower (LR) responders to resistance training (RT). Thirty-four untrained college-aged females (23.4 ± 3.4 kg/m2) completed a 10-wk RT protocol (twice weekly). Body composition and leg imaging assessments, a right leg vastus lateralis biopsy, and strength testing occurred before and following the intervention. A composite score, which included changes in whole body lean/soft tissue mass (LSTM), vastus lateralis (VL) muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA), midthigh mCSA, and deadlift strength, was used to delineate upper and lower HR (n = 8) and LR (n = 8) quartiles. In all participants, training significantly (P < 0.05) increased LSTM, VL mCSA, midthigh mCSA, deadlift strength, mean muscle fiber cross-sectional area, satellite cell abundance, and myonuclear number. Increases in LSTM (P < 0.001), VL mCSA (P < 0.001), midthigh mCSA (P < 0.001), and deadlift strength (P = 0.001) were greater in HR vs. LR. The first-bout 24-hour MyoPS response was similar between HR and LR (P = 0.367). While no significant responder × time interaction existed for muscle total RNA concentrations (i.e., ribosome content) (P = 0.888), satellite cell abundance increased in HR (P = 0.026) but not LR (P = 0.628). Pretraining LSTM (P = 0.010), VL mCSA (P = 0.028), and midthigh mCSA (P < 0.001) were also greater in HR vs. LR. Female participants with an enhanced satellite cell response to RT, and more muscle mass before RT, exhibited favorable resistance training adaptations.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study continues to delineate muscle biology differences between lower and higher responders to resistance training and is unique in that a female population was interrogated. As has been reported in prior studies, increases in satellite cell numbers are related to positive responses to resistance training. Satellite cell responsivity, rather than changes in muscle ribosome content per milligrams of tissue, may be a more important factor in delineating resistance-training responses in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan A Smith
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Casey L Sexton
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Kristen A Smith
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael D Goodlett
- Athletics Department, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Joseph L Edison
- Athletics Department, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Andrew D Fruge
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
- College of Nursing, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | | | | | - Kaelin C Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
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Individual Variability Is More Important Than Analytical Methods When Calculating Relative Speed of Beverage Bioavailability. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2023; 33:102-111. [PMID: 36634306 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Deuterium oxide (D2O) appearance in blood is a marker of fluid bioavailability. However, whether biomarker robustness (e.g., relative fluid delivery speed) is consistent across analytical methods (e.g., cavity ring-down spectroscopy) remains unclear. Fourteen men ingested fluid (6 ml/kg body mass) containing 0.15 g/kg D2O followed by 45 min blood sampling. Plasma (D2O) was detected (n = 8) by the following: isotope-ratio mass spectrometry after vapor equilibration (IRMS-equilibrated water) or distillation (IRMS-plasma) and cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Two models calculated D2O halftime to peak (t1/2max): sigmoid curve fit versus asymmetric triangle (TRI). Background (D2O) differed (p < .001, η2 = .98) among IRMS-equilibrated water, IRMS-plasma, and cavity ring-down spectroscopy (152.2 ± 0.8, 147.2 ± 1.5, and 137.7 ± 2.2 ppm), but did not influence (p > .05) D2O appearance (Δppm), time to peak, or t1/2max. Stratifying participants based on mean t1/2max (12 min) into "slow" versus "fast" subgroups resulted in a 5.8 min difference (p < .001, η2 = .73). Significant t1/2max model (p = .01, η2 = .44) and Model × Speed Subgroup interaction (p = .005, η2 = .50) effects were observed. Bias between TRI and sigmoid curve fit increased with t1/2max speed: no difference (p = .75) for fast (9.0 min vs. 9.2 min, respectively) but greater t1/2max (p = .001) with TRI for the slow subgroup (16.1 min vs. 13.7 min). Fluid bioavailability markers are less influenced by which laboratory method is used to measure D2O as compared with the individual variability effects that influence models for calculating t1/2max. Thus, TRI model may not be appropriate for individuals with slow fluid delivery speeds.
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Monteyne AJ, Coelho MOC, Murton AJ, Abdelrahman DR, Blackwell JR, Koscien CP, Knapp KM, Fulford J, Finnigan TJA, Dirks ML, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Vegan and Omnivorous High Protein Diets Support Comparable Daily Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Rates and Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy in Young Adults. J Nutr 2023:S0022-3166(23)12680-0. [PMID: 36822394 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains unclear whether non-animal-derived dietary protein sources (and therefore vegan diets) can support resistance training-induced skeletal muscle remodeling to the same extent as animal-derived protein sources. METHODS In Phase 1, 16 healthy young adults (m = 8, f = 8; age: 23 ± 1 y; BMI: 23 ± 1 kg/m2) completed a 3-d dietary intervention (high protein, 1.8 g·kg bm-1·d-1) where protein was derived from omnivorous (OMNI1; n = 8) or exclusively non-animal (VEG1; n = 8) sources, alongside daily unilateral leg resistance exercise. Resting and exercised daily myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) rates were assessed using deuterium oxide. In Phase 2, 22 healthy young adults (m = 11, f = 11; age: 24 ± 1 y; BMI: 23 ± 0 kg/m2) completed a 10 wk, high-volume (5 d/wk), progressive resistance exercise program while consuming an omnivorous (OMNI2; n = 12) or non-animal-derived (VEG2; n = 10) high-protein diet (∼2 g·kg bm-1·d-1). Muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA), whole-body lean mass (via DXA), thigh muscle volume (via MRI), muscle strength, and muscle function were determined pre, after 2 and 5 wk, and postintervention. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether a high-protein, mycoprotein-rich, non-animal-derived diet can support resistance training-induced skeletal muscle remodeling to the same extent as an isonitrogenous omnivorous diet. RESULTS Daily MyoPS rates were ∼12% higher in the exercised than in the rested leg (2.46 ± 0.27%·d-1 compared with 2.20 ± 0.33%·d-1 and 2.62 ± 0.56%·d-1 compared with 2.36 ± 0.53%·d-1 in OMNI1 and VEG1, respectively; P < 0.001) and not different between groups (P > 0.05). Resistance training increased lean mass in both groups by a similar magnitude (OMNI2 2.6 ± 1.1 kg, VEG2 3.1 ± 2.5 kg; P > 0.05). Likewise, training comparably increased thigh muscle volume (OMNI2 8.3 ± 3.6%, VEG2 8.3 ± 4.1%; P > 0.05), and muscle fiber CSA (OMNI2 33 ± 24%, VEG2 32 ± 48%; P > 0.05). Both groups increased strength (1 repetition maximum) of multiple muscle groups, to comparable degrees. CONCLUSIONS Omnivorous and vegan diets can support comparable rested and exercised daily MyoPS rates in healthy young adults consuming a high-protein diet. This translates to similar skeletal muscle adaptive responses during prolonged high-volume resistance training, irrespective of dietary protein provenance. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03572127.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mariana O C Coelho
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Murton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States; Sealy Center of Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Doaa R Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States; Sealy Center of Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Jamie R Blackwell
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher P Koscien
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Karen M Knapp
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Fulford
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marlou L Dirks
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
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Volpe-Fix AR, de França E, Silvestre JC, Thomatieli-Santos RV. The Use of Some Polyphenols in the Modulation of Muscle Damage and Inflammation Induced by Physical Exercise: A Review. Foods 2023; 12:foods12050916. [PMID: 36900433 PMCID: PMC10001084 DOI: 10.3390/foods12050916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Food bioactive compounds (FBC) comprise a vast class of substances, including polyphenols, with different chemical structures, and they exert physiological effects on individuals who consume them, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action. The primary food sources of the compounds are fruits, vegetables, wines, teas, seasonings, and spices, and there are still no daily recommendations for their intake. Depending on the intensity and volume, physical exercise can stimulate oxidative stress and muscle inflammation to generate muscle recovery. However, little is known about the role that polyphenols may have in the process of injury, inflammation, and muscle regeneration. This review aimed to relate the effects of supplementation with mentation with some polyphenols in oxidative stress and post-exercise inflammatory markers. The consulted papers suggest that supplementation with 74 to 900 mg of cocoa, 250 to 1000 mg of green tea extract for around 4 weeks, and 90 mg for up to 5 days of curcumin can attenuate cell damage and inflammation of stress markers of oxidative stress during and after exercise. However, regarding anthocyanins, quercetins, and resveratrol, the results are conflicting. Based on these findings, the new reflection that was made is the possible impact of supplementation associating several FBCs simultaneously. Finally, the benefits discussed here do not consider the existing divergences in the literature. Some contradictions are inherent in the few studies carried out so far. Methodological limitations, such as supplementation time, doses used, forms of supplementation, different exercise protocols, and collection times, create barriers to knowledge consolidation and must be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elias de França
- Interdisciplinary Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-070, Brazil
| | - Jean Carlos Silvestre
- Interdisciplinary Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-070, Brazil
- Campus Rosinha Viegas, Universidade Metropolitana de Santos, Santos 11045-002, Brazil
- Center for Applied Social Sciences, Universidade Católica de Santos, Santos 11015-002, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Vagner Thomatieli-Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-070, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-070, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Yang W, Jiao H, Xue Y, Wang L, Zhang Y, Wang B, Teng Z, Li J, Zhao H, Liu C. A Meta-Analysis of the Influence on Inflammatory Factors in Type 2 Diabetes among Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients by Various Exercise Modalities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1783. [PMID: 36767149 PMCID: PMC9914443 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of various exercise modalities on inflammatory factors in middle-aged and elderly patients with type 2 diabetes (MEPT2D), as lifestyle changes, such as physical activity and dietary modifications, are considered important in the prevention of type 2 diabetes. For the study methodology, Pubmed, CNKI, EBSCO, Wanfang Data, and Web of Science were selected for the search. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed by the Cochrane Risk of Bias (ROB) tool, and statistically analyzed using the RevMan 5.4.1 analysis software, which included 18 investigations involving 853 study subjects. Meta-analysis findings indicated that aerobic training (AT), resistance training (RT), combined training (CT), and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) showed significant reductions in CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 levels in MEPT2D. Among them, HIIT was superior to other training modalities in reducing TNF-α levels, while CT was superior to AT, RT, and HIIT in decreasing IL-6, IL-10, and CRP in MEPT2D. Meanwhile, RT had limited effects in reducing CRP and TNF-α levels in MEPT2D. However, HIIT had no significant effect on IL-6 and IL-10 in MEPT2D. In conclusion, long-term regular AT, RT, CT, and HIIT all contributed to the reduction of inflammatory status (CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10) in MEPT2D, while CT (for CRP, IL-6, and IL-10) and HIIT (for TNF-α) represent the best approaches to counteract the inflammatory response in MEPT2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Yang
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haotian Jiao
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
- School of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yizhang Xue
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lishuo Wang
- School of Management Engineering and E-Commerce, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Boqian Wang
- Tourism Management, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ziyi Teng
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Junyan Li
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haotian Zhao
- Department of Physical Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
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Hajj-Boutros G, Karelis AD, Cefis M, Morais JA, Casgrain J, Gouspillou G, Sonjak V. Potential mechanisms involved in regulating muscle protein turnover after acute exercise: A brief review. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1106425. [PMID: 36699675 PMCID: PMC9870712 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1106425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that resistance training increases muscle mass. Indeed, there is evidence to suggest that a single session of resistance training is associated with an increase in muscle protein synthesis in young adults. However, the fundamental mechanisms that are involved in regulating muscle protein turnover rates after an acute bout of physical exercise are unclear. Therefore, this review will briefly focus on summarizing the potential mechanisms behind the growth of skeletal muscle after physical exercise. We also present mechanistic differences that may exist between young and older individuals during muscle protein synthesis and breakdown after physical exercise. Pathways leading to the activation of AKT/mTOR signals after resistance exercise and the activation of AMPK signaling pathway following a HIIT (High intensity interval training) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Hajj-Boutros
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (MUHC), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Antony D. Karelis
- Department of Exercise Science, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marina Cefis
- Department of Exercise Science, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - José A. Morais
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (MUHC), Montreal, QC, Canada,Division of Geriatric Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Juliette Casgrain
- Department of Exercise Science, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gilles Gouspillou
- Department of Exercise Science, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vita Sonjak
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (MUHC), Montreal, QC, Canada,*Correspondence: Vita Sonjak,
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Rai A, Bhati P, Anand P. Exercise induced muscle damage and repeated bout effect: an update for last 10 years and future perspectives. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/cep220025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and repeated bout effect (RBE) are widely researched across various populations. EIMD is the muscle damage occurring after one bout of unaccustomed exercise while RBE is the attenuation of the same muscle damage in subsequent second bout. RBE seems to have significant implications for exercise prescription. Despite existence of vast literature, there is lack of clarity on the effects of EIMD and RBE in a healthy population. The purpose of this study is to review the literature on EIMD and RBE in healthy participants published during the last 10 years. The search of major databases (including Scopus, Google Scholar and PubMed) was conducted using specific keywords ‘Exercise induced muscle damage’, ‘Repeated bout effect’, ‘Healthy participants’ ‘Pre-conditioning’, ‘Eccentric exercise’. Studies published from 2011 onwards which included EIMD and RBE assessment in healthy participants were included in this review. Database searching revealed a total of 38 studies on EIMD and RBE in healthy participants. Three major themes of papers were identified that focused on EIMD and RBE along with (1) age related differences, (2) sex-based differences, and (3) response in athletes. Findings of this comprehensive review suggests that both EIMD and RBE are age, and sex specific. Delayed onset muscle soreness played a major role in both EIMD and RBE in all the population types. Female participants are less susceptible to EIMD as compared to age-matched male counterparts. Moreover, both EIMD and RBE are more elicited in middle aged and younger adults as compared to children and older adults while the magnitude of RBE turns out to be minimal in trained individuals due to persisting adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Rai
- Faculty of Physiotherapy, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - P. Bhati
- Faculty of Physiotherapy, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - P. Anand
- Faculty of Physiotherapy, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
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Savolainen L, Timpmann S, Mooses M, Medijainen L, Tõnutare L, Ross F, Lellsaar M, Piir A, Zilmer M, Unt E, Ööpik V. Vitamin D Supplementation Has No Impact on Cardiorespiratory Fitness, but Improves Inflammatory Status in Vitamin D Deficient Young Men Engaged in Resistance Training. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14245302. [PMID: 36558461 PMCID: PMC9787541 DOI: 10.3390/nu14245302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Data on the effect of vitamin D (Vit-D) supplementation on cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) are conflicting. A possible source of discrepancies in the literature is the heterogeneity in baseline Vit-D status among participants in previous studies. The main objectives of the present study were to assess the impact of Vit-D supplementation on VO2max and inflammatory status in Vit-D deficient young healthy men. Participants (n = 39, baseline serum Vit-D level < 50 nmol/L) were quasi-randomly assigned to one of the two groups, which, in a double-blind manner, supplemented their diet daily with either Vit-D (8000 IU; VD) or placebo (PLC) and concomitantly performed a 12-week supervised resistance training program. During the 12-week intervention, serum Vit-D concentrations increased 3.9-fold (p < 0.001) in the VD group while no changes occurred in the PLC group. Baseline VO2max did not differ in the two groups and remained unchanged during the intervention. Serum interleukin-10/tumour necrosis factor alpha ratio increased significantly (30%, p = 0.007; effect size 0.399) in VD but not in PLC group. In conclusion, 12-week Vit-D supplementation increases serum 25(OH)D levels and improves inflammatory status, but has no impact on VO2max in Vit-D deficient young men engaged in resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Savolainen
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli St., 50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Saima Timpmann
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli St., 50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martin Mooses
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli St., 50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Luule Medijainen
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli St., 50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lisette Tõnutare
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli St., 50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Frederik Ross
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli St., 50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Märt Lellsaar
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli St., 50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anneli Piir
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mihkel Zilmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eve Unt
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
- Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, 1a Puusepa St., 50406 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vahur Ööpik
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli St., 50090 Tartu, Estonia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +372-7-375-366
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The impact of dietary protein supplementation on recovery from resistance exercise-induced muscle damage: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022:10.1038/s41430-022-01250-y. [PMID: 36513777 PMCID: PMC10393778 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01250-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unknown whether dietary protein consumption can attenuate resistance exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Managing EIMD may accelerate muscle recovery and allow frequent, high-quality exercise to promote muscle adaptations. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the impact of peri-exercise protein supplementation on resistance EIMD. METHODS A literature search was conducted on PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science up to March 2021 for relevant articles. PEDro criteria were used to assess bias within included studies. A Hedges' g effect size (ES) was calculated for indirect markers of EIMD at h post-exercise. Weighted ESs were included in a random effects model to determine overall ESs over time. RESULTS Twenty-nine studies were included in the systematic review and 40 trials were included in ≥1 meta-analyses (16 total). There were significant overall effects of protein for preserving isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) at 96 h (0.563 [0.232, 0.894]) and isokinetic MVC at 24 h (0.639 [0.116, 1.162]), 48 h (0.447 [0.104, 0.790]), and 72 h (0.569 [0.136, 1.002]). Overall ESs were large in favour of protein for attenuating creatine kinase concentration at 48 h (0.836 [-0.001, 1.673]) and 72 h (1.335 [0.294, 2.376]). Protein supplementation had no effect on muscle soreness compared with the control. CONCLUSION Peri-exercise protein consumption could help maintain maximal strength and lower creatine kinase concentration following resistance exercise but not reduce muscle soreness. Conflicting data may be due to methodological divergencies between studies. Standardised methods and data reporting for EIMD research are needed.
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D'Hulst G, Masschelein E, De Bock K. Resistance exercise enhances long-term mTORC1 sensitivity to leucine. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101615. [PMID: 36252815 PMCID: PMC9626937 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exercise enhances the sensitivity of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) to amino acids, in particular leucine. How long this enhanced sensitivity lasts, and which mechanisms control enhanced leucine-mediated mTORC1 activation following exercise is currently unknown. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were exercised for one night in a resistance-braked running wheel after a 12-day acclimatization period. Mice were gavaged with a submaximal dose of l-leucine or saline acutely or 48 h after exercise cessation, following 3 h food withdrawal. Muscles were excised 30 min after leucine administration. To study the contribution of mTORC1, we repeated those experiments but blocked mTORC1 activation using rapamycin immediately before the overnight running bout and one hour before the first dose of leucine. mTORC1 signaling, muscle protein synthesis and amino acid sensing machinery were assessed using immunoblot and qPCR. Leucine uptake was measured using L-[14C(U)]-leucine tracer labeling. RESULTS When compared to sedentary conditions, leucine supplementation more potently activated mTORC1 and protein synthesis in acutely exercised muscle. This effect was observed in m. soleus but not in m. tibialis anterior nor m. plantaris. The synergistic effect in m. soleus was long-lasting as key downstream markers of mTORC1 as well as protein synthesis remained higher when leucine was administered 48 h after exercise. We found that exercise enhanced the expression of amino acid transporters and promoted uptake of leucine into the muscle, leading to higher free intramuscular leucine levels. This coincided with increased expression of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), a main transcriptional regulator of amino acid uptake and metabolism, and downstream activation of amino acid genes as well as leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LARS), a putative leucine sensor. Finally, blocking mTORC1 using rapamycin did not reduce expression and activation of ATF4, suggesting that the latter does not act downstream of mTORC1. Rather, we found a robust increase in eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) phosphorylation, suggesting that the integrated stress response pathway, rather than exercise-induced mTORC1 activation, drives long-term ATF4 expression in skeletal muscle after exercise. CONCLUSIONS The enhanced sensitivity of mTORC1 to leucine is maintained at least 48 h after exercise. This shows that the anabolic window of opportunity for protein ingestion is not restricted to the first hours immediately following exercise. Increased mTORC1 sensitivity to leucine coincided with enhanced leucine influx into muscle and higher expression of genes involved in leucine sensing and amino acid metabolism. Also, exercise induced an increase in ATF4 protein expression. Altogether, these data suggest that muscular contractions switch on a coordinated program to enhance amino acid uptake as well as intramuscular sensing of key amino acids involved in mTORC1 activation and the stimulation of muscle protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gommaar D'Hulst
- Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Evi Masschelein
- Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katrien De Bock
- Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Ishihara H, Komiya M, Esaki H, Tsuchida K, Ishida A, Tashiro T, Tsutsumi S, Maeda N, Urabe Y. Immediate association of navicular bone height and plantar intrinsic muscle size with toe flexion task: An ultrasound-based study. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-220092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Intrinsic foot muscle (IFM) dysfunction and poor foot arch are associated with various foot conditions. Toe flexor exercise (TFE) has been used to improve it; however, the immediate effects of TFE on each IFM and how it relates to changes in navicular bone height (NH) are unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate acute muscle swelling in the IFM after TFE and the association between changes in NH and IFM size. METHODS: Fourteen adults participated in this study. NH and cross-sectional area (CSA) of the IFM were acquired pre and post- TFE. The CSA of the IFM, including the abductor hallucis (AbH), flexor hallucis brevis, flexor digitorum brevis, and quadratus plantae, was acquired with ultrasonography. In the TFE, each participant completed five sets of eight repetitions with maximum strength. RESULTS: The NH and CSA of all IFM significantly increased significantly post-TFE (p< 0.01). Only the increase in AbH was moderately and positively correlated with the change in NH (r= 0.54, p< 0.01). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the acute swelling of AbH after TFE is associated with an immediate increase in NH, supporting the important role of AbH in the formation of foot arch.
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Effect of different training frequencies on maximal strength performance and muscle hypertrophy in trained individuals-a within-subject design. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276154. [PMID: 36228016 PMCID: PMC9560172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies comparing resistance training (RT) frequencies may have been affected by the large between-subject variability. This study aimed to compare the changes in lower limbs maximal dynamic strength (1RM) and quadriceps femoris cross-sectional area (CSA) after a RT with different weekly frequencies in strength-trained individuals using a within-subject design. Twenty-four men participated in a 9-week RT program, being randomly divided into two conditions: resistance training with equalized total training volume (RTEV) and with unequalized total training volume (RTUV). The RT protocol used the unilateral leg press 45° exercise and each subject’s lower limb executed one of the proposed frequencies (one and three times/week). All conditions effectively increased 1RM and CSA (p<0.001); however, no significant differences were observed in the values of 1RM (p = 0.454) and CSA (p = 0.310) between the RT frequencies in the RTEV and RTUV conditions. Therefore, RT performed three times a week showed similar increases in 1RM and CSA to the program performed once a week, regardless of training volume equalization. Nevertheless, when the higher RT frequency allowed the application of a greater TTV (i.e., RTUV), higher effect size (ES) values (0.51 and 0.63, 1RM and CSA, respectively) were observed for the adaptations.
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Plotkin D, Coleman M, Van Every D, Maldonado J, Oberlin D, Israetel M, Feather J, Alto A, Vigotsky AD, Schoenfeld BJ. Progressive overload without progressing load? The effects of load or repetition progression on muscular adaptations. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14142. [PMID: 36199287 PMCID: PMC9528903 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Progressive overload is a principle of resistance training exercise program design that typically relies on increasing load to increase neuromuscular demand to facilitate further adaptations. However, little attention has been given to another way of increasing demand-increasing the number of repetitions. Objective This study aimed to compare the effects of two resistance training programs: (1) increasing load while keeping repetition range constant vs (2) increasing repetitions while keeping load constant. We aimed to compare the effects of these programs on lower body muscle hypertrophy, muscle strength, and muscle endurance in resistance-trained individuals over an 8-week study period. Methods Forty-three participants with at least 1 year of consistent lower body resistance training experience were randomly assigned to one of two experimental, parallel groups: A group that aimed to increase load while keeping repetitions constant (LOAD: n = 22; 13 men, nine women) or a group that aimed to increase repetitions while keeping load constant (REPS: n = 21; 14 men, seven women). Subjects performed four sets of four lower body exercises (back squat, leg extension, straight-leg calf raise, and seated calf raise) twice per week. We assessed one repetition maximum (1RM) in the Smith machine squat, muscular endurance in the leg extension, countermovement jump height, and muscle thickness along the quadriceps and calf muscles. Between-group effects were estimated using analyses of covariance, adjusted for pre-intervention scores and sex. Results Rectus femoris growth modestly favored REPS (adjusted effect estimate (CI90%), sum of sites: 2.8 mm [-0.5, 5.8]). Alternatively, dynamic strength increases slightly favored LOAD (2.0 kg [-2.4, 7.8]), with differences of questionable practical significance. No other notable between-group differences were found across outcomes (muscle thicknesses, <1 mm; endurance, <1%; countermovement jump, 0.1 cm; body fat, <1%; leg segmental lean mass, 0.1 kg), with narrow CIs for most outcomes. Conclusion Both progressions of repetitions and load appear to be viable strategies for enhancing muscular adaptations over an 8-week training cycle, which provides trainers and trainees with another promising approach to programming resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Plotkin
- City University of New York, Herbert H. Lehman College, Bronx, United States
| | - Max Coleman
- City University of New York, Herbert H. Lehman College, Bronx, United States
| | - Derrick Van Every
- City University of New York, Herbert H. Lehman College, Bronx, United States
| | - Jaime Maldonado
- City University of New York, Herbert H. Lehman College, Bronx, United States
| | - Douglas Oberlin
- City University of New York, Herbert H. Lehman College, Bronx, United States
| | | | - Jared Feather
- Renaissance Periodization, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Andrew Alto
- City University of New York, Herbert H. Lehman College, Bronx, United States
| | | | - Brad J. Schoenfeld
- City University of New York, Herbert H. Lehman College, Bronx, United States
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Pearson AG, Macnaughton LS, Hind K. Sex differences in the impact of resistance exercise load on muscle damage: A protocol for a randomised parallel group trial. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275221. [PMID: 36174033 PMCID: PMC9521925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Resistance training can induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy and strength gains, but is also associated with acute muscle damage, characterised by muscle soreness, impaired muscle function, and structural damage to muscle cell membranes and its components. These consequences can be detrimental to future exercise performance and dampen long-term training adaptations. Previous research has considered resistance exercise intensity as a factor in exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), though a clear direction of the findings has not yet been established. Further, female populations are heavily underrepresented in this field of study. Therefore, we here propose a study protocol designed to examine sex differences in the muscle damage response to resistance exercise performed with low or high loads in a population of untrained, young adults. Methods This study will employ a randomised parallel group design. Twenty-four males and 24 females will perform an acute leg-based resistance exercise session at either 30% (low-load) or 80% (high-load) of their pre-determined one-repetition maximum (1RM). Maximal leg strength will be determined by a 1RM test 3 wk before and 72 and 168 h after the exercise bout. Additionally, muscle damage will be assessed immediately before the exercise bout and immediately, 24, 48, 72, and 168 h after the exercise bout through measures of muscle soreness, limb circumference, range of motion, and serum concentrations of creatine kinase and interleukin-6. The outcomes of this trial could inform sex-specific resistance training recommendations and help bridge the sex data gap in sport and exercise science research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice G. Pearson
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Karen Hind
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
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LIM CHANGHYUN, NUNES EVERSONA, CURRIER BRADS, MCLEOD JONATHANC, THOMAS AARONCQ, PHILLIPS STUARTM. An Evidence-Based Narrative Review of Mechanisms of Resistance Exercise-Induced Human Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1546-1559. [PMID: 35389932 PMCID: PMC9390238 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plays a critical role in physical function and metabolic health. Muscle is a highly adaptable tissue that responds to resistance exercise (RE; loading) by hypertrophying, or during muscle disuse, RE mitigates muscle loss. Resistance exercise training (RET)-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy is a product of external (e.g., RE programming, diet, some supplements) and internal variables (e.g., mechanotransduction, ribosomes, gene expression, satellite cells activity). RE is undeniably the most potent nonpharmacological external variable to stimulate the activation/suppression of internal variables linked to muscular hypertrophy or countering disuse-induced muscle loss. Here, we posit that despite considerable research on the impact of external variables on RET and hypertrophy, internal variables (i.e., inherent skeletal muscle biology) are dominant in regulating the extent of hypertrophy in response to external stimuli. Thus, identifying the key internal skeletal muscle-derived variables that mediate the translation of external RE variables will be pivotal to determining the most effective strategies for skeletal muscle hypertrophy in healthy persons. Such work will aid in enhancing function in clinical populations, slowing functional decline, and promoting physical mobility. We provide up-to-date, evidence-based perspectives of the mechanisms regulating RET-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- CHANGHYUN LIM
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
| | - EVERSON A. NUNES
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
- Department of Physiological Science, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa-Catarina, BRAZIL
| | - BRAD S. CURRIER
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
| | - JONATHAN C. MCLEOD
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
| | - AARON C. Q. THOMAS
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
| | - STUART M. PHILLIPS
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
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Van Every DW, Coleman M, Rosa A, Zambrano H, Plotkin D, Torres X, Mercado M, De Souza EO, Alto A, Oberlin DJ, Vigotsky AD, Schoenfeld BJ. Loaded inter-set stretch may selectively enhance muscular adaptations of the plantar flexors. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273451. [PMID: 36048793 PMCID: PMC9436038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate differences in changes in muscle strength and muscle thickness (MT) of the plantar flexor muscles between traditional resistance training (RT) involving passive rest and RT combined with inter-set stretch in the calf raise exercise. Employing a within-subject design, 21 young, healthy men performed plantar flexion exercises twice per week in both a traditional RT (TRAD) format and combined with a 20-second inter-set stretch (STRETCH). One leg was randomly assigned to the TRAD condition and the contralateral leg performed the STRETCH condition throughout the 8-week study period. Dependent variables included MT of the lateral gastrocnemius (LG), medial gastrocnemius (MG) and the soleus (SOL), and isometric strength of the plantar flexors. Results indicated a potential beneficial hypertrophic effect of STRETCH compared to TRAD for the SOL [0.7 mm, CI90% = (0, 1.6)], while the LG had more ambiguous effects [0.4 mm (−0.4, 1.3)] and MG effects were equivocal [0 mm (−0.6, 0.7)]. In general, LG demonstrated greater standardized growth [z = 1.1 (1, 1.3)] as compared to MG [z = 0.3 (0.2, 0.5)] and SOL [z = 0.3 (0.2, 0.5)]. Measures of isometric strength showed a modest advantage to STRETCH. In conclusion, loaded inter-set stretch may enhance MT of the soleus but effects on the gastrocnemii appear uncertain or unlikely in untrained men; plantar flexor strength appears to be modestly enhanced by the interventional strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick W. Van Every
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Max Coleman
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Avery Rosa
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Hugo Zambrano
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Daniel Plotkin
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Xavier Torres
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Mariella Mercado
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Eduardo O. De Souza
- Department of Health Sciences & Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Andrew Alto
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Douglas J. Oberlin
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Vigotsky
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Statistics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Brad J. Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ottinger CR, Sharp MH, Stefan MW, Gheith RH, de la Espriella F, Wilson JM. Muscle Hypertrophy Response to Range of Motion in Strength Training: A Novel Approach to Understanding the Findings. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Messina M, Duncan A, Messina V, Lynch H, Kiel J, Erdman JW. The health effects of soy: A reference guide for health professionals. Front Nutr 2022; 9:970364. [PMID: 36034914 PMCID: PMC9410752 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.970364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Soy is a hotly debated and widely discussed topic in the field of nutrition. However, health practitioners may be ill-equipped to counsel clients and patients about the use of soyfoods because of the enormous, and often contradictory, amount of research that has been published over the past 30 years. As interest in plant-based diets increases, there will be increased pressure for practitioners to gain a working knowledge of this area. The purpose of this review is to provide concise literature summaries (400-500 words) along with a short perspective on the current state of knowledge of a wide range of topics related to soy, from the cholesterol-lowering effects of soy protein to the impact of isoflavones on breast cancer risk. In addition to the literature summaries, general background information on soyfoods, soy protein, and isoflavones is provided. This analysis can serve as a tool for health professionals to be used when discussing soyfoods with their clients and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Messina
- Soy Nutrition Institute Global, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Alison Duncan
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Heidi Lynch
- Kinesiology Department, Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jessica Kiel
- Scientific and Clinical Affairs, Medifast Inc., Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John W. Erdman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Beckman Institute, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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Shirai T, Kitaoka Y, Uemichi K, Tokinoya K, Takeda K, Takemasa T. Effects of lactate administration on hypertrophy and mTOR signaling activation in mouse skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15436. [PMID: 35993446 PMCID: PMC9393907 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactate is a metabolic product of glycolysis and has recently been shown to act as a signaling molecule that induces adaptations in oxidative metabolism. In this study, we investigated whether lactate administration enhanced muscle hypertrophy and protein synthesis responses during resistance exercise in animal models. We used male ICR mice (7-8 weeks old) were used for chronic (mechanical overload induced by synergist ablation: [OL]) and acute (high-intensity muscle contraction by electrical stimulation: [ES]) resistance exercise models. The animals were intraperitoneally administrated a single dose of sodium lactate (1 g/kg of body weight) in the ES study, and once a day for 14 consecutive days in the OL study. Two weeks of mechanical overload increased plantaris muscle wet weight (main effect of OL: p < 0.05) and fiber cross-sectional area (main effect of OL: p < 0.05), but those were not affected by lactate administration. Following the acute resistance exercise by ES, protein synthesis and phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase and ribosomal protein S6, which are downstream molecules in the anabolic signaling cascade, were increased (main effect of ES: p < 0.05), but lactate administration had no effect. This study demonstrated that exogenous lactate administration has little effect on the muscle hypertrophic response during resistance exercise using acute ES and chronic OL models. Our results do not support the hypothesis that elevated blood lactate concentration induces protein synthesis responses in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanaga Shirai
- Faculty of Health and Sport SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for Promotion ScienceChiyoda‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Yu Kitaoka
- Department of Human SciencesKanagawa UniversityYokohama‐shiKanagawaJapan
| | - Kazuki Uemichi
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Katsuyuki Tokinoya
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for Promotion ScienceChiyoda‐kuTokyoJapan
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Department of Health Promotion SciencesGraduate School of Human Health SciencesTokyo Metropolitan UniversityHachiojiTokyoJapan
| | - Kohei Takeda
- School of Political Science and EconomicsMeiji UniversitySuginami‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Tohru Takemasa
- Faculty of Health and Sport SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaIbarakiJapan
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WINCHESTER LEEJ, MORRIS CODYE, ALLEN PATTON, WICZYNSKI TERESAL, ARNETT SCOTTW, LYONS TSCOTT. Effects of Varying Load Intensity on Skeletal Muscle Damage Between Two Isovolumic Resistance Exercise Bouts. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2022; 15:1212-1221. [PMID: 36620189 PMCID: PMC9799231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There are limited data comparing the efficacy of resistance loads within the hypertrophy range for promoting muscular growth, particularly when similar training volumes are utilized. The purpose of this study was to determine if two similar volume-loads, utilizing different intensities, would produce dissimilar muscular damage and inflammation. Eleven resistance-trained, college-aged males participated in this study. After testing 1RM barbell squats, participants completed two similar volume-load barbell squat sessions at two different resistance loads (67% and 85% of 1RM) on two separate visits. Venous blood samples were collected at baseline and one hour after completion of each exercise session. Plasma was isolated and analyzed for myoglobin and C-reactive protein (CRP) expression via ELISA. Plasma myoglobin expression was significantly elevated above baseline (BASE) values only after the 85% of 1RM (HHL) session (p =0.031), though the 67% (LHL) trial (p = 0.054; η2 = 0.647) was approaching significance (BASE: 1.42±.12 ng/mL; LHL: 4.65±1.13 ng/mL; HHL: 5.00±1.01 ng/mL). No changes in plasma CRP were observed. Despite attempts to equate volumes between resistances, mean total volume-load was significantly higher during the 67% of 1RM trial than during the 85% trial. Resistance loads at 85% of 1RM inflict significantly increased muscle damage over baseline values, even when significantly less total volume was lifted during the 85% trial. Individuals looking to maximize strength and hypertrophy during general training or during rehabilitation may benefit from these findings when determining the appropriate training load.
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Affiliation(s)
- LEE J. WINCHESTER
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - CODY E. MORRIS
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - PATTON ALLEN
- School of Kinesiology, Recreation & Sport, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA
| | - TERESA L. WICZYNSKI
- School of Kinesiology, Recreation & Sport, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA
| | - SCOTT W. ARNETT
- School of Kinesiology, Recreation & Sport, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA
| | - T. SCOTT LYONS
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL, USA
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Telles GD, Conceição MS, Vechin FC, Libardi CA, Mori MADS, Derchain S, Ugrinowitsch C. Exercise-Induced Circulating microRNAs: Potential Key Factors in the Control of Breast Cancer. Front Physiol 2022; 13:800094. [PMID: 35784874 PMCID: PMC9244175 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.800094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Losses in skeletal muscle mass, strength, and metabolic function are harmful in the pathophysiology of serious diseases, including breast cancer. Physical exercise training is an effective non-pharmacological strategy to improve health and quality of life in patients with breast cancer, mainly through positive effects on skeletal muscle mass, strength, and metabolic function. Emerging evidence has also highlighted the potential of exercise-induced crosstalk between skeletal muscle and cancer cells as one of the mechanisms controlling breast cancer progression. This intercellular communication seems to be mediated by a group of skeletal muscle molecules released in the bloodstream known as myokines. Among the myokines, exercise-induced circulating microRNAs (c-miRNAs) are deemed to mediate the antitumoral effects produced by exercise training through the control of key cellular processes, such as proliferation, metabolism, and signal transduction. However, there are still many open questions regarding the molecular basis of the exercise-induced effects on c-miRNA on human breast cancer cells. Here, we present evidence regarding the effect of exercise training on c-miRNA expression in breast cancer, along with the current gaps in the literature and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Defante Telles
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Strength Training, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miguel Soares Conceição
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Felipe Cassaro Vechin
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Strength Training, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleiton Augusto Libardi
- MUSCULAB—Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Alves da Silva Mori
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Sophie Derchain
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Strength Training, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Carlos Ugrinowitsch,
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Abou Sawan S, Hodson N, Malowany JM, West DWD, Tinline-Goodfellow C, Brook MS, Smith K, Atherton PJ, Kumbhare D, Moore DR. Trained Integrated Postexercise Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Rates Correlate with Hypertrophy in Young Males and Females. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:953-964. [PMID: 35081094 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Resistance training induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy via the summated effects of postexercise elevations in myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) that persist for up to 48 h, although research in females is currently lacking. MyoPS is regulated by mTOR translocation and colocalization; however, the effects of resistance training on these intracellular processes are unknown. We hypothesized that MyoPS would correlate with hypertrophy only after training in both sexes and would be associated with intracellular redistribution of mTOR. METHODS Recreationally active males and females (n = 10 each) underwent 8 wk of whole-body resistance exercise three times a week. Fasted muscle biopsies were obtained immediately before (REST) and 24 and 48 h after acute resistance exercise in the untrained (UT) and trained (T) states to determine integrated MyoPS over 48 h (D2O ingestion) and intracellular mTOR colocalization (immunofluorescence microscopy). RESULTS Training increased (P < 0.01) muscle strength (~20%-126%), muscle thickness (~8%-11%), and average fiber cross-sectional area (~15%-20%). MyoPS increased above REST in UT (P = 0.032) and T (P < 0.01), but to a greater extent in males (~23%; P = 0.023), and was positively (P < 0.01) associated with muscle thickness and fiber cross-sectional area at T only in both males and females. mTOR colocalization with the cell periphery increased (P < 0.01) in T, irrespective of sex or acute exercise. Training increased (P ≤ 0.043) total mTOR, LAMP2 (lysosomal marker), and their colocalization (P < 0.01), although their colocalization was greater in males at 24 and 48 h independent of training status (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS MyoPS during prolonged recovery from exercise is greater in males but related to muscle hypertrophy regardless of sex only in the trained state, which may be underpinned by altered mTOR localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney Abou Sawan
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, CANADA
| | - Nathan Hodson
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, CANADA
| | - Julia M Malowany
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, CANADA
| | | | | | - Matthew S Brook
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Kenneth Smith
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby Medical School, Derby, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Philip J Atherton
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby Medical School, Derby, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, CANADA
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