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Augusto-Oliveira M, Arrifano GP, Leal-Nazaré CG, Santos-Sacramento L, Lopes-Araújo A, Royes LFF, Crespo-Lopez ME. Exercise Reshapes the Brain: Molecular, Cellular, and Structural Changes Associated with Cognitive Improvements. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6950-6974. [PMID: 37518829 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise is well known as a non-pharmacological and holistic therapy believed to prevent and mitigate numerous neurological conditions and alleviate ageing-related cognitive decline. To do so, exercise affects the central nervous system (CNS) at different levels. It changes brain physiology and structure, promoting cognitive improvements, which ultimately improves quality of life. Most of these effects are mediated by neurotrophins release, enhanced adult hippocampal neurogenesis, attenuation of neuroinflammation, modulation of cerebral blood flow, and structural reorganisation, besides to promote social interaction with beneficial cognitive outcomes. In this review, we discuss, based on experimental and human research, how exercise impacts the brain structure and function and how these changes contribute to cognitive improvements. Understanding the mechanisms by which exercise affects the brain is essential to understand the brain plasticity following exercise, guiding therapeutic approaches to improve the quality of life, especially in obesity, ageing, neurodegenerative disorders, and following traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Augusto-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela P Arrifano
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Caio G Leal-Nazaré
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Letícia Santos-Sacramento
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Amanda Lopes-Araújo
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Freire Royes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Do Exercício, Centro de Educacão Física E Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RGS, Brazil
| | - Maria Elena Crespo-Lopez
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.
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2
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Notley SR, Mitchell D, Taylor NAS. A century of exercise physiology: concepts that ignited the study of human thermoregulation. Part 1: Foundational principles and theories of regulation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2379-2459. [PMID: 37702789 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
This contribution is the first of a four-part, historical series encompassing foundational principles, mechanistic hypotheses and supported facts concerning human thermoregulation during athletic and occupational pursuits, as understood 100 years ago and now. Herein, the emphasis is upon the physical and physiological principles underlying thermoregulation, the goal of which is thermal homeostasis (homeothermy). As one of many homeostatic processes affected by exercise, thermoregulation shares, and competes for, physiological resources. The impact of that sharing is revealed through the physiological measurements that we take (Part 2), in the physiological responses to the thermal stresses to which we are exposed (Part 3) and in the adaptations that increase our tolerance to those stresses (Part 4). Exercising muscles impose our most-powerful heat stress, and the physiological avenues for redistributing heat, and for balancing heat exchange with the environment, must adhere to the laws of physics. The first principles of internal and external heat exchange were established before 1900, yet their full significance is not always recognised. Those physiological processes are governed by a thermoregulatory centre, which employs feedback and feedforward control, and which functions as far more than a thermostat with a set-point, as once was thought. The hypothalamus, today established firmly as the neural seat of thermoregulation, does not regulate deep-body temperature alone, but an integrated temperature to which thermoreceptors from all over the body contribute, including the skin and probably the muscles. No work factor needs to be invoked to explain how body temperature is stabilised during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Notley
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Department of Defence, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Duncan Mitchell
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Nigel A S Taylor
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Ciryam P, Gerzanich V, Simard JM. Interleukin-6 in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Janus-Faced Player in Damage and Repair. J Neurotrauma 2023; 40:2249-2269. [PMID: 37166354 PMCID: PMC10649197 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2023.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common and often devastating illness, with wide-ranging public health implications. In addition to the primary injury, victims of TBI are at risk for secondary neurological injury by numerous mechanisms. Current treatments are limited and do not target the profound immune response associated with injury. This immune response reflects a convergence of peripheral and central nervous system-resident immune cells whose interaction is mediated in part by a disruption in the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The diverse family of cytokines helps to govern this communication and among these, Interleukin (IL)-6 is a notable player in the immune response to acute neurological injury. It is also a well-established pharmacological target in a variety of other disease contexts. In TBI, elevated IL-6 levels are associated with worse outcomes, but the role of IL-6 in response to injury is double-edged. IL-6 promotes neurogenesis and wound healing in animal models of TBI, but it may also contribute to disruptions in the BBB and the progression of cerebral edema. Here, we review IL-6 biology in the context of TBI, with an eye to clarifying its controversial role and understanding its potential as a target for modulating the immune response in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajwal Ciryam
- Shock Trauma Neurocritical Care, Program in Trauma, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Volodymyr Gerzanich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - J. Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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4
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Patsouris V, Blecharz-Lang KG, Nieminen-Kelhä M, Schneider UC, Vajkoczy P. Resolution of Cerebral Inflammation Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2023; 39:218-228. [PMID: 37349601 PMCID: PMC10499726 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-023-01770-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a type of hemorrhagic stroke that, despite improvement through therapeutic interventions, remains a devastating cerebrovascular disorder that has a high mortality rate and causes long-term disability. Cerebral inflammation after SAH is promoted through microglial accumulation and phagocytosis. Furthermore, proinflammatory cytokine release and neuronal cell death play key roles in the development of brain injury. The termination of these inflammation processes and restoration of tissue homeostasis are of utmost importance regarding the possible chronicity of cerebral inflammation and the improvement of the clinical outcome for affected patients post SAH. Thus, we evaluated the inflammatory resolution phase post SAH and considered indications for potential tertiary brain damage in cases of incomplete resolution. METHODS Subarachnoid hemorrhage was induced through endovascular filament perforation in mice. Animals were killed 1, 7 and 14 days and 1, 2 and 3 months after SAH. Brain cryosections were immunolabeled for ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 to detect microglia/macrophages. Neuronal nuclei and terminal deoxyuridine triphosphate-nick end labeling staining was used to visualize secondary cell death of neurons. The gene expression of various proinflammatory mediators in brain samples was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS We observed restored tissue homeostasis due to decreased microglial/macrophage accumulation and neuronal cell death 1 month after insult. However, the messenger RNA expression levels of interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α were still elevated at 1 and 2 months post SAH, respectively. The gene expression of interleukin 1β reached its maximum on day 1, whereas at later time points, no significant differences between the groups were detected. CONCLUSIONS By the herein presented molecular and histological data we provide an important indication for an incomplete resolution of inflammation within the brain parenchyma after SAH. Inflammatory resolution and the return to tissue homeostasis represent an important contribution to the disease's pathology influencing the impact on brain damage and outcome after SAH. Therefore, we consider a novel complementary or even superior therapeutic approach that should be carefully rethought in the management of cerebral inflammation after SAH. An acceleration of the resolution phase at the cellular and molecular levels could be a potential aim in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Patsouris
- Institute of Experimental Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Kinga G Blecharz-Lang
- Institute of Experimental Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Melina Nieminen-Kelhä
- Institute of Experimental Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf C Schneider
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Peter Vajkoczy
- Institute of Experimental Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Arjunan A, Song J. Pharmacological and physiological roles of adipokines and myokines in metabolic-related dementia. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114847. [PMID: 37150030 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a detrimental neuropathologic condition with considerable physical, mental, social, and financial impact on patients and society. Patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS), a group of diseases that occur in tandem and increase the risk of neurologic diseases, have a higher risk of dementia. The ratio between muscle and adipose tissue is crucial in MetS, as these contain many hormones, including myokines and adipokines, which are involved in crosstalk and local paracrine/autocrine interactions. Evidence suggests that abnormal adipokine and myokine synthesis and release may be implicated in various MetS, such as atherosclerosis, diabetic mellitus (DM), and dyslipidemia, but their precise role is unclear. Here we review the literature on adipokine and myokine involvement in MetS-induced dementia via glucose and insulin homeostasis regulation, neuroinflammation, vascular dysfunction, emotional changes, and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Arjunan
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Seoyangro 264, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Seoyangro 264, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea.
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Nash D, Hughes MG, Butcher L, Aicheler R, Smith P, Cullen T, Webb R. IL-6 signaling in acute exercise and chronic training: Potential consequences for health and athletic performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:4-19. [PMID: 36168944 PMCID: PMC10092579 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is involved in a diverse set of physiological processes. Traditionally, IL-6 has been thought of in terms of its inflammatory actions during the acute phase response and in chronic conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and obesity. However, IL-6 is also an important signaling molecule during exercise, being acutely released from working muscle fibers with increased exercise duration, intensity, and muscle glycogen depletion. In this context, IL-6 enables muscle-organ crosstalk, facilitating a coordinated response to help maintain muscle energy homeostasis, while also having anti-inflammatory actions. The range of actions of IL-6 can be explained by its dichotomous signaling pathways. Classical signaling involves IL-6 binding to a cell-surface receptor (mbIL-6R; present on only a small number of cell types) and is the predominant signaling mechanism during exercise. Trans-signaling involves IL-6 binding to a soluble version of its receptor (sIL-6R), with the resulting complex having a much greater half-life and the ability to signal in all cell types. Trans-signaling drives the inflammatory actions of IL-6 and is the predominant pathway in disease. A single nucleotide polymorphism (rs2228145) on the IL-6R gene can modify the classical/trans-signaling balance through increasing the levels of sIL-6R. This SNP has clinical significance, having been linked to inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes, as well as to the severity of symptoms experienced with COVID-19. This review will describe how acute exercise, chronic training and the rs2228145 SNP can modify the IL-6 signaling pathway and the consequent implications for health and athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Nash
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael G Hughes
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lee Butcher
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rebecca Aicheler
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Paul Smith
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Tom Cullen
- Research Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Richard Webb
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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7
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Reddy I, Yadav Y, Dey CS. Cellular and Molecular Regulation of Exercise—A Neuronal Perspective. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022; 43:1551-1571. [PMID: 35986789 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01272-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of exercise on the proper functioning of the body have been firmly established. Multi-systemic metabolic regulation of exercise is the consequence of multitudinous changes that occur at the cellular level. The exercise responsome comprises all molecular entities including exerkines, miRNA species, growth factors, signaling proteins that are elevated and activated by physical exercise. Exerkines are secretory molecules released by organs such as skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver, and gut as a function of acute/chronic exercise. Exerkines such as FNDC5/irisin, Cathepsin B, Adiponectin, and IL-6 circulate through the bloodstream, cross the blood-brain barrier, and modulate the expression of important signaling molecules such as AMPK, SIRT1, PGC1α, BDNF, IGF-1, and VEGF which further contribute to improved energy metabolism, glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and overall well-being of the body and brain. These molecules are also responsible for neuroprotective adaptations that exercise confers on the brain and potentially ameliorate neurodegeneration. This review aims to detail important cellular and molecular species that directly or indirectly mediate exercise-induced benefits in the body, with an emphasis on the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishitha Reddy
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Yamini Yadav
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Chinmoy Sankar Dey
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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8
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Katashima CK, de Oliveira Micheletti T, Braga RR, Gaspar RS, Goeminne LJE, Moura-Assis A, Crisol BM, Brícola RS, Silva VRR, de Oliveira Ramos C, da Rocha AL, Tavares MR, Simabuco FM, Matheus VA, Buscaratti L, Marques-Souza H, Pazos P, Gonzalez-Touceda D, Tovar S, del Carmen García M, Neto JCR, Curi R, Hirabara SM, Brum PC, Prada PO, de Moura LP, Pauli JR, da Silva ASR, Cintra DE, Velloso LA, Ropelle ER. Evidence for a neuromuscular circuit involving hypothalamic interleukin-6 in the control of skeletal muscle metabolism. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm7355. [PMID: 35905178 PMCID: PMC9337767 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm7355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Hypothalamic interleukin-6 (IL6) exerts a broad metabolic control. Here, we demonstrated that IL6 activates the ERK1/2 pathway in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), stimulating AMPK/ACC signaling and fatty acid oxidation in mouse skeletal muscle. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the hypothalamic IL6/ERK1/2 axis is closely associated with fatty acid oxidation- and mitochondrial-related genes in the skeletal muscle of isogenic BXD mouse strains and humans. We showed that the hypothalamic IL6/ERK1/2 pathway requires the α2-adrenergic pathway to modify fatty acid skeletal muscle metabolism. To address the physiological relevance of these findings, we demonstrated that this neuromuscular circuit is required to underpin AMPK/ACC signaling activation and fatty acid oxidation after exercise. Last, the selective down-regulation of IL6 receptor in VMH abolished the effects of exercise to sustain AMPK and ACC phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation in the muscle after exercise. Together, these data demonstrated that the IL6/ERK axis in VMH controls fatty acid metabolism in the skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Kiyoshi Katashima
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeria, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Thayana de Oliveira Micheletti
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Rosseto Braga
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeria, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Stellzer Gaspar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeria, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ludger J. E. Goeminne
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Moura-Assis
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Barbara Moreira Crisol
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeria, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Rafael S. Brícola
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeria, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Vagner Ramon R. Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeria, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Camila de Oliveira Ramos
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomic, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Alisson L. da Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Pretol, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Rosolen Tavares
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Moreira Simabuco
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valquiria Aparecida Matheus
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Buscaratti
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique Marques-Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Pazos
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS) and CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB 06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - David Gonzalez-Touceda
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS) and CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB 06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Sulay Tovar
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS) and CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB 06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - María del Carmen García
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS) and CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB 06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Jose Cesar Rosa Neto
- Immunometabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Rui Curi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo 01506-000, Brazil
| | - Sandro Massao Hirabara
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo 01506-000, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Chakur Brum
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Oliveira Prada
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro P. de Moura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeria, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil
- CEPECE—Center of Research in Sport Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil
| | - José Rodrigo Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeria, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil
- CEPECE—Center of Research in Sport Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Adelino S. R. da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Pretol, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dennys Esper Cintra
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomic, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Licio A. Velloso
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Rochete Ropelle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeria, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
- CEPECE—Center of Research in Sport Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil
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9
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Marko DM, MacPherson REK. APP Processing: A Biochemical Competition Influenced by Exercise-Induced Signaling Mediators? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R169-R180. [PMID: 35608263 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00297.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), are becoming more common in aging our society. One specific neuropathological hallmark of this disease is excessive accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, which can aggregate to form the plaques commonly associated with this disease. These plaques are often observed well before clinical diagnosis of AD. At the cellular level, both production and aggregation of Aβ peptides in the brain is detrimental to neuronal cell production, survival, and function, as well as often resulting in neuronal dysfunction and death. Exercise and physical activity have been shown to improve overall health, including brain health, and in the last several years there has been evidence to support that exercise may be able to regulate Aβ peptide production in the brain. Exercise promotes the release of a wide array of signaling mediators from various metabolically active tissues and organs in the body. These exercise-induced signaling mediators could be the driving force behind some of the beneficial effects observed in brain with exercise. This review will aim to discuss potential exercise-induced signaling mediators with the capacity to influence various proteins involved in the formation of Aβ peptide production in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Marko
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rebecca E K MacPherson
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Siqueira IR, Basso CG, Pizzolato LS, Cechinel LR, Bertoldi K, Dalpiaz M, de Souza MP, Elsner VR. Correlation Between Inflammatory and Epigenetic Marks With Aerobic Performance in 10-km Runners. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022; 93:77-86. [PMID: 32897167 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1798332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Our goals were to evaluate the effect of a 10-km running trial on inflammatory and epigenetic markers of 10-km runners and correlate the biochemical findings with anthropometric variables and performance. Methods: Twenty trained 10-km runners and seven sedentary male volunteers were recruited. Venous blood samples were collected at different times: under resting conditions, before the 10 Km race, and immediately after the finish. Inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-10, and IL-β) and cortisol levels were evaluated in plasma, while DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1 and DNMT3b) contents were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Results: Higher levels of plasma IL-6 levels were observed in 10-km runners compared to the sedentary group. After the trial, the runners had a significant increase on IL-6, IL-10, and cortisol plasma levels compared to baseline. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that inflammatory profile, but not DNMT content, influences aerobic performance in 10-km runners.
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11
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Effects of Exercise Training on the Autonomic Nervous System with a Focus on Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidants Effects. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020350. [PMID: 35204231 PMCID: PMC8868289 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies show that the autonomic nervous system (ANS) has an important impact on health in general. In response to environmental demands, homeostatic processes are often compromised, therefore determining an increase in the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)’s functions and a decrease in the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)’s functions. In modern societies, chronic stress associated with an unhealthy lifestyle contributes to ANS dysfunction. In this review, we provide a brief introduction to the ANS network, its connections to the HPA axis and its stress responses and give an overview of the critical implications of ANS in health and disease—focused specifically on the immune system, cardiovascular, oxidative stress and metabolic dysregulation. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA), the SNS and more recently the PNS have been identified as regulating the immune system. The HPA axis and PNS have anti-inflammatory effects and the SNS has been shown to have both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. The positive impact of physical exercise (PE) is well known and has been studied by many researchers, but its negative impact has been less studied. Depending on the type, duration and individual characteristics of the person doing the exercise (age, gender, disease status, etc.), PE can be considered a physiological stressor. The negative impact of PE seems to be connected with the oxidative stress induced by effort.
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12
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Behrendt T, Kirschnick F, Kröger L, Beileke P, Rezepin M, Brigadski T, Leßmann V, Schega L. Comparison of the effects of open vs. closed skill exercise on the acute and chronic BDNF, IGF-1 and IL-6 response in older healthy adults. BMC Neurosci 2021; 22:71. [PMID: 34823469 PMCID: PMC8614060 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-021-00675-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence shows that physical exercise has a positive effect on the release of neurotrophic factors and myokines. However, evidence regarding the optimal type of physical exercise for these release is still lacking. The aim of this study was to assess the acute and chronic effects of open-skill exercise (OSE) compared to closed-skill exercise (CSE) on serum and plasma levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNFS, BDNFP), and serum levels of insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in healthy older adults. METHODS To investigate acute effects, thirty-eight participants were randomly assigned to either an intervention (badminton (aOSE) and bicycling (aCSE), n = 24, 65.83 ± 5.98 years) or control group (reading (CG), n = 14, 67.07 ± 2.37 years). Blood samples were taken immediately before and 5 min after each condition. During each condition, heart rate was monitored. The mean heart rate of aOSE and aCSE were equivalent (65 ± 5% of heart rate reserve). In a subsequent 12-week training-intervention, twenty-two participants were randomly assigned to either a sport-games (cOSE, n = 6, 64.50 ± 6.32) or a strength-endurance training (cCSE, n = 9, 64.89 ± 3.51) group to assess for chronic effects. Training intensity for both groups was adjusted to a subjective perceived exertion using the CR-10 scale (value 7). Blood samples were taken within one day after the training-intervention. RESULTS BDNFS, BDNFP, IGF-1, and IL-6 levels increased after a single exercise session of 30 min. After 12 weeks of training BDNFS and IL-6 levels were elevated, whereas IGF-1 levels were reduced in both groups. However, only in the cOSE group these changes were significant. We could not find any significant differences between the exercise types. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that both exercise types are efficient to acutely increase BDNFS, BDNFP, IGF-1 and IL-6 serum levels in healthy older adults. Additionally, our results tend to support that OSE is more effective for improving basal BDNFS levels after 12 weeks of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Behrendt
- Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Franziska Kirschnick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lasse Kröger
- Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Phillip Beileke
- Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Maxim Rezepin
- Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Brigadski
- Department of Informatics and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Volkmar Leßmann
- Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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13
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Townsend LK, MacPherson REK, Wright DC. New Horizon: Exercise and a Focus on Tissue-Brain Crosstalk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:2147-2163. [PMID: 33982072 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The world population is aging, leading to increased rates of neurodegenerative disorders. Exercise has countless health benefits and has consistently been shown to improve brain health and cognitive function. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of exercise-induced adaptations in the brain with a focus on crosstalk between peripheral tissues and the brain. We highlight recent investigations into exercise-induced circulating factors, or exerkines, including irisin, cathepsin B, GPLD1, and ketones and the mechanisms mediating their effects in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan K Townsend
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Rebecca E K MacPherson
- Department of Health Sciences and Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada
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14
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Lind A, Boraxbekk CJ, Petersen ET, Paulson OB, Andersen O, Siebner HR, Marsman A. Do glia provide the link between low-grade systemic inflammation and normal cognitive ageing? A 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy study at 7 tesla. J Neurochem 2021; 159:185-196. [PMID: 34142382 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Low-grade systemic inflammation contributes to ageing-related cognitive decline, possibly by triggering a neuroinflammatory response through glial activation. Using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H-MRS) at 7T in normal human individuals from 18 to 79 years in a cross-sectional study, we previously observed higher regional levels of myo-inositol (mIns), total creatine (tCr) and total choline (tCho) in older than younger age groups. Moreover, visuo-spatial working memory (vsWM) correlated negatively with tCr and tCho in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and mIns in hippocampus and thalamus. As mIns, tCr and tCho are higher in glia than neurons, this suggest a potential in vivo connection between cognitive ageing and higher regional levels of glia-related metabolites. In the present study, we tested whether these metabolic differences may be related to low-grade systemic inflammation. In the same individuals, plasma concentrations of the proinflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) were measured on the same day as 1 H-MRS assessments. We tested whether CRP, IL-8, and TNF-α concentrations correlated with the levels of glia-related metabolites. CRP and IL-8, but not TNF-α, were higher in older (69-79 years) than younger (18-26 years) individuals. CRP correlated positively with thalamic mIns and negatively with vsWM. IL-8 correlated positively with ACC tCho and hippocampal mIns, but not with vsWM. Mediation analysis revealed an indirect effect of IL-8 on vsWM via ACC tCho. Together, these findings corroborate the role of glial cells, perhaps via their role in neuroinflammation, as part of the neurobiological link between systemic inflammation and cognitive ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lind
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Carl-Johan Boraxbekk
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Esben Thade Petersen
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Center for Magnetic Resonance, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Olaf Bjarne Paulson
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ove Andersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Hartwig Roman Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anouk Marsman
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
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Atakan MM, Koşar ŞN, Güzel Y, Tin HT, Yan X. The Role of Exercise, Diet, and Cytokines in Preventing Obesity and Improving Adipose Tissue. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051459. [PMID: 33922998 PMCID: PMC8145589 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity continues to rise worldwide despite evidence-based public health recommendations. The promise to adopt a healthy lifestyle is increasingly important for tackling this global epidemic. Calorie restriction or regular exercise or a combination of the two is accepted as an effective strategy in preventing or treating obesity. Furthermore, the benefits conferred by regular exercise to overcome obesity are attributed not only to reduced adiposity or reduced levels of circulating lipids but also to the proteins, peptides, enzymes, and metabolites that are released from contracting skeletal muscle or other organs. The secretion of these molecules called cytokines in response to exercise induces browning of white adipose tissue by increasing the expression of brown adipocyte-specific genes within the white adipose tissue, suggesting that exercise-induced cytokines may play a significant role in preventing obesity. In this review, we present research-based evidence supporting the effects of exercise and various diet interventions on preventing obesity and adipose tissue health. We also discuss the interplay between adipose tissue and the cytokines secreted from skeletal muscle and other organs that are known to affect adipose tissue and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Mustafa Atakan
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; (M.M.A.); (Ş.N.K.); (Y.G.)
| | - Şükran Nazan Koşar
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; (M.M.A.); (Ş.N.K.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yasemin Güzel
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; (M.M.A.); (Ş.N.K.); (Y.G.)
| | - Hiu Tung Tin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Australia;
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Australia;
- Sarcopenia Research Program, Australia Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences (AIMSS), Melbourne 3021, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-9919-4024; Fax: +61-3-9919-5615
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16
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Sarcopenia and Cognitive Function: Role of Myokines in Muscle Brain Cross-Talk. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020173. [PMID: 33672427 PMCID: PMC7926334 DOI: 10.3390/life11020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a geriatric syndrome characterized by the progressive degeneration of muscle mass and function, and it is associated with severe complications, which are falls, functional decline, frailty, and mortality. Sarcopenia is associated with cognitive impairment, defined as a decline in one or more cognitive domains as language, memory, reasoning, social cognition, planning, making decisions, and solving problems. Although the exact mechanism relating to sarcopenia and cognitive function has not yet been defined, several studies have shown that skeletal muscle produces and secrete molecules, called myokines, that regulate brain functions, including mood, learning, locomotor activity, and neuronal injury protection, showing the existence of muscle-brain cross-talk. Moreover, studies conducted on physical exercise supported the existence of muscle-brain cross-talk, showing how physical activity, changing myokines' circulating levels, exerts beneficial effects on the brain. The review mainly focuses on describing the role of myokines on brain function and their involvement in cognitive impairment in sarcopenia.
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17
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Boccardi V, Paolacci L, Remondini D, Giampieri E, Poli G, Curti N, Cecchetti R, Villa A, Ruggiero C, Brancorsini S, Mecocci P. Cognitive Decline and Alzheimer's Disease in Old Age: A Sex-Specific Cytokinome Signature. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 72:911-918. [PMID: 31658056 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated peripheral levels of different cytokines and chemokines in subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD), as compared with healthy controls (HC), have emphasized the role of inflammation in such a disease. Considering the cross-talking between the central nervous system and the periphery, the inflammatory analytes may provide utility as biomarkers to identify AD at earlier stages. OBJECTIVE Using an advanced statistical approach, we can discriminate the interactive network of cytokines/chemokines and propose a useful tool to follow the progression and evolution of AD, also in light of sex differences. METHODS A cohort of 289 old-age subjects was screened for cytokine and chemokine profiling, measured in plasma, after a thorough clinical and neuropsychological evaluation. A custom algorithm based on Fisher linear discriminant analysis was applied to ascertain a classification signature able to discriminate HC from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. RESULTS We observed that a joint expression of three proteins (a "signature" composed by IFN-α2, IL-1α, TNFα) can discriminate HC from AD with an accuracy of 65.24%. Using this signature on MCI samples, 84.93% of them were classified as "non-HC". Stratifying MCI samples by sex, we observed that 87.23% of women were classified as "non-HC", and only 57.69% of males. Indeed, in a scatter plot of IFN-α2 and IL-1α, the HC group was better separated from MCI and AD in women as compared with men. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that AD is accompanied by a peripheral inflammatory response that can already be present in MCI subjects, thus providing a mean for detecting this at-risk status and allow an anticipated intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Boccardi
- Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucia Paolacci
- Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniel Remondini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, and INFN Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Giampieri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, and INFN Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Poli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Terni, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Nico Curti
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, and INFN Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Cecchetti
- Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alfredo Villa
- Department of Clinical Pathology, S.M. della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carmelinda Ruggiero
- Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Brancorsini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Terni, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Mecocci
- Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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18
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Scheffer DDL, Latini A. Exercise-induced immune system response: Anti-inflammatory status on peripheral and central organs. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165823. [PMID: 32360589 PMCID: PMC7188661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A wide array of molecular pathways has been investigated during the past decade in order to understand the mechanisms by which the practice of physical exercise promotes neuroprotection and reduces the risk of developing communicable and non-communicable chronic diseases. While a single session of physical exercise may represent a challenge for cell homeostasis, repeated physical exercise sessions will improve immunosurveillance and immunocompetence. Additionally, immune cells from the central nervous system will acquire an anti-inflammatory phenotype, protecting central functions from age-induced cognitive decline. This review highlights the exercise-induced anti-inflammatory effect on the prevention or treatment of common chronic clinical and experimental settings. It also suggests the use of pterins in biological fluids as sensitive biomarkers to follow the anti-inflammatory effect of physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora da Luz Scheffer
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Alexandra Latini
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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19
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Murphy RM, Watt MJ, Febbraio MA. Metabolic communication during exercise. Nat Metab 2020; 2:805-816. [PMID: 32747791 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0258-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The coordination of nutrient sensing, delivery, uptake and utilization is essential for maintaining cellular, tissue and whole-body homeostasis. Such synchronization can be achieved only if metabolic information is communicated between the cells and tissues of the entire organism. During intense exercise, the metabolic demand of the body can increase approximately 100-fold. Thus, exercise is a physiological state in which intertissue communication is of paramount importance. In this Review, we discuss the physiological processes governing intertissue communication during exercise and the molecules mediating such cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn M Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew J Watt
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark A Febbraio
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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20
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Willis EF, MacDonald KPA, Nguyen QH, Garrido AL, Gillespie ER, Harley SBR, Bartlett PF, Schroder WA, Yates AG, Anthony DC, Rose-John S, Ruitenberg MJ, Vukovic J. Repopulating Microglia Promote Brain Repair in an IL-6-Dependent Manner. Cell 2020; 180:833-846.e16. [PMID: 32142677 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction and reactive microglia are hallmarks of traumatic brain injury (TBI), yet whether these cells contribute to cognitive deficits and secondary inflammatory pathology remains poorly understood. Here, we show that removal of microglia from the mouse brain has little effect on the outcome of TBI, but inducing the turnover of these cells through either pharmacologic or genetic approaches can yield a neuroprotective microglial phenotype that profoundly aids recovery. The beneficial effects of these repopulating microglia are critically dependent on interleukin-6 (IL-6) trans-signaling via the soluble IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) and robustly support adult neurogenesis, specifically by augmenting the survival of newborn neurons that directly support cognitive function. We conclude that microglia in the mammalian brain can be manipulated to adopt a neuroprotective and pro-regenerative phenotype that can aid repair and alleviate the cognitive deficits arising from brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F Willis
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kelli P A MacDonald
- Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Quan H Nguyen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Adahir Labrador Garrido
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ellen R Gillespie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Samuel B R Harley
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Perry F Bartlett
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Wayne A Schroder
- Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, QLD, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Abi G Yates
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Daniel C Anthony
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian Albrechts Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marc J Ruitenberg
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jana Vukovic
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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21
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ApoE Genotype-Dependent Response to Antioxidant and Exercise Interventions on Brain Function. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9060553. [PMID: 32630431 PMCID: PMC7346214 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined whether antioxidant supplementation is a viable complement to exercise regimens in improving cognitive and motor performance in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease risk. Starting at 12 months of age, separate groups of male and female mice expressing human Apolipoprotein E3 (GFAP-ApoE3) or E4 (GFAP-ApoE4) were fed either a control diet or a diet supplemented with vitamins E and C. The mice were further separated into a sedentary group or a group that followed a daily exercise regimen. After 8 weeks on the treatments, the mice were administered a battery of functional tests including tests to measure reflex and motor, cognitive, and affective function while remaining on their treatment. Subsequently, plasma inflammatory markers and catalase activity in brain regions were measured. Overall, the GFAP-ApoE4 mice exhibited poorer motor function and spatial learning and memory. The treatments improved balance, learning, and cognitive flexibility in the GFAP-ApoE3 mice and overall the GFAP-ApoE4 mice were not responsive. The addition of antioxidants to supplement a training regimen only provided further benefits to the active avoidance task, and there was no antagonistic interaction between the two interventions. These outcomes are indicative that there is a window of opportunity for treatment and that genotype plays an important role in response to interventions.
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22
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Interleukin-6 Treatment Results in GLUT4 Translocation and AMPK Phosphorylation in Neuronal SH-SY5Y Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051114. [PMID: 32365859 PMCID: PMC7290332 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that can be released from the brain during prolonged exercise. In peripheral tissues, exercise induced IL-6 can result in GLUT4 translocation and increased glucose uptake through AMPK activation. GLUT4 is expressed in the brain and can be recruited to axonal plasma membranes with neuronal activity through AMPK activation. The aim of this study is to examine if IL-6 treatment: (1) results in AMPK activation in neuronal cells, (2) increases the activation of proteins involved in GLUT4 translocation, and (3) increases neuronal glucose uptake. Retinoic acid was used to differentiate SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. Treatment with 100 nM of insulin increased the phosphorylation of Akt and AS160 (p < 0.05). Treatment with 20 ng/mL of IL-6 resulted in the phosphorylation of STAT3 at Tyr705 (p ≤ 0.05) as well as AS160 (p < 0.05). Fluorescent Glut4GFP imaging revealed treatment with 20ng/mL of IL-6 resulted in a significant mobilization towards the plasma membrane after 5 min until 30 min. There was no difference in GLUT4 mobilization between the insulin and IL-6 treated groups. Importantly, IL-6 treatment increased glucose uptake. Our findings demonstrate that IL-6 and insulin can phosphorylate AS160 via different signaling pathways (AMPK and PI3K/Akt, respectively) and promote GLUT4 translocation towards the neuronal plasma membrane, resulting in increased neuronal glucose uptake in SH-SY5Y cells.
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Bain AR, Hoiland RL, Donnelly J, Nowak-Flück D, Sekhon M, Tymko MM, Greiner JJ, DeSouza CA, Ainslie PN. Cerebral metabolism, oxidation and inflammation in severe passive hyperthermia with and without respiratory alkalosis. J Physiol 2020; 598:943-954. [PMID: 31900940 DOI: 10.1113/jp278889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS It was unknown whether respiratory alkalosis impacts the global cerebral metabolic response as well as the cerebral pro-oxidation and inflammatory response in passive hyperthermia. This study demonstrated that the cerebral metabolic rate was increased by ∼20% with passive hyperthermia of up to +2°C oesophageal temperature, and this response was unaffected by respiratory alkalosis. Additionally, the increase in cerebral metabolism did not significantly impact the net cerebral release of oxidative and inflammatory markers. These data indicate that passive heating of up to +2°C core temperature in healthy young men is not enough to confer a major oxidative and inflammatory burden on the brain, but it does markedly increase the cerebral metabolic rate, independently of P aC O 2 . ABSTRACT There is limited information concerning the impact of arterial P C O 2 /pH on heat-induced alteration in cerebral metabolism, as well as on the cerebral oxidative/inflammatory burden of hyperthermia. Accordingly, we sought to address two hypotheses: (1) passive hyperthermia will increase the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2 ) consistent with a combined influence of Q10 and respiratory alkalosis; and (2) the net cerebral release of pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory markers will be elevated in hyperthermia, particularly in poikilocapnic hyperthermia. Healthy young men (n = 6) underwent passive heating until an oesophageal temperature of 2°C above resting was reached. At 0.5°C increments in core temperature, CMRO2 was calculated from the product of cerebral blood flow (ultrasound) and the radial artery-jugular venous oxygen content difference (cannulation). Net cerebral glucose/lactate exchange, and biomarkers of oxidative and inflammatory stress were also measured. At +2.0°C oesophageal temperature, arterial P C O 2 was restored to normothermic values using end-tidal forcing. The primary findings were: (1) while CMRO2 was increased (P < 0.05) by ∼20% with hyperthermia of +1.5-2.0°C, this was not influenced by respiratory alkalosis, and (2) although biomarkers of pro-oxidation and pro-inflammation were systemically elevated in hyperthermia (P < 0.05), there were no differences in the trans-cerebral exchange kinetics. These novel data indicate that passive heating of up to +2°C core temperature in healthy young men is not enough to confer a major oxidative and inflammatory burden on the brain, despite it markedly increasing CMRO2 , irrespective of arterial pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Bain
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan L Hoiland
- Faculty of Health and Social Development, Center for Heart Lung and Vascular Health University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joseph Donnelly
- Brain Physics Laboratory, Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniela Nowak-Flück
- Faculty of Health and Social Development, Center for Heart Lung and Vascular Health University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mypinder Sekhon
- Faculty of Health and Social Development, Center for Heart Lung and Vascular Health University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.,Division of Critical Care Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael M Tymko
- Faculty of Health and Social Development, Center for Heart Lung and Vascular Health University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jared J Greiner
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Christopher A DeSouza
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Faculty of Health and Social Development, Center for Heart Lung and Vascular Health University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
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Nadermann N, Volkoff H. Effects of short-term exercise on food intake and the expression of appetite-regulating factors in goldfish. Peptides 2020; 123:170182. [PMID: 31678371 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, growing evidence indicates that exercise affects food intake, metabolism and the expression and blood levels of appetite regulators. In this study, we examined the effects of short-term (30 min, at low and high water flow) exercise on food intake, glucose levels and the expressions of appetite regulators in goldfish hypothalamus (irisin, orexin, CART, leptin), intestine (CCK, PYY, proglucagon/GLP-1), muscle (irisin) and liver (leptin), of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in brain, interleukin-6 (IL6) in muscle and hypothalamus, and major metabolic enzymes, the glycolytic enzyme glucokinase (GCK) and its regulatory protein (GCKR) in liver, the lipolytic enzyme lipoprotein lipase in intestine and muscle, and trypsin in intestine. Fish submitted to high flow exercise had a lower post-exercise food intake compared to control fish but no differences were seen in glucose levels between groups. Exercise induced an increase in hypothalamic expression levels of CART, IL6 and BDNF, but not orexin, irisin, CRF, leptin and NPY. High flow exercise induced an increase in intestine CCK, PYY and GLP-1, and muscle irisin and IL-6 expression levels. Exercise had no effects on expression levels of hepatic leptin or any of the metabolic enzymes examined. Our results suggest that, in goldfish, short-term exercise might decrease feeding in part by affecting the expressions of myokines and peripheral, but not central appetite regulators or metabolic enzyme/hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle Nadermann
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada; Hochschule Mannheim University, Mannheim, 68163, Germany
| | - Hélène Volkoff
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada.
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Piotrowicz Z, Chalimoniuk M, Płoszczyca K K, Czuba M, Langfort J. Acute normobaric hypoxia does not affect the simultaneous exercise-induced increase in circulating BDNF and GDNF in young healthy men: A feasibility study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224207. [PMID: 31644554 PMCID: PMC6808427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise has a neuromodulatory effect on the central nervous system (CNS) partially by modifying expression of neuropeptides produced and secreted by neurons and glial cells, among which the best examined are brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). Because both neurotrophins can cross the brain-blood barrier (BBB), their blood levels indirectly reflect their production in the CNS. Moreover, both neuropeptides are involved in modulation of dopaminergic and serotoninergic system function. Because limited information is available on the effects of exercise to volition exhaustion and acute hypoxia on CNS, BDNF and GDNF formation, the aims of the present study were to verify whether 1) acute exercise to exhaustion in addition to neurons also activates glial cells and 2) additional exposure to acute normobaric moderate hypoxia affects their function. In this feasibility study we measured blood concentrations of BDNF, GDNF, and neuropeptides considered as biomarkers of brain damage (bFGF, NGF, S100B, GFAP) in seven sedentary healthy young men who performed a graded exercise test to volitional exhaustion on a cycle ergometer under normoxic (N) and hypoxic conditions: 2,000 m (H2; FiO2 = 16.6%) and 3,000 m altitude (H3; FiO2 = 14.7%). In all conditions serum concentrations of both BDNF and GDNF increased immediately after cessation of exercise (p<0.01). There was no effect of condition or interaction (condition x time of measurement) and exercise on any of the brain damage biomarkers: bFGF, NGF, S100B, GFAP. Moreover, in N (0<0.01) and H3 (p<0.05) exercise caused elevated serum 5-HT concentration. The results suggest that a graded effort to volitional exhaustion in normoxia, as well as hypoxia, simultaneously activates both neurons and astrocytes. Considering that s100B, GFAP, bFGF, and NGF (produced mainly by astrocytes) are markers of brain damage, it can be assumed that a maximum effort in both conditions is safe for the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Piotrowicz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Chalimoniuk
- Department of Tourism and Health in Biała Podlaska, The Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Miłosz Czuba
- Department of Kinesiology, Institute of Sport, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Sports Theory, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Józef Langfort
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
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26
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Zhang L, So KF. Exercise, spinogenesis and cognitive functions. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 147:323-360. [PMID: 31607360 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training improves mental and cognitive functions by enhancing neurogenesis and neuroprotection. Recent studies suggest the facilitation of spinogenesis across different brain regions including hippocampus and cerebral cortex by physical activity. In this article we will summarize major findings for exercise effects on synaptogenesis and spinogenesis, in order to provide mechanisms for exercise intervention of both psychiatric diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. We will also revisit major findings for molecular mechanism governing exercise-related spinogenesis, and will discuss the screening for novel factors, or exerkines, whose levels are correlated with endurance training and affect neural plasticity. We believe that further studies focusing on the molecular mechanism of exercise-mediate spinogenesis should benefit the optimization of exercise therapy in clinics and the evaluation of treatment efficiency using specific biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, PR China; Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, PR China; Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China.
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Cherbuin N, Walsh EI. Sugar in mind: Untangling a sweet and sour relationship beyond type 2 diabetes. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 54:100769. [PMID: 31176793 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is widely recognised that type 2 diabetes (T2D) represents a major disease burden but it is only recently that its role in neurodegeneration has attracted more attention. This research has shown that T2D is associated with impaired cerebral health, cognitive decline and dementia. However, the impact on the brain of progressive metabolic changes associated with the pre-clinical development of the disease is less clear. The aim of this review is to comprehensively summarise how the emergence of risk factors and co-morbid conditions linked to the development of T2D impact cerebral health. Particular attention is directed at characterising how normal but elevated blood glucose levels in individuals without T2D contribute to neurodegenerative processes, and how the main risk factors for T2D including obesity, physical activity and diet modulate these effects. Where available, evidence from the animal and human literature is contrasted, and sex differences in risk and outcomes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Cherbuin
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
| | - Erin I Walsh
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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28
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Glucose Ingestion Inhibits Endurance Exercise-Induced IL-6 Producing Macrophage Infiltration in Mice Muscle. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071496. [PMID: 31262006 PMCID: PMC6682949 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation during exercise attenuates exercise-induced increases in plasma Interleukin (IL)-6 concentration. However, the effects of CHO supplementation on muscle IL-6 production during endurance exercise is controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of CHO supplementation on muscle IL-6 production during endurance exercise with a special focus on the IL-6 producing cells. Methods: C57BL/6J mice were divided into three groups—sedentary with water ingestion group as the control (Con; n = 10), exercise with water ingestion group (Ex; n = 10), and exercise with 6% glucose ingestion group (Ex + glucose; n = 10). The Ex and Ex + glucose groups completed 3 h of treadmill running (24 m/min, 7% incline) and were sacrificed immediately after exercise. Results: The exercise-induced increases of plasma IL-6 concentration and gastrocnemius IL-6 gene expression were attenuated by glucose ingestion. However, the increases of soleus IL-6 gene expression and gastrocnemius and soleus IL-6 protein expression were not attenuated by glucose ingestion. Furthermore, we observed that macrophages that infiltrated muscle produce IL-6 and glucose ingestion attenuated the infiltration of IL-6-producing macrophages. Conclusion: This study revealed that infiltrating macrophages may be one type of IL-6-producing cells during endurance exercise, and the infiltration of these cells in muscle was attenuated by glucose ingestion. However, the effects of glucose ingestion on muscle IL-6 production were limited.
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de Souza RF, de Moraes SRA, Augusto RL, de Freitas Zanona A, Matos D, Aidar FJ, da Silveira Andrade-da-Costa BL. Endurance training on rodent brain antioxidant capacity: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Res 2018; 145:1-9. [PMID: 30326252 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The influence of physical exercise on brain antioxidant defense mechanisms has been studied. Nevertheless, the effect of training volume on the brain`s redox balance remains unclear. In this meta-analysis, we compared the effect of training volume on antioxidant enzymatic resource and lipid peroxidation on various brain regions. The activities of the enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were also evaluated. The effects of training periods (weeks) and exercise duration were compared. Meta-analysis revealed that protocols over 8 weeks were associated with an increase in SOD (p = 0.0008) and CAT activities (p = 0.0001). Exercise durations for 30 and 60 min were associated with higher CAT activity (p = 0.04). Joint analysis revealed that moderate physical exercise over 4 and 8 weeks promoted a healthy enzymatic balance. However, high volumes of exercise over 8 weeks were associated with the increased antioxidant enzymatic activity, indicating higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. The data also indicated that there is still limited research and inaccurate information, on the safety conditions of training periods that simulate tests of ultra resistance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Fabricio de Souza
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil; Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports - GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil.
| | | | - Ricielle Lopes Augusto
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Aristela de Freitas Zanona
- Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Dihogo Matos
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports - GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Felipe J Aidar
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil; Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports - GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil; Graduate Program in Physiological Science, Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Belmira Lara da Silveira Andrade-da-Costa
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Silva VRR, Micheletti TO, Katashima CK, Lenhare L, Morari J, Moura‐Assis A, Lima‐Júnior JC, Camargo JA, Passos GR, Gaspar RS, Velloso LA, Saad MJ, da Silva ASR, Moura LP, Cintra DE, Pauli JR, Ropelle ER. Exercise activates the hypothalamic S1PR1–STAT3 axis through the central action of interleukin 6 in mice. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:9426-9436. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vagner R. R. Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx) School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas Limeira São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Thayana O. Micheletti
- Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Carlos K. Katashima
- Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Luciene Lenhare
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx) School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas Limeira São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Joseane Morari
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Alexandre Moura‐Assis
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - José C. Lima‐Júnior
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Juliana A. Camargo
- Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Gabriela R. Passos
- Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S. Gaspar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx) School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas Limeira São Paulo Brazil
| | - Licio A. Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Mario J. Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Adelino S. R. da Silva
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto and Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo Ribeirao Preto São Paulo Brazil
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics (LabGeN) School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Limeira São Paulo Brazil
| | - Leandro P. Moura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx) School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas Limeira São Paulo Brazil
| | - Dennys E. Cintra
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics (LabGeN) School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Limeira São Paulo Brazil
| | - José R. Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx) School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas Limeira São Paulo Brazil
- CEPECE ‐ Center of Research in Sport Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Limeira São Paulo Brazil
| | - Eduardo R. Ropelle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx) School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas Limeira São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas São Paulo Brazil
- CEPECE ‐ Center of Research in Sport Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Limeira São Paulo Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas Campinas São Paulo Brazil
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Abstract
Accumulating research in rodents and humans indicates that exercise benefits brain function and may prevent or delay onset of neurodegenerative conditions. In particular, exercise modifies the structure and function of the hippocampus, a brain area important for learning and memory. This review addresses the central and peripheral mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise on the hippocampus. We focus on running-induced changes in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, neural circuitry, neurotrophins, synaptic plasticity, neurotransmitters, and vasculature. The role of peripheral factors in hippocampal plasticity is also highlighted. We discuss recent evidence that systemic factors released from peripheral organs such as muscle (myokines), liver (hepatokines), and adipose tissue (adipokines) during exercise contribute to hippocampal neurotrophin and neurogenesis levels, and memory function. A comprehensive understanding of the body-brain axis is needed to elucidate how exercise improves hippocampal plasticity and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C'iana Cooper
- Neuroplasticity and Behavior Unit, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Hyo Youl Moon
- Neuroplasticity and Behavior Unit, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
- Institute of Sport Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Henriette van Praag
- Neuroplasticity and Behavior Unit, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
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Bradburn S, Sarginson J, Murgatroyd CA. Association of Peripheral Interleukin-6 with Global Cognitive Decline in Non-demented Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 9:438. [PMID: 29358917 PMCID: PMC5766662 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Elevated biomarkers of systemic inflammation have been reported in individuals with cognitive decline, however, most of the literature concerns cross-sectional analyses that have produced mixed results. This study investigates the etiology of this association by performing meta-analyses on prospective studies investigating the relationship between baseline interleukin-6 (IL-6), an established marker of peripheral inflammation, with cognitive decline risk in non-demented adults at follow-up. Methods: We reviewed studies reporting peripheral IL-6 with future cognitive decline, up to February 2017 by searching the PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar databases. Studies which contained odds ratios (ORs) for the association between circulating baseline IL-6 and longitudinal cognitive performance in non-demented community dwelling older adults were pooled in random-effects models. Results: The literature search retrieved 5,642 potential articles, of which 7 articles containing 8 independent aging cohorts were eligible for review. Collectively, these studies included 15,828 participants at baseline. Those with high circulating IL-6 were 1.42 times more likely to experience global cognitive decline at follow-up, over a 2–7-year period, compared to those with low IL-6 (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.18–1.70; p < 0.001). Subgroup and sensitivity analyses suggests that this association is independent of the study sample size, duration of follow-up and cognitive assessments used. Conclusions: These results add further evidence for the association between high peripheral inflammation, as measured by blood IL-6, and global cognitive decline. Measuring circulating IL-6 may be a useful indication for future cognitive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Bradburn
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Sarginson
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.,NIHR Greater Manchester Primary Care Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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33
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Tan X, Chapman CD, Cedernaes J, Benedict C. Association between long sleep duration and increased risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes: A review of possible mechanisms. Sleep Med Rev 2017; 40:127-134. [PMID: 29233612 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
For the last two decades research has revealed an alarming association between short sleep duration and metabolic disorders. In tandem, the hormonal, behavioral, and genetic mechanisms underlying this relationship have been extensively investigated and reviewed. However, emerging evidence is revealing that excessive sleep duration has remarkably similar deleterious effects. Unfortunately, to date there has been little attention to what drives this connection. This narrative review therefore aims to summarize existing epidemiological findings, experimental work, and most importantly putative molecular and behavioral mechanisms connecting excessive sleep duration with both obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. It will also address recent findings suggesting a worrisome bidirectional effect such that metabolic disorders create a positive feedback loop which further perpetuates excessive sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tan
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Colin D Chapman
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Cedernaes
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian Benedict
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Ferreira R, Nogueira-Ferreira R, Vitorino R, Santos LL, Moreira-Gonçalves D. The impact of exercise training on adipose tissue remodelling in cancer cachexia. Porto Biomed J 2017; 2:333-339. [PMID: 32258790 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbj.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cachexia affects the majority of patients with advanced cancer and no effective treatment is currently available to address this paraneoplastic syndrome. It is characterized by a reduction in body weight due to the loss of white adipose tissue (WAT) and skeletal muscle. The loss of WAT seems to occur at an earlier time point than skeletal muscle proteolysis, with recent evidence suggesting that the browning of WAT may be a major contributor to this process. Several factors seem to modulate WAT browning including pro-inflammatory cytokines; however, the underlying molecular pathways are poorly characterized. Exercise training is currently recommended for the clinical management of low-grade inflammatory conditions as cancer cachexia. While it seems to counterbalance the impairment of skeletal muscle function and attenuate the loss of muscle mass, little is known regarding its effects in adipose tissue. The browning of WAT is one of the mechanisms through which exercise improves body composition in overweight/obese individuals. While this effect is obviously advantageous in this clinical setting, it remains to be clarified if exercise training could protect or exacerbate the cachexia-related catabolic phenotype occurring in adipose tissue of cancer patients. Herein, we overview the molecular players involved in adipose tissue remodelling in cancer cachexia and in exercise training and hypothesize on the mechanisms modulated by the synergetic effect of these conditions. A better understanding of how physical activity regulates body composition will certainly help in the development of successful multimodal therapeutic strategies for the clinical management of cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Ferreira
- QOPNA, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rita Nogueira-Ferreira
- QOPNA, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Vitorino
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,iBiMED, Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Lúcio Lara Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group - Research Center, IPO-Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Health School of University of Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Surgical Oncology, IPO-Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel Moreira-Gonçalves
- QOPNA, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,CIAFEL, Faculdade de Desporto, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Thielen JW, Kärgel C, Müller BW, Rasche I, Genius J, Bus B, Maderwald S, Norris DG, Wiltfang J, Tendolkar I. Aerobic Activity in the Healthy Elderly Is Associated with Larger Plasticity in Memory Related Brain Structures and Lower Systemic Inflammation. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:319. [PMID: 28082894 PMCID: PMC5183624 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive abilities decline over the time course of our life, a process, which may be mediated by brain atrophy and enhanced inflammatory processes. Lifestyle factors, such as regular physical activities have been shown to counteract those noxious processes and are assumed to delay or possibly even prevent pathological states, such as dementing disorders. Whereas the impact of lifestyle and immunological factors and their interactions on cognitive aging have been frequently studied, their effects on neural parameters as brain activation and functional connectivity are less well studied. Therefore, we investigated 32 healthy elderly individuals (60.4 ± 5.0 SD; range 52–71 years) with low or high level of self-reported aerobic physical activity at the time of testing. A higher compared to a lower level in aerobic physical activity was associated with an increased encoding related functional connectivity in an episodic memory network comprising mPFC, thalamus, hippocampus precuneus, and insula. Moreover, encoding related functional connectivity of this network was associated with decreased systemic inflammation, as measured by systemic levels of interleukin 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Willem Thielen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University NijmegenNijmegen, Netherlands; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Essen-DuisburgEssen, Germany
| | - Christian Kärgel
- Division of Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, LWL-University Hospital Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Bernhard W Müller
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LVR-Hospital Essen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-EssenEssen, Germany; Department of Psychology, University of WuppertalWuppertal, Germany
| | - Ina Rasche
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LVR-Hospital Essen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen Essen, Germany
| | - Just Genius
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University NijmegenNijmegen, Netherlands; AbbVie Neuroscience DevelopmentLudwigshafen, Germany
| | - Boudewijn Bus
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Stefan Maderwald
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Essen-Duisburg Essen, Germany
| | - David G Norris
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University NijmegenNijmegen, Netherlands; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Essen-DuisburgEssen, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
| | - Indira Tendolkar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University NijmegenNijmegen, Netherlands; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Essen-DuisburgEssen, Germany; Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LVR-Hospital Essen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-EssenEssen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical CenterNijmegen, Netherlands
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Eldomiaty MA, Almasry SM, Desouky MK, Algaidi SA. Voluntary running improves depressive behaviours and the structure of the hippocampus in rats: A possible impact of myokines. Brain Res 2016; 1657:29-42. [PMID: 27919728 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of voluntary exercise on depressive behaviours, serum and hippocampal levels of myokines, and histopathological features of hippocampal formation in rats. Depressed rats were allowed to voluntarily run on a wheel for 3weeks. Locomotor activity was assessed by a forced swimming test and the myokine levels in sera and hippocampal homogenates were measured using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay. Brain sections were analysed for hippocampal structure and neuronal counts. Voluntary running produced significant increase in the distance moved by rats and significant decrease in immobility duration. After voluntary running, there were significant increases in serum and hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), significant increase in hippocampal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and significant decrease in serum interleukin-6 (IL-6). Significant correlation was detected between the serum levels of BDNF and MIF (r=0.276) as well as IL-6 (r=-0.340). In addition, significant correlation was observed between hippocampal BDNF levels and MIF (r=0.500) and VEGF levels (r=0.279). After voluntary running, there was significant decrease in number degenerated neurons in hippocampal areas and significant increase in number of healthy neurons in the upper limb of the dentate gyrus, but not in its lower limb, compared to depression group. This study showed the relation of myokines to the development and/or relief of depression, as well as the correlation between serum and hippocampal myokine levels. Attention should be paid to studying the biological effects of myokines on different hippocampal areas that could respond differently to treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda A Eldomiaty
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt.
| | - Shaima M Almasry
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansura University, Egypt
| | - Maha K Desouky
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Menia University, Egypt
| | - Sami A Algaidi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia
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Nieman DC, Zwetsloot KA, Lomiwes DD, Meaney MP, Hurst RD. Muscle Glycogen Depletion Following 75-km of Cycling Is Not Linked to Increased Muscle IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 mRNA Expression and Protein Content. Front Physiol 2016; 7:431. [PMID: 27729872 PMCID: PMC5037214 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytokine response to heavy exertion varies widely for unknown reasons, and this study evaluated the relative importance of glycogen depletion, muscle damage, and stress hormone changes on blood and muscle cytokine measures. Cyclists (N = 20) participated in a 75-km cycling time trial (168 ± 26.0 min), with blood and vastus lateralis muscle samples collected before and after. Muscle glycogen decreased 77.2 ± 17.4%, muscle IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 mRNA increased 18.5 ± 2.8−, 45.3 ± 7.8−, and 8.25 ± 1.75-fold, and muscle IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 protein increased 70.5 ± 14.1%, 347 ± 68.1%, and 148 ± 21.3%, respectively (all, P < 0.001). Serum myoglobin and cortisol increased 32.1 ± 3.3 to 242 ± 48.3 mg/mL, and 295 ± 27.6 to 784 ± 63.5 nmol/L, respectively (both P < 0.001). Plasma IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 increased 0.42 ± 0.07 to 18.5 ± 3.8, 4.07 ± 0.37 to 17.0 ± 1.8, and 96.5 ± 3.7 to 240 ± 21.6 pg/mL, respectively (all P < 0.001). Increases in muscle IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 mRNA were unrelated to any of the outcome measures. Muscle glycogen depletion was related to change in plasma IL-6 (r = 0.462, P = 0.040), with change in myoglobin related to plasma IL-8 (r = 0.582, P = 0.007) and plasma MCP-1 (r = 0.457, P = 0.043), and muscle MCP-1 protein (r = 0.588, P = 0.017); cortisol was related to plasma IL-8 (r = 0.613, P = 0.004), muscle IL-8 protein (r = 0.681, P = 0.004), and plasma MCP-1 (r = 0.442, P = 0.050). In summary, this study showed that muscle IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 mRNA expression after 75-km cycling was unrelated to glycogen depletion and muscle damage, with change in muscle glycogen related to plasma IL-6, and changes in serum myoglobin and cortisol related to the chemotactic cytokines IL-8 and MCP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Nieman
- Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Kevin A Zwetsloot
- Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Dominic D Lomiwes
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd. Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Mary P Meaney
- Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Roger D Hurst
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd. Palmerston North, New Zealand
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The Link Between Physical Activity and Cognitive Dysfunction in Alzheimer Disease. Phys Ther 2015; 95:1046-60. [PMID: 25573757 DOI: 10.2522/ptj.20140212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a primary cause of cognitive dysfunction in the elderly population worldwide. Despite the allocation of enormous amounts of funding and resources to studying this brain disorder, there are no effective pharmacological treatments for reducing the severity of pathology and restoring cognitive function in affected people. Recent reports on the failure of multiple clinical trials for AD have highlighted the need to diversify further the search for new therapeutic strategies for cognitive dysfunction. Thus, studies detailing the neuroprotective effects of physical activity (PA) on the brain in AD were reviewed, and mechanisms by which PA might mitigate AD-related cognitive decline were explored. A MEDLINE database search was used to generate a list of studies conducted between January 2007 and September 2014 (n=394). These studies, along with key references, were screened to identify those that assessed the effects of PA on AD-related biomarkers and cognitive function. The search was not limited on the basis of intensity, frequency, duration, or mode of activity. However, studies in which PA was combined with another intervention (eg, diet, pharmacotherapeutics, ovariectomy, cognitive training, behavioral therapy), and studies not written in English were excluded. Thirty-eight animal and human studies met entry criteria. Most of the studies suggested that PA attenuates neuropathology and positively affects cognitive function in AD. Although the literature lacked sufficient evidence to support precise PA guidelines, convergent evidence does suggest that the incorporation of regular PA into daily routines mitigates AD-related symptoms, especially when deployed earlier in the disease process. Here the protocols used to alter the progression of AD-related neuropathology and cognitive decline are highlighted, and the implications for physical therapist practice are discussed.
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Rauf S, Soejono SK, Partadiredja G. Effects of treadmill exercise training on cerebellar estrogen and estrogen receptors, serum estrogen, and motor coordination performance of ovariectomized rats. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2015; 18:587-92. [PMID: 26221482 PMCID: PMC4509954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aims at examining the motor coordination performance, serum and cerebellar estrogen, as well as ERβ levels, of ovariectomized rats (as menopausal model) following regular exercise. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten female Sprague Dawley rats aged 12 weeks old were randomly divided into two groups; all of which underwent ovariectomy. The first group was treated with regular exercise of moderate intensity, in which the rats were trained to run on a treadmill for 60 min per day for 12 weeks. The second group served as control. Rotarod test was carried out before and after exercise treatment. All rats were euthanized thereafter, and blood and cerebellums of the rats were collected. The serum and cerebellar estrogen as well as cerebellar ERβ levels were measured using ELISA assays. RESULTS The number of falls in the rotarod task of the exercise group was significantly lower than that of control group. The cerebellar estrogen level of the exercise group was significantly higher than that of control group. Accordingly, there was a significantly negative correlation between the number of falls and cerebellar estrogen level in the exercise group. CONCLUSION The present study shows that a lengthy period of regular exercise improves the cerebellar estrogen level and motor coordination performance in ovariectomized rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saidah Rauf
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Masohi Nursing Study Program, Health Polytechnic Maluku, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia
| | - Sri Kadarsih Soejono
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ginus Partadiredja
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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40
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Ulven SM, Foss SS, Skjølsvik AM, Stadheim HK, Myhrstad MC, Raael E, Sandvik M, Narverud I, Andersen LF, Jensen J, Holven KB. An acute bout of exercise modulate the inflammatory response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in healthy young men. Arch Physiol Biochem 2015; 121:41-9. [PMID: 25720858 DOI: 10.3109/13813455.2014.1003566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Exercise increases the levels of circulating inflammatory mediators. OBJECTIVE Does an acute bout of exercise affect the mRNA gene expression level of inflammatory markers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and contribute to the circulating levels of inflammatory mediators? MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten healthy, non-smoking men (22-28 years old) performed 1-hour cycling at 70% of VO2 max. RESULTS The gene transcripts of CXCL16, IL-1β, IL-8, COX-2, TXB21 and GATA3 were significantly up-regulated in PBMCs. Serum levels of CXCL16, IL-6, TNFα and IL-10 were also significantly increased after exercise. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Increased mRNA transcription of inflammatory genes in PBMCs may contribute to increased level of inflammatory markers after an acute bout of exercise. The increased mRNA levels of GATA-3 and TXB21 may indicate that T cell lymphocytes are activated and secrete cytokines into the circulation. It needs to be further investigated if exercise changes the Th1/Th2 balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine M Ulven
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences , St Olavsplass, Oslo , Norway
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Lipsky RH, Lin M. Genetic predictors of outcome following traumatic brain injury. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2015; 127:23-41. [PMID: 25702208 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52892-6.00003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The nature of traumatic brain injury (TBI) has acute and chronic outcomes for those who survive. Over time, the chronic process of injury impacts multiple organ systems that may lead to disease. We discuss possible mechanisms and methodological issues in the context of candidate gene association studies using TBI patient populations. Because study population sizes have been generally limited, we discussed results on genes that have been the focus of independent studies. We also present a justification for testing more speculative candidate genes in recovery from TBI, such as those involved in circadian rhythm, to outline the importance of prioritizing functional variants in genes that may modulate recovery or provide neuroprotection from TBI. Finally, we provide a perspective on how future research will integrate population level genetic findings with the biological basis of disease in order to create a resource of predictive outcome measures for individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Lipsky
- Department of Neurosciences, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, USA.
| | - Mingkuan Lin
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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Svensson M, Lexell J, Deierborg T. Effects of Physical Exercise on Neuroinflammation, Neuroplasticity, Neurodegeneration, and Behavior: What We Can Learn From Animal Models in Clinical Settings. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2014; 29:577-89. [PMID: 25527485 DOI: 10.1177/1545968314562108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise is a cornerstone in the management of many neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, dementia, and stroke. However, much of its beneficial effects on improving motor functions and cognition as well as decreasing neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation are not yet well understood. The obvious limitations of studying the protective mechanisms behind exercise, for example, brain plasticity and neurodegeneration, could be overcome by generating novel animal models of neurodegenerative disorders. In this narrative review, we discuss the beneficial effects of exercise performed in animal models of neurodegenerative disorders and how the results from animal studies can be used in clinical settings. From preclinical studies, the positive effects of exercise have been related to increased levels of neurotrophic factors, elevated expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activated microglia. It is clear that parameters influencing the effect of exercise, such as intensity, still remain to be investigated in animal studies in order to find the optimal program that can be translated into exercise interventions for patients with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Svensson
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jan Lexell
- Department of Health Sciences, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Group, Lund University, Lund, Sweden Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Abstract
The interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a key role in interaction between immune and nervous system. Although IL-6 has neurotrophic properties and beneficial effects in the CNS, its overexpression is generally detrimental, adding to the pathophysiology associated with CNS disorders. The source of the increase in peripheral IL-6 remains to be established and varies among different pathologies, but has been found to be associated with cognitive dysfunction in several pathologies. This comprehensive review provides an update summary of the studies performed in humans concerning the role of central and peripheral IL-6 in cognitive dysfunction in dementias and in other systemic diseases accompained by cognitive dysfuction such as cardiovascular, liver disease, Behçet's disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. Further research is needed to correlate specific deficits in IL-6 and its receptors in pathologies characterized by cognitive dysfunction and to understand how systemic IL-6 affects high cerebral function in order to open new directions in pharmacological treatments that modulate IL-6 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Trapero
- Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain
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45
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Morrison SA, Cheung SS, Cotter JD. Bovine colostrum, training status, and gastrointestinal permeability during exercise in the heat: a placebo-controlled double-blind study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 39:1070-82. [PMID: 25068884 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress can increase gastrointestinal permeability, allowing ingress of gram-negative bacterial fragments and thus potentially inflammation and ultimately endotoxemia. Permeability may rise with intense exercise, yet some data indicate that endotoxemia may be mitigated with bovine colostrum supplementation. Using a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled crossover study, we tested whether bovine colostrum (COL; 1.7 g·kg(-1)·day(-1) for 7 days) would attenuate physiological strain and aid exercise capacity in the heat, especially in untrained individuals. Seven trained men (T; peak oxygen uptake 64 ± 4 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)) and 8 untrained men (UT, peak oxygen uptake 46 ± 4 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)) exercised for 90 min in 30 °C (50 % relative humidity) after COL or placebo (corn flour). Exercise consisted of 15-min cycling at 50 % heart rate reserve (HRR) before and after 60 min of running (30 min at 80 % HRR then 30-min distance trial). Heart rate, blood pressure (Finometer), esophageal, and skin temperatures were recorded continuously. Gastrointestinal permeability was assessed from urine (double-sugar model, using high-performance liquid chromatography) and blood (intestinal fatty acid-binding protein, I-FABP). The T group ran ∼2.4 km (35%) further than the UT group in the distance trial, and I-FABP increased more in the T group than in the UT group, but physiological and performance outcomes were unaffected by colostrum supplementation, irrespective of fitness. Circulating pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine concentrations were higher following exercise, but were not modulated by fitness or COL. Despite substantial thermal and cardiovascular strain incurred in environmental conditions in which exertional endotoxemia may occur, bovine colostrum supplementation had no observable benefit on the physiology or performance of either highly trained endurance athletes or untrained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawnda A Morrison
- a School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
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46
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Belkhelfa M, Rafa H, Medjeber O, Arroul-Lammali A, Behairi N, Abada-Bendib M, Makrelouf M, Belarbi S, Masmoudi AN, Tazir M, Touil-Boukoffa C. IFN-γ and TNF-α are involved during Alzheimer disease progression and correlate with nitric oxide production: a study in Algerian patients. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014; 34:839-47. [PMID: 24831467 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease leading to a progressive and irreversible loss of mental functions. It is characterized by 3 stages according to the evolution and the severity of the symptoms. This disease is associated with an immune disorder, which appears with significant rise in the inflammatory cytokines and increased production of free radicals such as nitric oxide (NO). Our study aims to investigate interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) involvement in NO production, in vivo and ex vivo, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Algerian patients (n=25), according to the different stages of the disease (mild Alzheimer's, moderate Alzheimer's, and severe Alzheimer's) in comparison to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients. Interestingly, we observed that in vivo IFN-γ and TNF-α levels assessed in patients with AD in mild and severe stages, respectively, are higher than those observed in patients with moderate stage and MCI. Our in vivo and ex vivo results show that NO production is related to the increased levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α, in mild and severe stages of AD. Remarkably, significant IFN-γ level is only detected in mild stage of AD. Our study suggests that NO production is IFN-γ dependent both in MCI and mild Alzheimer's patients. Further, high levels of NO are associated with an elevation of TNF-α levels in severe stage of AD. Collectively, our data indicate that the proinflammatory cytokine production seems, in part, to be involved in neurological deleterious effects observed during the development of AD through NO pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Belkhelfa
- 1 Team: Cytokines and NO-Synthases, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science , USTHB, Algiers, Algeria
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Kılıç M, Ulusoy Ö, Cırrık S, Hindistan İ, Özkaya Y. Effect of exercise intensity on cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6 concentration during recovery from exhaustive exercise in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 101:21-31. [DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.100.2013.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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48
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Mills DE, Johnson MA, McPhilimey MJ, Williams NC, Gonzalez JT, Barnett YA, Sharpe GR. The effects of inspiratory muscle training on plasma interleukin-6 concentration during cycling exercise and a volitional mimic of the exercise hyperpnea. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:1163-72. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00272.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
It is unknown whether the respiratory muscles contribute to exercise-induced increases in plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration, if this is related to diaphragm fatigue, and whether inspiratory muscle training (IMT) attenuates the plasma IL-6 response to whole body exercise and/or a volitional mimic of the exercise hyperpnea. Twelve healthy males were divided equally into an IMT or placebo (PLA) group, and before and after a 6-wk intervention they undertook, on separate days, 1 h of 1) passive rest, 2) cycling exercise at estimated maximal lactate steady state power (EX), and 3) volitional hyperpnea at rest, which mimicked the breathing and respiratory muscle recruitment patterns achieved during EX (HYPEX). Plasma IL-6 concentration remained unchanged during passive rest. The plasma IL-6 response to EX was reduced following IMT (main effect of intervention, P = 0.039) but not PLA ( P = 0.272). Plasma IL-6 concentration increased during HYPEX (main effect of time, P < 0.01) and was unchanged postintervention. There was no evidence of diaphragm fatigue (measured by phrenic nerve stimulation) following each trial. In conclusion, plasma IL-6 concentration is increased during EX and HYPEX and this occurred in the absence of diaphragm fatigue. Furthermore, IMT reduced the plasma IL-6 response to EX but not HYPEX. These findings suggest that the respiratory muscles contribute to exercise-induced increases in plasma IL-6 concentration in the absence of diaphragm fatigue and that IMT can reduce the magnitude of the response to exercise but not a volitional mimic of the exercise hyperpnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean E. Mills
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Michael A. Johnson
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Martin J. McPhilimey
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Neil C. Williams
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Javier T. Gonzalez
- School of Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne A. Barnett
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Graham R. Sharpe
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
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Intlekofer KA, Cotman CW. Exercise counteracts declining hippocampal function in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 57:47-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Chiarreotto-Ropelle EC, Pauli LSS, Katashima CK, Pimentel GD, Picardi PK, Silva VRR, de Souza CT, Prada PO, Cintra DE, Carvalheira JBC, Ropelle ER, Pauli JR. Acute exercise suppresses hypothalamic PTP1B protein level and improves insulin and leptin signaling in obese rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E649-59. [PMID: 23880311 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00272.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic inflammation is associated with insulin and leptin resistance, hyperphagia, and obesity. In this scenario, hypothalamic protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) has emerged as the key phosphatase induced by inflammation that is responsible for the central insulin and leptin resistance. Here, we demonstrated that acute exercise reduced inflammation and PTP1B protein level/activity in the hypothalamus of obese rodents. Exercise disrupted the interaction between PTP1B with proteins involved in the early steps of insulin (IRβ and IRS-1) and leptin (JAK2) signaling, increased the tyrosine phosphorylation of these molecules, and restored the anorexigenic effects of insulin and leptin in obese rats. Interestingly, the anti-inflammatory action and the reduction of PTP1B activity mediated by exercise occurred in an interleukin-6 (IL-6)-dependent manner because exercise failed to reduce inflammation and PTP1B protein level after the disruption of hypothalamic-specific IL-6 action in obese rats. Conversely, intracerebroventricular administration of recombinant IL-6 reproduced the effects of exercise, improving hypothalamic insulin and leptin action by reducing the inflammatory signaling and PTP1B activity in obese rats at rest. Taken together, our study reports that physical exercise restores insulin and leptin signaling, at least in part, by reducing hypothalamic PTP1B protein level through the central anti-inflammatory response.
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