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Chang H, Perkins MH, Novaes LS, Qian F, Han W, de Araujo IE. An Amygdalar-Vagal-Glandular Circuit Controls the Intestinal Microbiome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.02.594027. [PMID: 38853855 PMCID: PMC11160750 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.02.594027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Psychological states can regulate intestinal mucosal immunity by altering the gut microbiome. However, the link between the brain and microbiome composition remains elusive. We show that Brunner's glands in the duodenal submucosa couple brain activity to intestinal bacterial homeostasis. Brunner's glands mediated the enrichment of gut probiotic species in response to stimulation of abdominal vagal fibers. Cell-specific ablation of the glands triggered transmissible dysbiosis associated with an immunodeficiency syndrome that led to mortality upon gut infection with pathogens. The syndrome could be largely prevented by oral or intra-intestinal administration of probiotics. In the forebrain, we identified a vagally-mediated, polysynaptic circuit connecting the glands of Brunner to the central nucleus of the amygdala. Intra-vital imaging revealed that excitation of central amygdala neurons activated Brunner's glands and promoted the growth of probiotic populations. Our findings unveil a vagal-glandular neuroimmune circuitry that may be targeted for the modulation of the gut microbiome. The glands of Brunner may be the critical cells that regulate the levels of Lactobacilli species in the intestine.
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Yanuar R, Semba S, Nezu A, Tanimura A. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in HSY salivary ductal cells involves distinct signaling pathways. J Oral Biosci 2024; 66:447-455. [PMID: 38336259 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Typical agonists of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs), activate both G-protein and β-arrestin signaling systems, and are termed balanced agonists. In contrast, biased agonists selectively activate a single pathway, thereby offering therapeutic potential for the specific activation of that pathway. The mAChR agonists carbachol and pilocarpine are known to induce phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) via G-protein-dependent and -independent pathways, respectively. We investigated the involvement of β-arrestin and its downstream mechanisms in the ERK1/2 phosphorylation induced by carbachol and pilocarpine in the human salivary ductal cell line, HSY cells. METHODS HSY cells were stimulated with pilocarpine or carbachol, with or without various inhibitors. The cell lysates were analyzed by western blotting using the antibodies p44/p42MAPK and phosphor-p44/p42MAPK. RESULTS Western blot analysis revealed that carbachol elicited greater stimulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation compared to pilocarpine. ERK1/2 phosphorylation was inhibited by atropine and gefitinib, suggesting that mAChR activation induces transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR). Moreover, inhibition of carbachol-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation was achieved by GF-109203X (a PKC inhibitor), a βARK1/GRK2 inhibitor, barbadin (a β-arrestin inhibitor), pitstop 2 (a clathrin inhibitor), and dynole 34-2 (a dynamin inhibitor). In contrast, pilocarpine-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation was only inhibited by barbadin (a β-arrestin inhibitor) and PP2 (a Src inhibitor). CONCLUSION Carbachol activates both G-protein and β-arrestin pathways, whereas pilocarpine exclusively activates the β-arrestin pathway. Additionally, downstream of β-arrestin, carbachol activates clathrin-dependent internalization, while pilocarpine activates Src.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezon Yanuar
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shingo Semba
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nezu
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Akihiko Tanimura
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Zayed HM, Kheir El Din NH, Abu-Seida AM, Abo Zeid AA, Ezzatt OM. Gingival-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy regenerated the radiated salivary glands: functional and histological evidence in murine model. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:46. [PMID: 38365799 PMCID: PMC10874004 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03659-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy in head and neck cancer management causes degeneration of the salivary glands (SG). This study was designed to determine the potential of gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) as a cell-based therapy to regenerate irradiated parotid SG tissues and restore their function using a murine model. METHODS Cultured isolated cells from gingival tissues of 4 healthy guinea pigs at passage 3 were characterized as GMSCSs using flow cytometry for surface markers and multilineage differentiation capacity. Twenty-one Guinea pigs were equally divided into three groups: Group I/Test, received single local irradiation of 15 Gy to the head and neck field followed by intravenous injection of labeled GMSCs, Group II/Positive control, which received the same irradiation dose followed by injection of phosphate buffer solution (PBS), and Group III/Negative control, received (PBS) injection only. Body weight and salivary flow rate (SFR) were measured at baseline, 11 days, 8-, 13- and 16-weeks post-irradiation. At 16 weeks, parotid glands were harvested for assessment of gland weight and histological and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS The injected GMSCs homed to degenerated glands, with subsequent restoration of the normal gland histological acinar and tubular structure associated with a significant increase in cell proliferation and reduction in apoptotic activity. Subsequently, a significant increase in body weight and SFR, as well as an increase in gland weight at 16 weeks in comparison with the irradiated non-treated group were observed. CONCLUSION The study provided a new potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of xerostomia by re-engineering radiated SG using GMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagar M Zayed
- Department of Oral Medicine, Periodontology and Oral Diagnosis, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, 20 Organization of African Union St., Cairo, 1156, Egypt
- Central Lab of Stem Cells and Biomaterial Applied Research (CLSBAR), Faculty of Dentistry, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nevine H Kheir El Din
- Department of Oral Medicine, Periodontology and Oral Diagnosis, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, 20 Organization of African Union St., Cairo, 1156, Egypt
| | - Ashraf M Abu-Seida
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, 13736, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Abo Zeid
- Department of Histology, and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11591, Egypt
| | - Ola M Ezzatt
- Department of Oral Medicine, Periodontology and Oral Diagnosis, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, 20 Organization of African Union St., Cairo, 1156, Egypt.
- Central Lab of Stem Cells and Biomaterial Applied Research (CLSBAR), Faculty of Dentistry, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Kopach O, Pivneva T, Fedirko N, Voitenko N. Mitochondrial malfunction mediates impaired cholinergic Ca 2+ signalling and submandibular salivary gland dysfunction in diabetes. Neuropharmacology 2024; 243:109789. [PMID: 37972885 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Xerostomia (dry-mouth syndrome) is a painful and debilitating condition that frequently occurs in individuals with diabetes and is associated with impaired saliva production and salivary gland hypofunction. Saliva fluid production relies on Ca2+-coupled secretion driven by neurotransmitter stimulation of submandibular acinar cells. Although impairments in intracellular Ca2+ signalling have been reported in various xerostomia models, the specific Ca2+-dependent mechanisms underlying saliva fluid hypofunction in diabetes remain unclear. In this study, we show that diabetic animals exhibit severe xerostomia, evident by reduced saliva flow rate, diminished total protein content, and decreased amylase activity in the saliva secreted by submandibular glands. These impairments remained resistant to exogenous cholinergic stimulation. In submandibular acinar cells, the intracellular Ca2+ signals evoked by cholinergic stimulation were reduced and delayed in diabetes, caused by malfunctioning mitochondria. Upon initiation of cholinergic-evoked Ca2+ signals, mitochondria accumulate higher Ca2+ and fail to redistribute Ca2+ influx and facilitate the store-operated Ca2+ entry effectively. Structural damage to mitochondria was evident in the acinar cells in diabetes. These findings provide insights into the potential targeting of malfunctioning mitochondria for the treatment of diabetic xerostomia as an alternative strategy to the existing pharmacotherapeutic approaches. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Ukrainian Neuroscience".
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kopach
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv, Ukraine; Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Tetyana Pivneva
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv, Ukraine; Kyiv Academic University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Nana Voitenko
- Kyiv Academic University, Kyiv, Ukraine; Dobrobut Academy Medical School, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Son GY, Zou A, Wahl A, Huang KT, Vinu M, Zorgit S, Zhou F, Wagner L, Idaghdour Y, Yule DI, Feske S, Lacruz RS. Loss of STIM1 and STIM2 in salivary glands disrupts ANO1 function but does not induce Sjogren's disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.08.574702. [PMID: 38260625 PMCID: PMC10802497 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.08.574702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Sjogren's disease (SjD) is an autoimmune disease characterized by xerostomia (dry mouth), lymphocytic infiltration into salivary glands and the presence of SSA and SSB autoantibodies. Xerostomia is caused by hypofunction of the salivary glands and has been involved in the development of SjD. Saliva production is regulated by parasympathetic input into the glands initiating intracellular Ca 2+ signals that activate the store operated Ca 2+ entry (SOCE) pathway eliciting sustained Ca 2+ influx. SOCE is mediated by the STIM1 and STIM2 proteins and the ORAI1 Ca 2+ channel. However, there are no studies on the effects of lack of STIM1/2 function in salivary acini in animal models and its impact on SjD. Here we report that male and female mice lacking Stim1 and Stim2 ( Stim1/2 K14Cre ) in salivary glands showed reduced intracellular Ca 2+ levels via SOCE in parotid acini and hyposalivate upon pilocarpine stimulation. Bulk RNASeq of the parotid glands of Stim1/2 K14Cre mice showed a decrease in the expression of Stim1/2 but no other Ca 2+ associated genes mediating saliva fluid secretion. SOCE was however functionally required for the activation of the Ca 2+ activated chloride channel ANO1. Despite hyposalivation, ageing Stim1/2 K14Cre mice showed no evidence of lymphocytic infiltration in the glands or elevated levels of SSA or SSB autoantibodies in the serum, which may be linked to the downregulation of the toll-like receptor 8 ( Tlr8 ). By contrast, salivary gland biopsies of SjD patients showed increased STIM1 and TLR8 expression, and induction of SOCE in a salivary gland cell line increased the expression of TLR8 . Our data demonstrate that SOCE is an important activator of ANO1 function and saliva fluid secretion in salivary glands. They also provide a novel link between SOCE and TLR8 signaling which may explain why loss of SOCE does not result in SjD.
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Kim YJ. Xerostomia: Advances and Challenges in Drug Development. Curr Drug Targets 2024; 25:301-305. [PMID: 38424432 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501293941240228050343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Jung Kim
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Korea
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Yoshikawa M, Okubo M, Shirose K, Kan T, Kawaguchi M. d-Serine Increases Release of Acetylcholine in Rat Submandibular Glands. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1227. [PMID: 37759626 PMCID: PMC10526048 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
d-serine has been observed in submandibular gland tissue in rats, but its functions remain to be clarified. Oral administration of d-serine, but not l-serine, increased its concentrations in the submandibular gland and pilocarpine-induced salivary secretion. In vivo microdialysis was used to collect the d- and l-enantiomers of amino acids from local interstitial fluid in the rat submandibular gland. The proportion of the d-form of serine in interstitial fluid was higher than that in plasma or saliva. Perfusion of the rat submandibular gland with d-serine and l-glutamic acid via the submandibular gland artery resulted in a significant increase in salivary secretion after stimulation of muscarinic receptors with carbachol. In vivo microdialysis applied to the submandibular glands of rats showed that infusion of d-serine along with l-glutamate through the microdialysis probe significantly elevated acetylcholine levels in local interstitial fluids in the submandibular glands of anesthetized rats as compared to that with l-glutamate alone in an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor glycine site antagonist-sensitive manner. These results indicate that d-serine augments salivary secretion by increasing acetylcholine release in the salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Yoshikawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara 259-1193, Japan
| | - Migiwa Okubo
- Kawano Dental Clinic, Yachimata 289-1101, Japan;
| | - Kosuke Shirose
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (K.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Takugi Kan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (K.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Mitsuru Kawaguchi
- Tokyo Dental College, Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan;
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Hipkaeo W, Kondo H. Localization of phospholipid-related signal molecules in salivary glands of rodents: A review. J Oral Biosci 2023; 65:146-155. [PMID: 37061129 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the 1950s, Hokin conducted initial studies on phosphoinositide turnover/cycle in salivary glandular cells. From these studies, the idea emerged that receptor-mediated changes in intramembranous levels of phosphoinositides represent an early step in the stimulus-response pathway. Based on this idea and the general view that knowledge of the exact localization of a given endogenous molecule in cells in situ is important for understanding its functional significance, we have reviewed available information about the localization of several representative phosphoinositide-signaling molecules in the salivary glands in situ in mice. HIGHLIGHT We focused on phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase, phosphatidylinositol 4 phosphate 5-kinase α, β, γ, phospholipase Cβ, muscarinic cholinoceptors 1 and 3, diacylglycerol kinase ζ, phospholipase D1 and 2, ADP-ribosylation factor 6 and its exchange factors for Arf6, and cannabinoid receptors. These molecules individually exhibit differential localization in a spatiotemporal manner in the exocrine glands, making it possible to deduce their functional significance, such as their involvement in secretion and cell differentiation. CONCLUSION Although phosphoinositide-signaling molecules whose in situ localization in glandular cells has been clarified are still limited, the obtained information on their localization suggests that their functional significance is more valuable in glandular ducts than in acini. It thus suggests the necessity of greater attention to the ducts in their physio-pharmacological analyses. The purpose of this review is to encourage more in situ localization studies of phosphoinositide-signaling molecules with an aim to further understand their possible involvement in the pathogenesis of salivary gland diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiphawi Hipkaeo
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| | - Hisatake Kondo
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, JAPAN
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Kim YJ. Xerostomia and Its Cellular Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065358. [PMID: 36982432 PMCID: PMC10049126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Xerostomia, the subjective feeling of a dry mouth associated with dysfunction of the salivary glands, is mainly caused by radiation and chemotherapy, various systemic and autoimmune diseases, and drugs. As saliva plays numerous essential roles in oral and systemic health, xerostomia significantly reduces quality of life, but its prevalence is increasing. Salivation mainly depends on parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves, and the salivary glands responsible for this secretion move fluid unidirectionally through structural features such as the polarity of acinar cells. Saliva secretion is initiated by the binding of released neurotransmitters from nerves to specific G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on acinar cells. This signal induces two intracellular calcium (Ca2+) pathways (Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum and Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane), and this increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) causes the translocation of the water channel aquaporin 5 (AQP5) to the apical membrane. Consequently, the GPCR-mediated increased [Ca2+]i in acinar cells promotes saliva secretion, and this saliva moves into the oral cavity through the ducts. In this review, we seek to elucidate the potential of GPCRs, the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R), store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), and AQP5, which are essential for salivation, as cellular targets in the etiology of xerostomia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Jung Kim
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
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Involvement of aquaporin 5 in Sjögren's syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 2023; 22:103268. [PMID: 36621535 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease with the pathological hallmark of lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of exocrine glands - more specifically salivary and lacrimal glands - resulting in a diminished production of tears and saliva (sicca syndrome). The pathophysiology underscoring the mechanisms of the sicca symptoms in SS has still yet to be unraveled but recent advances have identified a cardinal role of aquaporin-5 (AQP5) as a key player in saliva secretion as well as salivary gland epithelial cell dysregulation. AQP5 expression and localization are significantly altered in salivary glands from patients and mice models of the disease, shedding light on a putative mechanism accounting for diminished salivary flow. Furthermore, aberrant expression and localization of AQP5 protein partners, such as prolactin-inducible protein and ezrin, may account for altered AQP5 localization in salivary glands from patients suffering from SS and are considered as new players in SS development. This review provides an overview of the role of AQP5 in SS salivary gland epithelial cell dysregulation, focusing on its trafficking and protein-protein interactions.
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Igarashi-Hisayoshi Y, Ihara E, Bai X, Higashi C, Ikeda H, Tanaka Y, Hirano M, Ogino H, Chinen T, Taguchi Y, Ogawa Y. Determination of Region-Specific Roles of the M 3 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor in Gastrointestinal Motility. Dig Dis Sci 2023; 68:439-450. [PMID: 35947306 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-022-07637-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The specific role of the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in gastrointestinal motility under physiological conditions is unclear, due to a lack of subtype-selective compounds. AIMS The objective of this study was to determine the region-specific role of the M3 receptor in gastrointestinal motility. METHODS We developed a novel positive allosteric modulator (PAM) for the M3 receptor, PAM-369. The effects of PAM-369 on the carbachol-induced contractile response of porcine esophageal smooth muscle and mouse colonic smooth muscle (ex vivo) and on the transit in mouse small intestine and rat colon (in vivo) were examined. RESULTS PAM-369 selectively potentiated the M3 receptor under the stimulation of its orthosteric ligands without agonistic or antagonistic activity. Half-maximal effective concentrations of PAM activity for human, mouse, and rat M3 receptors were 0.253, 0.345, and 0.127 μM, respectively. PAM-369 enhanced carbachol-induced contraction in porcine esophageal smooth muscle and mouse colonic smooth muscle without causing any contractile responses by itself. The oral administration of 30 mg/kg PAM-369 increased the small intestinal transit in both normal motility and loperamide-induced intestinal dysmotility mice but had no effects on the colonic transit, although the M3 receptor mRNA expression is higher in the colon than in the small intestine. CONCLUSIONS This study provided the first direct evidence that the M3 receptor has different region-specific roles in the motility function between the small intestine and colon in physiological and pathophysiological contexts. Selective PAMs designed for targeted subtypes of muscarinic receptors are useful for elucidating the subtype-specific function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Igarashi-Hisayoshi
- Research Center, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 722 Uenohara, Jimba, Gotemba, 412-8524, Japan.
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Eikichi Ihara
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Xiaopeng Bai
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Chika Higashi
- Research Center, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 722 Uenohara, Jimba, Gotemba, 412-8524, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ikeda
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mayumi Hirano
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Haruei Ogino
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Chinen
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasushi Taguchi
- Research Center, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 722 Uenohara, Jimba, Gotemba, 412-8524, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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Shang YF, Shen YY, Zhang MC, Lv MC, Wang TY, Chen XQ, Lin J. Progress in salivary glands: Endocrine glands with immune functions. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1061235. [PMID: 36817607 PMCID: PMC9935576 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1061235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The production and secretion of saliva is an essential function of the salivary glands. Saliva is a complicated liquid with different functions, including moistening, digestion, mineralization, lubrication, and mucosal protection. This review focuses on the mechanism and neural regulation of salivary secretion, and saliva is secreted in response to various stimuli, including odor, taste, vision, and mastication. The chemical and physical properties of saliva change dynamically during physiological and pathophysiological processes. Moreover, the central nervous system modulates salivary secretion and function via various neurotransmitters and neuroreceptors. Smell, vision, and taste have been investigated for the connection between salivation and brain function. The immune and endocrine functions of the salivary glands have been explored recently. Salivary glands play an essential role in innate and adaptive immunity and protection. Various immune cells such as B cells, T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, as well as immunoglobins like IgA and IgG have been found in salivary glands. Evidence supports the synthesis of corticosterone, testosterone, and melatonin in salivary glands. Saliva contains many potential biomarkers derived from epithelial cells, gingival crevicular fluid, and serum. High level of matrix metalloproteinases and cytokines are potential markers for oral carcinoma, infectious disease in the oral cavity, and systemic disease. Further research is required to monitor and predict potential salivary biomarkers for health and disease in clinical practice and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Feng Shang
- Department of Stomatology, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Yang Shen
- Department of Stomatology, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Chen Zhang
- National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Chao Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People’s Hospital, Quzhou, China
| | - Tong Ying Wang
- National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue Qun Chen
- National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Stomatology, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Lin,
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Chen B, Zhou J, Mao T, Cao T, Hu S, Zhang W, Li X, Qin X, Liu X, Watanabe N, Li J. The Critical Biomarkers Identification of Insulin Signaling Involved in Initiating cAMP Signaling Mediated Salivary Secretion in Sjogren Syndrome: Transcriptome Sequencing in NOD Mice Model. Biol Proced Online 2022; 24:26. [PMID: 36575389 PMCID: PMC9793606 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-022-00189-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the destruction of exocrine glands, resulting in dry mouth and eyes. Currently, there is no effective treatment for SS, and the mechanisms associated with inadequate salivary secretion are poorly understood. METHODS In this study, we used NOD mice model to monitor changes in mice's salivary secretion and water consumption. Tissue morphology of the submandibular glands was examined by H&E staining, and Immunohistochemical detected the expression of AQP5 (an essential protein in salivary secretion). Global gene expression profiling was performed on submandibular gland tissue of extracted NOD mice model using RNA-seq. Subsequently, a series of bioinformatics analyses of transcriptome sequencing was performed, including differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identification, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, PPI network construction, hub gene identification, and the validity of diagnostic indicators using the dataset GSE40611. Finally, IFN-γ was used to treat the cells, the submandibular gland tissue of NOD mice model was extracted, and RT-qPCR was applied to verify the expression of hub genes. RESULTS We found that NOD mice model had reduced salivary secretion and increased water consumption. H&E staining suggests acinar destruction and basement membrane changes in glandular tissue. Immunohistochemistry detects a decrease in AQP5 immunostaining within acinar. In transcriptome sequencing, 42 overlapping DEGs were identified, and hub genes (REN, A2M, SNCA, KLK3, TTR, and AZGP1) were identified as initiating targets for insulin signaling. In addition, insulin signaling and cAMP signaling are potential pathways for regulating salivary secretion and constructing a regulatory relationship between target-cAMP signaling-salivary secretion. CONCLUSION The new potential targets and signal axes for regulating salivary secretion provide a strategy for SS therapy in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, #195 Dongfeng West Road, Guangzhou, 510140 Guangdong China
| | - Jiannan Zhou
- grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, #195 Dongfeng West Road, Guangzhou, 510140 Guangdong China
| | - Tianjiao Mao
- grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, #195 Dongfeng West Road, Guangzhou, 510140 Guangdong China
| | - Tingting Cao
- grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, #195 Dongfeng West Road, Guangzhou, 510140 Guangdong China
| | - Shilin Hu
- grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, #195 Dongfeng West Road, Guangzhou, 510140 Guangdong China
| | - Wenqi Zhang
- grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072School of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Xueyang Li
- grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, #195 Dongfeng West Road, Guangzhou, 510140 Guangdong China
| | - Xiuni Qin
- Guangzhou Concord Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Xintong Liu
- grid.509461.f0000 0004 1757 8255Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan ,grid.509461.f0000 0004 1757 8255Bio-Active Compounds Discovery Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Nobumoto Watanabe
- grid.509461.f0000 0004 1757 8255Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan ,grid.509461.f0000 0004 1757 8255Bio-Active Compounds Discovery Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Jiang Li
- grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, #195 Dongfeng West Road, Guangzhou, 510140 Guangdong China
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14
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Tavares dos Santos H, Nam K, Maslow FM, Small T, Galloway TL, Dooley LM, Tassone PT, Zitsch RP, Weisman GA, Baker OJ. Tuft Cells Are Present in Submandibular Glands Across Species. J Histochem Cytochem 2022; 70:659-667. [PMID: 35993302 PMCID: PMC9527474 DOI: 10.1369/00221554221120301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuft cells are bottle-shaped, microvilli-projecting chemosensory cells located in the lining of a variety of epithelial tissues and, following their identification approximately 60 years ago, have been linked to immune system function in a variety of epithelia. Until recently, Tuft cells had not been convincingly demonstrated to be present in salivary glands with their detection by transmission electron microscopy only shown in a handful of earlier studies using rat salivary glands, and no follow-up work has been conducted to verify their presence in salivary glands of other species. Here, we demonstrate that Tuft cells are present in the submandibular glands of various species (i.e., mouse, pig and human) using transmission electron microscopy and confocal immunofluorescent analysis for the POU class 2 homeobox 3 (POU2F3), which is considered to be a master regulator of Tuft cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harim Tavares dos Santos
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck
Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center,
University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Kihoon Nam
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck
Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center,
University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Frank M. Maslow
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck
Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center,
University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Travis Small
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck
Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center,
University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Tabitha L.I. Galloway
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck
Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Laura M. Dooley
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck
Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Patrick T. Tassone
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck
Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Robert P. Zitsch
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck
Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Gary A. Weisman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of
Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center,
University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Olga J. Baker
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck
Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Biochemistry, University of
Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center,
University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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15
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Insight into the Mammalian Aquaporin Interactome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179615. [PMID: 36077012 PMCID: PMC9456110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of transmembrane water channels expressed in all living organisms. AQPs facilitate osmotically driven water flux across biological membranes and, in some cases, the movement of small molecules (such as glycerol, urea, CO2, NH3, H2O2). Protein-protein interactions play essential roles in protein regulation and function. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of the AQP interactomes and addresses the molecular basis and functional significance of these protein-protein interactions in health and diseases. Targeting AQP interactomes may offer new therapeutic avenues as targeting individual AQPs remains challenging despite intense efforts.
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16
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Antequera D, Carrero L, Cunha Alves V, Ferrer I, Hernández-Gallego J, Municio C, Carro E. Differentially Aquaporin 5 Expression in Submandibular Glands and Cerebral Cortex in Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071645. [PMID: 35884950 PMCID: PMC9312791 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired brain clearance mechanisms may result in the accumulation of aberrant proteins that define Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The water channel protein astrocytic aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is essential for brain amyloid-β clearance, but it is known to be abnormally expressed in AD brains. The expression of AQPs is differentially regulated during diverse brain injuries, but, whereas AQP4 expression and function have been studied in AD, less is known about AQP5. AQP5 functions include not only water transport but also cell migration mediated by cytoskeleton regulation. Moreover, AQP5 has been reported to be expressed in astrocytes, which are regulated after ischemic and traumatic injury. Additionally, AQP5 is particularly abundant in the salivary glands suggesting that it may be a crucial factor in gland dysfunction associated with AD. Herein, we aim to determine whether AQP5 expression in submandibular glands and the brain was altered in AD. First, we demonstrated impaired AQP5 expression in submandibular glands in APP/PS1 mice and AD patients. Subsequently, we observed that AQP5 expression was upregulated in APP/PS1 cerebral cortex and confirmed its expression both in astrocytes and neurons. Our findings propose AQP5 as a significant role player in AD pathology, in addition to AQP4, representing a potential target for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Antequera
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.); (L.C.); (V.C.A.); (J.H.-G.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Laura Carrero
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.); (L.C.); (V.C.A.); (J.H.-G.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Victoria Cunha Alves
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.); (L.C.); (V.C.A.); (J.H.-G.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, 08907 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Hernández-Gallego
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.); (L.C.); (V.C.A.); (J.H.-G.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Municio
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.); (L.C.); (V.C.A.); (J.H.-G.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (E.C.); Tel.: +34-918223995 (C.M.); +34-918223995 (E.C.)
| | - Eva Carro
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Neurobiology of Alzheimer’s Disease Unit, Chronic Disease Programme, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (E.C.); Tel.: +34-918223995 (C.M.); +34-918223995 (E.C.)
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17
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Kim JW, Jin R, Han JH, Kang JH, Jung JY, Suh CH, An YS, Kim HA. Correlations between salivary gland scintigraphy and histopathologic data of salivary glands in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome. Clin Rheumatol 2022; 41:3083-3093. [PMID: 35771363 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-022-06269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our aim was to evaluate the association between salivary gland scintigraphy and the clinical parameters, including histological characteristics of salivary glands, in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS). METHODS Forty-one pSS patients were included in the study. The patients who had received salivary gland scintigraphy and minor salivary gland biopsy were retrospectively analyzed. Salivary gland scintigraphy was interpreted via semi-quantitative methods obtained by calculating the peak uptake and washout of each gland using regions of interest. All specimens were examined by pathologists for focus scores and leukocyte common antigen (LCA) to determine the degree of inflammatory infiltration. RESULTS The mean age of pSS patients was 46.4 years, 82.9% were female, and the mean duration of symptoms was 2.5 years. The focus score was negatively correlated to the mean peak uptake (r = ‒0.396; p = 0.019), mean uptake (r = ‒0.388; p = 0.021), and mean percentage washout (r = ‒0.391; p = 0.02). In addition, the focus score and number of LCA positive cells per mm2 were correlated with the clinical parameters including erythrocyte sedimentation rate, globulin, rheumatoid factor, unstimulated whole saliva, and stimulated whole saliva flow. The number of LCA positive cells per mm2 was negatively correlated to leukocytes and hemoglobin. CONCLUSION Although the diagnostic role of salivary gland biopsy is widely accepted and features in the classification criteria of Sjogren's syndrome, salivary gland scintigraphy may be an acceptable alternative method especially if a non-invasive test is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Won Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Roh Jin
- Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Han
- Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Kang
- Clinic of Oral Medicine and Orofacial Pain, Institute of Oral Health Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Yang Jung
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hee Suh
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sil An
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyoun-Ah Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Bartolomé F, Rosa L, Valenti P, Lopera F, Hernández-Gallego J, Cantero JL, Orive G, Carro E. Lactoferrin as Immune-Enhancement Strategy for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Alzheimer's Disease Patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:878201. [PMID: 35547737 PMCID: PMC9083828 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.878201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) (COVID-19) causes severe acute respiratory syndrome. Severe illness of COVID-19 largely occurs in older people and recent evidence indicates that demented patients have higher risk for COVID-19. Additionally, COVID-19 further enhances the vulnerability of older adults with cognitive damage. A balance between the immune and inflammatory response is necessary to control the infection. Thus, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory drugs are hopeful therapeutic agents for the treatment of COVID-19. Accumulating evidence suggests that lactoferrin (Lf) is active against SARS-CoV-2, likely due to its potent antiviral and anti-inflammatory actions that ultimately improves immune system responses. Remarkably, salivary Lf levels are significantly reduced in different Alzheimer's disease (AD) stages, which may reflect AD-related immunological disturbances, leading to reduced defense mechanisms against viral pathogens and an increase of the COVID-19 susceptibility. Overall, there is an urgent necessity to protect AD patients against COVID-19, decreasing the risk of viral infections. In this context, we propose bovine Lf (bLf) as a promising preventive therapeutic tool to minimize COVID-19 risk in patients with dementia or AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bartolomé
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luigi Rosa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jesús Hernández-Gallego
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Cantero
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Gorka Orive
- Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Networked Center for Biomedical Research in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Carro
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Neurobiology of Alzheimer’s Disease Unit, Chronic Disease Programme, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Chibly AM, Aure MH, Patel VN, Hoffman MP. Salivary Gland Function, Development and Regeneration. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1495-1552. [PMID: 35343828 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00015.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary glands produce and secrete saliva, which is essential for maintaining oral health and overall health. Understanding both the unique structure and physiological function of salivary glands, as well as how they are affected by disease and injury will direct the development of therapy to repair and regenerate them. Significant recent advances, particularly in the OMICS field, increase our understanding of how salivary glands develop at the cellular, molecular and genetic levels; the signaling pathways involved, the dynamics of progenitor cell lineages in development, homeostasis and regeneration and the role of the extracellular matrix microenvironment. These provide a template for cell and gene therapies as well as bioengineering approaches to repair or regenerate salivary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Martinez Chibly
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Marit H Aure
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Vaishali N Patel
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Matthew Philip Hoffman
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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20
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Wei W, Cao T, Pathak JL, Liu X, Mao T, Watanabe N, Li X, Zhang M, Li J. Apigenin, a Single Active Component of Herbal Extract, Alleviates Xerostomia via ERα-Mediated Upregulation of AQP5 Activation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:818116. [PMID: 35264956 PMCID: PMC8899471 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.818116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Xerostomia is a common symptom in menopausal women, suggesting the role of sex steroids in disease development. Shreds of literature had reported the potential use of herbal extracts to relieve xerostomia. However, a cocktail of multiple components in herbal extract makes it difficult to understand the exact mechanism of action. Aquaporin5 (AQP5), the specific aquaporin expressed in salivary glands, plays an important role in salivary secretion as a downstream of estrogen signaling. In this study, we aimed to unravel a single active herbal component as a therapeutic for xerostomia and investigate its mechanism of action. The effects of apigenin (flavonoid), dauricine (alkaloids), protopine (alkaloids), and lentinan (polysaccharides) on AQP5 transcription were screened in vitro. Only apigenin robustly induced AQP5 transcription and expression, and this effect was even robust compared to the effect of estradiol (E2, a positive control). Overexpression of estrogen receptor α (ERα) in the human salivary gland cell line (HSG) upregulated the AQP5 transcription and expression and the knockdown ERα reversed this effect, suggesting the role of ERα signaling on AQP5 activation in HSG cells. Docking results showed apigenin-specific binding sites in ERα. We further analyzed the therapeutic effect of apigenin on ovariectomized mice as a xerostomia model. The saliva secretion in the xerostomia group was reduced to one-third of the sham group, whereas the apigenin or E2 treatment for 12 weeks reversed this effect. Meanwhile, the water consumption in the xerostomia group was augmented obviously compared to the sham group, whereas the water consumption in the apigenin and E2 group was declined to the level of the sham group. Immunohistochemistry of submandibular glands revealed the downregulation of AQP5 expression in xerostomia mice compared to control. Apigenin, or E2 treatment, upregulated AQP5 expression in xerostomia mice. In conclusion, apigenin, a single active component of herbal extract, upregulated AQP5 expression in HSG cells via activation of ERα signaling and restored saliva flow rates in OVX mice. These results revealed apigenin as a single active component of herbal extract with the potential to treat xerostomia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetic, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Tingting Cao
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Janak L Pathak
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xintong Liu
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, Japan.,Bio-Active Compounds Discovery Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tianjiao Mao
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Nobumoto Watanabe
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, Japan.,Bio-Active Compounds Discovery Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetic, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Manli Zhang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Lv J, Ji X, Li Z, Hao H. The role of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Scand J Immunol 2021; 94:e13092. [PMID: 34780075 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) is a classic neuroimmune pathway, consisting of the vagus nerve, acetylcholine (ACh)-the pivotal neurotransmitter of the vagus nerve-and its receptors. This pathway can activate and regulate the activities of immune cells, inhibit cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as suppress cytokine release, thereby playing an anti-inflammatory role, and widely involved in the occurrence and development of various diseases; recent studies have demonstrated that the CAP may be a new target for the treatment of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. In this review, we will summarize the latest progress with the view of figuring out the role of the cholinergic pathway and how it interacts with inflammatory reactions in several autoimmune rheumatic diseases, and many advances are results from a wide range of experiments performed in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Lv
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ji
- Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Huiqin Hao
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
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22
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Antequera D, Moneo D, Carrero L, Bartolome F, Ferrer I, Proctor G, Carro E. Salivary Lactoferrin Expression in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:749468. [PMID: 34659251 PMCID: PMC8514982 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.749468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, microbial infection and innate immune theories have been proposed as an alternative approach explaining the etiopathogenesis and origin of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Lactoferrin, one of the main antimicrobial proteins in saliva, is an important modulator of immune response and inflammation, and represents an important defensive element by inducing a broad spectrum of antimicrobial effects against microbial infections. We demonstrated that lactoferrin levels in saliva are decreased in prodromal and dementia stages of AD compared with healthy subjects. That finding seems to be specific to cerebral amyloid-β (Aβ) load as such observation was not observed in healthy elderly controls or those subjects with frontotemporal dementia. In the present study, we analysed salivary lactoferrin levels in a mouse model of AD. We observed robust and early reduction of lactoferrin levels in saliva from 6- and 12-month-old APP/PS1 mice. Because saliva is secreted by salivary glands, we presume that deregulation in salivary glands resulting in reduced salivary lactoferrin levels may occur in AD. To test this hypothesis, we collected submandibular glands from APP/PS1 mice, as well as submandibular gland tissue from AD patients and we analysed the expression levels of key components of the salivary protein signalling pathway. A significant reduction in M3 receptor levels was found along with decreased acetylcholine (Ach) levels in submandibular glands from APP/PS1 mice. Similarly, a reduction in M3 receptor levels was observed in human submandibular glands from AD patients but in that case, the Ach levels were found increased. Our data suggest that the ACh-mediated M3 signalling pathway is impaired in salivary glands in AD, resulting in salivary gland dysfunction and reduced salivary lactoferrin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Antequera
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Degenerative Dementias, Madrid, Spain
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Moneo
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Carrero
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Degenerative Dementias, Madrid, Spain
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Bartolome
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Degenerative Dementias, Madrid, Spain
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Degenerative Dementias, Madrid, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gordon Proctor
- Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Carro
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Degenerative Dementias, Madrid, Spain
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
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Yang N, Zhang Q, Ye S, Lu T, Sun M, Wang L, Wang M, Pan YH, Dang S, Zhang W. Adamts18 Deficiency Causes Spontaneous SMG Fibrogenesis in Adult Mice. J Dent Res 2021; 101:226-234. [PMID: 34323105 DOI: 10.1177/00220345211029270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis of the submandibular gland (also known as Küttner tumor) is characterized by concomitant swelling of the submandibular glands secondary to strong lymphocytic infiltration and fibrosis. The pathogenesis of this disease has been unclear, but it is associated with immune disorders. ADAMTS18 is a member of the ADAMTS superfamily of extracellular proteinases. In this study, we showed that Adamts18 is highly expressed in submandibular salivary gland (SMG) during embryonic development and decreases but is retained in adult SMG tissue in mice. Adamts18 deficiency led to reduced cleft formation and epithelial branching in embryonic SMG before embryonic day 15.5 in mice. No significant histologic changes in the later stages of branching or the morphology of SMG were detected in Adamts18-/- mice. However, Adamts18 deficiency causes spontaneous SMG fibrogenesis and fibrosis in adult mice. At 8 wk of age, Adamts18-/- mice began to manifest the first signs of pathologic changes of mild fibrosis and CD11b+ cell infiltration in SMG tissues. At ≥8 mo, all male and female Adamts18-/- mice developed unilateral or bilateral SMG scleroma that is similar to patients with chronic sclerosing sialadenitis of the submandibular gland. Adamts18-/- mice also showed secretory dysfunction and severe dental caries. Histologically, SMG scleroma is characterized by progressive periductal fibrosis, acinar atrophy, irregular duct ectasis, and dense infiltration of IgG-positive plasma cells. A significant infiltration of CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD11b+ monocytes and macrophages was also detected in the SMG scleroma of Adamts18-/- mice. The levels of TGF-β1, IL-6, and IL-33 were significantly increased in Adamts18-/- SMGs, which induces chronic inflammation and myofibroblast activation, ultimately leading to fibrosis. This study indicates that Adamts18 regulates the early branching morphogenesis of embryonic SMG and plays a role in protecting from spontaneous SMG fibrogenesis via modulating local inflammation, autoimmune reaction, and myofibroblast activation in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education and Shanghai), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Q Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education and Shanghai), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - S Ye
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education and Shanghai), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - T Lu
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education and Shanghai), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - M Sun
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education and Shanghai), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - L Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education and Shanghai), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - M Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education and Shanghai), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y H Pan
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education and Shanghai), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - S Dang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - W Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education and Shanghai), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Cao X, Zhou Z, Tian Y, Liu Z, Cheng KO, Chen X, Hu W, Wong YM, Li X, Zhang H, Hu R, Huang P. Opposing roles of E3 ligases TRIM23 and TRIM21 in regulation of ion channel ANO1 protein levels. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100738. [PMID: 33957127 PMCID: PMC8191318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anoctamin-1 (ANO1) (TMEM16A) is a calcium-activated chloride channel that plays critical roles in diverse physiological processes, such as sensory transduction and epithelial secretion. ANO1 levels have been shown to be altered under physiological and pathological conditions, although the molecular mechanisms that control ANO1 protein levels remain unclear. The ubiquitin–proteasome system is known to regulate the levels of numerous ion channels, but little information is available regarding whether and how ubiquitination regulates levels of ANO1. Here, we showed that two E3 ligases, TRIM23 and TRIM21, physically interact with the C terminus of ANO1. In vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated that whereas TRIM23 ubiquitinated ANO1 leading to its stabilization, TRIM21 ubiquitinated ANO1 and induced its degradation. Notably, ANO1 regulation by TRIM23 and TRIM21 is involved in chemical-induced pain sensation, salivary secretion, and heart-rate control in mice, and TRIM23 also mediates ANO1 upregulation induced by epidermal growth factor treatment. Our results suggest that these two antagonistic E3 ligases act together to control ANO1 expression and function. Our findings reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism for regulating ANO1 protein levels and identify a potential molecular link between ANO1 regulation, epidermal growth factor, and other signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cao
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijing Zhou
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Tian
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengzhao Liu
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kar On Cheng
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xibing Chen
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbao Hu
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuk Ming Wong
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofen Li
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ronggui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advance Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pingbo Huang
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China; HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China; Hong Kong Branch of Guangdong Southern Marine Science and Engineering Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
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In Vivo Monitoring of Acetylcholine Release from Nerve Endings in Salivary Gland. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10050351. [PMID: 33919193 PMCID: PMC8143079 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system results in the secretion of saliva. Previous studies have demonstrated acetylcholine content in homogenate obtained from salivary glands. Acetylcholine in homogenate, however, includes that stored in the cells, as well as that released in the interstitial fluid. The activity of the parasympathetic nervous system is mainly determined by the amount of acetylcholine released. We established an in vivo microdialysis method for monitoring the acetylcholine released from nerve endings in the salivary glands in rats. The results of the present study demonstrated that acetylcholine levels in the dialysate reflect acetylcholine levels in the interstitial fluid of the submandibular gland, and that an increase in the acetylcholine level in the dialysate depends predominantly on the release of acetylcholine from the parasympathetic nerve endings. Abstract A microdialysis technique was used to monitor acetylcholine levels in the local interstitial fluid in rat submandibular glands, with the aim of determining parasympathetic nerve activity in vivo. The dialysis probe housed a 10 × 0.22 mm semipermeable membrane (molecular weight cutoffs: 50,000 Da). When the probe was perfused at 2 μL/min in vitro, the mean relative recovery of acetylcholine was 41.7% ± 2.5%. The dialysis probes were implanted in the submandibular glands of anesthetized rats and perfusion with Ringer’s solution, at 2 μL/min, was performed. Acetylcholine concentrations in the dialysate were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection. The results revealed the following: (1) that mixing Eserine with Ringer’s solution allowed acetylcholine in the salivary glands to be quantified; (2) that acetylcholine concentrations in the dialysate were highly variable and unstable over the first 120 min after probe implantation, but reached a nearly stable level (4.8 ± 2.7 nM) thereafter in the presence of 100 µM of Eserine; and (3) that electrical stimulation of the chorda tympani nerve, or perfusion with high potassium Ringer’s solution, significantly increased acetylcholine concentrations in the dialysate. These results indicate that the present microdialysis technique offers a powerful tool for detecting changes in parasympathetic activity within the salivary glands.
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Ishikawa S, Kobayashi M, Hashimoto N, Mikami H, Tanimura A, Narumi K, Furugen A, Kusumi I, Iseki K. Association Between N-Desmethylclozapine and Clozapine-Induced Sialorrhea: Involvement of Increased Nocturnal Salivary Secretion via Muscarinic Receptors by N-Desmethylclozapine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 375:376-384. [PMID: 32862145 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Clozapine-induced sialorrhea (CIS) is a common side effect of clozapine. There is no established standard treatment of CIS since the underlying mechanism remains unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms involved in CIS. In our clinical study, a prospective observational study evaluated the association between serum and saliva concentrations of clozapine or its metabolites and Drooling Severity and Frequency Scale (DSFS) score. In our in vivo study, we first developed a new CIS animal model; subsequently, we measured salivary secretion and concentrations of clozapine or its metabolites in the animal model. In our in vitro study, we measured the calcium ion (Ca2+) response to evaluate the effect of clozapine or its metabolites on human salivary gland cell line (HSY cells) and then examined whether their effect was inhibited by atropine. In our clinical study, serum and saliva N-desmethylclozapine concentrations were significantly correlated with nocturnal DSFS score. In our in vivo study, daily single oral administration of 100 mg/kg clozapine for 7 days significantly increased salivary secretion in rats. Furthermore, N-desmethylclozapine concentrations in serum and submandibular glands of the rats were higher than clozapine concentrations. In our in vitro study, N-desmethylclozapine only elicited an increase in the intracellular Ca2+ in HSY cells. N-desmethylclozapine-induced Ca2+ responses were inhibited by atropine. These results suggest that N-desmethylclozapine is implicated in CIS by increasing nocturnal salivation via the muscarinic receptors. Moreover, our developed animal model that reflects CIS in clinical condition plays a key role as a bridge between basic and clinical research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Clozapine-induced sialorrhea (CIS) is a severe and frequent adverse reaction, but the mechanism underlying CIS is less well understood. This paper reports that N-desmethylclozapine, a metabolite of clozapine, is implicated in CIS by increasing nocturnal salivation via the muscarinic receptors and that oral administration of clozapine at 100 mg/kg once daily for 7 days to rat is the optimum method for establishing the new animal model reflecting the clinical scenario of CIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.I., M.K., H.M., K.N., A.F., K.I.) and Education Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.K.), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (S.I.); Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan (N.H., I.K.); and Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan (A.T.)
| | - Masaki Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.I., M.K., H.M., K.N., A.F., K.I.) and Education Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.K.), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (S.I.); Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan (N.H., I.K.); and Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan (A.T.)
| | - Naoki Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.I., M.K., H.M., K.N., A.F., K.I.) and Education Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.K.), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (S.I.); Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan (N.H., I.K.); and Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan (A.T.)
| | - Hideaki Mikami
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.I., M.K., H.M., K.N., A.F., K.I.) and Education Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.K.), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (S.I.); Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan (N.H., I.K.); and Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan (A.T.)
| | - Akihiko Tanimura
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.I., M.K., H.M., K.N., A.F., K.I.) and Education Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.K.), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (S.I.); Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan (N.H., I.K.); and Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan (A.T.)
| | - Katsuya Narumi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.I., M.K., H.M., K.N., A.F., K.I.) and Education Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.K.), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (S.I.); Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan (N.H., I.K.); and Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan (A.T.)
| | - Ayako Furugen
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.I., M.K., H.M., K.N., A.F., K.I.) and Education Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.K.), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (S.I.); Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan (N.H., I.K.); and Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan (A.T.)
| | - Ichiro Kusumi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.I., M.K., H.M., K.N., A.F., K.I.) and Education Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.K.), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (S.I.); Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan (N.H., I.K.); and Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan (A.T.)
| | - Ken Iseki
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.I., M.K., H.M., K.N., A.F., K.I.) and Education Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.K.), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (S.I.); Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan (N.H., I.K.); and Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan (A.T.)
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Yue H, Zeng H, Ding K. A review of isolation methods, structure features and bioactivities of polysaccharides from Dendrobium species. Chin J Nat Med 2020; 18:1-27. [PMID: 31955820 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)30001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dendrobium, orchid, is a traditional Chinese herb medicine applied extensively as tonic and precious food for thou-sands of years recorded in ancient Chinese medical book "Shen Nong's Materia Medica". It's well known that bioactivities are usually related to the ingredients' basis. Based on the previous research, Dendrobium species contain amino acid, sesquiterpenoids, alkaloids and polysaccharides. As the bioactive substances, carbohydrate shows extensive activities in antitumor, antiglycation, immune-enhancing, antivirus, antioxidant, antitumor and etc. Therefore, as the main biologically active substance, the exact structures and latent activities of polysaccharides from Dendrobium species are widely focused on. In this review, we focus on the advancements of extraction methods and diversity of structures and bioactivities of polysaccharides obtained from Dendrobium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yue
- Glycochemistry and Glycobiology Lab, Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Glycochemistry and Glycobiology Lab, Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kan Ding
- Glycochemistry and Glycobiology Lab, Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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28
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Zhu L, Rossi M, Doliba NM, Wess J. Beta-cell M 3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors as potential targets for novel antidiabetic drugs. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 81:106267. [PMID: 32044662 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A key feature of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is that beta-cells of the pancreatic islets fail to release sufficient amounts of insulin to overcome peripheral insulin resistance. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) is regulated by the activity of numerous neurotransmitters, hormones and paracrine factors that act by stimulating specific G protein-coupled receptors expressed by pancreatic beta-cells. Studies with both mouse and human islets suggest that acetylcholine (ACh) acts on beta-cell M3 muscarinic receptors (M3Rs) to promote GSIS. In mouse islets, beta-cell M3Rs are thought to be activated by ACh released from parasympathetic nerve endings. Interestingly, studies with human pancreatic islets suggest that ACh is synthesized, stored and released by alpha-cells, which, in human pancreatic islets, are intermingled with beta-cells. Independent of the source of pancreatic islet ACh, recent studies indicate that beta-cell M3Rs represent a potential target for drugs capable of promoting insulin release for therapeutic purposes. In this review, we will provide an overview about signaling pathways and molecules that regulate the activity of beta-cell M3Rs. We will also discuss a novel pharmacological strategy to stimulate the activity of these receptors to reduce the metabolic impairments associated with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhu
- Molecular Signaling Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mario Rossi
- Molecular Signaling Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicolai M Doliba
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Choi SS, Jang E, Jang K, Jung SJ, Hwang KG, Youn J. Autoantibody-Mediated Dysfunction of Salivary Glands Leads to Xerostomia in SKG Mice. Immune Netw 2019; 19:e44. [PMID: 31921474 PMCID: PMC6943169 DOI: 10.4110/in.2019.19.e44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic heterogeneous disease that mainly affects exocrine glands, leading to sicca syndromes such as xerostomia. Despite the second highest prevalence rate among systemic autoimmune diseases, its pathophysiology remains largely unknown. Here we report that SKG mice, a cardinal model of Th17 cell-mediated arthritis, also develop a secondary form of SS-like disorder upon systemic exposure to purified curdlan, a type of β-glucan. The reduced production of saliva was not caused by focal immune cell infiltrates but was associated with IgG deposits in salivary glands. Sera from curdlan-injected SKG mice contained elevated titers of IgG (predominantly IgG1), autoantibody to the muscarinic type 3 receptor (M3R) and inhibited carbachol-induced Ca2+ signaling in salivary acinar cells. These results suggest that the Th17 cells that are elicited in SKG mice promote the production of salivary gland-specific autoantibodies including anti-M3R IgG; the antibodies are then deposited on acinar cells and inhibit M3R-mediated signaling required for salivation, finally leading to hypofunction of the salivary glands. This type II hypersensitivity reaction may explain the origin of secondary SS occurring without focal leukocyte infiltrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk San Choi
- Laboratory of Autoimmunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Eunkyeong Jang
- Laboratory of Autoimmunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Kiseok Jang
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Sung Jun Jung
- Department of Physiology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Kyung-Gyun Hwang
- Division of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Jeehee Youn
- Laboratory of Autoimmunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
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Evidence for TRPV4 channel induced skin vasodilatation through NOS, COX, and KCa channel mechanisms with no effect on sweat rate in humans. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 858:172462. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Allosteric modulation of β-cell M 3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors greatly improves glucose homeostasis in lean and obese mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:18684-18690. [PMID: 31451647 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1904943116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the global epidemic in type 2 diabetes, novel antidiabetic drugs with increased efficacy and reduced side effects are urgently needed. Previous work has shown that M3 muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (M3Rs) expressed by pancreatic β cells play key roles in stimulating insulin secretion and maintaining physiological blood glucose levels. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of M3R function can improve glucose homeostasis in mice by promoting insulin release. One major advantage of this approach is that allosteric agents respect the ACh-dependent spatiotemporal control of M3R activity. In this study, we first demonstrated that VU0119498, a drug known to act as a PAM at M3Rs, significantly augmented ACh-induced insulin release from cultured β cells and mouse and human pancreatic islets. This stimulatory effect was absent in islets prepared from mice lacking M3Rs, indicative of the involvement of M3Rs. VU0119498 treatment of wild-type mice caused a significant increase in plasma insulin levels, accompanied by a striking improvement in glucose tolerance. These effects were mediated by β-cell M3Rs, since they were absent in mutant mice selectively lacking M3Rs in β cells. Moreover, acute VU0119498 treatment of obese, glucose-intolerant mice triggered enhanced insulin release and restored normal glucose tolerance. Interestingly, doses of VU0119498 that led to pronounced improvements in glucose homeostasis did not cause any significant side effects due to activation of M3Rs expressed by other peripheral cell types. Taken together, the data from this proof-of-concept study strongly suggest that M3R PAMs may become clinically useful as novel antidiabetic agents.
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Pingyu Z, Binglei J, Qilong J, Tao W, Wei T. Cyclic Stretch Promotes Proliferation and Contraction of Human Bladder Smooth Muscle Cells by Cajal-Mediated c-kit Expression in Interstitial Cells. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:4784-4792. [PMID: 31249285 PMCID: PMC6612242 DOI: 10.12659/msm.917549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study was performed to assess the effect of mechanical stretch on the proliferation and contractile function of hBSMCs. Material/Methods hBSMCs and ICCs were seeded at 8×104 cells/well in 6-well silicone elastomer-bottomed culture plates coated with type I collagen, and grown to 80% confluence in DMEM/10% FBS and a 5% CO2 humidified atmosphere at 37°C. Cells of hBSMCs and hBSMCs/ICCs of co-culture were then subjected to continuous cycles of stretch-relaxation using a computer-driven, stretch-inducing device. The treated concentration of imatinib was 10 μM. Mechanisms underlying observed hBSMCs contraction were examined using Western blotting and RT-PCR. The 0.1 μM carbachol was separately added to the experimental groups, and 300 s was recorded by laser scanning confocal microscope. Results We found that mechanical stretch increased contraction and proliferation of hBSMCs. Calcium ion activity increased significantly after mechanical stretch. The number of hBSMCs was significantly increased after the combination mechanical stretch with ICCs treatment. After combination mechanical stretch with hBSMCs/ICCs treatment, the mRNA and protein level of M2, M3, and c-kit were significantly increased. After combination of mechanical stretch with no imatinib treatment, the proliferation of hBSMCs was higher than others, and the mRNA and protein level of M2 and M3 were significantly increased. Conclusions We revealed that ICCs could promote hBSMC proliferation and contraction, and cyclic stretch could promote acetylcholine receptor M2 and M3 caused by c-kit in the ICCs, which promoted the contraction of hBSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Pingyu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland).,Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Jiang Binglei
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Jiang Qilong
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Wu Tao
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Tang Wei
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
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Cong X, Min SN, Wu LL, Cai ZG, Yu GY. [Role and mechanism of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in the regulation of submandibular gland secretion]. JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2019; 51:390-396. [PMID: 31209407 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167x.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs), including M1-M5 subtypes, are classic receptors in regulating water, ion, and solute transport in salivary gland. Our work focuses on the studies on the expression pattern and function of mAChR in the submandibular gland (SMG), and the underlying mechanism involved in the mAChR-regulated secretion, together with the effect of parasympathectomy on the salivary secretion. Microvascular autotransplantation of SMG into the temporal fossa provides a continuous and endogenous source of fluids, and is currently an effective method for treating severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca. By using RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence, our data demonstrated that the expression of M1 and M3 subtypes were decreased in latent period in rabbit SMG autotransplantation model, whereas carbachol stimulation promoted the salivary secretion, as well as M1 and M3 expressions. By contrast, mAChRs were hypersensitive in epiphora SMGs, whereas atropine gel and botulinum toxin A application significantly inhibited the hypersecretion in both animal models and patients. Furthermore, the possible intracellular signal molecules involved in the mAChR-modulated salivary secretion were explored. Activation of mAChR upregulated the expression of aquaporin 5 (AQP5), the main transporter that mediated water secretion through transcellular pathway, and led to AQP5 trafficking from lipid rafts to non-lipid microdomain. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) was involved in the mAChR-regulated AQP5 content. mAChR activation also modulated the expression, distribution, and function of tight junction proteins, and increased paracellular permeability. ERK1/2/β-arrestin2/clathrin/ubiquitin signaling pathway was responsible for the mAChR-regulated downregulation of tight junction molecule claudin-4. Cytoskeleton filamentous actin (F-actin) was also involved in the distribution and barrier function of epithelial tight junctions. Besides, endothelial tight junctions were opened by mAChR agonist-evoked salivation in the mice. Furthermore, parasympathetic denervation increased resting salivary secretion in the long terminrats and minipigs. Taken together, our work demonstrated that mAChR regulated saliva secretion via transcellular and paracellular pathways in SMG epithelium as well as tight junction opening in SMG endothelium. Modulation of mAChR might be a promising strategy to ameliorate SMG dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Cong
- Center for Salivary Gland Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - S N Min
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - L L Wu
- Center for Salivary Gland Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Z G Cai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - G Y Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
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Rawangwong A, Khrongyut S, Chomphoo S, Konno K, Yamasaki M, Watanabe M, Kondo H, Hipkaeo W. Heterogeneous localization of muscarinic cholinoceptor M 1 in the salivary ducts of adult mice. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 100:14-22. [PMID: 30743058 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesize variation in expression and localization, along the course of the glandular tubule, of muscarinic cholinergic receptor M1 which plays as a distinct contribution, though minor in comparison with M3 receptor, in saliva secretion. Localization of the M1 receptor was examined using immunohistochemistry in three major salivary glands. Although all glandular cells were more or less M1-immunoreactive, acinar cells were weakly immunoreactive, while ductal cells exhibited substantial M1-immunoreactivity. Many ductal cells exhibited clear polarity with higher immunoreactivity in their apical/supra-nuclear domain. However, some exhibited indistinct polarity because of additional higher immunoreactivity in their basal/infra-nuclear domain. A small group of cells with intense immunoreactivity was found, mostly located in the intercalated ducts or in portions of the striated ducts close to the intercalated ducts. In immuno-electron microscopy, the immunoreactive materials were mainly in the cytoplasm including various vesicles and vacuoles. Unexpectedly, distinct immunoreactivity on apical and basal plasma membranes was infrequent in most ductal cells. The heterogeneous localization of M1-immunoreactivity along the gland tubular system is discussed in view of possible modulatory roles of the M1 receptor in saliva secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsara Rawangwong
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Suthankamon Khrongyut
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Surang Chomphoo
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kohtaro Konno
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Miwako Yamasaki
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hisatake Kondo
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Organ Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Wiphawi Hipkaeo
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
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MIST1, an Inductive Signal for Salivary Amylase in Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030767. [PMID: 30759717 PMCID: PMC6387180 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sjögren’s syndrome (SjS) is an autoimmune disease that destroys the salivary glands and results in severe dry mouth. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation has been recently proposed as a promising therapy for restoring cells in multiple degenerative diseases. We have recently utilized advanced proteomics biochemical assays to identify the key molecules involved in the mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) of co-cultured mouse bone-marrow-derived MSCs mMSCs with primary salivary gland cells. Among the multiple transcription factors (TFs) that were differentially expressed, two major TFs were selected: muscle, intestine, and stomach expression-1 (MIST1) and transcription factor E2a (TCF3). These factors were assessed in the current study for their ability to drive the expression of acinar cell marker, alpha-salivary amylase 1 (AMY1), and ductal cell marker, cytokeratin19 (CK19), in vitro. Overexpression of MIST1-induced AMY1 expression while it had little effect on CK19 expression. In contrast, TCF3 induced neither of those cellular markers. Furthermore, we have identified that mMSCs express muscarinic-type 3 receptor (M3R) mainly in the cytoplasm and aquaporin 5 (AQP5) in the nucleus. While MIST1 did not alter M3R levels in mMSCs, a TCF3 overexpression downregulated M3R expressions in mMSCs. The mechanisms for such differential regulation of glandular markers by these TFs warrant further investigation.
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Hyperoxia reduces salivary secretion by inducing oxidative stress in mice. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 98:38-46. [PMID: 30445238 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the effects of prolonged hyperoxia on salivary glands and salivary secretion in mice. DESIGN Male C57BL/6 J mice were kept in a 75% oxygen chamber (hyperoxia group) or a 21% oxygen chamber for 5 days. We measured the secretion volume, protein concentration, and amylase activity of saliva after the injection of pilocarpine. In addition, we evaluated the histological changes induced in the submandibular glands using hematoxylin and eosin and Alcian blue staining and assessed apoptotic changes using the TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. We also compared the submandibular gland expression levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), superoxide dismutase (SOD)-1, and SOD-2 using the real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS In the hyperoxia group, salivary secretion was significantly inhibited at 5 and 10 min after the injection of pilocarpine, and the total salivary secretion volume was significantly decreased. The salivary protein concentration and amylase activity were also significantly higher in the hyperoxia group. In the histological examinations, enlargement of the mucous acini and the accumulation of mucins were observed in the submandibular region in the hyperoxia group, and the number of TUNEL-positive cells was also significantly increased in the hyperoxia group. Moreover, the expression levels of HO-1, SOD-1, and SOD-2 were significantly higher in the hyperoxia group. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that hyperoxia reduces salivary secretion, and oxidative stress reactions might be involved in this.
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Ambudkar I. Calcium signaling defects underlying salivary gland dysfunction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:1771-1777. [PMID: 30006140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Salivary glands secrete saliva, a mixture of proteins and fluids, which plays an extremely important role in the maintenance of oral health. Loss of salivary secretion causes a dry mouth condition, xerostomia, which has numerous deleterious consequences including opportunistic infections within the oral cavity, difficulties in eating and swallowing food, and problems with speech. Saliva secretion is regulated by stimulation of specific signaling mechanisms within the acinar cells of the gland. Neurotransmitter-stimulated increase in cytosolic [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) in acinar cells is the primary trigger for salivary fluid secretion from salivary glands, the loss of which is a critical factor underlying dry mouth conditions in patients. The increase in [Ca2+]i regulates multiple ion channel and transport activities that together generate the osmotic gradient which drives fluid secretion across the apical membrane. Ca2+ entry mediated by the Store-Operated Ca2+ Entry (SOCE) mechanism provides the essential [Ca2+]i signals to trigger salivary gland fluid secretion. Under physiological conditions depletion of ER-Ca2+ stores is caused by activation of IP3R by IP3 and this provides the stimulus for SOCE. Core components of SOCE in salivary gland acinar cells are the plasma membrane Ca2+ channels, Orai1 and TRPC1, and STIM1, a Ca2+-sensor protein in the ER, which regulates both channels. In addition, STIM2 likely enhances the sensitivity of cells to ER-Ca2+ depletion thereby tuning the cellular response to agonist stimulation. Two major, clinically relevant, conditions which cause irreversible salivary gland dysfunction are radiation treatment for head-and-neck cancers and the autoimmune exocrinopathy, Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). However, the exact mechanism(s) that causes the loss of fluid secretion, in either condition, is not clearly understood. A number of recent studies have identified that defects in critical Ca2+ signaling mechanisms underlie salivary gland dysfunction caused by radiation treatment or Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). This chapter will discuss these very interesting and important studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Ambudkar
- Secretory Physiology Section, Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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38
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The role of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in diseases of the salivary glands. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 150:133-147. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1680-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Derouiche S, Takayama Y, Murakami M, Tominaga M. TRPV4 heats up ANO1‐dependent exocrine gland fluid secretion. FASEB J 2018; 32:1841-1854. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700954r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Derouiche
- Division of Cell SignalingOkazaki Institute for Integrative BioscienceNational Institute for Physiological SciencesOkazakiJapan
| | - Yasunori Takayama
- Division of Cell SignalingOkazaki Institute for Integrative BioscienceNational Institute for Physiological SciencesOkazakiJapan
- Department of Physiological SciencesThe Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)OkazakiJapan
| | - Masataka Murakami
- Department of Physiological SciencesThe Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)OkazakiJapan
- National Institute for Physiological SciencesOkazakiJapan
| | - Makoto Tominaga
- Division of Cell SignalingOkazaki Institute for Integrative BioscienceNational Institute for Physiological SciencesOkazakiJapan
- Department of Physiological SciencesThe Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)OkazakiJapan
- Institute for Environmental and Gender‐Specific MedicineJuntendo UniversityUrayasuJapan
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Liu S, Niu K, Da Y, Liu Y, Zhang J, Wang W, Zhang Y, Jiang H, Wang K, Bai W, Qin L, Jia J. Effects of standardized isopropanolic black cohosh and estrogen on salivary function in ovariectomized rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 97:1438-1444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Munemasa T, Mukaibo T, Kondo Y, Masaki C, Kusuda Y, Miyagi Y, Tsuka S, Hosokawa R, Nakamoto T. Salivary gland hypofunction in KK-A y type 2 diabetic mice. J Diabetes 2018; 10:18-27. [PMID: 28299899 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypofunction of different organs in the body is associated with diabetes, including in the oral cavity. Diabetes is often associated with xerostomia, but the underlying mechanism is not well characterized. Thus, the mechanisms underlying diabetes-induced xerostomia were investigated in this study in KK-A y mice as an experimental model of type 2 diabetes. METHODS The mechanisms involved in diabetes-induced xerostomia were investigated using the ex vivo glandular perfusion technique, histological analysis, and immunohistochemical and intracellular signaling analyses. RESULTS Ex vivo submandibular gland secretions from KK-Ay mice decreased by 30% following stimulation with 0.3 μmol/L carbachol (CCh), a cholinergic agonist. Acinar cell weight was comparable between KK-Ay and control mice, whereas duct cell weight was significantly greater in KK-Ay mice. Concentrations of Na+ and Cl- in the secreted saliva decreased significantly in KK-Ay mice, supporting the finding of increased ductal tissue in KK-Ay mice. Immunohistochemistry revealed no significant differences between KK-Ay and control mice in terms of the expression of Cl- and water channels, Na+ -K+ -2Cl- cotransporters, and membrane proteins critical for fluid secretion. Cellular signaling analysis revealed that the increase in [Ca2+ ]i in response to 0.3 μmol/L CCh was reduced by 30% in KK-Ay mice, although there was no significant difference in the thapsigargin (1.0 μmol/L)-induced increase in store-depleted calcium between KK-Ay and control mice. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that submandibular fluid secretion is diminished in KK-Ay mice because of a diminished increase in [Ca2+ ]i . Duct cell weight increased in KK-Ay mice, possibly leading to increased ion reabsorption and thus decreased Na+ and Cl- concentrations in the secreted saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Munemasa
- Division of Oral Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taro Mukaibo
- Division of Oral Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kondo
- Division of Oral Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Chihiro Masaki
- Division of Oral Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Kusuda
- Division of Oral Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuta Miyagi
- Division of Oral Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shintaro Tsuka
- Division of Oral Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryuji Hosokawa
- Division of Oral Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Nakamoto
- Department of Prosthodontics, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano, Japan
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Oliveira JB, Evêncio-Neto J, Baratella-Evêncio L. Histological and immunohistochemical findings of the action of botulinum toxin in salivary gland: systematic review. BRAZ J BIOL 2017; 77:251-259. [PMID: 27599097 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.11115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of sialorrhea is necessary for the constant risks posed by hypersalivation. A new therapeutic option comes up with the application of botulinum toxin in salivary glands. However, little is known about its mechanism of action in glandular tissue. Based on the above, this work had the objective to systematically review the literature about the action of botulinum toxin on submandibular and parotid salivary glands tissues. Electronic search was performed in databases of great relevance for this study (PubMed, SciELO, HighWire, Crossref, Scopus, Science Direct, MEDLINE, OLDMEDLINE, Serials Database, NLM Catalog, LILACS and IBECS). Inclusion and exclusion criteria for articles were established, and a total number of 14 articles were selected and used. There are few publications that clarify how the salivary gland acini behave with application of botulinum toxin. Although, the immunohistochemical findings were consistent among authors, showing weak immunoreactivity in glands treated with botulinum toxin. Histometric data are divergent, requiring more detailed studies to answer the questions about the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin in salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Oliveira
- Department of Anatomy, Biological Sciences Center - CCB, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, CEP 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Bioscience Animal - PPGBA, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - UFRPE, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, CEP 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - J Evêncio-Neto
- Post-graduate Program in Bioscience Animal - PPGBA, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - UFRPE, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, CEP 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - UFRPE, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, CEP 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - L Baratella-Evêncio
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Biological Sciences Center - CCB, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, CEP 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Insight into pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome: Dissection on autoimmune infiltrates and epithelial cells. Clin Immunol 2017; 182:30-40. [PMID: 28330683 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease with broad clinical spectrum, extending from benign exocrinopathy to severe systemic disease and lymphoma development. The glandular and extraglandular dysfunction of SS is associated with lymphocytic infiltrates that invade the epithelial structures of affected organs. The in-depth study of autoimmune lesions in the minor salivary glands (MSG), which are the major target-organ of SS responses, revealed that the lymphocytic infiltrates vary in severity and composition among SS-patients, are full-blown at diagnosis and remain unchanged thereafter. Although the pathogenetic pathways underlying SS have not yet elucidated, it is well-established that glandular epithelial cells are central regulators of local autoimmune responses. Moreover, chronic inflammation affects epithelial function and phenotype, which strengthens or weakens their immunoregulatory/secretory function, leading to deterioration of autoimmune phenomena. Herein, the current findings regarding the autoimmune lesions, the role of epithelial cells and their interaction with infiltrating lymphocytic cells are discussed.
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Lynch JJ, Van Vleet TR, Mittelstadt SW, Blomme EAG. Potential functional and pathological side effects related to off-target pharmacological activity. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2017; 87:108-126. [PMID: 28216264 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Most pharmaceutical companies test their discovery-stage proprietary molecules in a battery of in vitro pharmacology assays to try to determine off-target interactions. During all phases of drug discovery and development, various questions arise regarding potential side effects associated with such off-target pharmacological activity. Here we present a scientific literature curation effort undertaken to determine and summarize the most likely functional and pathological outcomes associated with interactions at 70 receptors, enzymes, ion channels and transporters with established links to adverse effects. To that end, the scientific literature was reviewed using an on-line database, and the most commonly reported effects were summarized in tabular format. The resultant table should serve as a practical guide for research scientists and clinical investigators for the prediction and interpretation of adverse side effects associated with molecules interacting with components of this screening battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Lynch
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
| | | | | | - Eric A G Blomme
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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Gluck C, Min S, Oyelakin A, Smalley K, Sinha S, Romano RA. RNA-seq based transcriptomic map reveals new insights into mouse salivary gland development and maturation. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:923. [PMID: 27852218 PMCID: PMC5112738 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mouse models have served a valuable role in deciphering various facets of Salivary Gland (SG) biology, from normal developmental programs to diseased states. To facilitate such studies, gene expression profiling maps have been generated for various stages of SG organogenesis. However these prior studies fall short of capturing the transcriptional complexity due to the limited scope of gene-centric microarray-based technology. Compared to microarray, RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) offers unbiased detection of novel transcripts, broader dynamic range and high specificity and sensitivity for detection of genes, transcripts, and differential gene expression. Although RNA-seq data, particularly under the auspices of the ENCODE project, have covered a large number of biological specimens, studies on the SG have been lacking. Results To better appreciate the wide spectrum of gene expression profiles, we isolated RNA from mouse submandibular salivary glands at different embryonic and adult stages. In parallel, we processed RNA-seq data for 24 organs and tissues obtained from the mouse ENCODE consortium and calculated the average gene expression values. To identify molecular players and pathways likely to be relevant for SG biology, we performed functional gene enrichment analysis, network construction and hierarchal clustering of the RNA-seq datasets obtained from different stages of SG development and maturation, and other mouse organs and tissues. Our bioinformatics-based data analysis not only reaffirmed known modulators of SG morphogenesis but revealed novel transcription factors and signaling pathways unique to mouse SG biology and function. Finally we demonstrated that the unique SG gene signature obtained from our mouse studies is also well conserved and can demarcate features of the human SG transcriptome that is different from other tissues. Conclusions Our RNA-seq based Atlas has revealed a high-resolution cartographic view of the dynamic transcriptomic landscape of the mouse SG at various stages. These RNA-seq datasets will complement pre-existing microarray based datasets, including the Salivary Gland Molecular Anatomy Project by offering a broader systems-biology based perspective rather than the classical gene-centric view. Ultimately such resources will be valuable in providing a useful toolkit to better understand how the diverse cell population of the SG are organized and controlled during development and differentiation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3228-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gluck
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Sangwon Min
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Akinsola Oyelakin
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Kirsten Smalley
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Satrajit Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
| | - Rose-Anne Romano
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
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Takeuchi K, Endoh T, Hayashi S, Aihara T. Activation of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subtype 4 Is Essential for Cholinergic Stimulation of Gastric Acid Secretion: Relation to D Cell/Somatostatin. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:278. [PMID: 27625606 PMCID: PMC5003825 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim: Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors exist in five subtypes (M1∼M5), and they are widely expressed in various tissues to mediate diverse autonomic functions, including gastric secretion. In the present study, we demonstrated, using M1∼M5 KO mice, the importance of M4 receptors in carbachol (CCh) stimulation of acid secretion and investigated how the secretion is modulated by the activation of M4 receptors. Methods: C57BL/6J mice of wild-type (WT) and M1–M5 KO were used. Under urethane anesthesia, acid secretion was measured in the stomach equipped with an acute fistula. CCh (30 μg/kg) was given subcutaneously (s.c.) to stimulate acid secretion. Atropine or octreotide (a somatostatin analog) was given s.c. 20 min before the administration of CCh. CYN154806 (a somatostatin SST2 receptor antagonist) was given i.p. 20 min before the administration of octreotide or CCh. Results: CCh caused an increase of acid secretion in WT mice, and the effect was totally inhibited by prior administration of atropine. The effect of CCh was similarly observed in the animals lacking M1, M2 or M5 receptors but significantly decreased in M3 or M4 KO mice. CYN154806, the SST2 receptor antagonist, dose-dependently and significantly reversed the decreased acid response to CCh in M4 but not M3 KO mice. Octreotide, the somatostatin analog, inhibited the secretion of acid under CCh-stimulated conditions in WT mice. The immunohistochemical study showed the localization of M4 receptors on D cells in the stomach. Serum somatostatin levels in M4 KO mice were higher than WT mice under basal conditions, while those in WT mice were significantly decreased in response to CCh. Conclusions: These results suggest that under cholinergic stimulation the acid secretion is directly mediated by M3 receptors and indirectly modified by M4 receptors. It is assumed that the activation of M4 receptors inhibits the release of somatostatin from D cells and minimizes the acid inhibitory effect of somatostatin through SST2 receptors, resulting in enhancement of the acid response mediated by M3 receptors on parietal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Takeuchi
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical UniversityKyoto, Japan; General Incorporated Association, Kyoto Research Center for Gastrointestinal DiseasesKyoto, Japan
| | - Takuya Endoh
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shusaku Hayashi
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Aihara
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University Kyoto, Japan
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Ambudkar IS. Calcium signalling in salivary gland physiology and dysfunction. J Physiol 2016; 594:2813-24. [PMID: 26592972 PMCID: PMC4887685 DOI: 10.1113/jp271143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies over the past four decades have established that Ca(2+) is a critical factor in control of salivary gland function and have led to identification of the critical components of this process. The major ion transport mechanisms and ion channels that are involved in fluid secretion have also been established. The key event in activation of fluid secretion is an increase in [Ca(2+) ]i triggered by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3 )-induced release of Ca(2+) from ER via the IP3 receptor (IP3 R). IP3 Rs determine the site of initiation and the pattern of the [Ca(2+) ]i signal in the cell. However, Ca(2+) entry into the cell is required to sustain the elevation of [Ca(2+) ]i and fluid secretion and is mediated by the store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) mechanism. Orai1, TRPC1, TRPC3 and STIM1 have been identified as critical components of SOCE in these cells. Cells finely tune the generation and amplification of [Ca(2+) ]i signals for regulation of cell function. An important emerging area is the concept that unregulated [Ca(2+) ]i signals in cells can directly cause cell damage, dysfunction and disease. Alternatively, aberrant [Ca(2+) ]i signals can also amplify and increase the rates of cell damage. Such defects in Ca(2+) signalling have been described in salivary glands in conjunction with radiation-induced loss of salivary gland function as well as in the salivary defects associated with the autoimmune exocrinopathy Sjögren's syndrome. Such defects have been associated with altered function or expression of key Ca(2+) signalling components, such as STIM proteins and TRP channels. These studies offer new avenues for examining the mechanisms underlying the disease and development of novel clinical targets and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu S Ambudkar
- Secretory Physiology Section, Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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The Regulatory Role of Rolipram on Inflammatory Mediators and Cholinergic/Adrenergic Stimulation-Induced Signals in Isolated Primary Mouse Submandibular Gland Cells. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:3745961. [PMID: 27143817 PMCID: PMC4838792 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3745961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induces inflammatory signals in salivary glands. We investigated the regulatory role of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor rolipram on inflammatory mediators and cholinergic/adrenergic stimulation-induced intracellular Ca(2+) signaling in salivary acinar and ductal cells. Submandibular gland (SMG) expressed PDE4A through 4D mRNA and PDE4 was localized in the luminal membrane of SMG. LPS induced Ca(2+) signaling and ROS production in SMG. Treatment with rolipram blocked LPS-induced Ca(2+) increase and ROS production. The application of histamine evoked Ca(2+) signals and ROS production, which were attenuated by rolipram in SMG cells. Moreover, LPS-induced NLRP3 inflammasome and cleaved caspase-1 were inhibited by rolipram. The inhibitory role of rolipram in ROS-induced Ca(2+) signaling was mainly observed in acinar cells and not in ductal cells. Rolipram also protected SMG acinar but not ductal cells from LPS-induced cell membrane damage. In the case of cholinergic/adrenergic stimulation, carbachol/isoproterenol-induced Ca(2+) signals were upregulated by the treatment of rolipram in SMG. In the case of cAMP-dependent ductal bicarbonate secretion by rolipram, no effect was observed on the modulation of ductal chloride/bicarbonate exchange activity. Rolipram could suppress the inflammatory signals and could be a potential therapeutic strategy against LPS-induced inflammation to protect the salivary gland cells.
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Is salivary gland function altered in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity–insulin resistance? Arch Oral Biol 2016; 64:61-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Villa A, Wolff A, Narayana N, Dawes C, Aframian DJ, Lynge Pedersen AM, Vissink A, Aliko A, Sia YW, Joshi RK, McGowan R, Jensen SB, Kerr AR, Ekström J, Proctor G. World Workshop on Oral Medicine VI: a systematic review of medication-induced salivary gland dysfunction. Oral Dis 2016; 22:365-82. [PMID: 26602059 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to perform a systematic review of the pathogenesis of medication-induced salivary gland dysfunction (MISGD). Review of the identified papers was based on the standards regarding the methodology for systematic reviews set forth by the World Workshop on Oral Medicine IV and the PRISMA statement. Eligible papers were assessed for both the degree and strength of relevance to the pathogenesis of MISGD as well as on the appropriateness of the study design and sample size. A total of 99 papers were retained for the final analysis. MISGD in human studies was generally reported as xerostomia (the sensation of oral dryness) without measurements of salivary secretion rate. Medications may act on the central nervous system (CNS) and/or at the neuroglandular junction on muscarinic, α-and β-adrenergic receptors and certain peptidergic receptors. The types of medications that were most commonly implicated for inducing salivary gland dysfunction were those acting on the nervous, cardiovascular, genitourinary, musculoskeletal, respiratory, and alimentary systems. Although many medications may affect the salivary flow rate and composition, most of the studies considered only xerostomia. Thus, further human studies are necessary to improve our understanding of the association between MISGD and the underlying pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Villa
- Division of Oral Medicine and Dentistry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Wolff
- Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Saliwell Ltd., Harutzim, Israel
| | - N Narayana
- Department of Oral Biology, UNMC College of Dentistry, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - C Dawes
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - A M Lynge Pedersen
- Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Vissink
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Aliko
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine, Tirana, Albania.,Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Y W Sia
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - R K Joshi
- DAPMRV Dental College, Bangalore, India
| | - R McGowan
- New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - S B Jensen
- Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A R Kerr
- New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Ekström
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - G Proctor
- Division of Mucosal & Salivary Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
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