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Inglis EC, Iannetta D, Rasica L, Mackie MZ, Keir DA, Macinnis MJ, Murias JM. Heavy-, Severe-, and Extreme-, but Not Moderate-Intensity Exercise Increase V̇o 2max and Thresholds after 6 wk of Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:1307-1316. [PMID: 38376995 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study assessed the effect of individualized, domain-based exercise intensity prescription on changes in maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O 2max ) and submaximal thresholds. METHODS Eighty-four young healthy participants (42 females, 42 males) were randomly assigned to six age, sex, and V̇O 2max -matched groups (14 participants each). Groups performed continuous cycling in the 1) moderate (MOD), 2) lower heavy (HVY1), and 3) upper heavy-intensity (HVY2) domain; interval cycling in the form of 4) high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in the severe-intensity domain, or 5) sprint-interval training (SIT) in the extreme-intensity domain; or no exercise for 6) control (CON). All training groups, except SIT, were work-matched. Training participants completed three sessions per week for 6 wk with physiological evaluations performed at PRE, MID, and POST intervention. RESULTS Compared with the change in V̇O 2max (∆V̇O 2max ) in CON (0.1 ± 1.2 mL·kg -1 ·min -1 ), all training groups, except MOD (1.8 ± 2.7 mL·kg -1 ·min -1 ), demonstrated a significant increase ( P < 0.05). HIIT produced the highest increase (6.2 ± 2.8 mL·kg -1 ·min -1 ) followed by HVY2 (5.4 ± 2.3 mL·kg -1 ·min -1 ), SIT (4.7 ± 2.3 mL·kg -1 ·min -1 ), and HVY1 (3.3 ± 2.4 mL·kg -1 ·min -1 ), respectively. The ΔPO at the estimated lactate threshold ( θLT ) was similar across HVY1, HVY2, HIIT, and SIT, which were all greater than CON ( P < 0.05). The ΔV̇O 2 and ΔPO at θLT for MOD was not different from CON ( P > 0.05). HIIT produced the highest ΔPO at maximal metabolic steady state, which was greater than CON, MOD, and SIT ( P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that i) exercise intensity is a key component determining changes in V̇O 2max and submaximal thresholds and ii) exercise intensity domain-based prescription allows for a homogenous metabolic stimulus across individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danilo Iannetta
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, CANADA
| | - Letizia Rasica
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, CANADA
| | - Mary Z Mackie
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, CANADA
| | - Daniel A Keir
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, CANADA
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Liang W, Liu C, Yan X, Hou Y, Yang G, Dai J, Wang S. The impact of sprint interval training versus moderate intensity continuous training on blood pressure and cardiorespiratory health in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17064. [PMID: 38495758 PMCID: PMC10944631 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Although aerobic exercise is the primary modality recommended for the treatment of hypertension, it remains unclear whether high-intensity all-out sprint interval training (SIT) can result in greater reductions of blood pressure (BP) and cardiorespiratory health. This systematic review aims to compare the impact of SIT versus Moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on improvements in resting systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) among adults. Methods We conducted a systematic search of three online databases (PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science) from January 2000 to July 2023 to identify randomized controlled trials that compared the chronic effects of SIT versus MICT on BP in participants with high or normal blood pressure. We extracted information on participant characteristics, exercise protocols, BP outcomes, and intervention settings. Furthermore, the changes in VO2 max between the two groups were analyzed using a meta-analysis. The pooled results were presented as weighted means with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Out of the 1,874 studies initially were found, eight were included in this review, totaling 169 participants. A significant decrease in SBP (MD = -2.82 mmHg, 95% CI [-4.53 to -1.10], p = 0.08, I2 =45%) was observed in the SIT group compared to before the training, but no significant decrease in DBP (MD = -0.75 mmHg, 95% CI [-1.92 to 0.42], p = 0.16, I2 = 33%) was observed. In contrast, both SBP (MD = -3.00 mmHg, 95% CI [-5.31 to -0.69], p = 0.68, I2 = 0%) and DBP (MD = -2.11 mmHg, 95% CI [-3.63 to -0.60], p = 0.72, I2 = 0%) significantly decreased in the MICT group with low heterogeneity. No significant difference was found in resting SBP and DBP between SIT and MICT after the intervention. Both SIT and MICT significantly increased VO2 peak, with SIT resulting in a mean difference (MD) of 1.75 mL/kg/min (95% CI [0.39-3.10], p = 0.02, I2 = 61%), and MICT resulting in a mean difference of 3.10 mL/kg/min (95% CI [1.03-5.18], p = 0.007, I2 = 69%). MICT was more effective in improving VO2 peak (MD = -1.36 mL/kg/min, 95% CI [-2.31 to 0.40], p = 0.56, I2 = 0%). Subgroup analysis of duration and single sprint time showed that SIT was more effective in reducing SBP when the duration was ≥8 weeks or when the sprint time was <30 s. Conclusion Our meta-analysis showed that SIT is an effective intervention in reducing BP and improving cardiorespiratory fitness among adults. Consequently, SIT can be used in combination with traditional MICT to increase the variety, utility, and time efficiency of exercise prescriptions for different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibao Liang
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuannan Liu
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xujie Yan
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Hou
- Department of Physical Education, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, South Korea
| | - Guan Yang
- School of Physical Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianmin Dai
- College of Sports Science, Kyungnam University, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Songtao Wang
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Sterczala AJ, Rodriguez‐Ortiz N, Feigel ED, Krajewski K, Martin BJ, Sekel NM, Lovalekar M, Kargl CK, Koltun KJ, Van Eck C, Flanagan S, Connaboy C, Wardle SL, O'Leary TJ, Greeves JP, Nindl BC. Skeletal muscle adaptations to high-intensity, low-volume concurrent resistance and interval training in recreationally active men and women. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15953. [PMID: 38490811 PMCID: PMC10942853 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
This study compared the structural and cellular skeletal muscle factors underpinning adaptations in maximal strength, power, aerobic capacity, and lean body mass to a 12-week concurrent resistance and interval training program in men and women. Recreationally active women and men completed three training sessions per week consisting of high-intensity, low-volume resistance training followed by interval training performed using a variety upper and lower body exercises representative of military occupational tasks. Pre- and post-training vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were analyzed for changes in muscle fiber type, cross-sectional area, capillarization, and mitochondrial biogenesis marker content. Changes in maximal strength, aerobic capacity, and lean body mass (LBM) were also assessed. Training elicited hypertrophy of type I (12.9%; p = 0.016) and type IIa (12.7%; p = 0.007) muscle fibers in men only. In both sexes, training decreased type IIx fiber expression (1.9%; p = 0.046) and increased total PGC-1α (29.7%, p < 0.001) and citrate synthase (11.0%; p < 0.014) content, but had no effect on COX IV content or muscle capillarization. In both sexes, training increased maximal strength and LBM but not aerobic capacity. The concurrent training program was effective at increasing strength and LBM but not at improving aerobic capacity or skeletal muscle adaptations underpinning aerobic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Sterczala
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Present address:
Human Engineering Research LaboratoriesVA Pittsburgh Healthcare SystemPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Nathaniel Rodriguez‐Ortiz
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Evan D. Feigel
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kellen T. Krajewski
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Brian J. Martin
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Nicole M. Sekel
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Mita Lovalekar
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Christopher K. Kargl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kristen J. Koltun
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Carola Van Eck
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Shawn D. Flanagan
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Present address:
Center for Lower Extremity Ambulatory ResearchRosalind Franklin University of Medicine & ScienceNorth ChicagoILUSA
| | - Christopher Connaboy
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Present address:
Center for Lower Extremity Ambulatory ResearchRosalind Franklin University of Medicine & ScienceNorth ChicagoILUSA
| | - Sophie L. Wardle
- Army Health and Performance ResearchArmy HeadquartersAndoverUK
- Present address:
Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Thomas J. O'Leary
- Army Health and Performance ResearchArmy HeadquartersAndoverUK
- Present address:
Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Julie P. Greeves
- Army Health and Performance ResearchArmy HeadquartersAndoverUK
- Present address:
Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
- Present address:
Division of Surgery and Interventional ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Bradley C. Nindl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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Zhu Q, Xiong X, Zheng Q, Deng Q, Hao Y, Liu D, Zheng J, Zhang G, Li J, Yang L. High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training for localized prostate cancer under active surveillance: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2024:10.1038/s41391-024-00801-7. [PMID: 38378977 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-024-00801-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) have been increasingly adopted for localized prostate cancer (PCa) under active surveillance (AS). However, it is unclear which training modality is the most favorable in terms of cardiorespiratory fitness and biochemical progression. METHODS We searched PubMed, Cochrane and Embase for relevant RCTs. PRISMA guideline was adopted to ensure optimal conduct of this study. Serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) and peak VO2 were selected as primary outcomes and PSA doubling time (PSADT) and testosterone were selected as secondary outcomes. Only articles written in English were included. Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used for risk of bias evaluation. RESULTS A total of 501 studies were selected. Six RCTs with 222 patients were included for data extraction and analysis. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) group demonstrated significantly lower PSA compared with usual care (UC) (MD = -1.4; 95%CI = -2.77 to -0.03) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) group (MD = -1.67; 95%CI = -3.30 to -0.05). Both HIIT and MICT showed significantly improved peak VO2 compared with UC. No significant difference was observed in PSADT and testosterone among different training modalities and UC. Regarding peak VO2, MICT had the highest surface under cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) scores (98.1%). For serum PSA, HIIT had the highest probability (97.8%) to be the training with the highest efficacy. The potential source of bias mainly came from poorly performed allocation concealment and blinding strategies. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicated that HIIT and MICT showed considerable cardiorespiratory benefits for localized PCa. HIIT was preferred over MICT in biochemical progression control in terms of decreasing serum PSA levels. However, MICT was favored over HIIT regarding cardiorespiratory benefits. The findings of this study may facilitate future lifestyle intervention, particularly in the form of physical training, for individuals diagnosed with localized PCa under AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyu Zhu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xingyu Xiong
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Qian Zheng
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Qi Deng
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yun Hao
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Dingbang Liu
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jiaming Zheng
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Guangyue Zhang
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jiakun Li
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
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Ashcroft SP, Stocks B, Egan B, Zierath JR. Exercise induces tissue-specific adaptations to enhance cardiometabolic health. Cell Metab 2024; 36:278-300. [PMID: 38183980 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
The risk associated with multiple cancers, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and all-cause mortality is decreased in individuals who meet the current recommendations for physical activity. Therefore, regular exercise remains a cornerstone in the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases. An acute bout of exercise results in the coordinated interaction between multiple tissues to meet the increased energy demand of exercise. Over time, the associated metabolic stress of each individual exercise bout provides the basis for long-term adaptations across tissues, including the cardiovascular system, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, gut, and brain. Therefore, regular exercise is associated with a plethora of benefits throughout the whole body, including improved cardiorespiratory fitness, physical function, and glycemic control. Overall, we summarize the exercise-induced adaptations that occur within multiple tissues and how they converge to ultimately improve cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Ashcroft
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ben Stocks
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brendan Egan
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Integrative Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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6
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Majerczak J, Drzymala‐Celichowska H, Grandys M, Kij A, Kus K, Celichowski J, Krysciak K, Molik WA, Szkutnik Z, Zoladz JA. Exercise Training Decreases Nitrite Concentration in the Heart and Locomotory Muscles of Rats Without Changing the Muscle Nitrate Content. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e031085. [PMID: 38214271 PMCID: PMC10926815 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.031085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscles are postulated to be a potent regulator of systemic nitric oxide homeostasis. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of physical training on the heart and skeletal muscle nitric oxide bioavailability (judged on the basis of intramuscular nitrite and nitrate) in rats. METHODS AND RESULTS Rats were trained on a treadmill for 8 weeks, performing mainly endurance running sessions with some sprinting runs. Muscle nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-) concentrations were measured using a high-performance liquid chromatography-based method, while amino acids, pyruvate, lactate, and reduced and oxidized glutathione were determined using a liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry technique. The content of muscle nitrite reductases (electron transport chain proteins, myoglobin, and xanthine oxidase) was assessed by western immunoblotting. We found that 8 weeks of endurance training decreased basal NO2- in the locomotory muscles and in the heart, without changes in the basal NO3-. In the slow-twitch oxidative soleus muscle, the decrease in NO2- was already present after the first week of training, and the content of nitrite reductases remained unchanged throughout the entire period of training, except for the electron transport chain protein content, which increased no sooner than after 8 weeks of training. CONCLUSIONS Muscle NO2- level, opposed to NO3-, decreases in the time course of training. This effect is rapid and already visible in the slow-oxidative soleus after the first week of training. The underlying mechanisms of training-induced muscle NO2- decrease may involve an increase in the oxidative stress, as well as metabolite changes related to an increased muscle anaerobic glycolytic activity contributing to (1) direct chemical reduction of NO2- or (2) activation of muscle nitrite reductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Majerczak
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health SciencesJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
| | - Hanna Drzymala‐Celichowska
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Health SciencesPoznan University of Physical EducationPoznanPoland
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Health SciencesPoznan University of Physical EducationPoznanPoland
| | - Marcin Grandys
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health SciencesJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
| | - Agnieszka Kij
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)Jagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
| | - Kamil Kus
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)Jagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
| | - Jan Celichowski
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Health SciencesPoznan University of Physical EducationPoznanPoland
| | - Katarzyna Krysciak
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Health SciencesPoznan University of Physical EducationPoznanPoland
| | - Weronika A. Molik
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health SciencesJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
- University of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | | | - Jerzy A. Zoladz
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health SciencesJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
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Srisawat K, Stead CA, Hesketh K, Pogson M, Strauss JA, Cocks M, Siekmann I, Phillips SM, Lisboa PJ, Shepherd S, Burniston JG. People with obesity exhibit losses in muscle proteostasis that are partly improved by exercise training. Proteomics 2023:e2300395. [PMID: 37963832 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
This pilot experiment examines if a loss in muscle proteostasis occurs in people with obesity and whether endurance exercise positively influences either the abundance profile or turnover rate of proteins in this population. Men with (n = 3) or without (n = 4) obesity were recruited and underwent a 14-d measurement protocol of daily deuterium oxide (D2 O) consumption and serial biopsies of vastus lateralis muscle. Men with obesity then completed 10-weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), encompassing 3 sessions per week of cycle ergometer exercise with 1 min intervals at 100% maximum aerobic power interspersed by 1 min recovery periods. The number of intervals per session progressed from 4 to 8, and during weeks 8-10 the 14-d measurement protocol was repeated. Proteomic analysis detected 352 differences (p < 0.05, false discovery rate < 5%) in protein abundance and 19 (p < 0.05) differences in protein turnover, including components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. HIIT altered the abundance of 53 proteins and increased the turnover rate of 22 proteins (p < 0.05) and tended to benefit proteostasis by increasing muscle protein turnover rates. Obesity and insulin resistance are associated with compromised muscle proteostasis, which may be partially restored by endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Connor A Stead
- Research Institute for Sport, & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool, UK
| | - Katie Hesketh
- Research Institute for Sport, & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mark Pogson
- Research Institute for Sport, & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Matt Cocks
- Research Institute for Sport, & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ivo Siekmann
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paulo J Lisboa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sam Shepherd
- Research Institute for Sport, & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool, UK
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Razi O, Teixeira AM, Tartibian B, Zamani N, Knechtle B. Respiratory issues in patients with multiple sclerosis as a risk factor during SARS-CoV-2 infection: a potential role for exercise. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:1533-1559. [PMID: 36411399 PMCID: PMC9684932 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04610-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is associated with cytokine storm and is characterized by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pneumonia problems. The respiratory system is a place of inappropriate activation of the immune system in people with multiple sclerosis (MS), and this may cause damage to the lung and worsen both MS and infections.The concerns for patients with multiple sclerosis are because of an enhance risk of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The MS patients pose challenges in this pandemic situation, because of the regulatory defect of autoreactivity of the immune system and neurological and respiratory tract symptoms. In this review, we first indicate respiratory issues associated with both diseases. Then, the main mechanisms inducing lung damages and also impairing the respiratory muscles in individuals with both diseases is discussed. At the end, the leading role of physical exercise on mitigating respiratory issues inducing mechanisms is meticulously evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Razi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ana Maria Teixeira
- Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bakhtyar Tartibian
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Zamani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Payame-Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, Vadianstrasse 26, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Hall AJ, Aspe RR, Craig TP, Kavaliauskas M, Babraj J, Swinton PA. The Effects of Sprint Interval Training on Physical Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:457-481. [PMID: 36165995 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hall, AJ, Aspe, RR, Craig, TP, Kavaliauskas, M, Babraj, J, and Swinton, PA. The effects of sprint interval training on physical performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 37(2): 457-481, 2023-The present study aimed to synthesize findings from published research and through meta-analysis quantify the effect of sprint interval training (SIT) and potential moderators on physical performance outcomes (categorized as aerobic, anaerobic, mixed aerobic-anaerobic, or muscular force) with healthy adults, in addition to assessing the methodological quality of included studies and the existence of small study effects. Fifty-five studies were included (50% moderate methodological quality, 42% low methodological quality), with 58% comprising an intervention duration of ≤4 weeks and an array of different training protocols. Bayesian's meta-analysis of standardized mean differences (SMD) identified a medium effect of improved physical performance with SIT (ES 0.5 = 0.52; 95% credible intervals [CrI]: 0.42-0.62). Moderator analyses identified overlap between outcome types with the largest effects estimated for anaerobic outcomes (ES 0.5 = 0.61; 95% CrI: 0.48-0.75). Moderator effects were identified for intervention duration, sprint length, and number of sprints performed per session, with larger effects obtained for greater values of each moderator. A substantive number of very large effect sizes (41 SMDs > 2) were identified with additional evidence of extensive small study effects. This meta-analysis demonstrates that short-term SIT interventions are effective for developing moderate improvements in physical performance outcomes. However, extensive small study effects, likely influenced by researchers analyzing many outcomes, suggest potential overestimation of reported effects. Future research should analyze fewer a priori selected outcomes and investigate models to progress SIT interventions for longer-term performance improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J Hall
- Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Rodrigo R Aspe
- Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas P Craig
- Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Mykolas Kavaliauskas
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom ; and
| | - John Babraj
- Division of Sport and Exercise Science, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Swinton
- Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Tryfonos A, Cocks M, Browning N, Dawson EA. Post-exercise endothelial function is not associated with extracellular vesicle release in healthy young males. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2023; 48:209-218. [PMID: 36462215 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2022-0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Acute exercise can result in temporary decrease in endothelial functions, which may represent a transient period of risk. Numerous mechanisms underpinning these responses included release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from apoptotic or activated endothelial cells and platelets. This study aims to compare the time course of endothelial responses to moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and the associations with EV release. Eighteen young healthy males (age: 22.6 ± 3.7 years, BMI: 25.6 ± 2.5 m2/kg, and VO2peak: 38.6 ± 6.5 mL/kg/min) completed two randomly assigned exercises: HIIE (10 × 1 min-@-90% heart rate reserve (HRR) and 1 min passive recovery) and MICE (30 min-@-70% HRR) on a cycle ergometer. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was used to assess endothelial function and blood samples were collected to evaluate endothelial cell-derived EV (CD62E+) and platelet-derived EV (CD41a+), 10, 60, and 120 min before and after exercise. There were similar increases but different time courses (P = 0.017) in FMD (increased 10 min post-HIIE, P < 0.0001 and 60 min post-MICE, P = 0.038). CD62E+ remained unchanged (P = 0.530), whereas overall CD41a+ release was reduced 60 min post-exercise (P = 0.040). FMD was not associated with EV absolute release or change (P > 0.05). Acute exercise resulted in similar improvements, but different time course in FMD following either exercise. Whilst EVs were not associated with FMD, the reduction in platelet-derived EVs may represent a protective mechanism following acute exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tryfonos
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew Cocks
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | | | - Ellen A Dawson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
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11
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Ross M, Kargl CK, Ferguson R, Gavin TP, Hellsten Y. Exercise-induced skeletal muscle angiogenesis: impact of age, sex, angiocrines and cellular mediators. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023:10.1007/s00421-022-05128-6. [PMID: 36715739 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05128-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Exercise-induced skeletal muscle angiogenesis is a well-known physiological adaptation that occurs in humans in response to exercise training and can lead to endurance performance benefits, as well as improvements in cardiovascular and skeletal tissue health. An increase in capillary density in skeletal muscle improves diffusive oxygen exchange and waste extraction, and thus greater fatigue resistance, which has application to athletes but also to the general population. Exercise-induced angiogenesis can significantly contribute to improvements in cardiovascular and metabolic health, such as the increase in muscle glucose uptake, important for the prevention of diabetes. Recently, our understanding of the mechanisms by which angiogenesis occurs with exercise has grown substantially. This review will detail the biochemical, cellular and biomechanical signals for exercise-induced skeletal muscle angiogenesis, including recent work on extracellular vesicles and circulating angiogenic cells. In addition, the influence of age, sex, exercise intensity/duration, as well as recent observations with the use of blood flow restricted exercise, will also be discussed in detail. This review will provide academics and practitioners with mechanistic and applied evidence for optimising training interventions to promote physical performance through manipulating capillarisation in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Ross
- School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
| | - Christopher K Kargl
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Max E. Wastl Human Performance Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Richard Ferguson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Timothy P Gavin
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Max E. Wastl Human Performance Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Saeidi A, Nouri-Habashi A, Razi O, Ataeinosrat A, Rahmani H, Mollabashi SS, Bagherzadeh-Rahmani B, Aghdam SM, Khalajzadeh L, Al Kiyumi MH, Hackney AC, Laher I, Heinrich KM, Zouhal H. Astaxanthin Supplemented with High-Intensity Functional Training Decreases Adipokines Levels and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Men with Obesity. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020286. [PMID: 36678157 PMCID: PMC9866205 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of high-intensity training with astaxanthin supplementation on adipokine levels, insulin resistance and lipid profiles in males with obesity. Sixty-eight males with obesity were randomly stratified into four groups of seventeen subjects each: control group (CG), supplement group (SG), training group (TG), and training plus supplement group (TSG). Participants underwent 12 weeks of treatment with astaxanthin or placebo (20 mg/d capsule daily). The training protocol consisted of 36 sessions of high-intensity functional training (HIFT), 60 min/sessions, and three sessions/week. Metabolic profiles, body composition, anthropometrical measurements, cardio-respiratory indices and adipokine [Cq1/TNF-related protein 9 and 2 (CTRP9 and CTRP2) levels, and growth differentiation factors 8 and 15 (GDF8 and GDF15)] were measured. There were significant differences for all indicators between the groups (p < 0.05). Post-hoc analysis indicated that the levels of CTRP9, CTRP2, and GDF8 were different from CG (p < 0.05), although levels of GDF15 were similar to CG (p > 0.05). Levels of GDF8 were similar in the SG and TG groups (p > 0.05), with reductions of GDF15 levels in both training groups (p < 0.05). A total of 12 weeks of astaxanthin supplementation and exercise training decreased adipokines levels, body composition (weight, %fat), anthropometrical factors (BMI), and improved lipid and metabolic profiles. These benefits were greater for men with obesity in the TSG group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoub Saeidi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran
| | - Akbar Nouri-Habashi
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Corrective Movements, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia 57561-51818, Iran
- Correspondence: (A.N.-H.); (M.H.A.K.)
| | - Omid Razi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Razi University, Kermanshah 94Q5+6G3, Iran
| | - Ali Ataeinosrat
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 14778-93855, Iran
| | - Hiwa Rahmani
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Alzahra University, Tehran 19938 93973, Iran
| | | | - Behnam Bagherzadeh-Rahmani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar M3J+373, Iran
| | - Shahin Mahmoudi Aghdam
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 14778-93855, Iran
| | - Leila Khalajzadeh
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 14778-93855, Iran
| | - Maisa Hamed Al Kiyumi
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat H5QC+36M, Oman
- Correspondence: (A.N.-H.); (M.H.A.K.)
| | - Anthony C. Hackney
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Katie M. Heinrich
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé, University of Rennes, M2S—EA 1274, 35000 Rennes, France
- Institut International des Sciences du Sport (2I2S), 35850 Irodouer, France
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13
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Islam H, Gillen JB. Skeletal muscle mechanisms contributing to improved glycemic control following intense interval exercise and training. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 5:20-28. [PMID: 36994179 PMCID: PMC10040385 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
High-intensity and sprint interval training (HIIT and SIT, respectively) enhance insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in both healthy adults and those with cardiometabolic diseases. The beneficial effects of intense interval training on glycemic control include both improvements seen in the hours to days following a single session of HIIT/SIT and those which accrue with chronic training. Skeletal muscle is the largest site of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and plays an integral role in the beneficial effects of exercise on glycemic control. Here we summarize the skeletal muscle responses that contribute to improved glycemic control during and following a single session of interval exercise and evaluate the relationship between skeletal muscle remodelling and improved insulin sensitivity following HIIT/SIT training interventions. Recent evidence suggests that targeting skeletal muscle mechanisms via nutritional interventions around exercise, particularly with carbohydrate manipulation, can enhance the acute glycemic benefits of HIIT. There is also some evidence of sex-based differences in the glycemic benefits of intense interval exercise, with blunted responses observed after training in females relative to males. Differences in skeletal muscle metabolism between males and females may contribute to sex differences in insulin sensitivity following HIIT/SIT, but well-controlled studies evaluating purported muscle mechanisms alongside measurement of insulin sensitivity are needed. Given the greater representation of males in muscle physiology literature, there is also a need for more research involving female-only cohorts to enhance our basic understanding of how intense interval training influences muscle insulin sensitivity in females across the lifespan.
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14
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Wadsworth DD, Suire KB, Peart A, Foote S, Jones C, Rodriguez-Hernandez M, McDonald JR, Pascoe DD. Concurrent Exercise Training: Long-Term Changes in Body Composition and Motives for Continued Participation in Women with Obesity. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7040110. [PMID: 36547656 PMCID: PMC9785733 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7040110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this project was to examine the effect of a concurrent exercise program (sprint interval training and resistance exercise) on body composition in women with obesity and factors associated with continued exercise participation following the program. Twenty women (37.1 ± 7.4 y, height = 1.63 ± 0.09 m, weight = 98.22 ± 0.22 kg, BMI = 34.2 ± 2.50 kg/m2) participated in a 10-week exercise intervention consisting of a sprint interval treadmill protocol and resistance training three times a week totaling 30 sessions. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (iDXA) at pretest, 12 weeks, and six months post-intervention. Semi-structured interviews assessed participants’ perception of the program at both 12 weeks and six months. Participants significantly reduced fat mass (p < 0.001), gynoid fat mass (p < 0.010), android fat mass (p = 0.003), and visceral fat mass (p = 0.003) at 12 weeks post-test. At six months, participants maintained their reductions in fat mass (p = 0.015), visceral fat (p = 0.040) and gynoid fat mass (p = 0.032). There were no significant main time effects in lean mass (p = 0.099) or caloric intake (p = 0.053) at 12 weeks or six months. Themes that emerged from the semi-structured interviews at 12 weeks reflected enjoyment in the training, increases in competence and knowledge, as well as apprehension of continuing training on their own. At six months, themes that emerged reflected overcoming barriers, competence regarding high-intensity training, and a lack of competence to engage in resistance training. Sprint interval training coupled with resistance training is a feasible exercise protocol for women with obesity and results in reduced fat mass over six months. Improving women’s competence for training is imperative for continued participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle D. Wadsworth
- Exercise Adherence and Obesity Prevention Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Kameron B. Suire
- Exercise Adherence and Obesity Prevention Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Division of Physical Activity and Weight Management, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Ashley Peart
- Exercise Adherence and Obesity Prevention Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Shelby Foote
- Exercise Adherence and Obesity Prevention Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Chloe Jones
- Exercise Adherence and Obesity Prevention Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Mynor Rodriguez-Hernandez
- Exercise Adherence and Obesity Prevention Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Department of Education Western Campus, University of Costa Rica, San Ramon, CA 20209, USA
| | - James R. McDonald
- Exercise Adherence and Obesity Prevention Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - David D. Pascoe
- Exercise Adherence and Obesity Prevention Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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15
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Zmudzka M, Zoladz JA, Majerczak J. The impact of aging and physical training on angiogenesis in the musculoskeletal system. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14228. [PMID: 36348663 PMCID: PMC9637352 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the physiological process of capillary growth. It is strictly regulated by the balanced activity of agents that promote the formation of capillaries (pro-angiogenic factors) on the one hand and inhibit their growth on the other hand (anti-angiogenic factors). Capillary rarefaction and insufficient angiogenesis are some of the main causes that limit blood flow during aging, whereas physical training is a potent non-pharmacological method to intensify capillary growth in the musculoskeletal system. The main purpose of this study is to present the current state of knowledge concerning the key signalling molecules implicated in the regulation of skeletal muscle and bone angiogenesis during aging and physical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zmudzka
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy A. Zoladz
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Majerczak
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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16
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Bonafiglia JT, Islam H, Preobrazenski N, Gurd BJ. Risk of bias and reporting practices in studies comparing VO 2max responses to sprint interval vs. continuous training: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2022; 11:552-566. [PMID: 33722760 PMCID: PMC9532877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains unclear whether studies comparing maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) response to sprint interval training (SIT) vs. moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) are associated with a high risk of bias and poor reporting quality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk of bias and quality of reporting in studies comparing changes in VO2max between SIT and MICT. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive literature search of 4 major databases: AMED, CINAHL, EMBASE, and MEDLINE. Studies were excluded if participants were not healthy adult humans or if training protocols were unsupervised, lasted less than 2 weeks, or utilized mixed exercise modalities. We used the Cochrane Collaboration tool and the CONSORT checklist for non-pharmacological trials to evaluate the risk of bias and reporting quality, respectively. RESULTS Twenty-eight studies with 30 comparisons (3 studies included 2 SIT groups) were included in our meta-analysis (n = 360 SIT participants: body mass index (BMI) = 25.9 ± 3.7 kg/m2, baseline VO2max = 37.9 ± 8.0 mL/kg/min; n = 359 MICT participants: BMI = 25.5 ± 3.8 kg/m2, baseline VO2max = 38.3 ± 8.0 mL/kg/min; all mean ± SD). All studies had an unclear risk of bias and poor reporting quality. CONCLUSION Although we observed a lack of superiority between SIT and MICT for improving VO2max (weighted Hedge's g = -0.004, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): -0.08 to 0.07), the overall unclear risk of bias calls the validity of this conclusion into question. Future studies using robust study designs are needed to interrogate the possibility that SIT and MICT result in similar changes in VO2max.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Hashim Islam
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Nicholas Preobrazenski
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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17
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MØLLER SOPHIE, HANSEN CAMILLACOLLIN, EHLERS THOMASSVARE, TAMARIZ-ELLEMANN ANDREA, TOLBORG SARAHÁRÒGVI, KURELL MELANIEEMMONDS, PÉREZ-GÓMEZ JORGE, PATRZALEK SIMONSCHULTZ, MAULITZ CHRISTINE, HELLSTEN YLVA, GLIEMANN LASSE. Exercise Training Lowers Arterial Blood Pressure Independently of Pannexin 1 in Men with Essential Hypertension. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1417-1427. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Khalafi M, Ravasi AA, Malandish A, Rosenkranz SK. The impact of high-intensity interval training on postprandial glucose and insulin: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2022; 186:109815. [PMID: 35271876 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2022.109815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on postprandial glucose (PPG) and insulin (PPI) versus non-exercise control and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in participants with both normal and impaired glucose. METHODS The PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science electronic databases were searched up to October 2021 for randomized trials evaluating HIIT versus control and/or versus MICT on glucose and insulin AUC using oral glucose tolerance testing. Subgroup analyses based on intervention duration (short-duration < 8 weeks, moderate-duration ≥ 8 weeks), baseline glucose levels (normal glucose and impaired glucose) and type of HIIT (L-HIIT and SIT) were also conducted across included studies. RESULTS A total of 25 studies involving 870 participants were included in the current meta-analysis. HIIT effectively reduced glucose [-0.37 (95% CI -0.60 to -0.13), p = 0.002] and insulin [-0.36 (95% CI -0.68 to -0.04), p = 0.02] AUC when compared with a CON group. Reductions in glucose AUC were significant for those with impaired glucose at baseline (p = 0.03), but not for those with normal glucose levels (p = 0.11) and following moderate-duration (p = 0.01), but not short-duration interventions (p = 0.18). However, there were no differences in glucose (p = 0.76) or insulin (p = 0.43) AUC between HIIT and MICT intervention arms. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that both HIIT and MICT are effective for reducing postprandial glycemia and insulinemia, particularly by moderate-duration interventions, and in those with impaired glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousa Khalafi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Ali A Ravasi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Malandish
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Sara K Rosenkranz
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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19
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Kon M, Ebi Y, Nakagaki K. Hormonal, metabolic, and angiogenic responses to all-out sprint interval exercise under systemic hyperoxia. Growth Horm IGF Res 2022; 63:101445. [PMID: 35168036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hyperoxic gas inhalation during exercise may negatively affect all-out sprint interval exercise (SIE)-induced hormonal, metabolic, and angiogenic responses. We investigated the effects of acute all-out SIE under systemic hyperoxia on hormonal, metabolic, and angiogenic responses. DESIGN This was a randomised-crossover trial. Ten healthy males (mean ± standard error of age = 23.1 ± 0.9 years; height = 171.0 ± 1.6 cm; body mass = 66.2 ± 2.0 kg; body mass index = 22.6 ± 0.5 kg/m2) completed the following two experimental regimens: 1) SIE under normoxia and 2) SIE under systemic hyperoxia (FiO2 = 60%). The subjects performed four bouts of 30-s maximal cycling efforts with 4 min recovery between efforts. The circulating levels of hormonal (growth hormone, epinephrine, and norepinephrine), metabolic (glucose, free fatty acid, and lactate), and angiogenic (vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9, and endostatin) markers were measured before and at 0 (immediately after the regimen), 30, and 120 min after both regimens. RESULTS In response to both SIE regimens, the peak and mean power outputs gradually decreased over the intermittent exercise session compared with those in the first bout (p < 0.01) with no significant differences between the regimens. Both regimens significantly increased the circulating concentrations of all hormonal, metabolic, and angiogenic markers (p < 0.01). However, there were no significant differences in the levels of these markers in response to the two regimens at any time point (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that acute systemic hyperoxia does not influence the hormonal, metabolic, and angiogenic responses to all-out SIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Kon
- Department of Health Care and Sports, Faculty of Human Life Design, Toyo University, 1-7-11, Akabanedai, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0053, Japan; Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0056, Japan.
| | - Yoshiko Ebi
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0056, Japan
| | - Kohei Nakagaki
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0056, Japan; Department of Sports Sciences, Yamanashi Gakuin University, 2-4-5 Sakaori, Kofu, Yamanashi 158-8508, Japan
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20
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AL-DHUHLI F, AL-SIYABI S, AL-MAAMARI H, AL-FARSI S, ALBARWANI S. Moderate-Intensity Exercise Training Reduces Vasorelaxation of Mesenteric Arteries: Role of BKCa Channels and Nitric Oxide. Physiol Res 2022; 71:67-77. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training (ET) is well established to induce vascular adaptations on the metabolically active muscles. These adaptations include increased function of vascular potassium channels and enhanced endothelium-dependent relaxations. However, the available data on the effect of ET on vasculatures that normally constrict during exercise, such as mesenteric arteries (MA), are scarce and not conclusive. Therefore, this study hypothesized that 10 weeks of moderate-intensity ET would result in adaptations towards more vasoconstriction or/and less vasodilatation of MA. Young Fischer 344 rats were randomly assigned to a sedentary group (SED; n=24) or exercise training group (EXE; n=28). The EXE rats underwent a progressive treadmill ET program for 10 weeks. Isometric tensions of small (SED; 252.9±29.5 µm, EXE; 248.6±34.4 µm) and large (SED; 397.7±85.3 µm, EXE; 414.0±86.95 µm) MA were recorded in response to cumulative phenylephrine concentrations (PE; 0-30 µM) in the presence and absence of the BKCa channel blocker, Iberiotoxin (100 nM). In another set of experiments, tensions in response to cumulative concentration-response curves of acetylcholine (ACh) or sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were obtained, and pEC50s were compared. Immunoblotting was performed to measure protein expression levels of the BKCa channel subunits and eNOS. ET did not alter the basal tension of small and large MA but significantly increased their responses to PE, and reduced the effect of BKCa channels in opposing the contractile responses to PE without changes in the protein expression level of BKCa subunits. ET also elicited a size-dependent functional adaptations that involved reduced endothelium-independent and endothelium-dependent relaxations. In large MA the sensitivity to SNP was decreased more than in small MA suggesting impaired nitric oxide (NO)-dependent mechanisms within the vascular smooth muscle cells of ET group. Whereas the shift in pEC50 of ACh-induced relaxation of small MA would suggest more effect on the production of NO within the endothelium, which is not changed in large MA of ET group. However, the eNOS protein expression level was not significantly changed between the ET and SED groups. In conclusion, our results indicate an increase in contraction and reduced relaxation of MA after 10 weeks of ET, an adaptation that may help shunt blood flow to metabolically active tissues during acute exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- F AL-DHUHLI
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - S AL-SIYABI
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - H AL-MAAMARI
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - S AL-FARSI
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - S ALBARWANI
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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21
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Edwards J, De Caux A, Donaldson J, Wiles J, O'Driscoll J. Isometric exercise versus high-intensity interval training for the management of blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2021; 56:506-514. [PMID: 34911677 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to compare the efficacy of isometric exercise training (IET) versus high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in the management of resting blood pressure (BP). DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES PubMed (MEDLINE), the Cochrane library and SPORTDiscus were systematically searched. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials published between 1 January 2000 and 1 September 2020. Research trials reporting the effects of IET or HIIT on resting BP following a short-term intervention (2-12 weeks). RESULTS 38 studies were analysed (18 IET and 20 HIIT), including 1583 (672 IET and 911 HIIT) participants, of which 612 (268 IET and 344 HIIT) were controls.IET produced significantly greater reductions in resting BP compared with HIIT with systolic, diastolic and mean BP effect sizes of 8.50 mm Hg vs 2.86 mm Hg (Q=17.10, p<0.001), 4.07 mm Hg vs 2.48 mm Hg (Q=4.71, p=0.03) and 6.46 mm Hg vs 3.15 mm Hg (Q=4.21, p=0.04) respectively. However, HIIT reduced resting heart rate significantly more than IET (3.17bpm vs 1.34bpm, Q=7.63, p=0.006). CONCLUSION While both modes are efficacious, IET appears to be the superior mode of exercise in the management of resting BP. However, HIIT may achieve wider physiological benefits, with greater reductions in resting heart rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Edwards
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent, UK
| | - Anthony De Caux
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent, UK
| | - James Donaldson
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent, UK.,Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jonathan Wiles
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent, UK
| | - Jamie O'Driscoll
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent, UK
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22
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Skelly LE, Bailleul C, Gillen JB. Physiological Responses to Low-Volume Interval Training in Women. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2021; 7:99. [PMID: 34940959 PMCID: PMC8702506 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00390-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interval training is a form of exercise that involves intermittent bouts of relatively intense effort interspersed with periods of rest or lower-intensity exercise for recovery. Low-volume high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) induce physiological and health-related adaptations comparable to traditional moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in healthy adults and those with chronic disease despite a lower time commitment. However, most studies within the field have been conducted in men, with a relatively limited number of studies conducted in women cohorts across the lifespan. This review summarizes our understanding of physiological responses to low-volume interval training in women, including those with overweight/obesity or type 2 diabetes, with a focus on cardiorespiratory fitness, glycemic control, and skeletal muscle mitochondrial content. We also describe emerging evidence demonstrating similarities and differences in the adaptive response between women and men. Collectively, HIIT and SIT have consistently been demonstrated to improve cardiorespiratory fitness in women, and most sex-based comparisons demonstrate similar improvements in men and women. However, research examining insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle mitochondrial responses to HIIT and SIT in women is limited and conflicting, with some evidence of blunted improvements in women relative to men. There is a need for additional research that examines physiological adaptations to low-volume interval training in women across the lifespan, including studies that directly compare responses to MICT, evaluate potential mechanisms, and/or assess the influence of sex on the adaptive response. Future work in this area will strengthen the evidence-base for physical activity recommendations in women.
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23
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Herrod PJJ, Atherton PJ, Smith K, Williams JP, Lund JN, Phillips BE. Six weeks of high-intensity interval training enhances contractile activity induced vascular reactivity and skeletal muscle perfusion in older adults. GeroScience 2021; 43:2667-2678. [PMID: 34562202 PMCID: PMC8602610 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00463-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairments in muscle microvascular function are associated with the pathogenesis of sarcopenia and cardiovascular disease. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an intervention by which a myriad of beneficial skeletal muscle/cardiovascular adaptations have been reported across age, including capillarisation and improved endothelial function. Herein, we hypothesised that HIIT would enhance muscle microvascular blood flow and vascular reactivity to acute contractile activity in older adults, reflecting HIIT-induced vascular remodelling. In a randomised controlled-trial, twenty-five healthy older adults aged 65–85 years (mean BMI 27.0) were randomised to 6-week HIIT or a no-intervention control period of an equal duration. Measures of microvascular responses to a single bout of muscle contractions (i.e. knee extensions) were made in the m. vastus lateralis using contrast-enhanced ultrasound during a continuous intravenous infusion of Sonovue™ contrast agent, before and after the intervention period, with concomitant assessments of cardiorespiratory fitness and resting blood pressure. HIIT led to improvements in anaerobic threshold (13.2 ± 3.4 vs. 15.3 ± 3.8 ml/kg/min, P < 0.001), dynamic exercise capacity (145 ± 60 vs. 159 ± 59 W, P < 0.001) and resting (systolic) blood pressure (142 ± 15 vs. 133 ± 11 mmHg, P < 0.01). Notably, HIIT elicited significant increases in microvascular blood flow responses to acute contractile activity (1.8 ± 0.63 vs. 2.3 ± 0.8 (arbitrary contrast units (AU), P < 0.01)), with no change in any of these parameters observed in the control group. Six weeks HIIT improves skeletal muscle microvascular responsiveness to acute contractile activity in the form of active hyperaemia-induced by a single bout of resistance exercise. These findings likely reflect reports of enhanced large vessel distensibility, improved endothelial function, and muscle capillarisation following HIIT. Moreover, our findings illustrate that HIIT may be effective in mitigating deleterious alterations in muscle microvascular mediated aspects of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J J Herrod
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, DE22 3DT, Derby, UK.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Anaesthetics and Surgery, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
| | - Philip J Atherton
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, DE22 3DT, Derby, UK.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, DE22 3DT, Derby, UK.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - John P Williams
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, DE22 3DT, Derby, UK.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Anaesthetics and Surgery, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
| | - Jonathan N Lund
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, DE22 3DT, Derby, UK.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Anaesthetics and Surgery, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, DE22 3DT, Derby, UK. .,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.
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24
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Kelly DT, Cregg CJ, O'Connor PL, Cullen BD, Moyna NM. Physiological and performance responses of sprint interval training and endurance training in Gaelic football players. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2265-2275. [PMID: 33914154 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE While ideal for developing aerobic capacity, traditional endurance training (ET) is extremely time-consuming and may lack the specificity to maintain indices of speed and power in team sport athletes. In contrast, low-volume short-duration sprint interval training (SIT) has been shown to improve [Formula: see text]O2max to a similar extent as ET. However, to date, few studies have compared the effects of running-based SIT and ET, on aerobic capacity and indices of speed and power of trained team sport athletes. METHODS Club level male Gaelic football players were randomly assigned to SIT (n = 13; 26.5 ± 4.87 years) or ET (n = 12; 25.4 ± 2.58 years) groups. Participants trained 3 days week-1 for 6 weeks. [Formula: see text]O2max, RE, v[Formula: see text]O2max, blood lactate concentrations, Wingate test performance, running speed, jump performance and intermittent endurance performance (IEP) were measured at baseline and after 6 weeks. RESULTS An increase in [Formula: see text]O2max (p < 0.05), v[Formula: see text]O2max (p < 0.001) and IEP (p < 0.001) following 6 weeks of both SIT and ET was observed. Wingate mean power (p < 0.001), peak power (p < 0.001) and fatigue index (p < 0.005) were all significantly improved following training in both groups. Velocity at LT was significantly higher and performance in the 20-m running speed and VJ tests were significantly reduced post training in the ET group (all p < 0.005). CONCLUSION Despite the large difference in total training time, a running-based protocol of SIT is a time efficient training method for improving aerobic capacity and IEP while maintaining indices of lower body power and running speed in team-sport players.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Kelly
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland.
- SHE Research Group, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland.
| | - Cathal J Cregg
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Connacht Gaelic Athletic Association, Centre of Excellence, Bekan, Ireland
| | - Paul L O'Connor
- Department of Health Sciences, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Bryan D Cullen
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niall M Moyna
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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25
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Li X, Han T, Zou X, Zhang H, Feng W, Wang H, Shen Y, Zhang L, Fang G. Long-term high-intensity interval training increases serum neurotrophic factors in elderly overweight and obese Chinese adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2773-2785. [PMID: 34148146 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04746-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effects of 12-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and vigorous-intensity continuous training (VICT) on cognitive function, physical fitness, VO2max, serum neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors in overweight and obese elderly individuals. METHODS Twenty-nine physically inactive older adults (18 males and 11 females) with a mean age of 64.8 ± 3.9 years were randomly divided into a control group (CON, n = 9), an HIIT group (4 × 3 min at 90% VO2max interspersed with 3 min at 60% VO2max, n = 10) and a VICT group (25 min at 70% VO2max, n = 10) and submitted to 12 weeks of training. Cognitive function questionnaires, physical fitness, VO2max, serum neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors were determined at baseline and post training. RESULTS Twelve weeks of HIIT and VICT improved the VO2max (4.19 ± 2.21 and 1.84 ± 1.63 mL/kg/min, respectively, p = 0.005), sit-and-reach distance (8.7 ± 3.0 and 7.8 ± 3.8 cm, p = 0.033), choice reaction time (- 0.115 ± 0.15 and - 0.09 ± 0.15 s, p = 0.004) and one-leg stand time (4.4 ± 3.4 and 4.2 ± 4.0 s, p < 0.001) of the elderly participants. The serum concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (375.5 ± 247.9 and 227.0 ± 137.1 pg/ml, p = 0.006), nerve growth factor (33.9 ± 16.7 and 23.3 ± 14.5 pg/ml, p = 0.037), neurotrophin-3 (24.2 ± 9.33 and 16.3 ± 5.91 pg/ml, p = 0.006) and neurotrophin-4 (10.4 ± 3.8 and 7.8 ± 5.0 pg/ml, p = 0.029) increased significantly in the HIIT and VICT groups after training. In addition, compared to VICT, HIIT significantly increased VO2max and the serum neurotrophin-3 concentration. Serum concentrations of the neurotransmitters acetylcholine, dopamine and serotonin trended upward with training. No significant change was observed in the cognitive function questionnaire scores (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION HIIT is suitable for elderly adults and is more effective than VICT for improving VO2max and serum neurotrophin-3 concentrations. CHINESE CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER No. ChiCTR1900022315, date of registration: 4 April 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Li
- China Institute of Sport Science, 11 Tiyuguan Road, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100061, China
| | - Tianyu Han
- China Institute of Sport Science, 11 Tiyuguan Road, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100061, China
| | - Xu Zou
- Beijing Aerospace General Hospital, 7 Wanyuan North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100076, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Beijing Aerospace General Hospital, 7 Wanyuan North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100076, China
| | - Wenpin Feng
- China Institute of Sport Science, 11 Tiyuguan Road, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100061, China
| | - Han Wang
- China Institute of Sport Science, 11 Tiyuguan Road, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100061, China
| | - Yulin Shen
- China Institute of Sport Science, 11 Tiyuguan Road, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100061, China
| | - Li Zhang
- China Institute of Sport Science, 11 Tiyuguan Road, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100061, China.
| | - Guoliang Fang
- China Institute of Sport Science, 11 Tiyuguan Road, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100061, China.
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26
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Lim C, Dunford EC, Valentino SE, Oikawa SY, McGlory C, Baker SK, Macdonald MJ, Phillips SM. Both Traditional and Stair Climbing-based HIIT Cardiac Rehabilitation Induce Beneficial Muscle Adaptations. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1114-1124. [PMID: 33394901 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a lack of knowledge as to how different exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation programming affects skeletal muscle adaptations in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. We first characterized the skeletal muscle from adults with CAD compared with a group of age- and sex-matched healthy adults. We then determined the effects of a traditional moderate-intensity continuous exercise program (TRAD) or a stair climbing-based high-intensity interval training program (STAIR) on skeletal muscle metabolism in CAD. METHODS Sixteen adults (n = 16, 61 ± 7 yr), who had undergone recent treatment for CAD, were randomized to perform (3 d·wk-1) either TRAD (n = 7, 30 min at 60%-80% of peak heart rate) or STAIR (n = 9, 3 × 6 flights) for 12 wk. Muscle biopsies were collected at baseline in both CAD and healthy controls (n = 9), and at 4 and 12 wk after exercise training in CAD patients undertaking TRAD or STAIR. RESULTS We found that CAD had a lower capillary-to-fiber ratio (C/Fi, 35% ± 25%, P = 0.06) and capillary-to-fiber perimeter exchange (CFPE) index (23% ± 29%, P = 0.034) in Type II fibers compared with healthy controls. However, 12 wk of cardiac rehabilitation with either TRAD or STAIR increased C/Fi (Type II, 23% ± 14%, P < 0.001) and CFPE (Type I, 10% ± 23%, P < 0.01; Type II, 18% ± 22%, P = 0.002). CONCLUSION Cardiac rehabilitation via TRAD or STAIR exercise training improved the compromised skeletal muscle microvascular phenotype observed in CAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhyun Lim
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, CANADA
| | - Emily C Dunford
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, CANADA
| | | | - Sara Y Oikawa
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, CANADA
| | - Chris McGlory
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queens University, Kingston, ON, CANADA
| | - Steve K Baker
- Department of Neurology, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, CANADA
| | | | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, CANADA
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27
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Abstract
CONTEXT Insulin resistance is the main triggering factor for type 2 diabetes. Recently, it has been reported that high-intensity sprint interval training (SIT) was effective for improving glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity despite lower training volume. However, the mechanisms underlying the SIT-induced increases in glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity have not been well-understood. Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) and apelin, which are novel myokines, have a favourable effect on glucose metabolism. OBJECTIVE We examined the impact of acute SIT on FSTL1 and apelin secretions. METHODS Eight healthy men were enrolled in this study. The subjects performed acute SIT consisting of four 30-s all-out cycling efforts with 4-min rest periods. Blood samples were obtained before and after the acute SIT to measure FSTL1 and apelin concentrations. RESULTS FSTL1 and apelin both significantly increased following acute SIT. CONCLUSION Acute SIT may be an effective stimulus for increasing of FSTL1 and apelin secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Kon
- School of International Liberal Studies, Chukyo University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Ebi
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Nakagaki
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Sports Sciences, Yamanashi Gakuin University, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan
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28
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Bagley L, Al-Shanti N, Bradburn S, Baig O, Slevin M, McPhee JS. Sex Comparison of Knee Extensor Size, Strength, and Fatigue Adaptation to Sprint Interval Training. J Strength Cond Res 2021. [PMID: 29533360 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bagley, L, Al-Shanti, N, Bradburn, S, Baig, O, Slevin, M, and McPhee, JS. Sex comparison of knee extensor size, strength, and fatigue adaptation to sprint interval training. J Strength Cond Res 35(1): 64-71, 2021-Regular sprint interval training (SIT) improves whole-body aerobic capacity and muscle oxidative potential, but very little is known about knee extensor anabolic or fatigue resistance adaptations, or whether effects are similar for men and women. The purpose of this study was to compare sex-related differences in knee extensor size, torque-velocity relationship, and fatigability adaptations to 12-week SIT. Sixteen men and 15 women (mean [SEM] age: 41 [±2.5] years) completed measurements of total body composition assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area (CSAQ) assessed by magnetic resonance imaging, the knee extensor torque-velocity relationship (covering 0-240°·s-1) and fatigue resistance, which was measured as the decline in torque from the first to the last of 60 repeated concentric knee extensions performed at 180°·s-1. Sprint interval training consisted of 4 × 20-second sprints on a cycle ergometer set at an initial power output of 175% of power at V̇o2max, 3 times per week for 12 weeks. Quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area increased by 5% (p = 0.023) and fatigue resistance improved 4.8% (p = 0.048), with no sex differences in these adaptations (sex comparisons: p = 0.140 and p = 0.282, respectively). Knee extensor isometric and concentric torque was unaffected by SIT in both men and women (p > 0.05 for all velocities). Twelve-week SIT, totaling 4 minutes of very intense cycling per week, significantly increased fatigue resistance and CSAQ similarly in men and women, but did not significantly increase torque in men or women. These results suggest that SIT is a time-effective training modality for men and women to increase leg muscle size and fatigue resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Bagley
- School of Healthcare Science, John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
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29
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Ducret V, Richards AJ, Videlier M, Scalvenzi T, Moore KA, Paszkiewicz K, Bonneaud C, Pollet N, Herrel A. Transcriptomic analysis of the trade-off between endurance and burst-performance in the frog Xenopus allofraseri. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:204. [PMID: 33757428 PMCID: PMC7986297 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07517-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variation in locomotor capacity among animals often reflects adaptations to different environments. Despite evidence that physical performance is heritable, the molecular basis of locomotor performance and performance trade-offs remains poorly understood. In this study we identify the genes, signaling pathways, and regulatory processes possibly responsible for the trade-off between burst performance and endurance observed in Xenopus allofraseri, using a transcriptomic approach. RESULTS We obtained a total of about 121 million paired-end reads from Illumina RNA sequencing and analyzed 218,541 transcripts obtained from a de novo assembly. We identified 109 transcripts with a significant differential expression between endurant and burst performant individuals (FDR ≤ 0.05 and logFC ≥2), and blast searches resulted in 103 protein-coding genes. We found major differences between endurant and burst-performant individuals in the expression of genes involved in the polymerization and ATPase activity of actin filaments, cellular trafficking, proteoglycans and extracellular proteins secreted, lipid metabolism, mitochondrial activity and regulators of signaling cascades. Remarkably, we revealed transcript isoforms of key genes with functions in metabolism, apoptosis, nuclear export and as a transcriptional corepressor, expressed in either burst-performant or endurant individuals. Lastly, we find two up-regulated transcripts in burst-performant individuals that correspond to the expression of myosin-binding protein C fast-type (mybpc2). This suggests the presence of mybpc2 homoeologs and may have been favored by selection to permit fast and powerful locomotion. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the differential expression of genes belonging to the pathways of calcium signaling, endoplasmic reticulum stress responses and striated muscle contraction, in addition to the use of alternative splicing and effectors of cellular activity underlie locomotor performance trade-offs. Ultimately, our transcriptomic analysis offers new perspectives for future analyses of the role of single nucleotide variants, homoeology and alternative splicing in the evolution of locomotor performance trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Ducret
- UMR 7179 MECADEV, C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., Département Adaptations du Vivant, 55 Rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Adam J Richards
- Station d'Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS, USR 2936, 09200, Moulis, France
| | - Mathieu Videlier
- Functional Ecology Lab, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Thibault Scalvenzi
- Evolution, Génomes, Comportement & Ecologie, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Karen A Moore
- Exeter Sequencing Service, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Konrad Paszkiewicz
- Exeter Sequencing Service, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Camille Bonneaud
- Station d'Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS, USR 2936, 09200, Moulis, France
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Nicolas Pollet
- Evolution, Génomes, Comportement & Ecologie, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Station d'Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS, USR 2936, 09200, Moulis, France
- Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
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30
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Mattioni Maturana F, Martus P, Zipfel S, NIEß AM. Effectiveness of HIIE versus MICT in Improving Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Health and Disease: A Meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:559-573. [PMID: 32890201 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to investigate differences between high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE, including high-intensity interval training and sprint interval training) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on physical fitness, body composition, blood pressure, blood lipids, insulin and glucose metabolism, inflammation, and endothelial function. METHODS Differences between HIIE and MICT were summarized using a random-effects meta-analysis on the effect size (Cohen's d). A meta-regression was conducted using the following subgroups: population, age, training duration, men ratio, exercise type, baseline values (clinical relevant ranges), and type of HIIE. Studies were included if at least one of the following outcomes were reported: maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max), flow-mediated dilation (FMD), body mass index (BMI), body mass, percent body fat, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, total cholesterol, C-reactive protein (CRP), fasting glucose and insulin, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). A total of 55 studies were included. RESULTS Overall, HIIE was superior to MICT in improving V˙O2max (d = 0.40, P < 0.001) and FMD (d = 0.54, P < 0.05). Oppositely, MICT was superior to HIIE in improving HbA1c (d = -0.27, P < 0.05). No differences were observed in BMI (d = -0.02), body mass (d = -0.05), percent body fat (d = 0.04), systolic blood pressure (d = -0.04), diastolic blood pressure (d = 0.03), HDL (d = -0.05), LDL (d = 0.08), triglycerides (d = 0.03), total cholesterol (d = 0.14), CRP (d = -0.11), fasting insulin (d = 0.02), fasting glucose (d = 0.02), and HOMA-IR (d = -0.04). Moderator analyses indicated that the difference between HIIE and MICT was affected by different subgroups. CONCLUSION Overall, HIIE showed to be more effective in improving cardiovascular health and cardiorespiratory fitness, whereas MICT was superior in improving long-term glucose metabolism. In the process of personalized training counseling, health-enhancing effects of exercise training may be improved by considering the individual risk profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Martus
- Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometrics Department, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, GERMANY
| | - Stephan Zipfel
- Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy Department, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, GERMANY
| | - Andreas M NIEß
- Sports Medicine Department, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, GERMANY
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31
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Olsen LN, Fischer M, Evans PA, Gliemann L, Hellsten Y. Does Exercise Influence the Susceptibility to Arterial Thrombosis? An Integrative Perspective. Front Physiol 2021; 12:636027. [PMID: 33708141 PMCID: PMC7940832 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.636027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial thrombosis is the primary cause of death worldwide, with the most important risk factors being smoking, unhealthy diet, and physical inactivity. However, although there are clear indications in the literature of beneficial effects of physical activity in lowering the risk of cardiovascular events, exercise can be considered a double-edged sword in that physical exertion can induce an immediate pro-thrombotic environment. Epidemiological studies show an increased risk of cardiovascular events after acute exercise, a risk, which appear to be particularly apparent in individuals with lifestyle-related disease. Factors that cause the increased susceptibility to arterial thrombosis with exercise are both chemical and mechanical in nature and include circulating catecholamines and vascular shear stress. Exercise intensity plays a marked role on such parameters, and evidence in the literature accordingly points at a greater susceptibility to thrombus formation at high compared to light and moderate intensity exercise. Of importance is, however, that the susceptibility to arterial thrombosis appears to be lower in exercise-conditioned individuals compared to sedentary individuals. There is currently limited data on the role of acute and chronic exercise on the susceptibility to arterial thrombosis, and many studies include incomplete assessments of thrombogenic clotting profile. Thus, further studies on the role of exercise, involving valid biomarkers, are clearly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Nørregaard Olsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Fischer
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Phillip Adrian Evans
- Haemostasis Biomedical Research Unit, Welsh Centre for Emergency Medicine Research, Morriston Hospital, SBU Health Board, Swansea, United Kingdom.,College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Lasse Gliemann
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Izadi MR, Habibi A, Khodabandeh Z, Nikbakht M. Synergistic effect of high-intensity interval training and stem cell transplantation with amniotic membrane scaffold on repair and rehabilitation after volumetric muscle loss injury. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 383:765-779. [PMID: 33128624 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03304-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite the high regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle, volumetric muscle loss (VML) is an irrecoverable injury. One therapeutic approach is the implantation of engineered biologic scaffolds enriched with stem cells. The objective of this study is to investigate the synergistic effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and stem cell transplantation with an amniotic membrane scaffold on innervation, vascularization and muscle function after VML injury. A VML injury was surgically created in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle in rats. The animals were randomly assigned to three groups: untreated negative control group (untreated), decellularized human amniotic membrane bio-scaffold group (dHAM) and dHAM seeded with adipose-derived stem cells, which differentiate into skeletal muscle cells (dHAM-ADSCs). Then, each group was divided into sedentary and HIIT subgroups. The exercise training protocol consisted of treadmill running for 8 weeks. The animals underwent in vivo functional muscle tests to evaluate maximal isometric contractile force. Regenerated TA muscles were harvested for molecular analyses and explanted tissues were analyzed with histological methods. The main finding was that HIIT promoted muscle regeneration, innervation and vascularization in regenerated areas in HIIT treatment subgroups, especially in the dHAM-ADSC subgroup. In parallel with innervation, maximal isometric force also increased in vivo. HIIT upregulated neurotrophic factor gene expression in skeletal muscle. The amniotic membrane bio-scaffold seeded with differentiated ADSC, in conjunction with exercise training, improved vascular perfusion and innervation and enhanced the functional and morphological healing process after VML injury. The implications of these findings are of potential importance for future efforts to develop engineered biological scaffolds and for the use of interval training programs in rehabilitation after VML injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Izadi
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Abdolhamid Habibi
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zahra Khodabandeh
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Masood Nikbakht
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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Ferguson RA, Mitchell EA, Taylor CW, Bishop DJ, Christiansen D. Blood-flow-restricted exercise: Strategies for enhancing muscle adaptation and performance in the endurance-trained athlete. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:837-860. [PMID: 33486814 DOI: 10.1113/ep089280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? Blood-flow-restricted (BFR) exercise represents a potential approach to augment the adaptive response to training and improve performance in endurance-trained individuals. What advances does it highlight? When combined with low-load resistance exercise, low- and moderate-intensity endurance exercise and sprint interval exercise, BFR can provide an augmented acute stimulus for angiogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis. These augmented acute responses can translate into enhanced capillary supply and mitochondrial function, and subsequent endurance-type performance, although this might depend on the nature of the exercise stimulus. There is a requirement to clarify whether BFR training interventions can be used by high-performance endurance athletes within their structured training programme. ABSTRACT A key objective of the training programme for an endurance athlete is to optimize the underlying physiological determinants of performance. Training-induced adaptations are governed by physiological and metabolic stressors, which initiate transcriptional and translational signalling cascades to increase the abundance and/or function of proteins to improve physiological function. One important consideration is that training adaptations are reduced as training status increases, which is reflected at the molecular level as a blunting of the acute signalling response to exercise. This review examines blood-flow-restricted (BFR) exercise as a strategy for augmenting exercise-induced stressors and subsequent molecular signalling responses to enhance the physiological characteristics of the endurance athlete. Focus is placed on the processes of capillary growth and mitochondrial biogenesis. Recent evidence supports that BFR exercise presents an intensified training stimulus beyond that of performing the same exercise alone. We suggest that this has the potential to induce enhanced physiological adaptations, including increases in capillary supply and mitochondrial function, which can contribute to an improvement in performance of endurance exercise. There is, however, a lack of consensus regarding the potency of BFR training, which is invariably attributable to the different modes, intensities and durations of exercise and BFR methods. Further studies are needed to confirm its potential in the endurance-trained athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Ferguson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Emma A Mitchell
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Conor W Taylor
- Ineos Grenadiers Cycling Team, Bollin House, Wilmslow, UK
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danny Christiansen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Izadi MR, Habibi A, Khodabandeh Z, Nikbakht M. Simultaneous Effects of High Intensity Interval Training and Human Amniotic Membrane Scaffold on Rat Tibialis Anterior Vascularization and Innervation after Volumetric Muscle Loss Injury. Int J Organ Transplant Med 2021; 12:33-43. [PMID: 34987731 PMCID: PMC8717877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the high regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle, volumetric muscle loss (VML) is an irrecoverable injury. One therapeutic approach is the implantation of engineered biologic scaffolds. OBJECTIVE To investigate the simultaneous effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and the use of decellularized human amniotic membrane (dHAM) scaffolds on vascularization, growth factor, and neurotrophic factor gene expression, and muscle force generation in the tibialis anterior (TA) of rats after VML injury. METHODS VML injury was created in the TA of 24 rats, which were randomly divided into two groups-12 animals with and 12 without the use of a dHAM scaffold. After injury, each group was further divided into two groups of 6 animals each-sedentary and HIIT. Blood vessels were visualized and counted by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The PowerLab converter assay was used to evaluate isometric contraction force. The relative expression of neurotrophic factors and growth factor genes was measured with reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). RESULTS The number of blood vessels in the whole regenerating areas showed a significant difference in the dHAM-HIIT and dHAM-sedentary groups compared to the sedentary group without dHAM (p=0.001 and p=0.003, respectively). BDNF and GDNF mRNA levels in the dHAM-HIIT group were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those in other groups; NGF mRNA levels did not differ significantly among groups. Isometric contraction force in the dHAM-HIIT group was significantly (p=0.001) greater compared to the sedentary group without dHAM. CONCLUSION Combined use of dHAM scaffoldsand HIIT would improve the structure of the injured muscle during regeneration after VML by better vascular perfusion. HIIT leads to greater force generation and innervation by modulating neurotrophic factor synthesis in regenerating muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Izadi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Exercise Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - A. Habibi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Exercise Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Z. Khodabandeh
- Stem Cell Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M. Nikbakht
- Stem Cell Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Rafiei H, Omidian K, Myette-Côté É, Little JP. Metabolic Effect of Breaking Up Prolonged Sitting with Stair Climbing Exercise Snacks. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:150-158. [PMID: 32555024 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prolonged sitting is associated with cardiometabolic complications. The study purpose was to investigate whether breaking up prolonged sitting with brief stair climbing exercise "snacks" could lower postprandial insulin, glucose, and free fatty acids responses. METHODS In two separate randomized crossover studies, 12 young healthy-weight men (study 1) and 11 adults with overweight/obesity (OW; study 2) completed two experimental conditions: i) sedentary (SED; 9-h sitting) and ii) stair climbing snacks (SS; 8 × 15-30 s once per hour). The same high-glycemic index meals were consumed at 0, 3, and 6 h at each condition. The primary outcome was total insulin area under the curve (AUC) across 9 h. RESULTS In healthy-weight men, there were no significant differences between SS and SED for total (9-h) insulin AUC (P = 0.24, d = 0.4), total glucose AUC (P = 0.17, d = 0.48), total nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) AUC (P = 0.22, d = 0.4), or total triglyceride AUC (P = 0.72). In adults with OW, total insulin AUC (-16.5%, P = 0.036, d = 0.94) and total NEFA AUC (-21%, P = 0.016, d = 1.2) were significantly lower in SS versus SED. No differences were found for total glucose and triglyceride AUC (all, P > 0.31) in participants with OW. CONCLUSIONS Breaking up 9 h of prolonged sitting with hourly brief stair climbing exercise snacks lowered postprandial insulin and NEFA levels in adults with overweight/obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Rafiei
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, CANADA
| | - Kosar Omidian
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, CANADA
| | - Étienne Myette-Côté
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, CANADA
| | - Jonathan Peter Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, CANADA
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Zanuzo KÉ, Guareschi ZM, Detogni AC, Huning LP, Rodrigues PF, Porto EM, Grassiolli S, Amorim JPA. Physical exercise associated with vitamin D chronic supplementation reduces kidney injury induced by monosodium glutamate. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20201097. [PMID: 33331449 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020201097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate the effects of chronic vitamin D (VD) supplementation associated with regular swimming over renal histomorphometric aspects in obese rats. Thirty Wistar male rats (5 days old) were used. Twenty four rats were given subcutaneous injections of monosodium glutamate (MSG; 4 g/kg), and six control rats were given an equimolar saline solution. At 21-days-old, the MSG-treated rats were randomly distributed among sedentary animals (S) and exercised (E, swimming; 3x/week). These groups were subdivided into groups orally supplemented with VD (12 μg/kg; 3x/week) or not supplemented (NS), totaling Five experimental groups (n = 6 rats/group): MSG, MSG-SVD, MSG-ENS, MSG-EVD and control groups. In MSG-obese rats, there was such as a decrease in the diameter of the, glomerular tuft, Bowman's capsule, Bowman's space areas, and renal cortical thickness, compared to the control group. In MSG-SVD, MSG-ENS, and MSG-EVD animals, there was an increase in the cortical thickness in relation to the MSG group. In MSG-ENS and MSG-EVD animals, there was a reduction of tubular degeneration in relation to the MSG group. We conclude that physical exercise associated with Vitamin D supplementation can prevent of renal injury, increasing the thickness of the renal cortex and decrease the tubular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- KÉsia Zanuzo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas a Saúde, Universidade Estaudual do Oeste do Paraná/UNIOESTE, Rodovia Vitório Traiano, Km 02, Contorno Leste, Água Branca, 85601-970 Francisco Beltrão, PR, Brazil
| | - ZoÉ M Guareschi
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná/UNIOESTE, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Fisiologia Metabólica, Rua Universitária, 2069, Universitário, 85819-110 Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Anna Caroliny Detogni
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná/UNIOESTE, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Laboratório de Biologia Tecidual e da Reprodução, Rua Universitária, 2069, Universitário, 85819-110 Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Luiz Pierre Huning
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná/UNIOESTE, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Fisiologia Metabólica, Rua Universitária, 2069, Universitário, 85819-110 Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Patrick F Rodrigues
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná/UNIOESTE, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Fisiologia Metabólica, Rua Universitária, 2069, Universitário, 85819-110 Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Elaine M Porto
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná/UNIOESTE, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Laboratório de Biologia Tecidual e da Reprodução, Rua Universitária, 2069, Universitário, 85819-110 Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Grassiolli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas a Saúde, Universidade Estaudual do Oeste do Paraná/UNIOESTE, Rodovia Vitório Traiano, Km 02, Contorno Leste, Água Branca, 85601-970 Francisco Beltrão, PR, Brazil.,Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná/UNIOESTE, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Fisiologia Metabólica, Rua Universitária, 2069, Universitário, 85819-110 Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - JoÃo Paulo A Amorim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas a Saúde, Universidade Estaudual do Oeste do Paraná/UNIOESTE, Rodovia Vitório Traiano, Km 02, Contorno Leste, Água Branca, 85601-970 Francisco Beltrão, PR, Brazil.,Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná/UNIOESTE, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Laboratório de Biologia Tecidual e da Reprodução, Rua Universitária, 2069, Universitário, 85819-110 Cascavel, PR, Brazil
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Fiorenza M, Gliemann L, Brandt N, Bangsbo J. Hormetic modulation of angiogenic factors by exercise-induced mechanical and metabolic stress in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H824-H834. [PMID: 32822216 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00432.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study used an integrative experimental model in humans to investigate whether muscle angiogenic factors are differentially modulated by exercise stimuli eliciting different degrees of mechanical and metabolic stress. In a randomized crossover design, 12 men performed two low-volume high-intensity exercise regimens, including short sprint intervals (SSI) or long sprint intervals (LSI) inducing pronounced mechanical/metabolic stress, and a high-volume moderate-intensity continuous exercise protocol (MIC) inducing mild but prolonged mechanical/metabolic stress. Gene and protein expression of angiogenic factors was determined in vastus lateralis muscle samples obtained before and after exercise. Exercise upregulated muscle VEGF mRNA to a greater extent in LSI and MIC compared with SSI. Analysis of angiogenic factors sensitive to shear stress revealed more marked exercise-induced VEGF receptor 2 (VEGF-R2) mRNA responses in MIC than SSI, as well as greater platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA responses in LSI than SSI. No apparent exercise-induced phosphorylation of shear stress-sensory proteins VEGF-R2Tyr1175, PECAM-1Tyr713, and eNOSSer1177 was observed despite robust elevations in femoral artery shear stress. Exercise evoked greater mRNA responses of the mechanical stretch sensor matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) in SSI than MIC. Exercise-induced mRNA responses of the metabolic stress sensor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) were more profound in LSI than SSI. These results suggest that low-volume high-intensity exercise transcriptionally activates angiogenic factors in a mechanical/metabolic stress-dependent manner. Furthermore, the angiogenic potency of low-volume high-intensity exercise appears similar to that of high-volume moderate-intensity exercise, but only on condition of eliciting severe mechanical/metabolic stress. We conclude that the angiogenic stimulus produced by exercise depends on both magnitude and protraction of myocellular homeostatic perturbations.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Skeletal muscle capillary growth is orchestrated by angiogenic factors sensitive to mechanical and metabolic signals. In this study, we employed an integrative exercise model to synergistically target, yet to different extents and for different durations, the mechanical and metabolic components of muscle activity that promote angiogenesis. Our results suggest that the magnitude of the myocellular perturbations incurred during exercise determines the amplitude of the angiogenic molecular signals, implying hormetic modulation of skeletal muscle angiogenesis by exercise-induced mechanical and metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fiorenza
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L Gliemann
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N Brandt
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Bangsbo
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lew JKS, Pearson JT, Saw E, Tsuchimochi H, Wei M, Ghosh N, Du CK, Zhan DY, Jin M, Umetani K, Shirai M, Katare R, Schwenke DO. Exercise Regulates MicroRNAs to Preserve Coronary and Cardiac Function in the Diabetic Heart. Circ Res 2020; 127:1384-1400. [PMID: 32907486 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.317604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Diabetic heart disease (DHD) is a debilitating manifestation of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Exercise has been proposed as a potential therapy for DHD, although the effectiveness of exercise in preventing or reversing the progression of DHD remains controversial. Cardiac function is critically dependent on the preservation of coronary vascular function. OBJECTIVE We aimed to elucidate the effectiveness and mechanisms by which exercise facilitates coronary and cardiac-protection during the onset and progression of DHD. METHODS AND RESULTS Diabetic db/db and nondiabetic mice, with or without underlying cardiac dysfunction (16 and 8 weeks old, respectively) were subjected to either moderate-intensity exercise or high-intensity exercise for 8 weeks. Subsequently, synchrotron microangiography, immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to assess time-dependent changes in cardiac and coronary structure and function associated with diabetes mellitus and exercise and determine whether these changes reflect the observed changes in cardiac-enriched and vascular-enriched microRNAs (miRNAs). We show that, if exercise is initiated from 8 weeks of age, both moderate-intensity exercise and high-intensity exercise prevented the onset of coronary and cardiac dysfunction, apoptosis, fibrosis, microvascular rarefaction, and disruption of miRNA signaling, as seen in the nonexercised diabetic mice. Conversely, the cardiovascular benefits of moderate-intensity exercise were absent if the exercise was initiated after the diabetic mice had already established cardiac dysfunction (ie, from 16 weeks of age). The experimental silencing or upregulation of miRNA-126 activity suggests the mechanism underpinning the cardiovascular benefits of exercise were mediated, at least in part, through tissue-specific miRNAs. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide the first experimental evidence for the critical importance of early exercise intervention in ameliorating the onset and progression of DHD. Our results also suggest that the beneficial effects of exercise are mediated through the normalization of cardiovascular-enriched miRNAs, which are dysregulated in DHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Kar-Sheng Lew
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (J.K.-S.L., E.S., M.W., N.G., R.K., D.O.S.)
| | - James T Pearson
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan (J.T.P., H.T., C.-K.D., D.-Y.Z., M.-H.K.).,Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia (J.T.P.)
| | - Eugene Saw
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (J.K.-S.L., E.S., M.W., N.G., R.K., D.O.S.)
| | - Hirotsugu Tsuchimochi
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan (J.T.P., H.T., C.-K.D., D.-Y.Z., M.-H.K.)
| | - Melanie Wei
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (J.K.-S.L., E.S., M.W., N.G., R.K., D.O.S.)
| | - Nilanjan Ghosh
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (J.K.-S.L., E.S., M.W., N.G., R.K., D.O.S.)
| | - Cheng-Kun Du
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan (J.T.P., H.T., C.-K.D., D.-Y.Z., M.-H.K.)
| | - Dong-Yun Zhan
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan (J.T.P., H.T., C.-K.D., D.-Y.Z., M.-H.K.)
| | - Meihua Jin
- Department of Advanced Medical Research for Pulmonary Hypertension, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan (M.S., M.J.)
| | - Keiji Umetani
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Hyogo, Japan (K.U.)
| | - Mikiyasu Shirai
- Department of Advanced Medical Research for Pulmonary Hypertension, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan (M.S., M.J.)
| | - Rajesh Katare
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (J.K.-S.L., E.S., M.W., N.G., R.K., D.O.S.)
| | - Daryl O Schwenke
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (J.K.-S.L., E.S., M.W., N.G., R.K., D.O.S.)
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Cramer MN, Hieda M, Huang M, Moralez G, Crandall CG. Dietary nitrate supplementation does not influence thermoregulatory or cardiovascular strain in older individuals during severe ambient heat stress. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:1730-1741. [PMID: 32816341 DOI: 10.1113/ep088834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Does dietary nitrate supplementation with beetroot juice attenuate thermoregulatory and cardiovascular strain in older adults during severe heat stress? What is the main finding and its importance? A 7-day nitrate supplementation regimen lowered resting mean arterial pressure in thermoneutral conditions. During heat stress, core and mean skin temperatures, vasodilatory responses, sweat loss, heart rate and left ventricular function were unchanged, and mean arterial pressure was only transiently reduced, post-supplementation. These data suggest nitrate supplementation with beetroot juice does not mitigate thermoregulatory or cardiovascular strain in heat-stressed older individuals. ABSTRACT This study tested the hypothesis that dietary nitrate supplementation with concentrated beetroot juice attenuates thermoregulatory and cardiovascular strain in older individuals during environmental heat stress. Nine healthy older individuals (six females, three males; aged 67 ± 5 years) were exposed to 42.5 ± 0.1°C and 34.0 ± 0.5% relative humidity conditions for 120 min before (CON) and after 7 days of dietary nitrate supplementation with concentrated beetroot juice (BRJ; 280 ml, ∼16.8 mmol of nitrate daily). Core and skin temperatures, body mass changes (indicative of whole-body sweat loss), skin blood flow and cutaneous vascular conductance, forearm blood flow and vascular conductance, heart rate, arterial blood pressures and indices of cardiac function were measured. The 7-day beetroot juice regimen increased plasma nitrate/nitrite levels from 27.4 ± 15.2 to 477.0 ± 102.5 μmol l-1 (P < 0.01) and lowered resting mean arterial pressure from 90 ± 7 to 83 ± 10 mmHg at baseline under thermoneutral conditions (P = 0.02). However, during subsequent heat stress, no differences in core and skin temperatures, skin blood flow and vascular conductance, forearm blood flow and vascular conductance, whole-body sweat loss, heart rate, and echocardiographic indices of systolic function and diastolic filling were evident following nitrate supplementation (all P > 0.05). Mean arterial pressure was lower in BRJ vs. CON during heat stress (treatment-by-time interaction: P = 0.02). Overall, these findings suggest that dietary nitrate supplementation with concentrated beetroot juice does not attenuate thermoregulatory or cardiovascular strain in older individuals exposed to severe ambient heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Cramer
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michinari Hieda
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mu Huang
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Applied Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Gilbert Moralez
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Applied Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Craig G Crandall
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Oviedo GR, Javierre C, Font-Farré M, Tamulevicius N, Carbó-Carreté M, Figueroa A, Pérez-Testor S, Cabedo-Sanromá J, Moss SJ, Massó-Ortigosa N, Guerra-Balic M. Intellectual disability, exercise and aging: the IDEA study: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1266. [PMID: 32819350 PMCID: PMC7439526 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09353-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with intellectual disabilities (ID) have low levels of physical activity (PA) together with accelerated aging profiles. Adherence to PA interventions for persons with ID is low based on barriers such as motivation. The IDEA study aims to determine the effect of two types of exercise programs, continuous aerobic (CAEP) vs sprint interval training (SIT), designed for seniors with ID on health-related physical fitness, cardiovascular parameters, quality of life (QoL), and emotional and cognitive function. METHODS In this trial, ninety seniors with ID between the ages of 40 and 75 yrs. from occupational health centers from the Autonomous Region of Catalonia (Spain) will be recruited. Participants will be randomly allocated to the CAEP, SIT, and control group. Both intervention groups will train 3 days/week, 1.5 h/day over 6 months. Outcome variables will be assessed at baseline, 6 months and 12 months. The outcome variables include weight, height, body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, balance, flexibility, cardiovascular parameters (blood pressure, pulse-wave velocity, pulse-wave analysis), QoL and cognitive function. The intervention effect will be determined with mixed models with repeated measures to assess changes in the outcome variables over time (baseline to month 12) and between study arms. Relationship between variables will be analyzed with appropriate regression analyses. DISCUSSION Various studies reported on CAEP and SIT as exercise interventions for persons with ID with beneficial outcomes on body composition, fitness and blood pressure. To our knowledge, this is the first trial designed to analyse the positive changes on fitness, PA levels, cardiovascular, QoL and cognitive function promoted by CAEP training and SIT in seniors with ID. The findings of this study will assist in the development of more effective exercise interventions to ensure better compliance and adherence to exercise in seniors with ID. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial is registered at the ISRCTN registry. Registration number: ISRCTN43594228 . Registered 11 February 2019 - Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo R Oviedo
- Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sport Science Blanquerna, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain. .,School of Health Science Blanquerna, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Casimiro Javierre
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Font-Farré
- Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sport Science Blanquerna, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nauris Tamulevicius
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, College of Natural and Health Sciences, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | | | - Arturo Figueroa
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Susana Pérez-Testor
- Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sport Science Blanquerna, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Cabedo-Sanromá
- Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sport Science Blanquerna, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah J Moss
- Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation Research Focus Area, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | | | - Myriam Guerra-Balic
- Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sport Science Blanquerna, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
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Whytock KL, Shepherd SO, Cocks M, Wagenmakers AJM, Strauss JA. Young, healthy males and females present cardiometabolic protection against the detrimental effects of a 7-day high-fat high-calorie diet. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:1605-1617. [PMID: 32789769 PMCID: PMC7987629 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02357-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE High-fat, high-calorie (HFHC) diets have been used as a model to investigate lipid-induced insulin resistance. Short-term HFHC diets reduce insulin sensitivity in young healthy males, but to date, no study has directly compared males and females to elucidate sex-specific differences in the effects of a HFHC diet on functional metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes. METHODS Eleven males (24 ± 4 years; BMI 23 ± 2 kg.m-2; V̇O2 peak 62.3 ± 8.7 ml.min-1.kg-1FFM) were matched to 10 females (25 ± 4 years; BMI 23 ± 2 kg.m-2; V̇O2 peak 58.2 ± 8.2 ml.min-1.kg-1FFM). Insulin sensitivity, measured via oral glucose tolerance test, metabolic flexibility, arterial stiffness, body composition and blood lipids and liver enzymes were measured before and after 7 days of a high-fat (65% energy) high-calorie (+ 50% kcal) diet. RESULTS The HFHC diet did not change measures of insulin sensitivity, metabolic flexibility or arterial stiffness in either sex. There was a trend towards increased total body fat mass (kg) after the HFHC diet (+ 1.8% and + 2.3% for males and females, respectively; P = 0.056). In contrast to females, males had a significant increase in trunk to leg fat mass ratio (+ 5.1%; P = 0.005). CONCLUSION Lean, healthy young males and females appear to be protected from the negative cardio-metabolic effects of a 7-day HFHC diet. Future research should use a prolonged positive energy balance achieved via increased energy intake and reduced energy expenditure to exacerbate negative metabolic and cardiovascular functional outcomes to determine whether sex-specific differences exist under more metabolically challenging conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Whytock
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sam O Shepherd
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matt Cocks
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anton J M Wagenmakers
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Juliette A Strauss
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
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Williams JS, Del Giudice M, Gurd BJ, Pyke KE. Reproducible improvement in endothelial function following two separate periods of high-intensity interval training in young men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:725-731. [PMID: 32790591 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00054.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) can improve vascular function, as assessed by brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD). However, when separated by a period of detraining, the reproducibility of FMD responses to repeated periods of HIIT is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the group mean and intraindividual reproducibility of FMD responses to two 4-wk periods of HIIT, separated by 3 mo of detraining. Thirteen healthy, recreationally active men (21 ± 2 yr) completed the study. Each 4-wk HIIT period included 40 min of treadmill training four times/week. Each training session included four 7-min intervals: 4 min at 90%-95% heart rate maximum (HRmax) and 3 min at 70%-75% HRmax. Vascular (FMD) and cardiorespiratory fitness (maximal oxygen consumption [V̇o2max]) assessments were conducted before and following each 4-wk training period. Training resulted in significant improvements in V̇o2max (P < 0.001). Training also improved FMD (P < 0.001), with no differences between periods (P = 0.394), even after controlling for changes in baseline diameter and the shear rate stimulus. There was a significant, moderate relationship between the change in FMD in HIIT period 1 versus period 2 [R2 = 0.493, P = 0.011, intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.600, coefficient of variation: 17.3%]. Consecutive periods of HIIT separated by detraining resulted in similar improvements in FMD at the group level, and individual FMD changes in period 1 of HIIT predicted FMD changes in response to period 2. Considered alongside substantial between-participant variability in magnitude of FMD improvement, this suggests that there are reproducible, interindividual differences in the potential to improve vascular function with HIIT.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study examining endothelial function [flow-mediated dilation (FMD)] following repeated periods of high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Two periods of HIIT separated by detraining resulted in reproducible group-level improvements in FMD. Despite considerable between-subject variability in FMD adaptation, individual FMD changes with the first HIIT period predicted FMD changes in the second period. This indicates the existence of reproducible between-subject differences in susceptibility to FMD improvement with HIIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Williams
- Cardiovascular Stress Response Lab, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Del Giudice
- Muscle Physiology Lab, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - B J Gurd
- Muscle Physiology Lab, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - K E Pyke
- Cardiovascular Stress Response Lab, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Chu DJ, Al Rifai M, Virani SS, Brawner CA, Nasir K, Al-Mallah MH. The relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness, cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2020; 304:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Hemodynamic Adaptations Induced by Short-Term Run Interval Training in College Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17134636. [PMID: 32605106 PMCID: PMC7369875 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Perceived lack of time is one of the most often cited barriers to exercise participation. High intensity interval training has become a popular training modality that incorporates intervals of maximal and low-intensity exercise with a time commitment usually shorter than 30 min. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of short-term run interval training (RIT) on body composition (BC) and cardiorespiratory responses in undergraduate college students. Nineteen males (21.5 ± 1.6 years) were randomly assigned to a non-exercise control (CON, n = 10) or RIT (n = 9). Baseline measurements of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate (HRrest), double product (DP) and BC were obtained from both groups. VO2max and running speed associated with VO2peak (sVO2peak) were then measured. RIT consisted of three running treadmill sessions per week over 4 weeks (intervals at 100% sVO2peak, recovery periods at 40% sVO2peak). There were no differences in post-training BC or VO2max between groups (p > 0.05). HRrest (p = 0.006) and DP (p ≤ 0.001) were lower in the RIT group compared to CON at completion of the study. RIT lowered HRrest and DP in the absence of appreciable BC and VO2max changes. Thereby, RIT could be an alternative model of training to diminish health-related risk factors in undergraduate college students.
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45
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Kon M, Nakagaki K, Ebi Y. Effect of practical hyperoxic high-intensity interval training on exercise performance. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2020; 280:103481. [PMID: 32553888 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of a practical hyperoxic high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on aerobic and anaerobic exercise capacity. Sixteen male athletes were randomized into 2 groups: normoxic HIIT (NHIIT, n = 8) group or hyperoxic HIIT (HHIIT, n = 8) group and trained for 3 weeks (2 days/week) on a cycle ergometer (2-min intervals, with 2-min rest between intervals) at maximal workload, which was obtained during a maximal graded exercise test under normoxia. All training sessions were performed until exhaustion. Participants performed maximal graded exercise, submaximal exercise, and 90-s maximal exercise tests before and after the training period. Maximal oxygen uptake (P < 0.01) increased significantly in both groups. Blood lactate curve during submaximal exercise improved significantly only in the HHIIT group (P < 0.01). Mean power output during maximal exercise increased significantly only in the HHIIT group (P = 0.02). This study demonstrated that a practical hyperoxic HHIIT might be effective for improving aerobic capacity and anaerobic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Kon
- School of International Liberal Studies, Chukyo University, 101-2 Yagotohonmachi, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8666, Japan; Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 115-0056, Japan.
| | - Kohei Nakagaki
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 115-0056, Japan; Department of Sports Sciences, Yamanashi Gakuin University, 2-4-5 Sakaori, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Ebi
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 115-0056, Japan
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46
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Strauss JA, Ranasinghe C, Cowley E, Schwingshackl L, Shepherd SO, Chaplin M, Garner P. High-intensity interval training for reducing cardiometabolic syndrome in healthy but sedentary populations. Hippokratia 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliette A Strauss
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool UK
| | - Chathuranga Ranasinghe
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; University of Colombo; Colombo Sri Lanka
| | - Emma Cowley
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool UK
| | - Lukas Schwingshackl
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine; Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Sam O Shepherd
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool UK
| | - Marty Chaplin
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine; Liverpool UK
| | - Paul Garner
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine; Liverpool UK
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47
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Gibala MJ. Physiological basis of interval training for performance enhancement. Exp Physiol 2020; 106:2324-2327. [PMID: 32362039 DOI: 10.1113/ep088190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? This review considers the physiological basis of interval training for performance enhancement, with an emphasis on the capacity for aerobic energy provision. What advances does it highlight? It highlights advances regarding the effect of interval training on primary physiological determinants of aerobic energy provision, which are associated with performance. ABSTRACT Interval training refers to an intermittent style of exercise, in which bouts of more intense effort are interspersed with recovery periods within a given training session. Physiological responses to interval training depend on numerous factors, including the specific nature of the intervention and the initial training state of the individual. Interval training improves performance in part by enhancing the capacity for aerobic energy provision, even in those who are already trained. Two primary mechanisms in this regard are an increased whole-body maximal oxygen uptake and an enhanced capacity for oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle owing to an increase in mitochondria. In comparison to moderate-intensity continuous exercise, interval training can elicit superior responses when total work is matched, and similar responses despite a reduced training volume and time commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Gibala
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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48
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Parise G, Murrant CL, Cocks M, Snijders T, Baum O, Plyley MJ. Capillary facilitation of skeletal muscle function in health and disease. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:453-462. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is highly vascularized, with perfusion being tightly regulated to meet wide-ranging metabolic demands. For decades, the capillary supply has been explored mainly in terms of evaluating the capillary numbers and their function in the supply of oxygen and substrates and the removal of metabolic byproducts. This review will focus on recent discoveries concerning the role played by capillaries in facilitating other aspects of cell regulation and maintenance, in health and disease, as well as alterations during the aging process. Novelty Capillaries play a central role in the coordination of the vascular response that controls blood flow during contraction and the cellular responses to which they feed into. Nitric oxide is an important regulatory compound within the cardiovascular system, and a significant contributor to skeletal muscle capillary angiogenesis and vasodilatory response to agonists. The microvascular network between muscle fibres may play a critical role in the distribution of signalling factors necessary for optimal muscle satellite cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Parise
- McMaster University, Departments of Kinesiology and Medical Physics & Applied Radiation Science, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Coral L. Murrant
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Matthew Cocks
- Liverpool John Moores University, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool, L3 5UG, UK
| | - Tim Snijders
- Maastricht University, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Oliver Baum
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitäts medizin Berlin, Berlin D-10117, Germany
| | - Michael J. Plyley
- Brock University, Department of Kinesiology, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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Paradis-Deschênes P, Joanisse DR, Mauriège P, Billaut F. Ischemic Preconditioning Enhances Aerobic Adaptations to Sprint-Interval Training in Athletes Without Altering Systemic Hypoxic Signaling and Immune Function. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:41. [PMID: 33345033 PMCID: PMC7739728 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimizing traditional training methods to elicit greater adaptations is paramount for athletes. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) can improve maximal exercise capacity and up-regulate signaling pathways involved in physiological training adaptations. However, data on the chronic use of IPC are scarce and its impact on high-intensity training is still unknown. We investigated the benefits of adding IPC to sprint-interval training (SIT) on performance and physiological adaptations of endurance athletes. In a randomized controlled trial, athletes included eight SIT sessions in their training routine for 4 weeks, preceded by IPC (3 × 5 min ischemia/5 min reperfusion cycles at 220 mmHg, n = 11) or a placebo (20 mmHg, n = 9). Athletes were tested pre-, mid-, and post-training on a 30 s Wingate test, 5-km time trial (TT), and maximal incremental step test. Arterial O2 saturation, heart rate, rate of perceived exertion, and quadriceps muscle oxygenation changes in total hemoglobin (Δ[THb]), deoxyhemoglobin (Δ[HHb]), and tissue saturation index (ΔTSI) were measured during exercise. Blood samples were taken pre- and post-training to determine blood markers of hypoxic response, lipid-lipoprotein profile, and immune function. Differences within and between groups were analyzed using Cohen's effect size (ES). Compared to PLA, IPC improved time to complete the TT (Mid vs. Post: -1.6%, Cohen's ES ± 90% confidence limits -0.24, -0.40;-0.07) and increased power output (Mid vs. Post: 4.0%, ES 0.20, 0.06;0.35), Δ[THb] (Mid vs. Post: 73.6%, ES 0.70, -0.15;1.54, Pre vs. Post: 68.5%, ES 0.69, -0.05;1.43), Δ[HHb] (Pre vs. Post: 12.7%, ES 0.24, -0.11;0.59) and heart rate (Pre vs. Post: 1.4%, ES 0.21, -0.13;0.55, Mid vs. Post: 1.6%, ES 0.25, -0.09;0.60). IPC also attenuated the fatigue index in the Wingate test (Mid vs. Post: -8.4%, ES -0.37, -0.79;0.05). VO2peak and maximal aerobic power remained unchanged in both groups. Changes in blood markers of the hypoxic response, vasodilation, and angiogenesis remained within the normal clinical range in both groups. We concluded that IPC combined with SIT induces greater adaptations in cycling endurance performance that may be related to muscle perfusion and metabolic changes. The absence of elevated markers of immune function suggests that chronic IPC is devoid of deleterious effects in athletes, and is thus a safe and potent ergogenic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pénélope Paradis-Deschênes
- Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Denis R. Joanisse
- Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Pascale Mauriège
- Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - François Billaut
- Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
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50
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Roerink SHPP, Cocks MS, Wagenmakers MAEM, Rodighiero RP, Strauss JA, Shepherd SO, Plantinga TS, Thijssen DHJ, Hopman MTE, Pereira AM, Smit JW, Wagenmakers AJM, Netea-Maier RT, Hermus ARMM. Decreased Aerobic Exercise Capacity After Long-Term Remission From Cushing Syndrome: Exploration of Mechanisms. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5681573. [PMID: 31858120 PMCID: PMC7067548 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although major improvements are achieved after cure of Cushing syndrome (CS), fatigue and decreased quality of life persist. This is the first study to measure aerobic exercise capacity in patients in remission of CS for more than 4 years in comparison with matched controls, and to investigate whether the reduction in exercise capacity is related to alterations in muscle tissue. METHODS Seventeen patients were included. A control individual, matched for sex, estrogen status, age, body mass index, smoking, ethnicity, and physical activity level was recruited for each patient. Maximal aerobic capacity (VO2peak) was assessed during incremental bicycle exercise to exhaustion. In 8 individually matched patients and controls, a percutaneous muscle biopsy was obtained and measures were made of cross-sectional areas, capillarization, and oxphos complex IV (COXIV) protein content as an indicator of mitochondrial content. Furthermore, protein content of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and eNOS phosphorylated on serine1177 and of the NAD(P)H-oxidase subunits NOX2, p47phox, and p67phox were measured in the microvascular endothelial layer. FINDINGS Patients showed a lower mean VO2peak (SD) (28.0 [7.0] vs 34.8 [7.9] ml O2/kg bw/min, P < .01), maximal workload (SD) (176 [49] vs 212 [67] watt, P = .01), and oxygen pulse (SD) (12.0 [3.7] vs 14.8 [4.2] ml/beat, P < .01) at VO2peak. No differences were seen in muscle fiber type-specific cross-sectional area, capillarization measures, mitochondrial content, and protein content of eNOS, eNOS-P-ser1177, NOX2, p47phox, and p67phox. INTERPRETATION Because differences in muscle fiber and microvascular outcome measures are not statistically significant, we hypothesize that cardiac dysfunction, seen in active CS, persists during remission and limits blood supply to muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean H P P Roerink
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
- Correspondence: Sean H. P. P. Roerink, MD, Department of Endocrinology (471), PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands. E-mail:
| | - Matthew S Cocks
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Margreet A E M Wagenmakers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Raffaella P Rodighiero
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Juliette A Strauss
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sam O Shepherd
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Theo S Plantinga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Dick H J Thijssen
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Maria T E Hopman
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Alberto M Pereira
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jan W Smit
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anton J M Wagenmakers
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Romana T Netea-Maier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ad R M M Hermus
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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