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Thompson MD, Reiner-Link D, Berghella A, Rana BK, Rovati GE, Capra V, Gorvin CM, Hauser AS. G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) pharmacogenomics. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2024:1-44. [PMID: 39119983 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2024.2358304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The field of pharmacogenetics, the investigation of the influence of one or more sequence variants on drug response phenotypes, is a special case of pharmacogenomics, a discipline that takes a genome-wide approach. Massively parallel, next generation sequencing (NGS), has allowed pharmacogenetics to be subsumed by pharmacogenomics with respect to the identification of variants associated with responders and non-responders, optimal drug response, and adverse drug reactions. A plethora of rare and common naturally-occurring GPCR variants must be considered in the context of signals from across the genome. Many fundamentals of pharmacogenetics were established for G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes because they are primary targets for a large number of therapeutic drugs. Functional studies, demonstrating likely-pathogenic and pathogenic GPCR variants, have been integral to establishing models used for in silico analysis. Variants in GPCR genes include both coding and non-coding single nucleotide variants and insertion or deletions (indels) that affect cell surface expression (trafficking, dimerization, and desensitization/downregulation), ligand binding and G protein coupling, and variants that result in alternate splicing encoding isoforms/variable expression. As the breadth of data on the GPCR genome increases, we may expect an increase in the use of drug labels that note variants that significantly impact the clinical use of GPCR-targeting agents. We discuss the implications of GPCR pharmacogenomic data derived from the genomes available from individuals who have been well-phenotyped for receptor structure and function and receptor-ligand interactions, and the potential benefits to patients of optimized drug selection. Examples discussed include the renin-angiotensin system in SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection, the probable role of chemokine receptors in the cytokine storm, and potential protease activating receptor (PAR) interventions. Resources dedicated to GPCRs, including publicly available computational tools, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Thompson
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Reiner-Link
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alessandro Berghella
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brinda K Rana
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - G Enrico Rovati
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valerie Capra
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Caroline M Gorvin
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander S Hauser
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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van der Westhuizen ET. Single nucleotide variations encoding missense mutations in G protein-coupled receptors may contribute to autism. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2158-2181. [PMID: 36787962 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism is a neurodevelopmental condition with a range of symptoms that vary in intensity and severity from person to person. Genetic sequencing has identified thousands of genes containing mutations in autistic individuals, which may contribute to the development of autistic symptoms. Several of these genes encode G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are cell surface expressed proteins that transduce extracellular messages to the intracellular space. Mutations in GPCRs can impact their function, resulting in aberrant signalling within cells and across neurotransmitter systems in the brain. This review summarises the current knowledge on autism-associated single nucleotide variations encoding missense mutations in GPCRs and the impact of these genetic mutations on GPCR function. For some autism-associated mutations, changes in GPCR expression levels, ligand affinity, potency and efficacy have been observed. However, for many the functional consequences remain unknown. Thus, further work to characterise the functional impacts of the genetically identified mutations is required. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Therapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: hot topics from the Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists 2021 Virtual Annual Scientific Meeting. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.14/issuetoc.
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Caniceiro AB, Bueschbell B, Barreto CA, Preto AJ, Moreira IS. MUG: A mutation overview of GPCR subfamily A17 receptors. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 21:586-600. [PMID: 36659920 PMCID: PMC9822836 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate several signaling pathways through a general mechanism that involves their activation, upholding a chain of events that lead to the release of molecules responsible for cytoplasmic action and further regulation. These physiological functions can be severely altered by mutations in GPCR genes. GPCRs subfamily A17 (dopamine, serotonin, adrenergic and trace amine receptors) are directly related with neurodegenerative diseases, and as such it is crucial to explore known mutations on these systems and their impact in structure and function. A comprehensive and detailed computational framework - MUG (Mutations Understanding GPCRs) - was constructed, illustrating key reported mutations and their effect on receptors of the subfamily A17 of GPCRs. We explored the type of mutations occurring overall and in the different families of subfamily A17, as well their localization within the receptor and potential effects on receptor functionality. The mutated residues were further analyzed considering their pathogenicity. The results reveal a high diversity of mutations in the GPCR subfamily A17 structures, drawing attention to the considerable number of mutations in conserved residues and domains. Mutated residues were typically hydrophobic residues enriched at the ligand binding pocket and known activating microdomains, which may lead to disruption of receptor function. MUG as an interactive web application is available for the management and visualization of this dataset. We expect that this interactive database helps the exploration of GPCR mutations, their influence, and their familywise and receptor-specific effects, constituting the first step in elucidating their structures and molecules at the atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B. Caniceiro
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- PhD in Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Bueschbell
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos A.V. Barreto
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António J. Preto
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Irina S. Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
- Corresponding author at: Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Schmitz GP, Jain MK, Slocum ST, Roth BL. 5-HT 2A SNPs Alter the Pharmacological Signaling of Potentially Therapeutic Psychedelics. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:2386-2398. [PMID: 35894503 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) signaling is essential for the actions of classical psychedelic drugs. In this study, we examined whether sequence variations in the 5-HT2AR gene affect the signaling of four commonly used psychedelic drugs. We examined the in vitro pharmacology of seven non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which give rise to Ser12Asn, Thr25Asn, Asp48Asn, Ile197Val4.47, Ala230Thr, Ala447Val, and His452Tyr variant 5-HT2A serotonin receptors. We found that these non-synonymous SNPs exert statistically significant, although modest, effects on the efficacy and potency of four therapeutically relevant psychedelics. Significantly, the in vitro pharmacological effects of the SNP drug actions at 5-HT2AR are drug specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Schmitz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7365, United States
| | - Manish K Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7365, United States
| | - Samuel T Slocum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7365, United States
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7365, United States
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Elsheikh SSM, Müller DJ, Pouget JG. Pharmacogenetics of Antipsychotic Treatment in Schizophrenia. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2547:389-425. [PMID: 36068471 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2573-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Antipsychotics are the mainstay treatment for schizophrenia. There is large variability between individuals in their response to antipsychotics, both in efficacy and adverse effects of treatment. While the source of interindividual variability in antipsychotic response is not completely understood, genetics is a major contributing factor. The identification of pharmacogenetic markers that predict antipsychotic efficacy and adverse reactions is a growing area of research and holds the potential to replace the current trial-and-error approach to treatment selection in schizophrenia with a personalized medicine approach.In this chapter, we provide an overview of the current state of pharmacogenetics in schizophrenia treatment. The most promising pharmacogenetic findings are presented for both antipsychotic response and commonly studied adverse reactions. The application of pharmacogenetics to schizophrenia treatment is discussed, with an emphasis on the clinical utility of pharmacogenetic testing and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J Müller
- The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Jennie G Pouget
- The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Martín-Guerrero SM, Alonso P, Iglesias A, Cimadevila M, Brea J, Loza MI, Casado P, Martín-Oliva D, Cutillas PR, González-Maeso J, López-Giménez JF. His452Tyr polymorphism in the human 5-HT 2A receptor affects clozapine-induced signaling networks revealed by quantitative phosphoproteomics. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 185:114440. [PMID: 33539816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs remain the current standard for schizophrenia treatment. Although they directly recognize the orthosteric binding site of numerous monoaminergic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), these drugs, and particularly second-generation antipsychotics such as clozapine, all have in common a very high affinity for the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR). Using classical pharmacology and targeted signaling pathway assays, previous findings suggest that clozapine and other atypical antipsychotics behave principally as 5-HT2AR neutral antagonists and/or inverse agonists. However, more recent findings showed that antipsychotics may also behave as pathway-specific agonists. Reversible phosphorylation is a common element in multiple signaling networks. Combining a quantitative phosphoproteomic method with signaling network analysis, we tested the effect of clozapine treatment on the overall level of protein phosphorylation and signal transduction cascades in vitro in mammalian cell lines induced to express either the human 5-HT2AR or the H452Y variant of the gene encoding the 5-HT2AR receptor. This naturally occurring variation within the 5-HT2AR gene was selected because it has been repeatedly associated with schizophrenia patients who do not respond to clozapine treatment. Our data show that short time exposure (5 or 10 min) to clozapine (10-5 M) led to phosphorylation of numerous signaling components of pathways involved in processes such as endocytosis, ErbB signaling, insulin signaling or estrogen signaling. Cells induced to express the H452Y variant showed a different basal phosphoproteome, with increases in the phosphorylation of mTOR signaling components as a translationally relevant example. However, the effect of clozapine on the functional landscape of the phosphoproteome was significantly reduced in cells expressing the 5-HT2AR-H452Y construct. Together, these findings suggest that clozapine behaves as an agonist inducing phosphorylation of numerous pathways downstream of the 5-HT2AR, and that the single nucleotide polymorphism encoding 5-HT2AR-H452Y affects these clozapine-induced phosphorylation-dependent signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Alonso
- Biofarma Research Group, Depto Farmacoloxía, Farmacia e Tecnoloxía Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de investigación CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela. Spain
| | - Alba Iglesias
- Biofarma Research Group, Depto Farmacoloxía, Farmacia e Tecnoloxía Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de investigación CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela. Spain
| | - Marta Cimadevila
- Biofarma Research Group, Depto Farmacoloxía, Farmacia e Tecnoloxía Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de investigación CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela. Spain
| | - José Brea
- Biofarma Research Group, Depto Farmacoloxía, Farmacia e Tecnoloxía Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de investigación CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela. Spain
| | - M Isabel Loza
- Biofarma Research Group, Depto Farmacoloxía, Farmacia e Tecnoloxía Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de investigación CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela. Spain
| | - Pedro Casado
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - David Martín-Oliva
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada. Spain
| | - Pedro R Cutillas
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Javier González-Maeso
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Juan F López-Giménez
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", CSIC, E-18016 Granada, Spain.
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7
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Dolivo DM, Larson SA, Dominko T. Tryptophan metabolites kynurenine and serotonin regulate fibroblast activation and fibrosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3663-3681. [PMID: 30027295 PMCID: PMC11105268 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2880-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathological form of aberrant tissue repair, the complications of which account for nearly half of all deaths in the industrialized world. All tissues are susceptible to fibrosis under particular pathological sets of conditions. Though each type of fibrosis has characteristics and hallmarks specific to that particular condition, there appear to be common factors underlying fibrotic diseases. One of these ubiquitous factors is the paradigm of the activated myofibroblast in the promotion of fibrotic phenotypes. Recent research has implicated metabolic byproducts of the amino acid tryptophan, namely serotonin and kynurenines, in the pathology or potential pharmacologic therapy of fibrosis, in part through their effects on development of myofibroblast phenotypes. Here, we review literature underlying what is known mechanistically about the effects of these compounds and their respective pathways on fibrosis. Pharmacologic administration of kynurenine improves scarring outcomes in vivo likely not only through its well-characterized immunosuppressive properties but also via its demonstrated antagonism of fibroblast activation and of collagen deposition. In contrast, serotonin directly promotes activation of fibroblasts via activation of canonical TGF-β signaling, and overstimulation with serotonin leads to fibrotic outcomes in vivo. Recently discovered feedback inhibition between serotonin and kynurenine pathways also reveals more information about the cellular physiology of tryptophan metabolism and may also underlie possible paradigms for anti-fibrotic therapy. Together, understanding of the effects of tryptophan metabolism on modulation of fibrosis may lead to the development of new therapeutic avenues for treatment through exploitation of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Dolivo
- Biology and Biotechnology Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Sara A Larson
- Biology and Biotechnology Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Tanja Dominko
- Biology and Biotechnology Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA.
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8
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Hou YW, Xiong P, Gu X, Huang X, Wang M, Wu J. Association of Serotonin Receptors with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Curr Med Sci 2018; 38:538-551. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-018-1912-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ghasemi A, Seifi M, Baybordi F, Danaei N, Samadi Rad B. Association between serotonin 2A receptor genetic variations, stressful life events and suicide. Gene 2018. [PMID: 29526601 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM Life events are series of events that disrupt a person's psychological equilibrium and may enhance the development of a disorder such as suicide. Several studies have assessed a relationship between 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) 2A receptor (5-HTR2A) gene polymorphisms with an increased risk of suicide. However, there has been no study about the association between three 5-HTR2A gene polymorphisms, A1438G (rs6311), T102C (rs6313) and C1354T (rs6314), suicide, stressful life, and loss events in a same time. METHODS Relatives of 191 suicide victims were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire designed according to Iranian culture. Venous blood was taken from all subjects for DNA isolation. 5-HTR2A polymorphisms in a total of 191 suicide victims and 218 healthy controls were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare genotype and allele frequencies between suicide and control groups. Correction for multiple comparisons was calculated using Bonferroni correction. RESULTS There was a significant association between the 102 C/C genotype of 5-HTR2A gene and suicide (к2 = 8.700, P = 0.012). Furthermore, we found that suicide victims with a 102 C/C genotype had a significantly higher number of stressful life and loss events (P < 0.05). Genotype and allele distributions of A1438G (rs6311) and C1354T (rs6314) polymorphisms of 5-HTR2A gene showed no differences between suicide victims and control participants and there was no association between genotype distribution and higher number of stressful life and loss events (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that C102T (rs6313) polymorphism of 5-HTR2A gene may be involved in the susceptibility to suicide, higher number of stressful life and loss events, but A1438G (rs6311) and C1354T (rs6314) polymorphisms of 5-HTR2A gene were not associated with suicide, higher number of stressful life and loss events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Ghasemi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Seifi
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Fatemeh Baybordi
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasim Danaei
- School of Health and Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahram Samadi Rad
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tabriz, Iran.
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10
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Cortés-Rodriguez M, Royo JL, Reyes-Palomares A, Lendínez AM, Ruiz-Galdón M, Reyes-Engel A. Sperm count and motility are quantitatively affected by functional polymorphisms of HTR2A, MAOA and SLC18A. Reprod Biomed Online 2018; 36:560-567. [PMID: 29602729 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Spermatozoa and neurones share similar membrane characteristics and features. Associations of multiple polymorphisms traditionally related to neurotransmission were investigated. Infertile men were grouped into controls with normospermia (n = 182) and idiopathic infertile men with asthenozoospermia (n = 103), and analysed as a case-control study and as a quantitative association of each genotype. Ten neurotransmission-associated genetic variants were mapped by SNP analysis using quantitative polymerase chain reaction with TaqMan probes. Men with HTR2A rs6313 had a higher risk of asthenozoospermia (OR = 2.14; P = 0.04). MAOA rs3788862 G carriers displayed an increased risk of asthenozoospermia (OR = 2.29; P = 0.02). The SLC18A1 rs1390938 G allele was more frequent among such cases (0.75 versus 0.87; P < 0.01 and P < 0.01 for Armitage trend test); for SLC18A1 rs2270641 P = 0.02 (case-control frequency) and P = 0.01 (Armitage trend test). MAOA rs3788862 was correlated with sperm motility (Spearman ρ = 0.14; P = 0.02); SLC18A1 rs1390938 was correlated with sperm count and motility (Spearman ρ = 0.20; P < 0.01). Gene polymorphisms of HTR2A, MAOA and SLC18A1, related to neurotransmission, are individually associated with asthenozoospermia through variation in sperm count and motility, without detectable allelic or genotype interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Cortés-Rodriguez
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Jose-Luis Royo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Arturo Reyes-Palomares
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, 29071, Malaga, Spain; Instituto de Fertilidad Clínica Rincón, IVF Laboratory and I+D+i, 29730, Malaga, Spain
| | - Ana M Lendínez
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, 29071, Malaga, Spain; Clinical Laboratories Area, Agencia Sanitaria Costa del Sol, 29603, Marbella, Malaga, Spain
| | - Maximiliano Ruiz-Galdón
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, 29071, Malaga, Spain; Clinical Analysis Service, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Armando Reyes-Engel
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, 29071, Malaga, Spain.
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Eum S, Lee AM, Bishop JR. Pharmacogenetic tests for antipsychotic medications: clinical implications and considerations. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017. [PMID: 27757066 PMCID: PMC5067149 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2016.18.3/jbishop] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Optimizing antipsychotic pharmacotherapy is often challenging due to significant variability in effectiveness and tolerability. Genetic factors influencing pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics may contribute to some of this variability. Research studies have characterized these pharmacogenetic relationships, and some genetic markers are now available as clinical tests. These advances in pharmacogenetics research and test availability have great potential to improve clinical outcomes and quality of life in psychiatric patients. For clinicians considering using pharmacogenetics, it is important to understand the clinical implications and also the limitations of markers included in currently available tests. This review focuses on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic gene variants that are currently available in commercial genetic testing panels. Associations of these variants with clinical efficacy and adverse effects, as well as other clinical implications, in antipsychotic pharmacotherapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seenae Eum
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Adam M Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Bishop
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology; College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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12
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Yang KC, Stepanov V, Martinsson S, Ettrup A, Takano A, Knudsen GM, Halldin C, Farde L, Finnema SJ. Fenfluramine Reduces [11C]Cimbi-36 Binding to the 5-HT2A Receptor in the Nonhuman Primate Brain. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 20:683-691. [PMID: 28911007 PMCID: PMC5581490 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyx051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND [11C]Cimbi-36 is a serotonin 2A receptor agonist positron emission tomography radioligand that has recently been examined in humans. The binding of agonist radioligand is expected to be more sensitive to endogenous neurotransmitter concentrations than antagonist radioligands. In the current study, we compared the effect of serotonin releaser fenfluramine on the binding of [11C]Cimbi-36, [11C]MDL 100907 (a serotonin 2A receptor antagonist radioligand), and [11C]AZ10419369 (a serotonin 1B receptor partial agonist radioligand with established serotonin sensitivity) in the monkey brain. METHODS Eighteen positron emission tomography measurements, 6 for each radioligand, were performed in 3 rhesus monkeys before or after administration of 5.0 mg/kg fenfluramine. Binding potential values were determined with the simplified reference tissue model using cerebellum as the reference region. RESULTS Fenfluramine significantly decreased [11C]Cimbi-36 (26-62%) and [11C]AZ10419369 (35-58%) binding potential values in most regions (P < 0.05). Fenfluramine-induced decreases in [11C]MDL 100907 binding potential were 8% to 30% and statistically significant in 3 regions. Decreases in [11C]Cimbi-36 binding potential were larger than for [11C]AZ10419369 in neocortical and limbic regions (~35%) but smaller in striatum and thalamus (~40%). Decreases in [11C]Cimbi-36 binding potential were 0.9 to 2.8 times larger than for [11C]MDL 100907, and the fraction of serotonin 2A receptor in the high-affinity state was estimated as 54% in the neocortex. CONCLUSIONS The serotonin sensitivity of serotonin 2A receptor agonist radioligand [11C]Cimbi-36 was higher than for antagonist radioligand [11C]MDL 100907. The serotonin sensitivity of [11C]Cimbi-36 was similar to [11C]AZ10419369, which is one of the most sensitive radioligands. [11C]Cimbi-36 is a promising radioligand to examine serotonin release in the primate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chun Yang
- Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Yang and Stepanov, Mr Martinsson, and Drs Takano, Halldin, Farde, and Finnema); Rigshospitalet, Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Ettrup and Knudsen); AstraZeneca, PET Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Personalized Health Care and Biomarkers, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Farde).,Correspondence: Kai-Chun Yang, MD, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska University Hospital, Building R5:02, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden ()
| | - Vladimir Stepanov
- Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Yang and Stepanov, Mr Martinsson, and Drs Takano, Halldin, Farde, and Finnema); Rigshospitalet, Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Ettrup and Knudsen); AstraZeneca, PET Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Personalized Health Care and Biomarkers, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Farde)
| | - Stefan Martinsson
- Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Yang and Stepanov, Mr Martinsson, and Drs Takano, Halldin, Farde, and Finnema); Rigshospitalet, Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Ettrup and Knudsen); AstraZeneca, PET Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Personalized Health Care and Biomarkers, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Farde)
| | - Anders Ettrup
- Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Yang and Stepanov, Mr Martinsson, and Drs Takano, Halldin, Farde, and Finnema); Rigshospitalet, Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Ettrup and Knudsen); AstraZeneca, PET Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Personalized Health Care and Biomarkers, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Farde)
| | - Akihiro Takano
- Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Yang and Stepanov, Mr Martinsson, and Drs Takano, Halldin, Farde, and Finnema); Rigshospitalet, Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Ettrup and Knudsen); AstraZeneca, PET Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Personalized Health Care and Biomarkers, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Farde)
| | - Gitte M Knudsen
- Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Yang and Stepanov, Mr Martinsson, and Drs Takano, Halldin, Farde, and Finnema); Rigshospitalet, Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Ettrup and Knudsen); AstraZeneca, PET Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Personalized Health Care and Biomarkers, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Farde)
| | - Christer Halldin
- Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Yang and Stepanov, Mr Martinsson, and Drs Takano, Halldin, Farde, and Finnema); Rigshospitalet, Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Ettrup and Knudsen); AstraZeneca, PET Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Personalized Health Care and Biomarkers, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Farde)
| | - Lars Farde
- Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Yang and Stepanov, Mr Martinsson, and Drs Takano, Halldin, Farde, and Finnema); Rigshospitalet, Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Ettrup and Knudsen); AstraZeneca, PET Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Personalized Health Care and Biomarkers, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Farde)
| | - Sjoerd J Finnema
- Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Yang and Stepanov, Mr Martinsson, and Drs Takano, Halldin, Farde, and Finnema); Rigshospitalet, Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Ettrup and Knudsen); AstraZeneca, PET Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Personalized Health Care and Biomarkers, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Farde)
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13
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Cheah SY, Lawford BR, Young RM, Morris CP, Voisey J. mRNA Expression and DNA Methylation Analysis of Serotonin Receptor 2A (HTR2A) in the Human Schizophrenic Brain. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8010014. [PMID: 28054990 PMCID: PMC5295009 DOI: 10.3390/genes8010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin receptor 2A (HTR2A) is an important signalling factor implicated in cognitive functions and known to be associated with schizophrenia. The biological significance of HTR2A in schizophrenia remains unclear as molecular analyses including genetic association, mRNA expression and methylation studies have reported inconsistent results. In this study, we examine HTR2A expression and methylation and the interaction with HTR2A polymorphisms to identify their biological significance in schizophrenia. Subjects included 25 schizophrenia and 25 control post-mortem brain samples. Genotype and mRNA data was generated by transcriptome sequencing. DNA methylation profiles were generated for CpG sites within promoter-exon I region. Expression, genotype and methylation data were examined for association with schizophrenia. HTR2A mRNA levels were reduced by 14% (p = 0.006) in schizophrenia compared to controls. Three CpG sites were hypermethylated in schizophrenia (cg5 p = 0.028, cg7 p = 0.021, cg10 p = 0.017) and HTR2A polymorphisms rs6314 (p = 0.008) and rs6313 (p = 0.026) showed genetic association with schizophrenia. Differential DNA methylation was associated with rs6314 and rs6313. There was a strong correlation between HTR2A DNA methylation and mRNA expression. The results were nominally significant but did not survive the rigorous Benjamini-Hochberg correction for multiple testing. Differential HTR2A expression in schizophrenia in our study may be the result of the combined effect of multiple differentially methylated CpG sites. Epigenetic HTR2A regulation may alter brain function, which contributes to the development of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sern-Yih Cheah
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia.
| | - Bruce R Lawford
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia.
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.
| | - Ross McD Young
- Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia.
| | - Charles P Morris
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia.
| | - Joanne Voisey
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia.
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14
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Sedative effect of Clozapine is a function of 5-HT 2A and environmental novelty. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 27:70-81. [PMID: 27955831 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs are the mainstay in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. However, antipsychotics often exhibit sedation or activity suppression among many other side effects, and the factors that influence them remain poorly understood. We now show, using a 5-HT2A knockout (Htr2a-/-) mouse, that environmental circumstances can affect suppression of activity induced by the atypical antipsychotic- Clozapine. We observed that Htr2a-/- mice were more resistant to Clozapine-induced suppression of activity (CISA) and this behaviour was dependent on the environment being 'novel'. In their 'home' environment, at identical doses the mice exhibited CISA. Interestingly, the effect of genotype and environmental novelty on CISA could not be extended to the other antipsychotics that were tested, i.e. Haloperidol and Risperidone. Haloperidol-induced activity suppression was independent of context and genotype. Whereas context affected Risperidone-induced activity suppression only in the Htr2a+/+ mice. Furthermore, we observed that caffeine, a stimulant, elicited resistance to CISA similar to that seen in the 'novel' context. Our study establishes a previously unknown interaction between the environmental context, 5-HT2A and CISA and emphasises the role of non-pharmacological factors such as environment on the effects of the drug, which seem antipsychotic-specific. Our findings should advance the understanding of the side effects of individual antipsychotics and the role of environment to overcome side effects such as sedation.
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15
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Aznar S, Hervig MES. The 5-HT2A serotonin receptor in executive function: Implications for neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 64:63-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Pouget JG, Shams TA, Tiwari AK, Müller DJ. Pharmacogenetics and outcome with antipsychotic drugs. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2015. [PMID: 25733959 PMCID: PMC4336924 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2014.16.4/jpouget] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antipsychotic medications are the gold-standard treatment for schizophrenia, and are often prescribed for other mental conditions. However, the efficacy and side-effect profiles of these drugs are heterogeneous, with large interindividual variability. As a result, treatment selection remains a largely trial-and-error process, with many failed treatment regimens endured before finding a tolerable balance between symptom management and side effects. Much of the interindividual variability in response and side effects is due to genetic factors (heritability, h2~ 0.60-0.80). Pharmacogenetics is an emerging field that holds the potential to facilitate the selection of the best medication for a particular patient, based on his or her genetic information. In this review we discuss the most promising genetic markers of antipsychotic treatment outcomes, and present current translational research efforts that aim to bring these pharmacogenetic findings to the clinic in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie G Pouget
- Pharmacogenetics Research Clinic, Campbell Family Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tahireh A Shams
- Pharmacogenetics Research Clinic, Campbell Family Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Science, Ryerson University,Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arun K Tiwari
- Pharmacogenetics Research Clinic, Campbell Family Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel J Müller
- Pharmacogenetics Research Clinic, Campbell Family Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Tang H, McGowan OO, Reynolds GP. Polymorphisms of serotonin neurotransmission and their effects on antipsychotic drug action. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 15:1599-609. [PMID: 25340734 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor pharmacology of many antipsychotic drugs includes actions at various serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) receptors. The 5-HT neurotransmitter system is thought to be involved in many of the consequences of treatment with antipsychotic drugs, including both symptom response, primarily of negative and depressive symptoms, and adverse effects, notably extrapyramidal side effects and weight gain. There is substantial interindividual variability in these drug effects, to which genetic variability contributes. We review here the influence of functional polymorphisms in genes associated with 5-HT function, including the various processes of neurotransmitter synthesis, receptors, transporters and metabolism, on the clinical response to, and adverse effects of, antipsychotic drugs. The relatively young field of epigenetics also contributes to the variability of 5-HT-related genes in influencing drug response. Several of these findings inform our understanding of the mechanisms of antipsychotic drug action, and also provide the opportunity for the development of genetic testing for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- Department of Neurology, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650021 China
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18
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Variation in Dopamine D2 and Serotonin 5-HT2A Receptor Genes is Associated with Working Memory Processing and Response to Treatment with Antipsychotics. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:1600-8. [PMID: 25563748 PMCID: PMC4915265 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A receptors contribute to modulate prefrontal cortical physiology and response to treatment with antipsychotics in schizophrenia. Similarly, functional variation in the genes encoding these receptors is also associated with these phenotypes. In particular, the DRD2 rs1076560 T allele predicts a lower ratio of expression of D2 short/long isoforms, suboptimal working memory processing, and better response to antipsychotic treatment compared with the G allele. Furthermore, the HTR2A T allele is associated with lower 5-HT2A expression, impaired working memory processing, and poorer response to antipsychotics compared with the C allele. Here, we investigated in healthy subjects whether these functional polymorphisms have a combined effect on prefrontal cortical physiology and related cognitive behavior linked to schizophrenia as well as on response to treatment with second-generation antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia. In a total sample of 620 healthy subjects, we found that subjects with the rs1076560 T and rs6314 T alleles have greater fMRI prefrontal activity during working memory. Similar results were obtained within the attentional domain. Also, the concomitant presence of the rs1076560 T/rs6314 T alleles also predicted lower behavioral accuracy during working memory. Moreover, we found that rs1076560 T carrier/rs6314 CC individuals had better responses to antipsychotic treatment in two independent samples of patients with schizophrenia (n=63 and n=54, respectively), consistent with the previously reported separate effects of these genotypes. These results indicate that DRD2 and HTR2A genetic variants together modulate physiological prefrontal efficiency during working memory and also modulate the response to antipsychotics. Therefore, these results suggest that further exploration is needed to better understand the clinical consequences of these genotype-phenotype relationships.
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19
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Guiard BP, Di Giovanni G. Central serotonin-2A (5-HT2A) receptor dysfunction in depression and epilepsy: the missing link? Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:46. [PMID: 25852551 PMCID: PMC4362472 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptamine 2A receptors (5-HT2A-Rs) are G-protein coupled receptors. In agreement with their location in the brain, they have been implicated not only in various central physiological functions including memory, sleep, nociception, eating and reward behaviors, but also in many neuropsychiatric disorders. Interestingly, a bidirectional link between depression and epilepsy is suspected since patients with depression and especially suicide attempters have an increased seizure risk, while a significant percentage of epileptic patients suffer from depression. Such epidemiological data led us to hypothesize that both pathologies may share common anatomical and neurobiological alteration of the 5-HT2A signaling. After a brief presentation of the pharmacological properties of the 5-HT2A-Rs, this review illustrates how these receptors may directly or indirectly control neuronal excitability in most networks involved in depression and epilepsy through interactions with the monoaminergic, GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmissions. It also synthetizes the preclinical and clinical evidence demonstrating the role of these receptors in antidepressant and antiepileptic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno P Guiard
- CNRS, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, UMR 5169, Toulouse France ; CNRS, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale Université de Toulouse 3, UMR 5169, Toulouse, France ; INSERM U1178 Team ≪Depression and Antidepressants≫ Faculté de Pharmacie Paris Sud, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Neurophysiology Unit, Laboratory for the Study of Neurological Disorders, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta, Msida Malta ; School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff, Cardiff UK
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20
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Banlaki Z, Elek Z, Nanasi T, Szekely A, Nemoda Z, Sasvari-Szekely M, Ronai Z. Polymorphism in the serotonin receptor 2a (HTR2A) gene as possible predisposal factor for aggressive traits. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117792. [PMID: 25658328 PMCID: PMC4319849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggressive manifestations and their consequences are a major issue of mankind, highlighting the need for understanding the contributory factors. Still, aggression-related genetic analyses have so far mainly been conducted on small population subsets such as individuals suffering from a certain psychiatric disorder or a narrow-range age cohort, but no data on the general population is yet available. In the present study, our aim was to identify polymorphisms in genes affecting neurobiological processes that might explain some of the inter-individual variation between aggression levels in the non-clinical Caucasian adult population. 55 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were simultaneously determined in 887 subjects who also filled out the self-report Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ). Single marker association analyses between genotypes and aggression scores indicated a significant role of rs7322347 located in the HTR2A gene encoding serotonin receptor 2a following Bonferroni correction for multiple testing (p = 0.0007) both for males and females. Taking the four BPAQ subscales individually, scores for Hostility, Anger and Physical Aggression showed significant association with rs7322347 T allele in themselves, while no association was found with Verbal Aggression. Of the subscales, relationship with rs7322347 was strongest in the case of Hostility, where statistical significance virtually equaled that observed with the whole BPAQ. In conclusion, this is the first study to our knowledge analyzing SNPs in a wide variety of genes in terms of aggression in a large sample-size non-clinical adult population, also describing a novel candidate polymorphism as predisposal to aggressive traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsofia Banlaki
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Elek
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Nanasi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Szekely
- Institute of Psychology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsofia Nemoda
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maria Sasvari-Szekely
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Ronai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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21
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Petit AC, Quesseveur G, Gressier F, Colle R, David DJ, Gardier AM, Ferreri F, Lépine JP, Falissard B, Verstuyft C, Guiard BP, Corruble E. Converging translational evidence for the involvement of the serotonin 2A receptor gene in major depressive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 54:76-82. [PMID: 24801750 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
An association between serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR), encoded by HTR2A gene, and major depressive disorder (MDD) has been suggested. Here, we combined preclinical and ecological clinical approaches to explore the impact of impaired 5-HT2AR-mediated transmission on MDD or anxio-depressive-like phenotype in mice. Htr2a knock-out mice (Htr2a(-/-)) and wild-type mice were compared for the ability of chronic corticosterone to elicit some anxio-depressive-like phenotype in three behavioral paradigms (elevated plus maze, tail suspension test and splash test). Accordingly, two single nucleotide polymorphisms of the HTR2A gene (rs6314 ie His452Tyr and rs6313 ie 102C/T), which specific allelic variants may decrease 5-HT2AR-mediated transmission (as in Htr2a(-/-)mice), were studied in a sample of 485 Caucasian patients with MDD. In response to chronic corticosterone exposure, Htr2a(-/-) mice displayed more pronounced anxiodepressive-like phenotype than wild-type mice, as shown by a significant higher "emotionality score" (p<0.01). In patients, the C allele of rs6313 was more frequent in depressed patients (p=0.019) and was also associated with a more severe major depressive episode (p=0.03). This translational and ecological study involving constitutive Htr2a(-/-) knock-out mice and related SNPs in depressed patients suggests that a lower neurotransmission at the 5-HT2AR may favor the susceptibility and severity of MDE. It also suggests that specific allelic variants of the rs6313 and rs6314 may reduce 5-HT2AR-mediated transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Cécile Petit
- Université Paris Sud XI, INSERM U669, Département de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
| | - Gaël Quesseveur
- Université Paris Sud XI, Laboratoire de Neuropharmacologie EA 3544, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - Florence Gressier
- Université Paris Sud XI, INSERM U669, Département de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Romain Colle
- Université Paris Sud XI, INSERM U669, Département de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Denis J David
- Université Paris Sud XI, Laboratoire de Neuropharmacologie EA 3544, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - Alain M Gardier
- Université Paris Sud XI, Laboratoire de Neuropharmacologie EA 3544, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - Florian Ferreri
- Département de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Lépine
- Hôpital Saint-Louis Lariboisière Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM U705, CNRS UMR8206, 200 rue du Faubourg Saint Denis, F-75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
| | - Bruno Falissard
- Université Paris Sud XI, INSERM U669, Département de Biostatistiques, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 94400 Villejuif, France
| | - Céline Verstuyft
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Génétique moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Université Paris Sud XI, EA4123, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - Bruno P Guiard
- Université Paris Sud XI, Laboratoire de Neuropharmacologie EA 3544, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
| | - Emmanuelle Corruble
- Université Paris Sud XI, INSERM U669, Département de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
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Gadow KD, Smith RM, Pinsonneault JK. Serotonin 2A receptor gene (HTR2A) regulatory variants: possible association with severity of depression symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder. Cogn Behav Neurol 2014; 27:107-16. [PMID: 24968012 PMCID: PMC8745376 DOI: 10.1097/wnn.0000000000000028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND Our aim was to characterize the association of 2 functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs6311 and rs6314) in the serotonin 2A receptor gene (HTR2A) with severity of depression symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder. These polymorphisms have been shown to be associated with depression symptom severity and response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor drugs in adults with diagnosed depressive disorder. METHODS Parents of 104 children with autism spectrum disorder rated their children's depressive symptoms using a validated scale based on criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition. We compared severity of depression symptoms across the rs6311 and rs6314 genotypes, measured from the children's genomic DNA. RESULTS Children homozygous for the G allele of rs6311 had significantly more severe depression symptoms than those with G/A or A/A genotypes (P=0.025). The effect size (partial eta-squared) was small (ηp=0.047) but was somewhat larger when we controlled for severity of generalized anxiety disorder symptoms (P=0.006, ηp=0.072). When we restricted our analyses to white participants, our results were essentially the same as for the entire sample (P=0.004, ηp=0.086). There was no significant association between rs6314 (C/C versus T carriers) and severity of depression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the HTR2A functional rs6311 polymorphism, which other studies have associated with differential HTR2A mRNA expression, may modulate the severity of depression symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder. These tentative, hypothesis-generating findings need replication with larger, independent samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Gadow
- *Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY †Department of Pharmacology, Center for Pharmacogenomics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
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Smith RM, Banks W, Hansen E, Sadee W, Herman GE. Family-based clinical associations and functional characterization of the serotonin 2A receptor gene (HTR2A) in autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res 2014; 7:459-67. [PMID: 24753316 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The serotonin 2A receptor gene (HTR2A) harbors two functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are frequent in populations of African and European descent; rs6311, which affects mRNA expression, and rs6314, which changes the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein and affects the signaling properties of the receptor. Multiple clinical associations support a role for these SNPs in cognitive and neuropsychiatric phenotypes, although studies in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remain equivocal. Here, we tested transmission disequilibrium of rs6311 and rs6314 in a cohort of 158 ASD trios (simplex and multiplex), observing significant under-transmission of the minor "A" allele of rs6311 to offspring with ASD (permuted P = 0.0004). Consistent with our previous findings in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of unaffected individuals, rs6311/A decreases expression of HTR2A mRNA with an extended 5' untranslated region (UTR) in the frontopolar cortex in brain samples from 54 ASD patients and controls. Interpreting the clinical results in the context of our mRNA expression analysis, we speculate that any risk associated with rs6311 is conferred by greater expression of the long 5'UTR mRNA isoform. The current study corroborates earlier associations between rs6311 and ASD in a family study, supporting the hypothesis that rs6311 plays a modulatory role in ASD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, OSU College of Medicine Center for Pharmacogenomics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Arranz MJ, Munro JC. Toward understanding genetic risk for differential antipsychotic response in individuals with schizophrenia. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 4:389-405. [DOI: 10.1586/ecp.11.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Thompson MD, Cole DEC, Capra V, Siminovitch KA, Rovati GE, Burnham WM, Rana BK. Pharmacogenetics of the G protein-coupled receptors. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1175:189-242. [PMID: 25150871 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0956-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics investigates the influence of genetic variants on physiological phenotypes related to drug response and disease, while pharmacogenomics takes a genome-wide approach to advancing this knowledge. Both play an important role in identifying responders and nonresponders to medication, avoiding adverse drug reactions, and optimizing drug dose for the individual. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the primary target of therapeutic drugs and have been the focus of these studies. With the advance of genomic technologies, there has been a substantial increase in the inventory of naturally occurring rare and common GPCR variants. These variants include single-nucleotide polymorphisms and insertion or deletions that have potential to alter GPCR expression of function. In vivo and in vitro studies have determined functional roles for many GPCR variants, but genetic association studies that define the physiological impact of the majority of these common variants are still limited. Despite the breadth of pharmacogenetic data available, GPCR variants have not been included in drug labeling and are only occasionally considered in optimizing clinical use of GPCR-targeted agents. In this chapter, pharmacogenetic and genomic studies on GPCR variants are reviewed with respect to a subset of GPCR systems, including the adrenergic, calcium sensing, cysteinyl leukotriene, cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, and the de-orphanized receptors such as GPR55. The nature of the disruption to receptor function is discussed with respect to regulation of gene expression, expression on the cell surface (affected by receptor trafficking, dimerization, desensitization/downregulation), or perturbation of receptor function (altered ligand binding, G protein coupling, constitutive activity). The large body of experimental data generated on structure and function relationships and receptor-ligand interactions are being harnessed for the in silico functional prediction of naturally occurring GPCR variants. We provide information on online resources dedicated to GPCRs and present applications of publically available computational tools for pharmacogenetic studies of GPCRs. As the breadth of GPCR pharmacogenomic data becomes clearer, the opportunity for routine assessment of GPCR variants to predict disease risk, drug response, and potential adverse drug effects will become possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8,
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Abstract
Antipsychotics are the mainstay treatment for schizophrenia. There is large variability between individuals in their response to antipsychotics, both in efficacy and adverse effects of treatment. While the source of interindividual variability in antipsychotic response is not completely understood, genetics is a major contributing factor. The identification of pharmacogenetic markers that predict antipsychotic efficacy and adverse reactions is a growing area of research, and holds the potential to replace the current trial-and-error approach to treatment selection in schizophrenia with a personalized medicine approach.In this chapter, we provide an overview of the current state of pharmacogenetics in schizophrenia treatment. The most promising pharmacogenetic findings are presented for both antipsychotic response and commonly studied adverse reactions. The application of pharmacogenetics to schizophrenia treatment is discussed, with an emphasis on the clinical utility of pharmacogenetic testing and directions for future research.
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Rubin DH, Althoff RR, Ehli EA, Davies GE, Rettew DC, Crehan ET, Walkup JT, Hudziak JJ. Candidate gene associations with withdrawn behavior. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2013; 54:1337-45. [PMID: 23808549 PMCID: PMC3800258 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social withdrawal is a core neuropsychiatric phenomenon in developmental psychopathology. Its presence predicts psychopathology across many domains, including depression, psychosis, autism, anxiety, and suicide. Withdrawn behavior is highly heritable, persistent, and characteristically worsens without intervention. To date, few studies have successfully identified genetic associations with withdrawn behavior, despite the abundance of evidence of its heritability. This may be due to reliance of categorical over dimensional measures of the behaviorally inhibited phenotype. The aim of this study is to identify associations between known psychiatric candidate genes and a dimensionally derived measure of withdrawn behavior. METHODS Genetic information was collected on 20 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from a custom-designed SNP chip and TAQMAN arrays of 4 variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) genes for 551 individuals from 187 families. Linear mixed modeling was employed to examine the relationship between genotypes of interest and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Withdrawn Behavior Subscale Score (WBS) while controlling for gender and age through multiple linear regressions. RESULTS Withdrawn behavior was highly associated with polymorphism rs6314 of the serotonin receptor 2A (HTR2A) [p = .009, estimate = 0.310 (bootstrap 95% CI 0.155-0.448), bootstrap p = .001] and rs1800544 of the alpha 2-adrenergic (ADRA2A) [p = .001, estimate = -0.310 (bootstrap 95% CI -0.479 to -0.126), bootstrap p = .001] genes after correction for gender and age. The association between withdrawn behavior and ADRA2A was stronger for younger children. CONCLUSIONS HTR2A and ADRA2A genes are associated with withdrawn behavior. This reinforces the role of catecholaminergic genes in the heritability of withdrawn behavior.
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Barclay Z, Dickson L, Robertson D, Johnson M, Holland P, Rosie R, Sun L, Jerina H, Lutz E, Fleetwood-Walker S, Mitchell R. Attenuated PLD1 association and signalling at the H452Y polymorphic form of the 5-HT2A receptor. Cell Signal 2013; 25:814-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Multiple regulatory variants modulate expression of 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptors in human cortex. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:546-54. [PMID: 23158458 PMCID: PMC3582836 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor, encoded by HTR2A, is a major postsynaptic target for serotonin in the human brain and a therapeutic drug target. Despite hundreds of genetic associations investigating HTR2A polymorphisms in neuropsychiatric disorders and therapies, the role of genetic HTR2A variability in health and disease remains uncertain. METHODS To discover and characterize regulatory HTR2A variants, we sequenced whole transcriptomes from 10 human brain regions with massively parallel RNA sequencing and measured allelic expression of multiple HTR2A messenger (m)RNA transcript variants. Following discovery of functional variants, we further characterized their impact on genetic expression in vitro. RESULTS Three polymorphisms modulate the use of novel alternative exons and untranslated regions (UTRs), changing expression of RNA and protein. The frequent promoter variant rs6311, widely implicated in human neuropsychiatric disorders, decreases usage of an upstream transcription start site encoding a longer 5'UTR with greater translation efficiency. rs76665058, located in an extended 3'UTR and unique to individuals of African descent, modulates allelic HTR2A mRNA expression. The third single nucleotide polymorphism, unannotated and present in only a single subject, directs alternative splicing of exon 2. Targeted analysis of HTR2A in the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) study reveals associations between functional variants and depression severity or citalopram response. CONCLUSIONS Regulatory polymorphisms modulate HTR2A mRNA expression in an isoform-specific manner, directing the usage of novel untranslated regions and alternative exons. These results provide a foundation for delineating the role of HTR2A and serotonin signaling in central nervous system disorders.
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The role of the serotonergic system at the interface of aggression and suicide. Neuroscience 2013; 236:160-85. [PMID: 23333677 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in serotonin (5-HT) neurochemistry have been implicated in the aetiology of all major neuropsychiatric disorders, ranging from schizophrenia to mood and anxiety-spectrum disorders. This review will focus on the multifaceted implications of 5-HT-ergic dysfunctions in the pathophysiology of aggressive and suicidal behaviours. After a brief overview of the anatomical distribution of the 5-HT-ergic system in the key brain areas that govern aggression and suicidal behaviours, the implication of 5-HT markers (5-HT receptors, transporter as well as synthetic and metabolic enzymes) in these conditions is discussed. In this regard, particular emphasis is placed on the integration of pharmacological and genetic evidence from animal studies with the findings of human experimental and genetic association studies. Traditional views postulated an inverse relationship between 5-HT and aggression and suicidal behaviours; however, ample evidence has shown that this perspective may be overly simplistic, and that such pathological manifestations may reflect alterations in 5-HT homoeostasis due to the interaction of genetic, environmental and gender-related factors, particularly during early critical developmental stages. The development of animal models that may capture the complexity of such interactions promises to afford a powerful tool to elucidate the pathophysiology of impulsive aggression and suicidability, and identify new effective therapies for these conditions.
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Pharmacogenetic Applications and Pharmacogenomic Approaches in Schizophrenia. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40142-012-0006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Vehof J, Burger H, Wilffert B, Al Hadithy A, Alizadeh BZ, Snieder H. Clinical response to antipsychotic drug treatment: association study of polymorphisms in six candidate genes. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2012; 22:625-31. [PMID: 22386772 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacogenetic studies have demonstrated significant associations between several candidate genes (DRD2, DRD3, 5HTR2A and 5HTR2C, COMT and MTHFR) and antipsychotic drug response. The present study investigates the effect of nine polymorphisms in these genes for an association with antipsychotic treatment response. 329 Caucasian patients with a non-affective psychotic disorder using antipsychotics were included. All patients participated in the longitudinal GROUP-study in The Netherlands. We genotyped 9 SNPs in 6 candidate genes (DRD2: TaqI_A, -141C; DRD3: Ser9Gly; HTR2A: 102-T/C, His452Tyr; HTR2C: Cys23Ser; COMT: Val158Met; MTHFR: 677-C/T) using standard protocols. Polymorphisms were based on previous studies showing associations with positive symptoms treatment response. The Clinical Global Impression - Improvement (CGI-I) scale was used to assess improvement in positive psychotic symptoms since the start of current antipsychotic treatment. Ordinal regression was used for association analyses. Ninety percent of the patients used second generation antipsychotics, with olanzapine (28%) and risperidone (29%) being the most prescribed drugs. Ser9Gly of the dopamine D3 receptor gene (P value 0.034) and 677-C/T of MTHFR (P value 0.019) were tested statistically significant. Gly-carriers and T-carriers, respectively, showed more clinical improvement on the CGI-I. The other polymorphisms did not show a statistically significant association (P values>0.10). In conclusion, we replicated two out of nine of the previously reported associations between polymorphisms and treatment response. The direction and magnitude of the associations presented here in DRD3 (Ser9Gly) and MTHFR (677-C/T) are in line with previous association studies in Caucasian patients. These polymorphisms may be of value for predicting clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Vehof
- Department of Psychiatry University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Manna I, Labate A, Mumoli L, Palamara G, Ferlazzo E, Aguglia U, Quattrone A, Gambardella A. A functional genetic variation of the 5-HTR2A receptor affects age at onset in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Hum Genet 2012; 76:277-82. [PMID: 22681516 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2012.00713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The 1354C>T polymorphism of the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A gene (5-HTR2A) was implicated in human memory performance. We investigated the relationship between this polymorphism and cognitive function in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). We also evaluated if this polymorphism could influence the phenotype. There were 138 patients with TLE: 25% (34/138) of them found to be cognitively impaired, while the remaining 104 of 138 (75%) were found to be cognitively preserved after a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. dHPLC followed by DNA sequencing was used to detect the genetic variation. The distribution of 1354C>T did not differ between these two TLE groups, both in the comparison of genotype distribution (P= 0.177) and allele frequencies (P = 0.065). Nonetheless, patients with the T allele had a significantly earlier age at onset of the disease (P= 0.006). This effect was even stronger in patients with impaired memory (P= 0.00015). A second independent sample of 86 individuals with TLE satisfactorily confirmed the relationship between T allele and age at epilepsy onset. The results of this study have demonstrated that the T variant of 5-HTR2A may influence an earlier age of onset of TLE, especially in those with impaired memory. Nonetheless, this polymorphism has no major impact on memory functions in such TLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Manna
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council, Mangone, Cosenza, Italy Institute of Neurology, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
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Güzey C, Allard P, Brännström T, Spigset O. Radioligand Binding to Brain Dopamine and Serotonin Receptors and Transporters in Parkinson's Disease: Relation to Gene Polymorphisms. Int J Neurosci 2011; 122:124-32. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2011.631716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Talbot PS, Slifstein M, Hwang DR, Huang Y, Scher E, Abi-Dargham A, Laruelle M. Extended characterisation of the serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor-selective PET radiotracer 11C-MDL100907 in humans: quantitative analysis, test-retest reproducibility, and vulnerability to endogenous 5-HT tone. Neuroimage 2011; 59:271-85. [PMID: 21782029 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Scanning properties and analytic methodology of the 5-HT2A receptor-selective positron emission tomography (PET) tracer 11C-MDL100907 have been partially characterised in previous reports. We present an extended characterisation in healthy human subjects. METHODS 64 11C-MDL100907 PET scans with metabolite-corrected arterial input function were performed in 39 healthy adults (18-55 years). 12 subjects were scanned twice (duration 150 min) to provide data on plasma analysis, model order estimation, and stability and test-retest characteristics of outcome measures. All other scans were 90 min duration. 3 subjects completed scanning at baseline and following 5-HT2A receptor antagonist medication (risperidone or ciproheptadine) to provide definitive data on the suitability of the cerebellum as reference region. 10 subjects were scanned under reduced 5-HT and control conditions using rapid tryptophan depletion to investigate vulnerability to competition with endogenous 5-HT. 13 subjects were scanned as controls in clinical protocols. Pooled data were used to analyse the relationship between tracer injected mass and receptor occupancy, and age-related decline in 5-HT2A receptors. RESULTS Optimum analytic method was a 2-tissue compartment model with arterial input function. However, basis function implementation of SRTM may be suitable for measuring between-group differences non-invasively and warrants further investigation. Scan duration of 90 min achieved stable outcome measures in all cortical regions except orbitofrontal which required 120 min. Binding potential (BPP and BPND) test-retest variability was very good (7-11%) in neocortical regions other than orbitofrontal, and moderately good (14-20%) in orbitofrontal cortex and medial temporal lobe. Saturation occupancy of 5-HT2A receptors by risperidone validates the use of the cerebellum as a region devoid of specific binding for the purposes of PET. We advocate a mass limit of 4.6 μg to remain below 5% receptor occupancy. 11C-MDL100907 specific binding is not vulnerable to competition with endogenous 5-HT in humans. Paradoxical decreases in BPND were found in right prefrontal cortex following reduced 5-HT, possibly representing receptor internalisation. Mean age-related decline in brain 5-HT2A receptors was 14.0±5.0% per decade, and higher in prefrontal regions. CONCLUSIONS Our data confirm and extend support for 11C-MDL100907 as a PET tracer with very favourable properties for quantifying 5-HT2A receptors in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Talbot
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Łukasiewicz S, Faron-Górecka A, Kędracka-Krok S, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M. Effect of clozapine on the dimerization of serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor and its genetic variant 5-HT(2A)H425Y with dopamine D(2) receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 659:114-23. [PMID: 21496455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oligomerization of G protein-coupled receptors has become a very important issue in a present molecular pharmacology. In the present study the level of the serotonin 5-HT(2A) and the dopamine D(2) receptor interactions have been studied since it may have a key significance in understanding the mechanism of action of drugs used to treat schizophrenia. With the use of fluorescence resonance energy transfer we demonstrated that the serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptors form homo- and hetero-dimers with the dopamine D(2) receptors and polymorphism H452Y within the 5-HT(2A) receptor, implicated as a cause of altered response to antipsychotic treatment, disturbs both processes. Clozapine affected the hetero-dimers (5-HT(2A)H452Y/D(2)) complexes and increased the otherwise weakened dimerization to the value observed for combination of both wild type receptors, and had no effect on the serotonin receptor homo-dimers (5-HT(2A)H452Y/5-HT(2A)), while haloperidol has restored the weakened interaction within homo-complexes and did not effect the hetero-complexes. The obtained data suggest that H452Y polymorphism has an influence not only on the level of constitutive oligomerization of investigated receptors but also it changes their pharmacological properties within both homo- and hetero-complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Łukasiewicz
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 7 Gronostajowa Street, Krakow, Poland.
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Güzey C, Lopez-Rodriguez R, Myhre R, Spigset O. Allele and genotype frequencies of serotonin and dopamine transporter and receptor polymorphisms in a Norwegian population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2011; 15:557-63. [PMID: 21453053 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2010.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in genes coding for dopaminergic and serotonergic receptors and transporters have been associated with the clinical effects and adverse drug reactions of antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs. The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency and combinations of common polymorphisms in the dopamine transporter (DAT1), dopamine D(2) receptor (DRD2), dopamine D(3) receptor (DRD3), serotonin transporter (5HTT), and serotonin 2A receptor (5HTR2A) genes in a Norwegian population. To determine the background frequency in the population, 250 blood samples were consecutively collected from healthy Norwegian blood donors (125 men and 125 women; mean age: 48±11 years). Samples were tested for DAT1 VNTR, DRD2 Taq1A, DRD3 Ser9Gly, 5HTTLPR, and four polymorphisms (102 T>C, His452Tyr, 516 C>T, and Thr25Asn) in the 5HTR2A, using polymerase chain reaction and real-time polymerase chain reaction. We observed the frequency of the nine-repeat allele of DAT1 VNTR polymorphism as 20% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.18-0.23), the A1 allele of DRD2 Taq1A polymorphism as 21% (95% CI: 0.19-0.23), the A1 allele of DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism as 68% (95% CI: 0.66-0.70), the short allele of 5HTTLPR as 38% (95% CI: 0.36-0.40), and the T allele of 5HTR2A 102 T>C polymorphism as 41% (95% CI: 0.39-0.41), and the frequencies of 5HTR2A His452Tyr and 5HTR2A Thr25Asn were 93% and 95%, respectively. The tested polymorphisms showed differences compared with other European populations. Further studies are necessary to better understand the effect of these alleles and their combinations on personality, mental disorders, drug response, and adverse reactions of psychotropic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cüneyt Güzey
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Research and Development, St. Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
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Schott BH, Seidenbecher CI, Richter S, Wüstenberg T, Debska-Vielhaber G, Schubert H, Heinze HJ, Richardson-Klavehn A, Düzel E. Genetic variation of the serotonin 2a receptor affects hippocampal novelty processing in humans. PLoS One 2011; 6:e15984. [PMID: 21267461 PMCID: PMC3022731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is an important neuromodulator in learning and memory processes. A functional genetic polymorphism of the 5-HT 2a receptor (5-HTR2a His452Tyr), which leads to blunted intracellular signaling, has previously been associated with explicit memory performance in several independent cohorts, but the underlying neural mechanisms are thus far unclear. The human hippocampus plays a critical role in memory, particularly in the detection and encoding of novel information. Here we investigated the relationship of 5-HTR2a His452Tyr and hippocampal novelty processing in 41 young, healthy subjects using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants performed a novelty/familiarity task with complex scene stimuli, which was followed by a delayed recognition memory test 24 hours later. Compared to His homozygotes, Tyr carriers exhibited a diminished hippocampal response to novel stimuli and a higher tendency to judge novel stimuli as familiar during delayed recognition. Across the cohort, the false alarm rate during delayed recognition correlated negatively with the hippocampal novelty response. Our results suggest that previously reported effects of 5-HTR2a on explicit memory performance may, at least in part, be mediated by alterations of hippocampal novelty processing.
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Melkersson K. Introduction: clinical findings related to alterations of the intracellular calcium homeostasis in schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34:1365-6. [PMID: 20937345 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Melkersson KI, Gunes A, Dahl ML. Impact of serotonin receptor 2A gene haplotypes on C-peptide levels in clozapine- and olanzapine-treated patients. Hum Psychopharmacol 2010; 25:347-52. [PMID: 20521326 DOI: 10.1002/hup.1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antagonism at the serotonin receptor 2A by the atypical antipsychotics clozapine and olanzapine has been suggested to be linked to these drugs' adverse effects on glucose-insulin homeostasis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of haplotypes based on the main functionally characterized polymorphisms of the serotonin receptor 2A (HTR2A) gene on parameters related to the glucose metabolism in clozapine- and olanzapine-treated patients. METHODS Forty-nine patients, with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and treated with clozapine (n = 22) or olanzapine (n = 27), were evaluated for fasting levels of C-peptide, insulin and blood glucose, homeostasis model assessment index for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and body mass index (BMI), and genotyped for the -1438A/G, -783A/G, 102T/C, and His452Tyr polymorphisms of the HTR2A gene. RESULTS About 50% of the patients had elevated levels of C-peptide (>0.68 nmol/L) and insulin (>or=79 pmol/L). However, patients carrying the haplotype [-1438A, -783A, 102T, 452Tyr] had significantly lower C-peptide levels compared with patients not carrying this haplotype (p = 0.039), despite no differences in blood glucose, HOMA-IR or BMI between the patient groups. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that patients with the HTR2A haplotype [-1438A, -783A, 102T, 452Tyr] are less likely to develop metabolic abnormalities like C-peptide and insulin elevations during clozapine and olanzapine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina I Melkersson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Archer T, Kostrzewa RM, Palomo T, Beninger RJ. Clinical Staging in the Pathophysiology of Psychotic and Affective Disorders: Facilitation of Prognosis and Treatment. Neurotox Res 2010; 18:211-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-010-9161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Pharmacogenetic of response efficacy to antipsychotics in schizophrenia: pharmacodynamic aspects. Review and implications for clinical research. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2009; 24:139-60. [PMID: 19702693 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2009.00751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics constitutes a new and growing therapeutic approach in the identification of the predictive factors of the response to antipsychotic treatment. This review aims to summarize recent finding into pharmacodynamic approach of pharmacogenetics of antipsychotics and particularly second generation. Studies were identified in the MEDLINE database from 1993 to July 2008 by combining the following Medical Subject Heading search terms: genetic, polymorphism, single nucleotide polymorphism, pharmacogenetics, antipsychotics, and response to treatment as well as individual antipsychotics names. Only pharmacodynamics studies were analyzed and we focused on efficacy studies. We also reviewed the references of ll identified articles. Most studies follow a polymorphism-by-polymorphism approach, and concern polymorphisms of genes coding for dopamine and serotonin receptors. Haplotypic approach has been considered in some studies. Few have studied the combinations of polymorphisms of several genes as a predictive factor of the response to antipsychotics. We present this gene-by-gene approach while detailing the features of the polymorphisms being studied (functionality, linkage disequilibrium) and the features of the studies (studied treatment(s), prospective/retrospective study, pharmacological dosage). We discuss the heterogeneity of the results and their potential clinical implications and extract methodological suggestions for the future concerning phenotype characterization, genotypes variants studied and methodological and statistical approach.
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Subhashree D, Kiran Kumar HB, Purushottam M, Shubha GN, Vallikiran M, Krishna N, Sriharsha J, Reddy YCJ, Ghosh S, Mukherjee O, Jain S. Identification of interaction between serotonin transporter and glycogen synthase kinase-3β gene polymorphisms: role in susceptibility to bipolar disorder. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.09.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Genetic correlates of diseases of complex inheritance may include variations in several genes lying within a network of linked biological processes. Synaptic mechanisms, such as serotonin neurotransmission and second (third) messengers (e.g., glycogen synthase kinase [GSK]), have been implicated in susceptibility to mood disorders, the actions of therapeutic drugs and manipulation of circadian rhythms. A better understanding of such gene networks may be useful to understand the biology and treatment of mood disorders. Methods: We studied the association between serotonergic and GSK-mediated signaling networks with bipolar affective disorder (BPAD). We analyzed two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the HTR2A gene, a promoter SNP in SLC6A4 and a promoter SNP in the GSK3B gene in BPAD individuals and matched controls. A multifactor dimensionality reduction tool was employed to study gene–gene interactions and analyze multilocus genotype combination associations with high- or low-risk of BPAD. Results: Multifactor dimensionality reduction detected the best interacting model involving 5-HTTLPR (SLC6A4) and rs334558 (GSK3B). Conclusion: Our results suggest interplay between the serotonergic pathway and the second-messenger system involving GSK, which are important drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Subhashree
- Molecular Genetic Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India
| | - HB Kiran Kumar
- Molecular Genetic Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India
| | - Meera Purushottam
- Molecular Genetic Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India
| | - GN Shubha
- Department of Neurochemistry, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India
| | - M Vallikiran
- Molecular Genetic Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India
| | - Nithin Krishna
- Molecular Genetic Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India
| | - J Sriharsha
- Molecular Genetic Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India
| | - YCJ Reddy
- Department of Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Odity Mukherjee
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, UAS, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, India
| | - Sanjeev Jain
- Molecular Genetic Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India
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The His452Tyr variant of the gene encoding the 5-HT2A receptor is specifically associated with consolidation of episodic memory in humans. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2008; 11:1163-7. [PMID: 18611292 DOI: 10.1017/s146114570800905x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic research has shown that serotonin plays an important role in memory formation. Accordingly, genetic variation of serotonin receptors can be expected to affect memory and to underlie, in part, the heritability of memory capacity. A study by de Quervain and colleagues found a highly significant association of the functional 5-HT2A receptor variant His452Tyr (rs6314) with long-term memory. We replicated this finding in a cohort of 133 adults (mean age 43.5 yr). Carriers of the Tyr allele showed poorer verbal delayed recall and recognition, while immediate recall and additional measures of attentional and executive function were not affected by the His452Tyr genotype. Results suggest a possible role of 5-HT2A receptors in memory consolidation. Serotonergic drugs may have the potential to improve memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Nichols
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906-2091, USA.
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Abstract
Common G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) gene variants that encode receptor proteins with a distinct sequence may alter drug efficacy without always resulting in a disease phenotype. GPCR genetic loci harbor numerous variants, such as DNA insertions or deletions and single-nucleotide polymorphisms that alter GPCR expression and function, thereby contributing to interindividual differences in disease susceptibility/progression and drug responses. In this chapter, these pharmacogenetic phenomena are reviewed with respect to a limited sampling of GPCR systems, including the beta(2)-adrenergic receptors, the cysteinyl leukotriene receptors, and the calcium-sensing receptor. In each example, the nature of the disruption to receptor function that results from each variant is discussed with respect to the regulation of gene expression, expression on cell surface (affected by receptor trafficking, dimerization, desensitization/downregulation), or perturbation of receptor function (by altering ligand binding, G protein coupling, and receptor constitutive activity). Despite the breadth of pharmacogenetic knowledge available, assessment for genetic variants is only occasionally applied to drug development projects involving pharmacogenomics or to optimizing the clinical use of GPCR drugs. The continued effort by the basic science of pharmacogenetics may draw the attention of drug discovery projects and clinicians alike to the utility of personalized pharmacogenomics as a means to optimize novel GPCR drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Thompson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Banting Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Kumar HBK, Purushottam M, Kubendran S, Gayathri P, Mukherjee O, Murthy AR, Ghosh S, Chandra P, Reddy YCJ, Benegal V, Brahmachari SK, Jain S. Serotonergic candidate genes and puerperal psychosis: an association study. Psychiatr Genet 2007; 17:253-60. [PMID: 17728663 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0b013e3280ae6cc3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered serotonergic function is implicated in the aetiology and pathogenesis of a host of psychiatric disorders, and structural variations/polymorphisms in genes encoding the serotonin transporter and various serotonin receptor subtypes are attractive candidates to investigate the biological component underlying these disorders. Specific phenotypic subtypes, that perhaps represent homogeneous forms of the disorder, may increase the power to detect genes in complex diseases. OBJECTIVE We investigated regulatory and functional polymorphic DNA markers of serotonergic candidate genes using a case-control approach in puerperal psychosis and bipolar affective disorder probands. METHODS We genotyped 320 female participants (104 puerperal psychosis probands, 102 bipolar disorder participants and 114 controls) at the serotonin transporter SERT (5-HTT) 5-HTTVNTR and 5-HTTLPR locus; serotonin receptor 2A (5-HT2A)-T102C and His452Tyr loci, the serotonin receptor 2C (5-HT2C)-Cys23Ser locus, and seven unrelated Alu polymorphic markers. RESULTS We observed an association of the puerperal psychosis phenotype with the allele 10 of 5-HTTVNTR of SERT (P=0.004) and a modest association with the genotypic frequencies of the 5-HTTLPR (P=0.036). A nominal P value of 0.006 was observed with the S-10 haplotype in the PP group as compared with bipolar affective disorder probands. Significant association was observed with bipolar affective disorder phenotype with Tyr allele of the 5-HT2A His452Tyr gene polymorphism (P=0.00043) even after a conservative multiple test correction. No association was observed, however, with the 5-HT2A T102C locus, and the distribution of the other seven Alu markers did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSION The association between polymorphisms in serotonergic genes (SERT and 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C) suggests that these genetic factors can modulate vulnerability to puerperal psychosis in female bipolar participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Kiran Kumar
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, [corrected] National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, [corrected] Bangalore, Karnataka [corrected] India
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Arranz MJ, de Leon J. Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics of schizophrenia: a review of last decade of research. Mol Psychiatry 2007; 12:707-47. [PMID: 17549063 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4002009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The last decade of research into the pharmacogenetics of antipsychotics has seen the development of genetic tests to determine the patients' metabolic status and the first attempts at personalization of antipsychotic treatment. The most significant results are the association between drug metabolic polymorphisms, mainly in cytochrome P450 genes, with variations in drug metabolic rates and side effects. Patients with genetically determined CYP2D6 poor metabolizer (PMs) status may require lower doses of antipsychotic. Alternatively, CYP2D6 ultrarapid matabolizers (UMs) will need increased drug dosage to obtain therapeutic response. Additionally, polymorphisms in dopamine and serotonin receptor genes are repeatedly found associated with response phenotypes, probably reflecting the strong affinities that most antipsychotics display for these receptors. In particular, there is important evidence suggesting association between dopamine 2 receptor (D2) polymorphisms (Taq I and -141-C Ins/Del) and a dopamine 3 receptor (D3) polymorphism (Ser9Gly) with antipsychotic response and drug-induced tardive dyskinesia. Additionally, there is accumulating evidence indicating the influence of a 5-HT2C polymorphism (-759-T/C) in antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Application of this knowledge to clinical practice is slowly gathering pace, with pretreatment determination of individual's drug metabolic rates, via CYP genotyping, leading the field. Genetic determination of patients' metabolic status is expected to bring clinical benefits by helping to adjust therapeutic doses and reduce adverse reactions. Genetic tests for the pretreatment prediction of antipsychotic response, although still in its infancy, have obvious implications for the selection and improvement of antipsychotic treatment. These developments can be considered as successes, but the objectives of bringing pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic research in psychiatric clinical practice are far from being realized. Further development of genetic tests is required before the concept of tailored treatment can be applied to psychopharmatherapy. This review aims to summarize the key findings from the last decade of research in the field. Current knowledge on genetic prediction of drug metabolic status, general response and drug-induced side effects will be reviewed and future pharmacogenomic and epigenetic research will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Arranz
- Clinical Neuropharmocology, Division of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry - King's College, London, UK.
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Compan V. Do Limits of Neuronal Plasticity Represent an Opportunity for Mental Diseases, Such as Addiction to Food and Illegal Drugs? Use and Utilities of Serotonin Receptor Knock-Out Mice. Front Neurosci 2007. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420005752.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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