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Xu J, Wang X, Liu C, Yang X, Zhang J, Han X, Wang T. Widespread homogenization in vegetation activities along the elevational gradients across the Himalaya over the past 40 years. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 953:176179. [PMID: 39260491 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Mountainous regions are vital biodiversity hotspots with high heterogeneity, providing essential refugia for vegetation. However, climate change threatens this diversity with the potential homogenization of the distinct environmental conditions at different elevations. Here, we used a time-series (1985-2023) of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from Landsat archives (30 m) to quantify vegetation changes across an elevation gradient on Himalaya Mountain. Our analysis revealed that over the past 40 years, the Himalayas have experienced widespread greening, accompanied by homogenization of vegetation across elevations. This homogenization, characterized by a reduction in the differences between high and low elevations, can be attributed to two main factors: (1) increased warming and a higher snowmelt rate at high elevations, facilitating rapid changes in high-elevation vegetation activities; and (2) higher anthropogenic disturbance at low and mid elevations, thus inhibiting low-elevation vegetation. These factors have resulted in a reduction of habitat differentiation along the mountain slopes, homogenizing vegetation and potentially threatening the unique biodiversity adapted to specific elevational zones. Our findings emphasize the urgent need for conservation strategies that prioritize the protection of heterogeneous mountain habitats to preserve their rich biodiversity in the face of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Xu
- College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Caixia Liu
- International Research Centre of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Center of the Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jialing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Earth and Environment Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xulong Han
- Pixel Information Expert Corporation (PIESAT), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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2
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Qiu L, He J, Yue C, Ciais P, Zheng C. Substantial terrestrial carbon emissions from global expansion of impervious surface area. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6456. [PMID: 39085270 PMCID: PMC11291968 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50840-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Global impervious surface area (ISA) has more than doubled over the last three decades, but the associated carbon emissions resulting from the depletion of pre-existing land carbon stores remain unknown. Here, we report that the carbon losses from biomass and top soil (0-30 cm) due to global ISA expansion reached 46-75 Tg C per year over 1993-2018, accounting for 3.7-6.0% of the concurrent human land-use change emissions. For the Annex I countries of UNFCCC, our estimated emissions are comparable to the carbon emissions arising from settlement expansion as reported by the national greenhouse gas inventories, providing independent validation of this kind. The contrast between growing emissions in non-Annex I countries and declining ones in Annex I countries over the study period can be explained by an observed emerging pattern of emissions evolution dependent on the economic development stage. Our study has implications for international carbon accounting and climate mitigation as it reveals previously ignored but substantial contributions of ISA expansion to anthropogenic carbon emissions through land-use effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghua Qiu
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Northwest A&F University, 518000, Shenzhen, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junhao He
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chao Yue
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Northwest A&F University, 518000, Shenzhen, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Chunmiao Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
- Eastern Institute for Advanced Study, Eastern Institute of Technology, 315200, Ningbo, China
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3
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Kim ES, Lee DK, Choi J. Evaluating the effectiveness of mitigation measures in environmental impact assessments: A comprehensive review of development projects in Korea. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31647. [PMID: 38845953 PMCID: PMC11154221 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapid urbanization and development projects in Korea have posed significant threats to biodiversity; thus, effective mitigation measures are required to preserve natural habitats. Nevertheless, the factors underlying variations in mitigation measure effectiveness according to the disturbance level and surrounding environmental conditions have not been clarified. This study evaluated the effectiveness of mitigation measures implemented in environmental impact assessments (EIAs) of development projects in Korea, with a focus on their effectiveness with respect to the disturbance level and surrounding environmental conditions. A review of 288 EIA reports from selected projects that implemented all 10 mitigation measures classified according to the Wildlife Conservation Comprehensive Plan was conducted. Using the biodiversity tipping point framework, the effects of mitigation measures on biodiversity were categorized into four levels and analyzed. Analysis of variance and redundancy analysis were then performed to discern the variance in mitigation measure effectiveness in terms of the disturbance level, surrounding environment, and species. The results revealed significant variations in the effectiveness of mitigation measures depending on the surrounding environment and disturbance level. Linear projects exhibited a clear impact on various species as the disturbance level increased, whereas area-based projects did not exhibit such pronounced effects. All species demonstrated a negative relationship with development duration, development area, and distance from urban centers. Notably, avian and amphibian species showed a strong negative correlation with the digital elevation model while reptiles and mammals exhibited a strong positive relationship with pre-development biodiversity and distance from protected areas, respectively. Mitigation measures play a key role in alleviating the adverse effects of development projects; therefore, our findings indicate the need for spatially tailored mitigation plans to augment their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sub Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Landscape Architecture, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Integrated Major in Smart City Global Convergence Program, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Specialized Graduate School of Intelligent Eco-Science, Dept. of Landscape Architecture, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Kun Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Landscape Architecture, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural System Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Choi
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Sciences, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
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4
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Chen C, Granados A, Brodie JF, Kays R, Davies TJ, Liu R, Fisher JT, Ahumada J, McShea W, Sheil D, Mohd-Azlan J, Agwanda B, Andrianarisoa MH, Appleton RD, Bitariho R, Espinosa S, Grigione MM, Helgen KM, Hubbard A, Hurtado CM, Jansen PA, Jiang X, Jones A, Kalies EL, Kiebou-Opepa C, Li X, Lima MGM, Meyer E, Miller AB, Murphy T, Piana R, Quan RC, Rota CT, Rovero F, Santos F, Schuttler S, Uduman A, van Bommel JK, Young H, Burton AC. Combining camera trap surveys and IUCN range maps to improve knowledge of species distributions. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2024; 38:e14221. [PMID: 37937455 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Reliable maps of species distributions are fundamental for biodiversity research and conservation. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) range maps are widely recognized as authoritative representations of species' geographic limits, yet they might not always align with actual occurrence data. In recent area of habitat (AOH) maps, areas that are not habitat have been removed from IUCN ranges to reduce commission errors, but their concordance with actual species occurrence also remains untested. We tested concordance between occurrences recorded in camera trap surveys and predicted occurrences from the IUCN and AOH maps for 510 medium- to large-bodied mammalian species in 80 camera trap sampling areas. Across all areas, cameras detected only 39% of species expected to occur based on IUCN ranges and AOH maps; 85% of the IUCN only mismatches occurred within 200 km of range edges. Only 4% of species occurrences were detected by cameras outside IUCN ranges. The probability of mismatches between cameras and the IUCN range was significantly higher for smaller-bodied mammals and habitat specialists in the Neotropics and Indomalaya and in areas with shorter canopy forests. Our findings suggest that range and AOH maps rarely underrepresent areas where species occur, but they may more often overrepresent ranges by including areas where a species may be absent, particularly at range edges. We suggest that combining range maps with data from ground-based biodiversity sensors, such as camera traps, provides a richer knowledge base for conservation mapping and planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alys Granados
- Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Felidae Conservation Fund, Mill Valley, California, USA
| | - Jedediah F Brodie
- Division of Biological Sciences and Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Roland Kays
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - T Jonathan Davies
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Runzhe Liu
- Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biology Department, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jason T Fisher
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jorge Ahumada
- Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - William McShea
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, USA
| | - Douglas Sheil
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Akershus, Norway
- Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Jayasilan Mohd-Azlan
- Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Robyn D Appleton
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Spectacled Bear Conservation Society Peru, Lambayeque, Peru
| | - Robert Bitariho
- Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Santiago Espinosa
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Kristofer M Helgen
- Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andy Hubbard
- National Park Service, Sonoran Desert Network, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Cindy M Hurtado
- Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Patrick A Jansen
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Xuelong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Alex Jones
- Campus Natural Reserves, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | | | | | - Xueyou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | | | - Erik Meyer
- Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks, Three Rivers, California, USA
| | - Anna B Miller
- Department of Environment and Society, Institute of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Thomas Murphy
- Department of Anthropology, Edmonds College, Lynwood, Washington, USA
| | - Renzo Piana
- Spectacled Bear Conservation Society Peru, Lambayeque, Peru
| | - Rui-Chang Quan
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Christopher T Rota
- Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Francesco Rovero
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Trento, Italy
- MUSE - Museo delle Scienze, Trento, Italy
| | | | | | - Aisha Uduman
- Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joanna Klees van Bommel
- Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hilary Young
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - A Cole Burton
- Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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5
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Wang F, Zhao Z, Wang P, Zhong L, Yang S, Tang J, Hou S, Tseng TH, Cao Y, Yang R. Over 1/4 of China's terrestrial area significantly contributed both to biodiversity conservation and carbon neutrality, requiring protection. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169070. [PMID: 38056645 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Protected areas (PAs) play a crucial role in halting biodiversity loss and mitigating climate change. However, research on the advantages of integrating biodiversity conservation and climate mitigation within PAs remains limited, and there is a deficiency in holistic, scientifically supported management strategies. To address these gaps, we conducted a case study in China, comparing the conservation effectiveness of designating conservation priorities considering either single or multiple objectives, including biodiversity conservation and carbon neutrality. The results showed that integrating multiple values could truly increase the effectiveness of PAs compared to a single value considered. Over 1/4 of China's terrestrial area had a significant contribution for both biodiversity conservation and carbon neutrality, yet remained unprotected. Expanding PAs in these areas holds tremendous win-win biodiversity conservation and carbon neutrality opportunity. We delineated different conservation priorities for comprehensive management and outlined strategies for different types of areas. The framework presented in this study can serve as a reference for other places with comparable scales or management objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyi Wang
- Institute for National Parks, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Zhicong Zhao
- Institute for National Parks, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Pei Wang
- Institute for National Parks, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Le Zhong
- Department of Landscape Architecture, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, China.
| | - Shenglan Yang
- Department of Landscape Architecture, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, China.
| | - Jiale Tang
- Department of Landscape Architecture, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, China.
| | - Shuyu Hou
- Institute for National Parks, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, China.
| | - Tz-Hsuan Tseng
- Institute for National Parks, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yue Cao
- Institute for National Parks, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Rui Yang
- Institute for National Parks, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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6
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Nedopil C, Yue M, Hughes AC. Are debt-for-nature swaps scalable: Which nature, how much debt, and who pays? AMBIO 2024; 53:63-78. [PMID: 37658986 PMCID: PMC10692041 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-023-01914-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
With the ongoing sovereign debt and biodiversity crises in many emerging economies, applications of debt-for-nature swaps as a dual solution for sovereign debt and nature conservation have been re-emerging. We analyze how debt-for-nature swaps (DNS) can be scaled to protect biodiversity priority areas and reduce debt burden. We build a dataset for biodiversity conservation and debt restructuring in 67 countries at risk of sovereign debt distress and show that they hold over 22% of global biodiversity priority areas, 82.96% of which are unprotected. Furthermore, we show that for 35 of the 67 countries, using conservative cost estimates, 100% of unprotected biodiversity priority areas could be protected for a fraction of debt; for the remaining countries, applying DNS would allow the protection of 11-13% of currently unprotected biodiversity priority areas. By applying interdisciplinary research combining fundamental biodiversity and economic data and methods merging, the research contributes methodologically and practically to the understanding of debt-for-nature swaps for emerging economies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Nedopil
- Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengdi Yue
- Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Alice C Hughes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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7
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Eckert I, Brown A, Caron D, Riva F, Pollock LJ. 30×30 biodiversity gains rely on national coordination. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7113. [PMID: 37932316 PMCID: PMC10628259 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42737-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Global commitments to protect 30% of land by 2030 present an opportunity to combat the biodiversity crisis, but reducing extinction risk will depend on where countries expand protection. Here, we explore a range of 30×30 conservation scenarios that vary what dimension of biodiversity is prioritized (taxonomic groups, species-at-risk, biodiversity facets) and how protection is coordinated (transnational, national, or regional approaches) to test which decisions influence our ability to capture biodiversity in spatial planning. Using Canada as a model nation, we evaluate how well each scenario captures biodiversity using scalable indicators while accounting for climate change, data bias, and uncertainty. We find that only 15% of all terrestrial vertebrates, plants, and butterflies (representing only 6.6% of species-at-risk) are adequately represented in existing protected land. However, a nationally coordinated approach to 30×30 could protect 65% of all species representing 40% of all species-at-risk. How protection is coordinated has the largest impact, with regional approaches protecting up to 38% fewer species and 65% fewer species-at-risk, while the choice of biodiversity incurs much smaller trade-offs. These results demonstrate the potential of 30×30 while highlighting the critical importance of biodiversity-informed national strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Eckert
- Dept. of Biology, McGill University, H3A 1B1, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Quebec Center for Biodiversity Science, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Andrea Brown
- Dept. of Biology, McGill University, H3A 1B1, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Quebec Center for Biodiversity Science, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dominique Caron
- Dept. of Biology, McGill University, H3A 1B1, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Quebec Center for Biodiversity Science, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Federico Riva
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura J Pollock
- Dept. of Biology, McGill University, H3A 1B1, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Quebec Center for Biodiversity Science, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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8
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Yang C, Li Q, Wang X, Cui A, Chen J, Liu H, Ma W, Dong X, Shi T, Meng F, Yan X, Ding K, Wu G. Human Expansion-Induced Biodiversity Crisis over Asia from 2000 to 2020. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0226. [PMID: 37746659 PMCID: PMC10513745 DOI: 10.34133/research.0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Asia stands out as a priority for urgent biodiversity conservation due to its large protected areas (PAs) and threatened species. Since the 21st century, both the highlands and lowlands of Asia have been experiencing the dramatic human expansion. However, the threat degree of human expansion to biodiversity is poorly understood. Here, the threat degree of human expansion to biodiversity over 2000 to 2020 in Asia at the continental (Asia), national (48 Asian countries), and hotspot (6,502 Asian terrestrial PAs established before 2000) scales is investigated by integrating multiple large-scale data. The results show that human expansion poses widespread threat to biodiversity in Asia, especially in Southeast Asia, with Malaysia, Cambodia, and Vietnam having the largest threat degrees (∼1.5 to 1.7 times of the Asian average level). Human expansion in highlands induces higher threats to biodiversity than that in lowlands in one-third Asian countries (most Southeast Asian countries). The regions with threats to biodiversity are present in ∼75% terrestrial PAs (including 4,866 PAs in 26 countries), and human expansion in PAs triggers higher threat degrees to biodiversity than that in non-PAs. Our findings provide novel insight for the Sustainable Development Goal 15 (SDG-15 Life on Land) and suggest that human expansion in Southeast Asian countries and PAs might hinder the realization of SDG-15. To reduce the threat degree, Asian developing countries should accelerate economic transformation, and the developed countries in the world should reduce the demands for commodity trade in Southeast Asian countries (i.e., trade leading to the loss of wildlife habitats) to alleviate human expansion, especially in PAs and highlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- MNR Key Laboratory for Geo-Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning,
Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qingquan Li
- MNR Key Laboratory for Geo-Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering,
Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xuqing Wang
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Aihong Cui
- Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 999077, China
| | - Junyi Chen
- Faculty of Land Resource Engineering,
Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Huizeng Liu
- MNR Key Laboratory for Geo-Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Institute for Advanced Study and Tiandu-Shenzhen University Deep Space Joint Laboratory, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wei Ma
- School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
| | - Xuanyan Dong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tiezhu Shi
- MNR Key Laboratory for Geo-Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning,
Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Fanyi Meng
- MNR Key Laboratory for Geo-Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering,
Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaohu Yan
- School of Artificial Intelligence,
Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kai Ding
- School of Computer Science and Technology,
Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523419, China
| | - Guofeng Wu
- MNR Key Laboratory for Geo-Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning,
Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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9
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Buchadas A, Jung M, Bustamante M, Fernández-Llamazares Á, Garnett ST, Nanni AS, Ribeiro N, Meyfroidt P, Kuemmerle T. Tropical dry woodland loss occurs disproportionately in areas of highest conservation value. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:4880-4897. [PMID: 37365752 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Tropical and subtropical dry woodlands are rich in biodiversity and carbon. Yet, many of these woodlands are under high deforestation pressure and remain weakly protected. Here, we assessed how deforestation dynamics relate to areas of woodland protection and to conservation priorities across the world's tropical dry woodlands. Specifically, we characterized different types of deforestation frontier from 2000 to 2020 and compared them to protected areas (PAs), Indigenous Peoples' lands and conservation areas for biodiversity, carbon and water. We found that global conservation priorities were always overrepresented in tropical dry woodlands compared to the rest of the globe (between 4% and 96% more than expected, depending on the type of conservation priority). Moreover, about 41% of all dry woodlands were characterized as deforestation frontiers, and these frontiers have been falling disproportionately in areas with important regional (i.e. tropical dry woodland) conservation assets. While deforestation frontiers were identified within all tropical dry woodland classes of woodland protection, they were lower than the average within protected areas coinciding with Indigenous Peoples' lands (23%), and within other PAs (28%). However, within PAs, deforestation frontiers have also been disproportionately affecting regional conservation assets. Many emerging deforestation frontiers were identified outside but close to PAs, highlighting a growing threat that the conserved areas of dry woodland will become isolated. Understanding how deforestation frontiers coincide with major types of current woodland protection can help target context-specific conservation policies and interventions to tropical dry woodland conservation assets (e.g. PAs in which deforestation is rampant require stronger enforcement, inactive deforestation frontiers could benefit from restoration). Our analyses also identify recurring patterns that can be used to test the transferability of governance approaches and promote learning across social-ecological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Buchadas
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Integrated Research Institute on Transformations of Human-Environment Systems (IRI THESys), Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Jung
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation Research Group, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Mercedes Bustamante
- Department of Ecology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Álvaro Fernández-Llamazares
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Ciència I Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stephen T Garnett
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Ana Sofía Nanni
- Instituto de Ecología Regional (UNT-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Natasha Ribeiro
- Faculty of Agronomy and Forest Engineering, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Patrick Meyfroidt
- Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- F.R.S.-FNRS, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tobias Kuemmerle
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Integrated Research Institute on Transformations of Human-Environment Systems (IRI THESys), Berlin, Germany
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10
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Schuldt A, Liu X, Buscot F, Bruelheide H, Erfmeier A, He JS, Klein AM, Ma K, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schmid B, Scholten T, Tang Z, Trogisch S, Wirth C, Wubet T, Staab M. Carbon-biodiversity relationships in a highly diverse subtropical forest. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:5321-5333. [PMID: 36970888 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-focused climate mitigation strategies are becoming increasingly important in forests. However, with ongoing biodiversity declines we require better knowledge of how much such strategies account for biodiversity. We particularly lack information across multiple trophic levels and on established forests, where the interplay between carbon stocks, stand age, and tree diversity might influence carbon-biodiversity relationships. Using a large dataset (>4600 heterotrophic species of 23 taxonomic groups) from secondary, subtropical forests, we tested how multitrophic diversity and diversity within trophic groups relate to aboveground, belowground, and total carbon stocks at different levels of tree species richness and stand age. Our study revealed that aboveground carbon, the key component of climate-based management, was largely unrelated to multitrophic diversity. By contrast, total carbon stocks-that is, including belowground carbon-emerged as a significant predictor of multitrophic diversity. Relationships were nonlinear and strongest for lower trophic levels, but nonsignificant for higher trophic level diversity. Tree species richness and stand age moderated these relationships, suggesting long-term regeneration of forests may be particularly effective in reconciling carbon and biodiversity targets. Our findings highlight that biodiversity benefits of climate-oriented management need to be evaluated carefully, and only maximizing aboveground carbon may fail to account for biodiversity conservation requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schuldt
- Forest Nature Conservation, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, 100093, Beijing, China
| | - François Buscot
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Jin-Sheng He
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Alexandra-Maria Klein
- Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Keping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, 100093, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Geography, Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Scholten
- Department of Geosciences, Soil Science and Geomorphology, University of Tübingen, 72070, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zhiyao Tang
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Stefan Trogisch
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christian Wirth
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tesfaye Wubet
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Community Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Michael Staab
- Ecological Networks, Technical University Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
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11
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Kindt R, Graudal L, Lillesø JPB, Pedercini F, Smith P, Jamnadass R. GlobalUsefulNativeTrees, a database documenting 14,014 tree species, supports synergies between biodiversity recovery and local livelihoods in landscape restoration. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12640. [PMID: 37537200 PMCID: PMC10400654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39552-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tree planting has the potential to improve the livelihoods of millions of people as well as to support environmental services such as biodiversity conservation. Planting however needs to be executed wisely if benefits are to be achieved. We have developed the GlobalUsefulNativeTrees (GlobUNT) database to directly support the principles advocated by the 'golden rules for reforestation', including planting tree mixtures that maximize the benefits to local livelihoods and the diversity of native trees. Developed primarily by combining data from GlobalTreeSearch with the World Checklist of Useful Plant Species (WCUPS), GlobUNT includes 14,014 tree species that can be filtered for ten major use categories, across 242 countries and territories. The 14,014 species represent roughly a quarter of the tree species from GlobalTreeSearch and a third of the plant species from WCUPS. GlobUNT includes over 8000 species used as materials (9261 species; 68.4% of the total in WCUPS for that use category) or medicines (8283; 31.1%), over 2000 species with environmental uses (3317; 36.9%), used as human food (3310; 47.0%) or fuel (2162; 85.5%), over 1000 species used as gene sources (1552; 29.8%), animal food (1494; 33.7%), social uses (1396; 53.8%) or poisons (1109; 36.8%), and 712 species (68.4%) as insect food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roeland Kindt
- Trees and Forest Genetic Resources, and Biodiversity, World Agroforestry, CIFOR-ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Lars Graudal
- Trees and Forest Genetic Resources, and Biodiversity, World Agroforestry, CIFOR-ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens-Peter B Lillesø
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fabio Pedercini
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul Smith
- Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, UK
| | - Ramni Jamnadass
- Trees and Forest Genetic Resources, and Biodiversity, World Agroforestry, CIFOR-ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya
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12
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Xue J, Shcherbakov AV, Kipriyanova LM, Zhu L, Ma K. Mapping Asia Plants: The Threat Status and Influencing Factors of Rare and Endangered Vascular Plant Species in North Asia (Asian Russia). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2792. [PMID: 37570946 PMCID: PMC10421321 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
In order to effectively protect rare and endangered plants, 27 provincial-level administrative regions in North Asia (the Asian part of Russia) have compiled and published local Red Data Books. In this study, the names (with synonyms) of vascular plants in the 27 provincial Red Books were digitalized and merged into a database of rare and endangered vascular plants in North Asia. The purpose is to reflect the species composition, geographic distribution pattern, and protection level of these plants and their inclusion in the national Russian Red Data Book and the IUCN Red List, and provide a reference for formulating conservation strategies. The dataset has a total of 2079 species, 160 subspecies, and 53 varieties belonging to 667 genera and 143 families. It contains data on 2292 taxa, including family name, genus name, species name and synonyms, protection level, and other information. We also analyzed the main influencing factors, existing problems of rare and endangered vascular plant species, and suggestions for addressing them. We conclude that, to date, the IUCN criteria have not been applied consistently in all regions, leading to an excessive number of species being recorded in the Red Data Books of Asian Russia; specifically, one-third of all floral species are in the regional Red Data Books.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Andrey V. Shcherbakov
- Department of the Higher Plants, Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Laura M. Kipriyanova
- Laboratory of Hydrobiology, Institute for Water and Environmental Problems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Barnaul 656038, Russia
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Keping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
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13
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Hughes AC. Developing Biodiversity Baselines to Develop and Implement Future Conservation Targets. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2291. [PMID: 37375916 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
With the recent launch of the Kunming-Montreal global biodiversity framework (GBF), and the associated monitoring framework, understanding the framework and data needed to support it is crucial. Unfortunately, whilst the monitoring framework was meant to provide key data to monitor progress towards goals and targets, most indicators are too unclear for detection or marking progress. The most common datasets for this task, such as the IUCN redlist of species, have major spatial inaccuracies, and lack the temporal resolution to track progress, whilst point-based datasets lack data from many regions, in addition to species coverage. Utilising existing data will require the careful use of existing data, such as the use of inventories and projecting richness patterns, or filling data gaps before developing species-level models and assessments. As high-resolution data fall outside the scope of explicit indicators within the monitoring framework, using essential biodiversity variables within GEOBON (which are noted in the prelude of the monitoring framework) as a vehicle for data aggregation provides a mechanism for collating the necessary high-resolution data. Ultimately developing effective targets for conservation will require better species data, for which National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plans (NBSAPs) and novel mechanisms for data mobilisation will be necessary. Furthermore, capitalising on climate targets and climate biodiversity synergies within the GBF provides an additional means for developing meaningful targets, trying to develop urgently needed data to monitor biodiversity trends, prioritising meaningful tasks, and tracking our progress towards biodiversity targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice C Hughes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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14
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Zhao J, Xiao Y, Zhang Y, Shao Y, Ma T, Kou X, Zhang Y, Sang W, Axmacher JC. Socioeconomic development shows positive links to the conservation efficiency of China's protected area network. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:3433-3448. [PMID: 36946769 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
While the protected area (PA) covers >15% of the planet's terrestrial land area and continues to expand, factors determining its effectiveness in conserving endangered species are being debated. We investigated the links between direct anthropogenic pressures, socioeconomic settings, and the coverage of vertebrate taxa by China's PA network, and indicated that high socioeconomic status and low levels of human pressure correlate with high species coverage, with threatened mammals more effectively conserved than reptiles or amphibians. Positive links between conservation outcomes and socioeconomic progress appear linked to local livelihood improvements triggering positive perceptions of local PAs-aided further by ecological compensation and tourism schemes introduced in wealthy areas and reinforced by continued positive conservation outcomes. Socioeconomic development of China's less developed regions might assist regional PA efficiency and achievement of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, while also addressing potential shortcomings from an insufficient past focus on socioeconomic impacts for biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqi Zhao
- Minzu University of China, 27 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- Minzu University of China, 27 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanliang Zhang
- Minzu University of China, 27 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuting Shao
- Minzu University of China, 27 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tianxiao Ma
- Minzu University of China, 27 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaojun Kou
- Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai St, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Beijing Milu Ecological Research Center, Beijing, 100076, China
| | - Weiguo Sang
- Minzu University of China, 27 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jan Christoph Axmacher
- UCL Department of Geography, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Agricultural University of Iceland, Keldnaholt, Reykjavik, Iceland
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15
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Zhou G, Huan Y, Wang L, Lan Y, Liang T, Shi B, Zhang Q. Linking ecosystem services and circuit theory to identify priority conservation and restoration areas from an ecological network perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162261. [PMID: 36801316 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Yellow River basin has been experiencing ecosystem fragmentation, conversion, and degradation. The ecological security pattern (ESP) can provide a systematic and holistic perspective for specific action planning to maintain ecosystem structural, functional stability, and its connectivity. Thus, this study focused on Sanmenxia, one of the most representative cities of the Yellow River basin, to construct an integrated ESP to provide evidence-based support for ecological conservation and restoration. We adopted four main steps, including measuring the importance of multiple ecosystem services, identifying ecological sources, constructing the ecological resistance surface, and linking the MCR model and circuit theory to identify the optimal path, optimal width, and key nodes of ecological corridors. Overall, we identified various ecological conservation and restoration priority areas in Sanmenxia, including 3593.08 km2 of ecosystem service hotspots, 28 corridors, 105 pinch points, and 73 barriers, and we highlighted multiple priority actions. This study provides an effective starting point for the future identification of ecological priorities at the regional or river basin scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhong Huan
- School of Public Policy and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Institute for Sustainable Development Goals, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Lan
- The Bartlett School of Environment, Energy and Resources, University College London, London, UK; Laboratory of Resource Ecology and Biological Resources, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Biling Shi
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Zhangjiakou Municipal Bureau of Natural Resources and Planning, Zhangjiakou, China
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16
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Yang Y, Zhong Z, Jing L, Li Q, Wang H, Wang W. Plant community phylogeny responses to protections and its main drivers in boreal forests, China: General pattern and implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 864:161151. [PMID: 36572317 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Patterns of the phylogenetic structure have been broadly applied to predict community assembly processes. However, the distribution pattern of evolutionary diversity and its drivers under nature conservation are still poorly understood in boreal forests. Here, we investigated 1738 sampling plots and subplots from distinct protection intensities (PIs) zones in five representative National Nature Reserves (NNRs). Multiple comparisons, redundancy analysis, and linear mixed model were performed to identify the changes in community phylogeny across different PIs and NNRs and the drivers for these variations. Our results showed considerable plant community phylogeny variations in different NNRs. As indicated by SesMPD (standardized mean pairwise distance) and SesMNTD (standardized the mean nearest taxon distance), trees, shrubs, and herbs presented overdispersed, clustered, and random distribution patterns, respectively, in different PIs. Protection resulted in the phylogenetic structure between the nearest species of trees showing a more overdispersed pattern (p < 0.05). Protection decreased the phylogenetically clustered degree between the nearest species of shrubs (p > 0.05), while the herbs still maintained a random pattern. Community traits explained the most to phylogeny variation of different communities (24 %-71 %, p < 0.01), followed by geoclimatic factors (2 %-24 %) and conservation processes (1 %-21 %). The higher mean annual precipitation and under branch height at the lower latitude area accompanied the higher SesMPD and SesMNTD. The higher PIs attended with higher tree SesMPD, and the longer protection time resulted in higher shrub PSR (phylogenetic species richness) and PSV (phylogenetic species variability). Including the location of NNRs, community traits, and years of protection, rather than only emphasizing PI itself, could optimize community phylogenetic structure and preserve the evolutionary potential of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-based Active Substances, College of Chemistry, Chemistry Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhaoliang Zhong
- College of Resources & Environment, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, China
| | - Lixin Jing
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-based Active Substances, College of Chemistry, Chemistry Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-based Active Substances, College of Chemistry, Chemistry Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Huimei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-based Active Substances, College of Chemistry, Chemistry Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-based Active Substances, College of Chemistry, Chemistry Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Urban Forests and Wetland Group, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Changchun 130102, China; State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
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17
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Greetings from the new editor! CLIMATE CHANGE ECOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecochg.2023.100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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18
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Tian J, Feng C, Fu G, Fan L, Wang W. Contribution of different types of terrestrial protected areas to carbon sequestration services in China: 1980–2020. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1074410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Exploring the contribution of protected areas to carbon sequestration services is meaningful to enhance the role of protected areas in climate change mitigation globally. However, less attention has been paid to the contribution of different types of protected areas to carbon sequestration services as well as their changes, which is not conducive to provide more effective solutions in the context of future climate change. Here, we identified the status and changes of carbon sequestration in different types of terrestrial protected areas in China and calculated the amount of carbon sequestration in different ecosystems in terrestrial protected areas and in different climatic zones. Our results indicated that carbon sequestration of China’s terrestrial protected areas had shown a significant increasing trend over the past 40 years (1980–2020) (R2 = 0.862, p < 0.05). Among the different types of terrestrial protected areas in China, nature reserves had the greatest carbon sequestration, accounting for 64–66% of the carbon sequestration in China’s terrestrial protected areas from 1980 to 2020. Although the carbon sequestration per unit area of forest parks was the highest among all types of protected areas, the proportion of carbon sequestration of forest parks tended to decrease significantly over the past 40 years. Carbon sequestration of protected areas in the humid zone had been mainly contributed by forest ecosystems, while grassland and desert ecosystems in terrestrial protected areas in regions with low rainfall (e.g., semi-arid and arid) had made more contribution to carbon sequestration services. Our study showed that China’s terrestrial protected areas had played an important role in carbon sequestration over the past 40 years, but there are still some gaps compared to the global level, and the planning and establishment of protected areas need to be further strengthened in the future.
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19
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Zhang Y, Tariq A, Hughes AC, Hong D, Wei F, Sun H, Sardans J, Peñuelas J, Perry G, Qiao J, Kurban A, Jia X, Raimondo D, Pan B, Yang W, Zhang D, Li W, Ahmed Z, Beierkuhnlein C, Lazkov G, Toderich K, Karryeva S, Dehkonov D, Hisoriev H, Dimeyeva L, Milko D, Soule A, Suska-Malawska M, Saparmuradov J, Bekzod A, Allin P, Dieye S, Cissse B, Whibesilassie W, Ma K. Challenges and solutions to biodiversity conservation in arid lands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159695. [PMID: 36302433 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The strategic goals of the United Nations and the Aichi Targets for biodiversity conservation have not been met. Instead, biodiversity has continued to rapidly decrease, especially in developing countries. Setting a new global biodiversity framework requires clarifying future priorities and strategies to bridge challenges and provide representative solutions. Hyper-arid, arid, and semi-arid lands (herein, arid lands) form about one third of the Earth's terrestrial surface. Arid lands contain unique biological and cultural diversity, and biodiversity loss in arid lands can have a disproportionate impact on these ecosystems due to low redundancy and a high risk of trophic cascades. They contain unique biological and cultural diversity and host many endemic species, including wild relatives of key crop plants. Yet extensive agriculture, unsustainable use, and global climate change are causing an irrecoverable damage to arid lands, with far-reaching consequences to the species, ground-water resources, ecosystem productivity, and ultimately the communities' dependant on these systems. However, adequate research and effective policies to protect arid land biodiversity and sustainability are lacking because a large proportion of arid areas are in developing countries, and the unique diversity in these systems is frequently overlooked. Developing new priorities for global arid lands and mechanisms to prevent unsustainable development must become part of public discourse and form the basis for conservation efforts. The current situation demands the combined efforts of researchers, practitioners, policymakers, and local communities to adopt a socio-ecological approach for achieving sustainable development (SDGs) in arid lands. Applying these initiatives globally is imperative to conserve arid lands biodiversity and the critical ecological services they provide for future generations. This perspective provides a framework for conserving biodiversity in arid lands for all stakeholders that will have a tangible impact on sustainable development, nature, and human well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanming Zhang
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Akash Tariq
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinjiang, China; Cele National Station of Observation and Research for Desert-Grassland Ecosystems, Cele 848300, China
| | - Alice C Hughes
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, China
| | - Deyuan Hong
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fuwen Wei
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Sun
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, China
| | - Jordi Sardans
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gad Perry
- Department of Natural Resource Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, USA
| | - Jianfang Qiao
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinjiang, China
| | - Alishir Kurban
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinjiang, China; Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Xiaoxia Jia
- Science Technology Innovation Unit, Secretariat of the UNCCD, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Borong Pan
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinjiang, China
| | - Weikang Yang
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinjiang, China
| | - Daoyuan Zhang
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zeeshan Ahmed
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinjiang, China
| | | | - Georgy Lazkov
- Institute of Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Kristina Toderich
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, University of Tottori, Tottori, Japan
| | | | - Davron Dehkonov
- Institute of Botany, Academy Sciences of Uzbekistan, Uzbekistan
| | - Hikmat Hisoriev
- Flora and Systematic Botany Department Institute of Botany, Plant Physiology and Genetics, Tajikistan National Academy of Sciences, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | - Liliya Dimeyeva
- Laboratory of Geobotany, Institute of Botany & Phytointroduction, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Dmitry Milko
- Institute of Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Ahmedou Soule
- Research Center for the Valorization of Biodiversity, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Malgozhata Suska-Malawska
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, University of Tottori, Tottori, Japan; Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jumamurat Saparmuradov
- Department of Environmental Protection and Hydrometeorology, Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Protection of Turkmenistan, Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
| | - Alilov Bekzod
- Institute of Botany, Academy Sciences of Uzbekistan, Uzbekistan
| | - Paul Allin
- Transfrontier Africa, Hoedspruit, South Africa
| | - Sidy Dieye
- Transfrontier Africa, Hoedspruit, South Africa
| | - Birane Cissse
- Cheikh Anta DIOP University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Keping Ma
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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20
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Pusparini W, Cahyana A, Grantham HS, Maxwell S, Soto-Navarro C, Macdonald DW. A bolder conservation future for Indonesia by prioritising biodiversity, carbon and unique ecosystems in Sulawesi. Sci Rep 2023; 13:842. [PMID: 36646696 PMCID: PMC9842766 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21536-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As more ambitious protected area (PA) targets for the post-2020 global biodiversity framework are set beyond Aichi Target 11, renew thinking into spatial prioritisation is required to enable PA expansion that maximises environmental values. Our study focuses on the biodiverse and forest-rich Indonesian island of Sulawesi, which has a terrestrial PA network that covers 10% of the island. We used Marxan to investigate trade-offs in the design of an expanded PA network that prioritised different conservation features (biodiversity, forest cover, carbon stock, karst and valuable metal-rich areas) under varying island-wide coverage targets (17%, 30%, and 50%). Our first scenario, which required existing PAs to be selected, required larger areas to meet these coverage targets, in contrast to our second scenario, which allowed for any part of the island to be chosen, irrespective of PA status. The vast Mekongga and Bangkiriang Landscapes, and Gorontalo corridor were consistently identified as a high priority for protection under all scenarios. To meet our conservation targets through expanding current PAs, creating new PAs, and creating corridors that connect existing PAs, we used a spatially explicit three-phase approach. Our findings identified 26,508 km2 of priority areas to be included in the current PA network, potentially assisting Indonesia in meeting its post-2020 GBF target, if our approach is replicated across Indonesia as a national or sub-national analysis. We discuss various land management options through other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) and the costs to deliver this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wulan Pusparini
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Biology, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Andi Cahyana
- Yayasan Konservasi Ekosistem Alam Lestari, 16610, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Hedley S Grantham
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Sean Maxwell
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - David W Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Biology, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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21
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Zhao W, Ma J, Liu Q, Song J, Tysklind M, Liu C, Wang D, Qu Y, Wu Y, Wu F. Comparison and application of SOFM, fuzzy c-means and k-means clustering algorithms for natural soil environment regionalization in China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114519. [PMID: 36252833 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soil attributes and their environmental drivers exhibit different patterns in different geographical directions, along with distinct regional characteristics, which may have important effects on substance migration and transformation such as organic matter and soil elements or the environmental impacts of pollutants. Therefore, regional soil characteristics should be considered in the process of regionalization for environmental management. However, no comprehensive evaluation or systematic classification of the natural soil environment has been established for China. Here, we established an index system for natural soil environmental regionalization (NSER) by combining literature data obtained based on bibliometrics with the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Based on the index system, we collected spatial distribution data for 14 indexes at the national scale. In addition, three clustering algorithms-self-organizing feature mapping (SOFM), fuzzy c-means (FCM) and k-means (KM)-were used to classify and define the natural soil environment. We imported four cluster validity indexes (CVI) to evaluate different models: Davies-Bouldin index (DB), Silhouette index (Sil) and Calinski-Harabasz index (CH) for FCM and KM, clustering quality index (CQI) for SOFM. Analysis and comparison of the results showed that when the number of clusters was 13, the FCM clustering algorithm achieved the optimal clustering results (DB = 1.16, Sil = 0.78, CH = 6.77 × 106), allowing the natural soil environment of China to be divided into 12 regions with distinct characteristics. Our study provides a set of comprehensive scientific research methods for regionalization research based on spatial data, it has important reference value for improving soil environmental management based on local conditions in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Qiyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jing Song
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Mats Tysklind
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, 90187, Sweden
| | - Chengshuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, 90187, Sweden
| | - Yajing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yihang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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22
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O'Brien P, Gunn JS, Clark A, Gleeson J, Pither R, Bowman J. Integrating carbon stocks and landscape connectivity for nature-based climate solutions. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9725. [PMID: 36636425 PMCID: PMC9829451 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Actions to protect against biodiversity loss and climate change will require a framework that addresses synergies between these interrelated issues. In this study, we present methods for identifying areas important for the implementation of nature-based climate solutions and biodiversity conservation by intersecting high-resolution spatial data for carbon storage and landscape connectivity. We explored the spatial congruence of carbon and connectivity in Ontario, Canada and examined effectiveness of current protected areas coverage. We found a weak positive relationship between carbon stocks and landscape connectivity; however, our maps revealed large hotspots, with high values of both indices, throughout the boreal forest and northern peatlands and smaller, isolated hotspots, in the settled landscapes of the south. Location of hotspots varied depending on whether we considered forest or soil carbon. Further, our results show that current protected and conserved areas in Ontario only cover 13% of landscapes with the highest values for both carbon storage and connectivity. Protection or restoration of areas that maximize the co-benefits of carbon storage and connectivity would make significant contributions toward ambitious national targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and conserve biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul O'Brien
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry Ontario Peterborough Canada
| | - John S Gunn
- New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station University of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire USA
| | - Alison Clark
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry Ontario Peterborough Canada
| | - Jenny Gleeson
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry Ontario Peterborough Canada
| | - Richard Pither
- Environment and Climate Change Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Jeff Bowman
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry Ontario Peterborough Canada
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23
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Zeng Y, Koh LP, Wilcove DS. Gains in biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services from the expansion of the planet's protected areas. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl9885. [PMID: 35648855 PMCID: PMC9159568 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl9885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Protected areas safeguard biodiversity, ensure ecosystem functioning, and deliver ecosystem services to communities. However, only ~16% of the world's land area is under some form of protection, prompting international calls to protect at least 30% by 2030. We modeled the outcomes of achieving this 30 × 30 target for terrestrial biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation, and nutrient regulation. We find that the additional ~2.8 million ha of habitat that would be protected would benefit 1134 ± 175 vertebrate species whose habitats currently lack any form of protection, as well as contribute to either avoided carbon emissions or carbon dioxide sequestration, equivalent to 10.9 ± 3.6 GtCO2 year-1 (28.4 ± 9.4% of the global nature-based climate-change mitigation potential). Furthermore, expansion of the protected area network would increase its ability to regulate water quality and mitigate nutrient pollution by 142.5 ± 31.0 MtN year-1 (28.5 ± 6.2% of the global nutrient regulation potential).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Zeng
- School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Centre for Nature-based Climate Solutions, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117546, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Corresponding author. (Y.Z.); (L.P.K.); (D.S.W.)
| | - Lian Pin Koh
- Centre for Nature-based Climate Solutions, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117546, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Corresponding author. (Y.Z.); (L.P.K.); (D.S.W.)
| | - David S. Wilcove
- School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Corresponding author. (Y.Z.); (L.P.K.); (D.S.W.)
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24
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Enhanced habitat loss of the Himalayan endemic flora driven by warming-forced upslope tree expansion. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:890-899. [PMID: 35654898 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01774-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
High-elevation trees cannot always reach the thermal treeline, the potential upper range limit set by growing-season temperature. But delineation of the realized upper range limit of trees and quantification of the drivers, which lead to trees being absent from the treeline, is lacking. Here, we used 30 m resolution satellite tree-cover data, validated by more than 0.7 million visual interpretations from Google Earth images, to map the realized range limit of trees along the Himalaya which harbours one of the world's richest alpine endemic flora. The realized range limit of trees is ~800 m higher in the eastern Himalaya than in the western and central Himalaya. Trees had reached their thermal treeline positions in more than 80% of the cases over eastern Himalaya but are absent from the treeline position in western and central Himalaya, due to anthropogenic disturbance and/or premonsoon drought. By combining projections of the deviation of trees from the treeline position due to regional environmental stresses with warming-induced treeline shift, we predict that trees will migrate upslope by ~140 m by the end of the twenty-first century in the eastern Himalaya. This shift will cause the endemic flora to lose at least ~20% of its current habitats, highlighting the necessity to reassess the effectiveness of current conservation networks and policies over the Himalaya.
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25
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Sonne C, Xia C, Lam SS. Is engineered wood China's way to carbon neutrality? JOURNAL OF BIORESOURCES AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jobab.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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26
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Pagani-Núñez E, Barnett CRA, Dingle C, Goodale E, Hu J, Li Y, Liu Y, Wu N, Zou Y. Editorial: Impacts of Habitat Transformation on Species, Biodiversity and Ecosystems in Asia. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.777175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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27
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Lu Y, Bullock JM. Biodiversity conservation in a changing environment beyond 2020. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/35/eabl8162. [PMID: 34433572 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl8162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yonglong Lu
- Yonglong Lu, Yonglong Lu, Stac Environmental Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China. ; or
- James M. Bullock, UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon OX 10 8BB, UK.
| | - James M Bullock
- Yonglong Lu, Yonglong Lu, Stac Environmental Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China. ; or
- James M. Bullock, UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon OX 10 8BB, UK.
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