1
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Xiong Y, Libby KA, Su X. The physical landscape of CAR-T synapse. Biophys J 2024; 123:2199-2210. [PMID: 37715447 PMCID: PMC11331049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells form dynamic immunological synapses with their cancer cell targets. After a CAR-antigen engagement, the CAR-T synapse forms, matures, and finally disassembles, accompanied by substantial remodeling of cell surface proteins, lipids, and glycans. In this review, we provide perspectives for understanding protein distribution, membrane topology, and force transmission across the CAR-T synapse. We highlight the features of CAR-T synapses that differ from T cell receptor synapses, including the disorganized protein pattern, adjustable synapse width, diverse mechano-responding properties, and resulting signaling consequences. Through a range of examples, we illustrate how revealing the biophysical nature of the CAR-T synapse could guide the design of CAR-Ts with improved anti-tumor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Xiong
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kendra A Libby
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaolei Su
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
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2
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Bitar L, Puig B, Oertner TG, Dénes Á, Magnus T. Changes in Neuroimmunological Synapses During Cerebral Ischemia. Transl Stroke Res 2024:10.1007/s12975-024-01286-1. [PMID: 39103660 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-024-01286-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The direct interplay between the immune and nervous systems is now well established. Within the brain, these interactions take place between neurons and resident glial cells, i.e., microglia and astrocytes, or infiltrating immune cells, influenced by systemic factors. A special form of physical cell-cell interactions is the so-called "neuroimmunological (NI) synapse." There is compelling evidence that the same signaling pathways that regulate inflammatory responses to injury or ischemia also play potent roles in brain development, plasticity, and function. Proper synaptic wiring is as important during development as it is during disease states, as it is necessary for activity-dependent refinement of neuronal circuits. Since the process of forming synaptic connections in the brain is highly dynamic, with constant changes in strength and connectivity, the immune component is perfectly suited for the regulatory task as it is in constant turnover. Many cellular and molecular players in this interaction remain to be uncovered, especially in pathological states. In this review, we discuss and propose possible communication hubs between components of the adaptive and innate immune systems and the synaptic element in ischemic stroke pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Bitar
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI) Group, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße, 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Berta Puig
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI) Group, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße, 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Thomas G Oertner
- Institute for Synaptic Physiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ádám Dénes
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tim Magnus
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI) Group, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße, 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany.
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3
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Cárdenas-García SP, Ijaz S, Pereda AE. The components of an electrical synapse as revealed by expansion microscopy of a single synaptic contact. eLife 2024; 13:e91931. [PMID: 38994821 PMCID: PMC11333041 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Most nervous systems combine both transmitter-mediated and direct cell-cell communication, known as 'chemical' and 'electrical' synapses, respectively. Chemical synapses can be identified by their multiple structural components. Electrical synapses are, on the other hand, generally defined by the presence of a 'gap junction' (a cluster of intercellular channels) between two neuronal processes. However, while gap junctions provide the communicating mechanism, it is unknown whether electrical transmission requires the contribution of additional cellular structures. We investigated this question at identifiable single synaptic contacts on the zebrafish Mauthner cells, at which gap junctions coexist with specializations for neurotransmitter release and where the contact unequivocally defines the anatomical limits of a synapse. Expansion microscopy of these single contacts revealed a detailed map of the incidence and spatial distribution of proteins pertaining to various synaptic structures. Multiple gap junctions of variable size were identified by the presence of their molecular components. Remarkably, most of the synaptic contact's surface was occupied by interleaving gap junctions and components of adherens junctions, suggesting a close functional association between these two structures. In contrast, glutamate receptors were confined to small peripheral portions of the contact, indicating that most of the synaptic area functions as an electrical synapse. Thus, our results revealed the overarching organization of an electrical synapse that operates with not one, but multiple gap junctions, in close association with structural and signaling molecules known to be components of adherens junctions. The relationship between these intercellular structures will aid in establishing the boundaries of electrical synapses found throughout animal connectomes and provide insight into the structural organization and functional diversity of electrical synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra P Cárdenas-García
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxUnited States
| | - Sundas Ijaz
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxUnited States
| | - Alberto E Pereda
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxUnited States
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4
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Varveri A, Papadopoulou M, Papadovasilakis Z, Compeer EB, Legaki AI, Delis A, Damaskou V, Boon L, Papadogiorgaki S, Samiotaki M, Foukas PG, Eliopoulos AG, Hatzioannou A, Alissafi T, Dustin ML, Verginis P. Immunological synapse formation between T regulatory cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes tumour development. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4988. [PMID: 38862534 PMCID: PMC11167033 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have emerged as a dominant non-hematopoietic cell population in the tumour microenvironment, serving diverse functions in tumour progression. However, the mechanisms via which CAFs influence the anti-tumour immunity remain poorly understood. Here, using multiple tumour models and biopsies from cancer patients, we report that α-SMA+ CAFs can form immunological synapses with Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in tumours. Notably, α-SMA+ CAFs can phagocytose and process tumour antigens and exhibit a tolerogenic phenotype which instructs movement arrest, activation and proliferation in Tregs in an antigen-specific manner. Moreover, α-SMA+ CAFs display double-membrane structures resembling autophagosomes in their cytoplasm. Single-cell transcriptomic data showed an enrichment in autophagy and antigen processing/presentation pathways in α-SMA-expressing CAF clusters. Conditional knockout of Atg5 in α-SMA+ CAFs promoted inflammatory re-programming in CAFs, reduced Treg cell infiltration and attenuated tumour development. Overall, our findings reveal an immunosuppressive mechanism entailing the formation of synapses between α-SMA+ CAFs and Tregs in an autophagy-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Varveri
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Tolerance, Division of Basic Sciences, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Miranta Papadopoulou
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Tolerance, Division of Basic Sciences, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Zacharias Papadovasilakis
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Tolerance, Division of Basic Sciences, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ewoud B Compeer
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aigli-Ioanna Legaki
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios Delis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasileia Damaskou
- 2nd Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Martina Samiotaki
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Centre Alexander Fleming, Vari, Athens, 166 72, Greece
| | - Periklis G Foukas
- 2nd Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Aristides G Eliopoulos
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Hatzioannou
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Themis Alissafi
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Panayotis Verginis
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Tolerance, Division of Basic Sciences, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Greece.
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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5
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Röring RJ, Li W, Liu R, Bruno M, Zhang B, Debisarun PA, Gaal O, Badii M, Klück V, Moorlag SJ, van de Veerdonk F, Li Y, Joosten LA, Netea MG. Epigenetic, transcriptional, and functional characterization of myeloid cells in familial Mediterranean fever. iScience 2024; 27:109356. [PMID: 38510149 PMCID: PMC10951896 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is a periodic fever syndrome caused by variation in MEFV. FMF is known for IL-1β dysregulation, but the innate immune landscape of this disease has not been comprehensively described. Therefore, we studied circulating inflammatory proteins, and the function of monocytes and (albeit less extensively) neutrophils in treated FMF patients in remission. We found that monocyte IL-1β and IL-6 production was enhanced upon stimulation, in concordance with alterations in the plasma inflammatory proteome. We did not observe changes in neutrophil functional assays. Subtle differences in chromatin accessibility and transcriptomics in our small patient cohort further argued for monocyte dysregulation. Together, these observations suggest that the MEFV-mutation-mediated primary immune dysregulation in monocytes leads to chronic inflammation that is subsequently associated with counterregulatory epigenetic/transcriptional changes reminiscent of tolerance. These data increase our understanding of the innate immune changes in FMF, aiding future management of chronic inflammation in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutger J. Röring
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Wenchao Li
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
- TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Ruiqi Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mariolina Bruno
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
- TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Process and Resource Ecology and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Priya A. Debisarun
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Orsolya Gaal
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Genetics, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj- Napoca, Romania
| | - Medeea Badii
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Genetics, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj- Napoca, Romania
| | - Viola Klück
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Simone J.C.F.M. Moorlag
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Frank van de Veerdonk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
- TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Leo A.B. Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Genetics, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj- Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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6
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Deftereos SN, Vavougios GD, Bakirtzis C, Hadjigeorgiou G, Grigoriadis N. Effects of High Efficacy Multiple Sclerosis Disease Modifying Drugs on the Immune Synapse: A Systematic Review. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:536-551. [PMID: 38343058 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128288102240131053205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Co-signaling and adhesion molecules are important elements for creating immune synapses between T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells; they positively or negatively regulate the interaction between a T cell receptor with its cognate antigen, presented by the major histocompatibility complex. OBJECTIVES We conducted a systematic review on the effects of High Efficacy Disease Modifying Drugs (HEDMDs) for Multiple Sclerosis (MS) on the co-signaling and adhesion molecules that form the immune synapse. METHODS We searched EMBASE, MEDLINE, and other sources to identify clinical or preclinical reports on the effects of HEDMDs on co-signaling and adhesion molecules that participate in the formation of immune synapses in patients with MS or other autoimmune disorders. We included reports on cladribine tablets, anti- CD20 monoclonal antibodies, S1P modulators, inhibitors of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase, and natalizumab. RESULTS In 56 eligible reports among 7340 total publications, limited relevant evidence was uncovered. Not all co-signaling and adhesion molecules have been studied in relation to every HEDMD, with more data being available on the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (that affect CD80, CD86, GITR and TIGIT), cladribine tablets (affecting CD28, CD40, ICAM-1, LFA-1) and the S1P modulators (affecting CD86, ICAM-1 and LFA-1) and less on Natalizumab (affecting CD80, CD86, CD40, LFA-1, VLA-4) and Alemtuzumab (affecting GITR and CTLA-4). CONCLUSION The puzzle of HEDMD effects on the immune synapse is far from complete. The available evidence suggests that distinguishing differences exist between drugs and are worth pursuing further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyros N Deftereos
- Second Department of Neurology, Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education (S.U.B.R.E.), School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Merck S.A., Greece, an Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - George D Vavougios
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Christos Bakirtzis
- Second Department of Neurology, Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education (S.U.B.R.E.), School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Hadjigeorgiou
- Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Cyprus Academy of Sciences, Letters and Arts, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- Second Department of Neurology, Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education (S.U.B.R.E.), School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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7
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Cárdenas-García SP, Ijaz S, Pereda AE. The components of an electrical synapse as revealed by expansion microscopy of a single synaptic contact. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.25.550347. [PMID: 37546897 PMCID: PMC10402082 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.25.550347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Most nervous systems combine both transmitter-mediated and direct cell-cell communication, known as 'chemical' and 'electrical' synapses, respectively. Chemical synapses can be identified by their multiple structural components. Electrical synapses are, on the other hand, generally defined by the presence of a 'gap junction' (a cluster of intercellular channels) between two neuronal processes. However, while gap junctions provide the communicating mechanism, it is unknown whether electrical transmission requires the contribution of additional cellular structures. We investigated this question at identifiable single synaptic contacts on the zebrafish Mauthner cells, at which gap junctions coexist with specializations for neurotransmitter release and where the contact defines the anatomical limits of a synapse. Expansion microscopy of these contacts revealed a detailed map of the incidence and spatial distribution of proteins pertaining to various synaptic structures. Multiple gap junctions of variable size were identified by the presence of their molecular components. Remarkably, most of the synaptic contact's surface was occupied by interleaving gap junctions and components of adherens junctions, suggesting a close functional association between these two structures. In contrast, glutamate receptors were confined to small peripheral portions of the contact, indicating that most of the synaptic area works as an electrical synapse. Thus, our results revealed the overarching organization of an electrical synapse that operates with not one, but multiple gap junctions, in close association with structural and signaling molecules known to be components of AJs. The relationship between these intercellular structures will aid in establishing the boundaries of electrical synapses found throughout animal connectomes and provide insight into the structural organization and functional diversity of electrical synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra P. Cárdenas-García
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sundas Ijaz
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Alberto E. Pereda
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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8
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Wu J, Zhang H, Yang L, Chen Y, Li J, Yang M, Zhang X, He C, Wang X, Xu X. Syntaxin 7 modulates seizure activity in epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 181:106118. [PMID: 37031804 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The exact pathogenesis of epilepsy, one of the most common and devastating diseases of the nervous system, is not fully understood. Syntaxin7 (STX7) is a member of the SNARE superfamily, which mediates membrane fusion events in all cells. However, the role STX7 plays in epilepsy remains unclear. Therefore, this study investigates the role of STX7 in epilepsy. Our study found that the expression of STX7 was reduced in the epileptic brain and that overexpression of STX7 decreased the susceptibility to epileptic seizures and alleviated epileptic activity in a kainic acid-induced model and pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling model of epilepsy, whereas the downregulation of STX7 showed opposite effects. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings showed that STX7 does not affect the intrinsic excitability of neurons, but rather the excitation/inhibition ratio mediated by affecting the release of presynaptic γ-aminobutyric acid neurotransmitters. Transmission electron microscopy results showed that STX7 did not affect the density of inhibitory synapses but could affect the density of inhibitory vesicles. Taken together, these results reveal a previously unknown function of STX7 in epilepsy and suggest that STX7 may serve as a novel target for epilepsy therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No.85 Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No.85 Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jiyuan Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No.85 Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, No.118, Xingguang Avenue, Liangjiang New Area, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Changlong He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Jiulongpo District, Chongqing 40016, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing 400016, China.
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9
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Danielli S, Ma Z, Pantazi E, Kumar A, Demarco B, Fischer FA, Paudel U, Weissenrieder J, Lee RJ, Joyce S, Foskett JK, Bezbradica JS. The ion channel CALHM6 controls bacterial infection-induced cellular cross-talk at the immunological synapse. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111450. [PMID: 36861806 PMCID: PMC10068325 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane ion channels of the calcium homeostasis modulator (CALHM) family promote cell-cell crosstalk at neuronal synapses via ATP release, where ATP acts as a neurotransmitter. CALHM6, the only CALHM highly expressed in immune cells, has been linked to the induction of natural killer (NK) cell anti-tumour activity. However, its mechanism of action and broader functions in the immune system remain unclear. Here, we generated Calhm6-/- mice and report that CALHM6 is important for the regulation of the early innate control of Listeria monocytogenes infection in vivo. We find that CALHM6 is upregulated in macrophages by pathogen-derived signals and that it relocates from the intracellular compartment to the macrophage-NK cell synapse, facilitating ATP release and controlling the kinetics of NK cell activation. Anti-inflammatory cytokines terminate CALHM6 expression. CALHM6 forms an ion channel when expressed in the plasma membrane of Xenopus oocytes, where channel opening is controlled by a conserved acidic residue, E119. In mammalian cells, CALHM6 is localised to intracellular compartments. Our results contribute to the understanding of neurotransmitter-like signal exchange between immune cells that fine-tunes the timing of innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Danielli
- The Kennedy Institute of RheumatologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Zhongming Ma
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Eirini Pantazi
- The Kennedy Institute of RheumatologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Amrendra Kumar
- Department of Veterans AffairsTennessee Valley Healthcare SystemNashvilleTNUSA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & ImmunologyVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Benjamin Demarco
- The Kennedy Institute of RheumatologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Fabian A Fischer
- The Kennedy Institute of RheumatologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Usha Paudel
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Jillian Weissenrieder
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Veterans AffairsTennessee Valley Healthcare SystemNashvilleTNUSA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & ImmunologyVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
| | - J Kevin Foskett
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
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10
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Kim YJ, Oh J, Jung S, Kim CJ, Choi J, Jeon YK, Kim HJ, Kim JW, Suh CH, Lee Y, Im SH, Crotty S, Choi YS. The transcription factor Mef2d regulates B:T synapse-dependent GC-T FH differentiation and IL-21-mediated humoral immunity. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadf2248. [PMID: 36961907 PMCID: PMC10311795 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adf2248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Communication between CD4 T cells and cognate B cells is key for the former to fully mature into germinal center-T follicular helper (GC-TFH) cells and for the latter to mount a CD4 T cell-dependent humoral immune response. Although this interaction occurs in a B:T synapse-dependent manner, how CD4 T cells transcriptionally regulate B:T synapse formation remains largely unknown. Here, we report that Mef2d, an isoform of the myocyte enhancer factor 2 (Mef2) transcription factor family, is a critical regulator of this process. In CD4 T cells, Mef2d negatively regulates expression of Sh2d1a, which encodes SLAM-associated protein (SAP), a critical regulator of B:T synapses. We found that Mef2d regulates Sh2d1a expression via DNA binding-dependent transcriptional repression, inhibiting SAP-dependent B:T synapse formation and preventing antigen-specific CD4 T cells from differentiating into GC-TFH cells. Mef2d also impeded IL-21 production by CD4 T cells, an important B cell help signaling molecule, via direct repression of the Il21 gene. In contrast, CD4 T cell-specific disruption of Mef2d led to a substantial increase in GC-TFH differentiation in response to protein immunization, concurrent with enhanced SAP expression. MEF2D mRNA expression inversely correlates with human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patient autoimmune parameters, including circulating TFH-like cell frequencies, autoantibodies, and SLEDAI scores. These findings highlight Mef2d as a pivotal rheostat in CD4 T cells for controlling GC formation and antibody production by B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ji Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeein Oh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soohan Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan Johng Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea
| | - Jinyong Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Jeon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jik Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Won Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Chang-Hee Suh
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Yoontae Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea
- ImmunoBiome Inc., Pohang, Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Youn Soo Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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11
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Abstract
Progress in neuroimmunology established that the nervous and the immune systems are two functionally related physiological systems. Unique sensory and immune receptors enable them to control interactions of the organism with the inner and the outer worlds. Both systems undergo an experience-driven selection process during their ontogeny. They share the same mediators/neurotransmitters and use synapses for intercellular communication. They keep a memory of previous experiences. Immune cells can affect nervous cells, nervous cells can affect immune cells, and they regulate each other. I however argue that the two systems differ by three major points: 1) Unlike the nervous system, the immune system has a loose anatomical structure, in which molecular and cellular events mostly occur at random; 2) The immune system can respond to molecules of the living world whereas the nervous system can respond to phenomena of the physical world; 3) Responses of the immune system act both on the organism and on the stimulus that triggered the response, whereas responses of the nervous system act on the organism only. The nervous and the immune systems therefore appear as two complementary systems of relations that closely work together, and whose reactivities are well-suited to deal with physical and biological stimuli, respectively. Its ability both to adapt the organism to the living world and to adapt the living world to the organism endows the immune system with powerful adaptive properties that enable the organism to live in peace with itself and with other living beings, whether pathogens or commensals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Daëron
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université-CNRS-Inserm, Marseille, France
- Institut Pasteur-Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Institut d’histoire et de philosophie des sciences et des techniques, Université Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne-CNRS, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Marc Daëron,
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12
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Beyond GWAS-Could Genetic Differentiation within the Allograft Rejection Pathway Shape Natural Immunity to COVID-19? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116272. [PMID: 35682950 PMCID: PMC9181155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 infections pose a serious global health concern so it is crucial to identify the biomarkers for the susceptibility to and resistance against this disease that could help in a rapid risk assessment and reliable decisions being made on patients' treatment and their potential hospitalisation. Several studies investigated the factors associated with severe COVID-19 outcomes that can be either environmental, population based, or genetic. It was demonstrated that the genetics of the host plays an important role in the various immune responses and, therefore, there are different clinical presentations of COVID-19 infection. In this study, we aimed to use variant descriptive statistics from GWAS (Genome-Wide Association Study) and variant genomic annotations to identify metabolic pathways that are associated with a severe COVID-19 infection as well as pathways related to resistance to COVID-19. For this purpose, we applied a custom-designed mixed linear model implemented into custom-written software. Our analysis of more than 12.5 million SNPs did not indicate any pathway that was significant for a severe COVID-19 infection. However, the Allograft rejection pathway (hsa05330) was significant (p = 0.01087) for resistance to the infection. The majority of the 27 SNP marking genes constituting the Allograft rejection pathway were located on chromosome 6 (19 SNPs) and the remainder were mapped to chromosomes 2, 3, 10, 12, 20, and X. This pathway comprises several immune system components crucial for the self versus non-self recognition, but also the components of antiviral immunity. Our study demonstrated that not only single variants are important for resistance to COVID-19, but also the cumulative impact of several SNPs within the same pathway matters.
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13
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Dobosz P, Stempor PA, Ramírez Moreno M, Bulgakova NA. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of checkpoint genes on the tumour side of the immunological synapse. Heredity (Edinb) 2022; 129:64-74. [PMID: 35459932 PMCID: PMC9273643 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-022-00533-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disease of the genome, therefore, its development has a clear Mendelian component, demonstrated by well-studied genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 in breast cancer risk. However, it is known that a single genetic variant is not enough for cancer to develop leading to the theory of multistage carcinogenesis. In many cases, it is a sequence of events, acquired somatic mutations, or simply polygenic components with strong epigenetic effects, such as in the case of brain tumours. The expression of many genes is the product of the complex interplay between several factors, including the organism’s genotype (in most cases Mendelian-inherited), genetic instability, epigenetic factors (non-Mendelian-inherited) as well as the immune response of the host, to name just a few. In recent years the importance of the immune system has been elevated, especially in the light of the immune checkpoint genes discovery and the subsequent development of their inhibitors. As the expression of these genes normally suppresses self-immunoreactivity, their expression by tumour cells prevents the elimination of the tumour by the immune system. These discoveries led to the rapid growth of the field of immuno-oncology that offers new possibilities of long-lasting and effective treatment options. Here we discuss the recent advances in the understanding of the key mechanisms controlling the expression of immune checkpoint genes in tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Dobosz
- Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Interior Affairs and Administration in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Miguel Ramírez Moreno
- School of Biosciences and Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Natalia A Bulgakova
- School of Biosciences and Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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14
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Chang HF, Schirra C, Ninov M, Hahn U, Ravichandran K, Krause E, Becherer U, Bálint Š, Harkiolaki M, Urlaub H, Valitutti S, Baldari CT, Dustin ML, Jahn R, Rettig J. Identification of distinct cytotoxic granules as the origin of supramolecular attack particles in T lymphocytes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1029. [PMID: 35210420 PMCID: PMC8873490 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28596-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) kill malignant and infected cells through the directed release of cytotoxic proteins into the immunological synapse (IS). The cytotoxic protein granzyme B (GzmB) is released in its soluble form or in supramolecular attack particles (SMAP). We utilize synaptobrevin2-mRFP knock-in mice to isolate fusogenic cytotoxic granules in an unbiased manner and visualize them alone or in degranulating CTLs. We identified two classes of fusion-competent granules, single core granules (SCG) and multi core granules (MCG), with different diameter, morphology and protein composition. Functional analyses demonstrate that both classes of granules fuse with the plasma membrane at the IS. SCG fusion releases soluble GzmB. MCGs can be labelled with the SMAP marker thrombospondin-1 and their fusion releases intact SMAPs. We propose that CTLs use SCG fusion to fill the synaptic cleft with active cytotoxic proteins instantly and parallel MCG fusion to deliver latent SMAPs for delayed killing of refractory targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Fang Chang
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Claudia Schirra
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Momchil Ninov
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Bioanalytics, Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert Koch Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Hahn
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Keerthana Ravichandran
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Elmar Krause
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Ute Becherer
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Štefan Bálint
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, OX3 7FY, Oxford, UK
| | - Maria Harkiolaki
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0DE, Didcot, UK
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Bioanalytics, Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert Koch Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Salvatore Valitutti
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM U1037, 31037, Toulouse, France
- Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Cosima T Baldari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, OX3 7FY, Oxford, UK
| | - Reinhard Jahn
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens Rettig
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
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15
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16
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Dustin ML. The staying power of hematopoietic stem cells. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202109019. [PMID: 34661601 PMCID: PMC8530228 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202109019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) use specialized adhesive structures referred to as magnupodium to stay in hematopoietic niches. Bessey et al. (2021. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202005085) define new characteristics of the magnupodium, including centriole polarization and the necessary and sufficient role of CXCR4 signaling.
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17
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Cassioli C, Balint S, Compeer EB, Felce JH, Gamberucci A, Della Bella C, Felce SL, Brunetti J, Valvo S, Pende D, D’Elios MM, Moretta L, Dustin ML, Baldari CT. Increasing LFA-1 Expression Enhances Immune Synapse Architecture and T Cell Receptor Signaling in Jurkat E6.1 Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:673446. [PMID: 34368126 PMCID: PMC8343233 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.673446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Jurkat E6.1 clone has been extensively used as a powerful tool for the genetic and biochemical dissection of the TCR signaling pathway. More recently, these cells have been exploited in imaging studies to identify key players in immunological synapse (IS) assembly in superantigen-specific conjugates and to track the dynamics of signaling molecules on glass surfaces coated with activating anti-CD3 antibodies. By comparison, Jurkat cells have been used only scantily for imaging on supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) incorporating laterally mobile TCR and integrin ligands, which allow to study synaptic rearrangements of surface molecules and the fine architecture of the mature IS, likely due to limitations in the assembly of immune synapses with well-defined architecture. Here we have explored whether upregulating the low levels of endogenous LFA-1 expression on Jurkat E6.1 cells through transduction with CD11a- and CD18-encoding lentiviruses can improve IS architecture. We show that, while forced LFA-1 expression did not affect TCR recruitment to the IS, E6.1 LFA-1 high cells assembled better structured synapses, with a tighter distribution of signaling-competent TCRs at the center of the IS. LFA-1 upregulation enhanced protein phosphotyrosine signaling on SLBs but not at the IS formed in conjugates with SEE-pulsed APCs, and led to the constitutive formation of an intracellular phosphotyrosine pool co-localizing with endosomal CD3ζ. This was paralleled by an increase in the levels of p-ZAP-70 and p-Erk both under basal conditions and following activation, and in enhanced Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular stores. The enhancement in early signaling E6.1 LFA-1 high cells did not affect expression of the early activation marker CD69 but led to an increase in IL-2 expression. Our results highlight a new role for LFA-1 in the core architecture of the IS that can be exploited to study the spatiotemporal redistribution of surface receptors on SLBs, thereby extending the potential of E6.1 cells and their derivatives for fine-scale imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cassioli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefan Balint
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ewoud B. Compeer
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James H. Felce
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Gamberucci
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Chiara Della Bella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Suet Ling Felce
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jlenia Brunetti
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Salvatore Valvo
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Pende
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Mario M. D’Elios
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Michael L. Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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18
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Zalfa C, Paust S. Natural Killer Cell Interactions With Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment and Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:633205. [PMID: 34025641 PMCID: PMC8133367 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.633205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and heterogeneous environment composed of cancer cells, tumor stroma, a mixture of tissue-resident and infiltrating immune cells, secreted factors, and extracellular matrix proteins. Natural killer (NK) cells play a vital role in fighting tumors, but chronic stimulation and immunosuppression in the TME lead to NK cell exhaustion and limited antitumor functions. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous group of myeloid cells with potent immunosuppressive activity that gradually accumulate in tumor tissues. MDSCs interact with innate and adaptive immune cells and play a crucial role in negatively regulating the immune response to tumors. This review discusses MDSC-mediated NK cell regulation within the TME, focusing on critical cellular and molecular interactions. We review current strategies that target MDSC-mediated immunosuppression to enhance NK cell cytotoxic antitumor activity. We also speculate on how NK cell-based antitumor immunotherapy could be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silke Paust
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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19
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Yang X, Annaert W. The Nanoscopic Organization of Synapse Structures: A Common Basis for Cell Communication. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:248. [PMID: 33808285 PMCID: PMC8065904 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Synapse structures, including neuronal and immunological synapses, can be seen as the plasma membrane contact sites between two individual cells where information is transmitted from one cell to the other. The distance between the two plasma membranes is only a few tens of nanometers, but these areas are densely populated with functionally different proteins, including adhesion proteins, receptors, and transporters. The narrow space between the two plasma membranes has been a barrier for resolving the synaptic architecture due to the diffraction limit in conventional microscopy (~250 nm). Various advanced super-resolution microscopy techniques, such as stimulated emission depletion (STED), structured illumination microscopy (SIM), and single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM), bypass the diffraction limit and provide a sub-diffraction-limit resolving power, ranging from 10 to 100 nm. The studies using super-resolution microscopy have revealed unprecedented details of the nanoscopic organization and dynamics of synaptic molecules. In general, most synaptic proteins appear to be heterogeneously distributed and form nanodomains at the membranes. These nanodomains are dynamic functional units, playing important roles in mediating signal transmission through synapses. Herein, we discuss our current knowledge on the super-resolution nanoscopic architecture of synapses and their functional implications, with a particular focus on the neuronal synapses and immune synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wim Annaert
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research and KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Gasthuisberg, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium;
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20
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Abo-Ahmed AI, Eshrah EA, Latifi F. Unique nasal septal island in dromedary camels may play a role in pain perception: microscopic studies. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:3806-3815. [PMID: 34220235 PMCID: PMC8241622 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The septal island in dromedaries is a distinctive anatomical structure. It has a curiously rostral location and innervated by the trigeminal nerve. It has an unusual ultrastructure and may be specialized for nociception.
The septal organs are islands or patches of sensory epithelium, located in the ventral parts of the nasal septum and innervated by the olfactory nerve. The septal island in dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) was unusually located in the rostro-dorsal part of the nasal septum, where the ethmoidal branch of the trigeminal nerve provides innervation to the island mucosa. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to reveal the microscopic and ultrastructure of this island and to explain the probable functions. Twelve septal islands from 12 healthy male camels were used. Unlike the olfactory epithelium, which has a pseudostratified structure, the island neuroepithelium had a true neural lamination. Furthermore, in electron micrographs, the receptor, bipolar, and basal cells were connected with an orderly, organized network of cell–cell communication, which had some spine synapses. This network substituted the absence of supporting cells, maintained the shape of the tissue, and held the cells together. Moreover, the receptor cells were not similar to any of the different types of olfactory sensory neurons. Instead, they possessed the apical domain that might be specialized for the detection of chemical stimuli. Interestingly, a resident population of immune cells, namely mast cells and macrophages, was observed. The probable functions were discussed based on the cellular context and architecture. The nasal septal island in dromedaries may have a role in pain perception. The receptor cells most probably work as nociceptive cells that interact with the resident immune cells to coordinate pain signaling with immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed I Abo-Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Eman A Eshrah
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Fatgzim Latifi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", Prishtina, Kosovo
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21
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Belardi B, Son S, Felce JH, Dustin ML, Fletcher DA. Cell-cell interfaces as specialized compartments directing cell function. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:750-764. [PMID: 33093672 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-00298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell interfaces are found throughout multicellular organisms, from transient interactions between motile immune cells to long-lived cell-cell contacts in epithelia. Studies of immune cell interactions, epithelial cell barriers, neuronal contacts and sites of cell-cell fusion have identified a core set of features shared by cell-cell interfaces that critically control their function. Data from diverse cell types also show that cells actively and passively regulate the localization, strength, duration and cytoskeletal coupling of receptor interactions governing cell-cell signalling and physical connections between cells, indicating that cell-cell interfaces have a unique membrane organization that emerges from local molecular and cellular mechanics. In this Review, we discuss recent findings that support the emerging view of cell-cell interfaces as specialized compartments that biophysically constrain the arrangement and activity of their protein, lipid and glycan components. We also review how these biophysical features of cell-cell interfaces allow cells to respond with high selectivity and sensitivity to multiple inputs, serving as the basis for wide-ranging cellular functions. Finally, we consider how the unique properties of cell-cell interfaces present opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Belardi
- Department of Bioengineering & Biophysics Program, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sungmin Son
- Department of Bioengineering & Biophysics Program, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel A Fletcher
- Department of Bioengineering & Biophysics Program, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Division of Biological Systems & Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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22
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Talagas M, Lebonvallet N, Leschiera R, Sinquin G, Elies P, Haftek M, Pennec JP, Ressnikoff D, La Padula V, Le Garrec R, L'herondelle K, Mignen O, Le Pottier L, Kerfant N, Reux A, Marcorelles P, Misery L. Keratinocytes Communicate with Sensory Neurons via Synaptic-like Contacts. Ann Neurol 2020; 88:1205-1219. [PMID: 32951274 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pain, temperature, and itch are conventionally thought to be exclusively transduced by the intraepidermal nerve endings. Although recent studies have shown that epidermal keratinocytes also participate in sensory transduction, the mechanism underlying keratinocyte communication with intraepidermal nerve endings remains poorly understood. We sought to demonstrate the synaptic character of the contacts between keratinocytes and sensory neurons and their involvement in sensory communication between keratinocytes and sensory neurons. METHODS Contacts were explored by morphological, molecular, and functional approaches in cocultures of epidermal keratinocytes and sensory neurons. To interrogate whether structures observed in vitro were also present in the human epidermis, in situ correlative light electron microscopy was performed on human skin biopsies. RESULTS Epidermal keratinocytes dialogue with sensory neurons through en passant synaptic-like contacts. These contacts have the ultrastructural features and molecular hallmarks of chemical synaptic-like contacts: narrow intercellular cleft, keratinocyte synaptic vesicles expressing synaptophysin and synaptotagmin 1, and sensory information transmitted from keratinocytes to sensory neurons through SNARE-mediated (syntaxin1) vesicle release. INTERPRETATION By providing selective communication between keratinocytes and sensory neurons, synaptic-like contacts are the hubs of a 2-site receptor. The permanent epidermal turnover, implying a specific en passant structure and high plasticity, may have delayed their identification, thereby contributing to the long-held concept of nerve endings passing freely between keratinocytes. The discovery of keratinocyte-sensory neuron synaptic-like contacts may call for a reassessment of basic assumptions in cutaneous sensory perception and sheds new light on the pathophysiology of pain and itch as well as the physiology of touch. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:1205-1219.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Talagas
- Univ Brest, LIEN, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France.,Department of Pathology, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France.,Univ Brest, Brest Institute of Health Agro Matter, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Nicolas Lebonvallet
- Univ Brest, LIEN, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France.,Univ Brest, Brest Institute of Health Agro Matter, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Raphael Leschiera
- Univ Brest, LIEN, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France.,Univ Brest, Brest Institute of Health Agro Matter, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Gerard Sinquin
- Univ Brest, Imagery and Microscopic Measures Facility, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Philippe Elies
- Univ Brest, Imagery and Microscopic Measures Facility, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Marek Haftek
- Laboratory of Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, University of Lyon 1, UMR 5305 CNRS-UCBL1, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Pennec
- Univ Brest, Brest Institute of Health Agro Matter, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France.,Univ Brest, Movement Sport and Health (EA1274), Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Denis Ressnikoff
- East Lyon Center of Quantitative Imagery, University of Lyon 1, INSERM US 7-CNRS UMS 3453, Lyon, France
| | - Veronica La Padula
- Technological Center of Microstructures, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Raphaele Le Garrec
- Univ Brest, LIEN, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France.,Univ Brest, Brest Institute of Health Agro Matter, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Killian L'herondelle
- Univ Brest, LIEN, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France.,Univ Brest, Brest Institute of Health Agro Matter, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Olivier Mignen
- Univ Brest, Brest Institute of Health Agro Matter, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France.,Univ Brest, INSERM, UMR 1227, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Laetitia Le Pottier
- Univ Brest, Brest Institute of Health Agro Matter, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France.,Univ Brest, INSERM, UMR 1227, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Nathalie Kerfant
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Esthetic Surgery, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France
| | - Alexia Reux
- Univ Brest, LIEN, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Pascale Marcorelles
- Univ Brest, LIEN, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France.,Department of Pathology, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France.,Univ Brest, Brest Institute of Health Agro Matter, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Laurent Misery
- Univ Brest, LIEN, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France.,Univ Brest, Brest Institute of Health Agro Matter, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France.,Department of Dermatology, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France
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23
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Bertram KM, Tong O, Royle C, Turville SG, Nasr N, Cunningham AL, Harman AN. Manipulation of Mononuclear Phagocytes by HIV: Implications for Early Transmission Events. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2263. [PMID: 31616434 PMCID: PMC6768965 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes are antigen presenting cells that play a key role in linking the innate and adaptive immune systems. In tissue, these consist of Langerhans cells, dendritic cells and macrophages, all of which express the key HIV entry receptors CD4 and CCR5 making them directly infectible with HIV. Mononuclear phagocytes are the first cells of the immune system to interact with invading pathogens such as HIV. Each cell type expresses a specific repertoire of pathogen binding receptors which triggers pathogen uptake and the release of innate immune cytokines. Langerhans cells and dendritic cells migrate to lymph nodes and present antigens to CD4 T cells, whereas macrophages remain tissue resident. Here we review how HIV-1 manipulates these cells by blocking their ability to produce innate immune cytokines and taking advantage of their antigen presenting cell function in order to gain transport to its primary target cells, CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie Melissa Bertram
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Orion Tong
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Caroline Royle
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart Grant Turville
- HIV Biology, Kirby Institute, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,The University of New South Whales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Najla Nasr
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony Lawrence Cunningham
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Nicholas Harman
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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24
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Seicol BJ, Bejarano S, Behnke N, Guo L. Neuromodulation of metabolic functions: from pharmaceuticals to bioelectronics to biocircuits. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:67. [PMID: 31388355 PMCID: PMC6676523 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulation of central and peripheral neural circuitry brings together neurobiologists and neural engineers to develop advanced neural interfaces to decode and recapitulate the information encoded in the nervous system. Dysfunctional neuronal networks contribute not only to the pathophysiology of neurological diseases, but also to numerous metabolic disorders. Many regions of the central nervous system (CNS), especially within the hypothalamus, regulate metabolism. Recent evidence has linked obesity and diabetes to hyperactive or dysregulated autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. Neural regulation of metabolic functions provides access to control pathology through neuromodulation. Metabolism is defined as cellular events that involve catabolic and/or anabolic processes, including control of systemic metabolic functions, as well as cellular signaling pathways, such as cytokine release by immune cells. Therefore, neuromodulation to control metabolic functions can be used to target metabolic diseases, such as diabetes and chronic inflammatory diseases. Better understanding of neurometabolic circuitry will allow for targeted stimulation to modulate metabolic functions. Within the broad category of metabolic functions, cellular signaling, including the production and release of cytokines and other immunological processes, is regulated by both the CNS and ANS. Neural innervations of metabolic (e.g. pancreas) and immunologic (e.g. spleen) organs have been understood for over a century, however, it is only now becoming possible to decode the neuronal information to enable exogenous controls of these systems. Future interventions taking advantage of this progress will enable scientists, engineering and medical doctors to more effectively treat metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Seicol
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | | | - Nicholas Behnke
- Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Liang Guo
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
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25
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Ghanem E, Al Bitar S, Dib R, Kabrita CS. Sleep restriction alters the temporal expression of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules in murine lymphoid tissues. Behav Brain Res 2019; 362:152-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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26
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Heine M, Heck J, Ciuraszkiewicz A, Bikbaev A. Dynamic compartmentalization of calcium channel signalling in neurons. Neuropharmacology 2019; 169:107556. [PMID: 30851307 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Calcium fluxes through the neuronal membrane are strictly limited in time due to biophysical properties of voltage-gated and ligand-activated ion channels and receptors. Being embedded into the crowded dynamic environment of biological membranes, Ca2+-permeable receptors and channels undergo perpetual spatial rearrangement, which enables their temporary association and formation of transient signalling complexes. Thus, efficient calcium-mediated signal transduction requires mechanisms to support very precise spatiotemporal alignment of the calcium source and Ca2+-binding lipids and proteins in a highly dynamic environment. The mobility of calcium channels and calcium-sensing proteins themselves can be considered as a physiologically meaningful variable that affects calcium-mediated signalling in neurons. In this review, we will focus on voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) and activity-induced relocation of stromal interaction molecules (STIMs) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to show that particularly in time ranges between milliseconds to minutes, dynamic rearrangement of calcium conducting channels and sensor molecules is of physiological relevance. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'Mobility and trafficking of neuronal membrane proteins'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heine
- RG Molecular Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, 39118, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, 39106, Germany; RG Functional Neurobiology, Institute for Development Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany.
| | - Jennifer Heck
- RG Molecular Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, 39118, Germany
| | - Anna Ciuraszkiewicz
- RG Molecular Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, 39118, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, 39106, Germany
| | - Arthur Bikbaev
- RG Molecular Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, 39118, Germany
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27
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Quatrini L, Vivier E, Ugolini S. Neuroendocrine regulation of innate lymphoid cells. Immunol Rev 2018; 286:120-136. [PMID: 30294960 PMCID: PMC6221181 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The activities of the immune system in repairing tissue injury and combating pathogens were long thought to be independent of the nervous system. However, a major regulatory role of immunomodulatory molecules released locally or systemically by the neuroendocrine system has recently emerged. A number of observations and discoveries support indeed the notion of the nervous system as an immunoregulatory system involved in immune responses. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), including natural killer (NK) cells and tissue-resident ILCs, form a family of effector cells present in organs and mucosal barriers. ILCs are involved in the maintenance of tissue integrity and homeostasis. They can also secrete effector cytokines rapidly, and this ability enables them to play early roles in the immune response. ILCs are activated by multiple pathways including epithelial and myeloid cell-derived cytokines. Their functions are also regulated by mediators produced by the nervous system. In particular, the peripheral nervous system, through neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, works in parallel with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and gonadal axis to modulate inflammatory events and maintain homeostasis. We summarize here recent findings concerning the regulation of ILC activities by neuroendocrine mediators in homeostatic and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Quatrini
- Aix Marseille UnivCNRSINSERMCIMLCentre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐LuminyMarseilleFrance
| | - Eric Vivier
- Aix Marseille UnivCNRSINSERMCIMLCentre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐LuminyMarseilleFrance
- ImmunologyMarseille ImmunopoleHôpital de la TimoneAssistance Publique des Hôpitaux de MarseilleMarseilleFrance
- Innate Pharma Research LaboratoriesInnate PharmaMarseilleFrance
| | - Sophie Ugolini
- Aix Marseille UnivCNRSINSERMCIMLCentre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐LuminyMarseilleFrance
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28
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Golbert DCF, Santana-Van-Vliet E, Ribeiro-Alves M, Fonsêca MMBD, Lepletier A, Mendes-da-Cruz DA, Loss G, Cotta-de-Almeida V, Vasconcelos ATR, Savino W. Small interference ITGA6 gene targeting in the human thymic epithelium differentially regulates the expression of immunological synapse-related genes. Cell Adh Migr 2018; 12:152-167. [PMID: 28494186 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2017.1327513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The thymus supports differentiation of T cell precursors. This process requires relocation of developing thymocytes throughout multiple microenvironments of the organ, mainly with thymic epithelial cells (TEC), which control intrathymic T cell differentiation influencing the formation and maintenance of the immunological synapse. In addition to the proteins of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), this structure is supported by several adhesion molecules. During the process of thymopoiesis, we previously showed that laminin-mediated interactions are involved in the entrance of T-cell precursors into the thymus, as well as migration of differentiating thymocytes within the organ. Using small interference RNA strategy, we knocked-down the ITGA6 gene (which encodes the CD49f integrin α-chain) in cultured human TEC, generating a decrease in the expression of the corresponding CD49f subunit, in addition to modulation in several other genes related to cell adhesion and migration. Thymocyte adhesion to TEC was significantly impaired, comprising both immature and mature thymocyte subsets. Moreover, we found a modulation of the MHC, with a decrease in membrane expression of HLA-ABC, in contrast with increase in the expression of HLA-DR. Interestingly, the knockdown of the B2M gene (encoding the β-2 microglobulin of the HLA-ABC complex) increased CD49f expression levels, thus unraveling the existence of a cross-talk event in the reciprocal control of CD49f and HLA-ABC. Our data suggest that the expression levels of CD49f may be relevant in the general control of MHC expression by TEC and consequently the corresponding synapse with developing thymocytes mediated by the T-cell receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Cristina F Golbert
- a Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute , Oswaldo Cruz Foundation , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.,b National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute , Oswaldo Cruz Foundation , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.,c Bioinformatics Laboratory, National Laboratory of Scientific Computation, Petrópolis , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Eliane Santana-Van-Vliet
- a Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute , Oswaldo Cruz Foundation , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.,b National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute , Oswaldo Cruz Foundation , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ribeiro-Alves
- d Evandro Chagas Research Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Marbella Maria B da Fonsêca
- e Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium , University of Oxford, UK, Structural Genomics Consortium , Old Road Campus, Headington , Oxford , England
| | - Ailin Lepletier
- a Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute , Oswaldo Cruz Foundation , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.,b National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute , Oswaldo Cruz Foundation , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Daniella Arêas Mendes-da-Cruz
- a Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute , Oswaldo Cruz Foundation , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.,b National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute , Oswaldo Cruz Foundation , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Guilherme Loss
- c Bioinformatics Laboratory, National Laboratory of Scientific Computation, Petrópolis , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Vinícius Cotta-de-Almeida
- a Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute , Oswaldo Cruz Foundation , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.,b National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute , Oswaldo Cruz Foundation , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Ana Tereza R Vasconcelos
- c Bioinformatics Laboratory, National Laboratory of Scientific Computation, Petrópolis , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Wilson Savino
- a Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute , Oswaldo Cruz Foundation , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.,b National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute , Oswaldo Cruz Foundation , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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29
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Lauriano ER, Faggio C, Capillo G, Spanò N, Kuciel M, Aragona M, Pergolizzi S. Immunohistochemical characterization of epidermal dendritic-like cells in giant mudskipper, Periophthalmodon schlosseri. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 74:380-385. [PMID: 29337248 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Giant Mudskipper, Periophthalmodon schlosseri (Pallas, 1770), is euryhaline, amphibious, and air-breathing fish. These fishes live in close association to mangrove forests and often spend over 90% of time out of water, in adjacent mudflats. They have developed morphological and physiological adaptations to satisfy their unique lifestyles. The skin is the primary interface between the body and the environment, and has a central role in host defence. The initiation of immune responses to antigens in the vertebrate skin has often been attributed to epidermal Langerhans'cells (LC) that are dendritic cells (DC), antigen-presenting cells (APC) which reside in the epidermis. Dendritic cells have been characterized morphologically and functionally in the teleost fish tissues such as rainbow trout, salmonids, medaka, African catfish and zebrafish. However, there is no evidence of the presence of DCs and their role in mudskippers immunity. The aim of this preliminary study was to characterize, through use of specific antibodies: Toll-like receptor 2, S100, serotonin (5-HT), and Vesicular acetylcholine transporter VAChT, a specific DC-like subpopulation in Pn. schlosseri's epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - C Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - G Capillo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - N Spanò
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - M Kuciel
- Poison Information Centre, Department of Toxicology and Environmental Disease, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Kopernika 15, 31-105 Krakow, Poland
| | - M Aragona
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - S Pergolizzi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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30
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Frey AB. The Inhibitory Signaling Receptor Protocadherin-18 Regulates Tumor-Infiltrating CD8 + T-cell Function. Cancer Immunol Res 2017; 5:920-928. [PMID: 28874354 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are infiltrated with antitumor CD8+ T cells that arise during tumor growth, but are defective in effector phase functions because of the suppressive microenvironment. The reactivation of TILs can result in tumor destruction, showing that lytic dysfunction in CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) permits tumor growth. Like all memory T cells, TILs express inhibitory signaling receptors (aka checkpoint inhibitor molecules) that downregulate TCR-mediated signal transduction upon TIL interaction with cells expressing cognate ligands, thereby restricting cell activation and preventing the effector phase. Previously, we identified a novel murine CD8+ TIL inhibitory signaling receptor, protocadherin-18, and showed that it interacts with p56lck kinase to abrogate proximal TCR signaling. Here, we show that TILs from mice deleted in protocadherin-18 had enhanced antitumor activity and that coblockade of PD-1 and protocadherin-18 in wild-type mice significantly enhanced TIL effector phase function. These results define an important role for protocadherin-18 in antitumor T-cell activity. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(10); 920-8. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan B Frey
- Department of Cell Biology and Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, New York.
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31
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Papa I, Saliba D, Ponzoni M, Bustamante S, Canete PF, Gonzalez-Figueroa P, McNamara HA, Valvo S, Grimbaldeston M, Sweet RA, Vohra H, Cockburn IA, Meyer-Hermann M, Dustin ML, Doglioni C, Vinuesa CG. T FH-derived dopamine accelerates productive synapses in germinal centres. Nature 2017; 547:318-323. [PMID: 28700579 PMCID: PMC5540173 DOI: 10.1038/nature23013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Protective high-affinity antibody responses depend on competitive
selection of B cells carrying somatically mutated B-cell receptors by follicular
helper T (TFH) cells in germinal centres. The rapid T-B-cell
interactions that occur during this process are reminiscent of neural synaptic
transmission pathways. Here we show that a proportion of human TFH
cells contained dense-core granules marked by chromogranin B, which are normally
found in neuronal presynaptic terminals storing catecholamines such as dopamine.
TFH cells produce high amounts of dopamine and released it upon
cognate interaction with B cells. Dopamine causes rapid translocation of
intracellular ICOSL (inducible T-cell co-stimulator ligand, also known as
ICOSLG) to the B-cell surface, which enhances accumulation of CD40L and
chromogranin B granules at the human TFH cell synapse and increases
the synapse area. Mathematical modelling suggests that faster dopamine-induced
T-B-cell interactions increase total germinal centre output and accelerate it by
days. Delivery of neurotransmitters across the T-B-cell synapse may be
advantageous in the face of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Papa
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - David Saliba
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Maurilio Ponzoni
- Ateneo Vita-Salute, Department of Pathology, IRCCS Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Sonia Bustamante
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Pablo F Canete
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Paula Gonzalez-Figueroa
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Hayley A McNamara
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Salvatore Valvo
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Michele Grimbaldeston
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.,OMNI-Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Rebecca A Sweet
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Harpreet Vohra
- Imaging and Cytometry Facility, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Ian A Cockburn
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Claudio Doglioni
- Ateneo Vita-Salute, Department of Pathology, IRCCS Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Carola G Vinuesa
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,China-Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200085, China
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32
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Lee TW, Tsang VWK, Loef EJ, Birch NP. Physiological and pathological functions of neuroserpin: Regulation of cellular responses through multiple mechanisms. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 62:152-159. [PMID: 27639894 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is 27 years since neuroserpin was first discovered in the nervous system and identified as a member of the serpin superfamily. Since that time potential roles for this serine protease inhibitor have been identified in neuronal and non-neuronal systems. Many are linked to inhibition of neuroserpin's principal enzyme target, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), although some have been suggested to involve alternate non-inhibitory mechanisms. This review focuses mainly on the inhibitory roles of neuroserpin and discusses the evidence supporting tPA as the physiological target. While the major sites of neuroserpin expression are neural, endocrine and immune tissues, most progress on characterizing functional roles for neuroserpin have been in the brain. Roles in emotional behaviour, synaptic plasticity and neuroprotection in stroke and excitotoxicity models are discussed. Current knowledge on three neurological diseases associated with neuroserpin mutation or activity, Familial Encephalopathy with Neuroserpin Inclusion Bodies (FENIB), Alzheimer's disease and brain metastasis is presented. Finally, we consider mechanistic studies that have revealed a distinct inhibitory mechanism for neuroserpin and its possible implications for neuroserpin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tet Woo Lee
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Vicky W K Tsang
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Evert Jan Loef
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nigel P Birch
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Brain Research New Zealand, Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Valvo S, Mayya V, Seraia E, Afrose J, Novak-Kotzer H, Ebner D, Dustin ML. Comprehensive Analysis of Immunological Synapse Phenotypes Using Supported Lipid Bilayers. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1584:423-441. [PMID: 28255717 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6881-7_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Supported lipid bilayers (SLB) formed on glass substrates have been a useful tool for study of immune cell signaling since the early 1980s. The mobility of lipid-anchored proteins in the system, first described for antibodies binding to synthetic phospholipid head groups, allows for the measurement of two-dimensional binding reactions and signaling processes in a single imaging plane over time or for fixed samples. The fragility of SLB and the challenges of building and validating individual substrates limit most experimenters to ~10 samples per day, perhaps increasing this few-fold when examining fixed samples. Successful experiments might then require further days to fully analyze. We present methods for automation of many steps in SLB formation, imaging in 96-well glass bottom plates, and analysis that enables >100-fold increase in throughput for fixed samples and wide-field fluorescence. This increased throughput will allow better coverage of relevant parameters and more comprehensive analysis of aspects of the immunological synapse that are well reconstituted by SLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Valvo
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Viveka Mayya
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Elena Seraia
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Jehan Afrose
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Hila Novak-Kotzer
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Daniel Ebner
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK.
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK.
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Dustin ML, Choudhuri K. Signaling and Polarized Communication Across the T Cell Immunological Synapse. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2016; 32:303-325. [PMID: 27501450 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100814-125330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
T cells express a somatically recombined antigen receptor (αβTCR) that is calibrated during development to respond to changes in peptides displayed by major histocompatibility complex proteins (pMHC) on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APC). A key characteristic of pMHC for adaptive immunity is the ability to sample internal states of cells and tissues to sensitively detect changes associated with infection, cell derangement, or tissue injury. Physical T cell-APC contact sets up an axis for polarization of TCR, adhesion molecules, kinases, cytoskeletal elements, and organelles inherent in this mode of juxtacrine signaling. The discovery of further lateral organization of the TCR and adhesion molecules into radially symmetric compartments, the immunological synapse, revealed an intersecting plane of symmetry and potential for regulated symmetry breaking to control duration of T cell-APC interactions. In addition to organizing signaling machinery, the immunological synapse directs the polarized transport and secretion of cytokines and cytolytic agents across the synaptic cleft and is a site for the generation and exocytic release of bioactive microvesicles that can functionally affect recipient APC and other cells in the environment. This machinery is coopted by retroviruses, and human immune deficiency virus-1 may even use antigen-specific synapses for infection of healthy T cells. Here, we discuss recent advances in the molecular and cell biological mechanisms of immunological synapse assembly and signaling and its role in intercellular communication across the synaptic cleft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom;
| | - Kaushik Choudhuri
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5620;
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Hua S. Neuroimmune Interaction in the Regulation of Peripheral Opioid-Mediated Analgesia in Inflammation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:293. [PMID: 27532001 PMCID: PMC4970451 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral immune cell-mediated analgesia in inflammation is an important endogenous mechanism of pain control. Opioid receptors localized on peripheral sensory nerve terminals are activated by endogenous opioid peptides released from immune cells to produce significant analgesia. Following transendothelial migration of opioid-containing leukocytes into peripheral sites of inflammation, opioid peptides are released into a harsh milieu associated with an increase in temperature, low pH, and high proteolytic activity. Together, this microenvironment has been suggested to increase the activity of opioid peptide metabolism. Therefore, the proximity of immune cells and nerve fibers may be essential to produce adequate analgesic effects. Close associations between opioid-containing immune cells and peripheral nerve terminals have been observed. However, it is not yet determined whether these immune cells actually form synaptic-like contacts with peripheral sensory terminals and/or whether they secrete opioids in a paracrine manner. This review will provide novel insight into the peripheral mechanisms of immune-derived analgesia in inflammation, in particular, the importance of direct interactions between immune cells and the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Hua
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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Nardo G, Trolese MC, Bendotti C. Major Histocompatibility Complex I Expression by Motor Neurons and Its Implication in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2016; 7:89. [PMID: 27379008 PMCID: PMC4904147 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal expression of major histocompatibility complex I (MHCI)-related molecules in adults and during CNS diseases is involved in the synaptic plasticity and axonal regeneration with mechanisms either dependent or independent of their immune functions. Motor neurons are highly responsive in triggering the expression of MHCI molecules during normal aging or following insults and diseases, and this has implications in the synaptic controls, axonal regeneration, and neuromuscular junction stability of these neurons. We recently reported that MHCI and immunoproteasome are strongly activated in spinal motor neurons and their peripheral motor axon in a mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) during the course of the disease. This response was prominent in ALS mice with slower disease progression in which the axonal structure and function was better preserved than in fast-progressing mice. This review summarizes and discusses our observations in the light of knowledge about the possible role of MHCI in motor neurons providing additional insight into the pathophysiology of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Nardo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS , Milan , Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Trolese
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS , Milan , Italy
| | - Caterina Bendotti
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS , Milan , Italy
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Sergé A. The Molecular Architecture of Cell Adhesion: Dynamic Remodeling Revealed by Videonanoscopy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:36. [PMID: 27200348 PMCID: PMC4854873 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane delimits the cell, which is the basic unit of living organisms, and is also a privileged site for cell communication with the environment. Cell adhesion can occur through cell-cell and cell-matrix contacts. Adhesion proteins such as integrins and cadherins also constitute receptors for inside-out and outside-in signaling within proteolipidic platforms. Adhesion molecule targeting and stabilization relies on specific features such as preferential segregation by the sub-membrane cytoskeleton meshwork and within membrane proteolipidic microdomains. This review presents an overview of the recent insights brought by the latest developments in microscopy, to unravel the molecular remodeling occurring at cell contacts. The dynamic aspect of cell adhesion was recently highlighted by super-resolution videomicroscopy, also named videonanoscopy. By circumventing the diffraction limit of light, nanoscopy has allowed the monitoring of molecular localization and behavior at the single-molecule level, on fixed and living cells. Accessing molecular-resolution details such as quantitatively monitoring components entering and leaving cell contacts by lateral diffusion and reversible association has revealed an unexpected plasticity. Adhesion structures can be highly specialized, such as focal adhesion in motile cells, as well as immune and neuronal synapses. Spatiotemporal reorganization of adhesion molecules, receptors, and adaptors directly relates to structure/function modulation. Assembly of these supramolecular complexes is continuously balanced by dynamic events, remodeling adhesions on various timescales, notably by molecular conformation switches, lateral diffusion within the membrane and endo/exocytosis. Pathological alterations in cell adhesion are involved in cancer evolution, through cancer stem cell interaction with stromal niches, growth, extravasation, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnauld Sergé
- Centre de Cancérologie de Marseille, Équipe "Interactions Leuco/Stromales", Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1068, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7258, Aix-Marseille Université UM105 Marseille, France
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Viruses exploit the tissue physiology of the host to spread in vivo. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 41:81-90. [PMID: 27149407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are pathogens that strictly depend on their host for propagation. Over years of co-evolution viruses have become experts in exploiting the host cell biology and physiology to ensure efficient replication and spread. Here, we will first summarize the concepts that have emerged from in vitro cell culture studies to understand virus spread. We will then review the results from studies in living animals that reveal how viruses exploit the natural flow of body fluids, specific tissue architecture, and patterns of cell circulation and migration to spread within the host. Understanding tissue physiology will be critical for the design of antiviral strategies that prevent virus dissemination.
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Benvenuti F. The Dendritic Cell Synapse: A Life Dedicated to T Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:70. [PMID: 27014259 PMCID: PMC4780025 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell activation within immunological synapses is a complex process whereby different types of signals are transmitted from antigen-presenting cells to T cells. The molecular strategies developed by T cells to interpret and integrate these signals have been systematically dissected in recent years and are now in large part understood. On the other side of the immune synapse, dendritic cells (DCs) participate actively in synapse formation and maintenance by remodeling of membrane receptors and intracellular content. However, the details of such changes have been only partially characterized. The DCs actin cytoskeleton has been one of the first systems to be identified as playing an important role in T-cell priming and some of the underlying mechanisms have been elucidated. Similarly, the DCs microtubule cytoskeleton undergoes major spatial changes during synapse formation that favor polarization of the DCs subcellular space toward the interacting T cell. Recently, we have begun to investigate the trafficking machinery that controls polarized delivery of endosomal vesicles at the DC–T immune synapse with the aim of understanding the functional relevance of polarized secretion of soluble factors during T-cell priming. Here, we will review the current knowledge of events occurring in DCs during synapse formation and discuss the open questions that still remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Benvenuti
- Cellular Immunology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Trieste , Italy
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40
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Rodríguez-Fernández JL, de Lacoba MG. Plasma membrane-associated superstructure: Have we overlooked a new type of organelle in eukaryotic cells? J Theor Biol 2015; 380:346-58. [PMID: 26066286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A variety of intriguing plasma membrane-associated regions, including focal adhesions, adherens junctions, tight junctions, immunological synapses, neuromuscular junctions and the primary cilia, among many others, have been described in eukaryotic cells. Emphasizing their importance, alteration in their molecular structures induces or correlates with different pathologies. These regions display surface proteins connected to intracellular molecules, including cytoskeletal component, which maintain their cytoarchitecture, and signalling proteins, which regulate their organization and functions. Based on the molecular similarities and other common features observed, we suggest that, despite differences in external appearances, all these regions are just the same superstructure that appears in different locations and cells. We hypothesize that this superstructure represents an overlooked new type of organelle that we call plasma membrane-associated superstructure (PMAS). Therefore, we suggest that eukaryotic cells include classical organelles (e.g. mitochondria, Golgi and others) and also PMAS. We speculate that this new type of organelle might be an innovation associated to the emergence of eukaryotes. Finally we discuss the implications of the hypothesis proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Rodríguez-Fernández
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Mario García de Lacoba
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
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41
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Ibarra-Coronado EG, Velazquéz-Moctezuma J, Diaz D, Becerril-Villanueva LE, Pavón L, Morales-Montor J. Sleep deprivation induces changes in immunity in Trichinella spiralis-infected rats. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:901-12. [PMID: 26157345 PMCID: PMC4495408 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.11907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is considered an important predictor of immunity. A lack of sleep may reduce immunity, which increases susceptibility to any type of infection. Moreover, sleep deprivation in humans produces changes in both, the percent of circulating immune cells (T cells and NK cells) and cytokine levels (IL-1, IFNγ, TNΦ-αα, IL-6 and IL-17). The aim of our study was to investigate whether sleep deprivation produces deregulation on immune variables during the immune response generated against the helminth parasite Trichinella spiralis. Because sleep deprivation is stressful per se, we designed another experiments to compared stress alone (consisting in movement restriction and single housing) with sleep deprivation, in both control (uninfected) and experimental (infected) rats. Our results demonstrate that the sleep deprivation and stress have a differential effect in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and spleen. In uninfected rats sleep deprivation alone produces an increase in natural killer cells (NK+) and B cells (CD45+), accompanied by a decrease in cytotoxic T cells (CD3+CD8+) in spleen; while, in MLN, produces only an increase in natural killer cells (NK+). Both, SD and stress, produce an increased percentage of total T cells (CD3+) in spleen. In the MLN both are also associated to an increase in cytotoxic T cells (CD3+CD8+) and B cells (CD45+). In the spleens of parasitized rats, cell populations did not change. In spleens of both, sleep-deprived and stressed infected rats, we observed an increase in B cells (CD45+). In infected rats, sleep deprivation alone produced an increase in NK cells (NK+). In mesenteric node cell populations of parasitized rats, we observed a decrease in NK cells and an increase in T helper (CD4+) cells in both SD and stressed rats. Rats that were only subjected to stress showed a decrease in B cells (CD45+). These findings suggest that the immune response generated against infection caused by T. spiralis is affected when the sleep pattern is disrupted. These results support the notion that sleep is a fundamental process for an adequate and strong immune response generated against this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Ibarra-Coronado
- 1. Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70228, México D.F. 04510, México
| | - Javier Velazquéz-Moctezuma
- 2. Area de Neurociencias, Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico, DF, México
| | - Daniel Diaz
- 3. Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México
| | | | - Lenin Pavón
- 4. Departamento de Psicoinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria "Ramón de la Fuente," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Morales-Montor
- 1. Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70228, México D.F. 04510, México
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42
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Tello-Lafoz M, Ghai R, Collins B, Mérida I. A role for novel lipid interactions in the dynamic recruitment of SNX27 to the T-cell immune synapse. BIOARCHITECTURE 2015; 4:215-20. [PMID: 25996807 DOI: 10.1080/19490992.2015.1031950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SNX27 is a member of the sorting nexin family that plays an important role in the recycling of receptors from endosomes to the cell surface. In addition to a PX (Phox homology) domain that regulates its endosomal localization, SNX27 has a unique PDZ (Psd-95/Dlg/ZO1) domain and an atypical FERM (4.1, ezrin, radixin, moesin) domain that both function to bind short peptide sequence motifs in the cytoplasmic domains of the cargo receptors. Using the T cell immune synapse (IS) as a model for polarized protein recycling, we recently identified an additional mechanism that enhances SNX27 localization to the endosomal recycling compartment (ERC). Our study defined a phosphoinositide (PI) lipid-binding site within the SNX27 FERM domain, with a clear preference for bi- and triphosphorylated PIs, which may promote SNX27 localization to phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) and/or PtdIns(3,4,5)P3-enriched membrane domains. Using fluorescently tagged lipid-binding probes, we studied the kinetics of distinct PIs in living T cells during IS formation. Our results suggest that PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 accumulates at the contact site simultaneously with early SNX27 recruitment to the plasma membrane (PM), and this is partly controlled by by lipid binding through the FERM domain. These studies define 2 independent binding sites for PtdIns-derived lipids in SNX27, that contribute to the dynamic recruitment of SNX27 to distinct membranes during T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Tello-Lafoz
- a Lipid Signaling Laboratory ; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)/CSIC ; Madrid , Spain
| | - Rajesh Ghai
- b Institute for Molecular Bioscience ; The University of Queensland ; St. Lucia , Australia.,c Current address: The School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences , The University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Brett Collins
- b Institute for Molecular Bioscience ; The University of Queensland ; St. Lucia , Australia
| | - Isabel Mérida
- a Lipid Signaling Laboratory ; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)/CSIC ; Madrid , Spain
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Lorenz N, Loef EJ, Verdon DJ, Chen CJJ, Mansell CJ, Angel CE, Brooks AES, Dunbar PR, Birch NP. Human T cell activation induces synaptic translocation and alters expression of the serine protease inhibitor neuroserpin and its target protease. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:699-710. [PMID: 25670787 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a0814-392r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Contact between T cells and APCs and activation of an effective immune response trigger cellular polarization and the formation of a structured interface known as the immunological synapse. Interactions across the synapse and secretion of T cell and APC-derived factors into the perisynaptic compartment regulate synapse formation and activation of T cells. We report that the serine protease inhibitor neuroserpin, an axonally secreted protein thought to play roles in the formation of the neuronal synapse and refinement of synaptic activity, is expressed in human naïve effector memory and central memory subsets of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, as well as monocytes, B cells, and NK cells. Neuroserpin partially colocalized with a TGN38/LFA-1-positive vesicle population in T cells and translocates to the immunological synapse upon activation with TCR antibodies or antigen-pulsed APCs. Activation of T cells triggered neuroserpin secretion, a rapid, 8.4-fold up-regulation of the serine protease tissue plasminogen activator, the protease target for neuroserpin, and a delayed, 6.25-fold down-regulation of neuroserpin expression. Evidence of polarization and regulated neuroserpin expression was also seen in ex vivo analyses of human lymph nodes and blood-derived T cells. Increased neuroserpin expression was seen in clusters of T cells in the paracortex of human lymph nodes, with some showing polarization to areas of cell:cell interaction. Our results support a role for neuroserpin and tissue plasminogen activator in activation-controlled proteolytic cleavage of proteins in the synaptic or perisynaptic space to modulate immune cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Lorenz
- *School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Centre for Brain Research, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Evert Jan Loef
- *School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Centre for Brain Research, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel J Verdon
- *School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Centre for Brain Research, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chun-Jen J Chen
- *School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Centre for Brain Research, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Claudia J Mansell
- *School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Centre for Brain Research, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Catherine E Angel
- *School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Centre for Brain Research, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anna E S Brooks
- *School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Centre for Brain Research, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - P Rod Dunbar
- *School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Centre for Brain Research, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nigel P Birch
- *School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Centre for Brain Research, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Abstract
The immune system uses much of the classic machinery of cell biology, but in ways that put a different spin on organization and function. Striking recent examples include the demonstration of intraflagellar transport protein and hedgehog contributions to the immune synapse, even though immune cells lack a primary cilium that would be the typical setting for this machinery. In a second example, lymphocytes have their own subfamily of integrins, the β2 subfamily, and only integrins in this family form a stable adhesion ring using freely mobile ligands, a key feature of the immunological synapse. Finally, we showed recently that T-cells use endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRTs) at the plasma membrane to generate T-cell antigen receptor–enriched microvesicles. It is unusual for the ESCRT pathway to operate at the plasma membrane, but this may allow a novel form of cell–cell communication by providing a multivalent ligand for major histocompatibility complex–peptide complexes and perhaps other receptors on the partnering B-cell. Immune cells are thus an exciting system for novel cell biology even with classical pathways that have been studied extensively in other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Headington OX3 7FY, United Kingdom; Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
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45
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Abstract
The molecular interactions underlying regulation of the immune response take place in a nanoscale gap between T cells and antigen-presenting cells, termed the immunological synapse. If these interactions are regulated appropriately, the host is defended against a wide range of pathogens and deranged host cells. If these interactions are disregulated, the host is susceptible to pathogens or tumor escape at one extreme and autoimmunity at the other. Strategies targeting the synapse have helped to establish immunotherapy as a mainstream element in cancer treatment. This Masters' primer will cover the basics of the immunological synapse and some of the applications to tumor immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Dustin
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The University of Oxford, Headington, United Kingdom.
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46
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Recacha R, Jiménez D, Tian L, Barredo R, Gahmberg CG, Casasnovas JM. Crystal structures of an ICAM-5 ectodomain fragment show electrostatic-based homophilic adhesions. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2014; 70:1934-43. [PMID: 25004970 PMCID: PMC4089487 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004714009468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intercellular cell adhesion molecule-5 (ICAM-5) is a member of the ICAM subfamily that is exclusively expressed in the telencephalon region of the brain. The crystal structure of the four most N-terminal glycosylated domains (D1-D4) of ICAM-5 was determined in three different space groups and the D1-D5 fragment was modelled. The structures showed a curved molecule with two pronounced interdomain bends between D2 and D3 and between D3 and D4, as well as some interdomain flexibility. In contrast to ICAM-1, ICAM-5 has patches of positive and negative electrostatic charge at D1-D2 and at D3-D5, respectively. ICAM-5 can mediate homotypic interactions. In the crystals, several charge-based intermolecular interactions between the N-terminal and C-terminal moieties of the ICAM-5 molecules were observed, which defined an interacting surface in the D1-D4 fragment. One of the crystal lattices has a molecular assembly that could represent the homophilic ICAM-5 cell adhesion complex in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Recacha
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB–CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 3,, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Jiménez
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB–CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 3,, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Li Tian
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Román Barredo
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB–CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 3,, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carl G. Gahmberg
- Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - José M. Casasnovas
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB–CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 3,, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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47
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Gahmberg CG, Ning L, Paetau S. ICAM-5: a neuronal dendritic adhesion molecule involved in immune and neuronal functions. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 8:117-32. [PMID: 25300135 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8090-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The neuron-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-5 (ICAM-5, telencephalin) is a member of the ICAM family of adhesion proteins. It has a complex structure with nine external immunoglobulin domains followed by a transmembrane and a cytoplasmic domain. The external part binds to beta1- and beta2-integrins and the matrix protein vitronectin, whereas its transmembrane domain binds to presenilins and the cytoplasmic domain to alpha-actinin and the ERM family of cytoplasmic proteins. In neurons it is confined to the soma and dendrites and it is enriched in dendritic filopodia with less expression in more mature dendritic spines. ICAM-5 strongly stimulates neurite outgrowth. ICAM-5 is cleaved by matrix metalloproteases upon activation of glutamate receptors or degraded through endocytosis resulting in increased spine maturation. Ablation of ICAM-5 expression increases functional synapse formation. The cleaved soluble fragment of ICAM-5 is immunosuppressive, which may be important in neuronal inflammatory diseases.
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Abstract
COPII coated vesicles bud from an ER domain termed the transitional ER (tER), but the mechanism that clusters COPII vesicles at tER sites is unknown. tER sites are closely associated with early Golgi or pre-Golgi structures, suggesting that the clustering of nascent COPII vesicles could be achieved by tethering to adjacent membranes. This model challenges the prevailing view that COPII vesicles are clustered by a scaffolding protein at the ER surface. Although Sec16 was proposed to serve as such a scaffolding protein, recent data suggest that rather than organizing COPII into higher-order structures, Sec16 acts at the level of individual COPII vesicles to regulate COPII turnover. A plausible synthesis is that tER sites are created by tethering to Golgi membranes and are regulated by Sec16. Meanwhile, the COPII vesicles that bud from tER sites are thought to nucleate new Golgi cisternae. Thus, an integrated self-organization process may generate tER-Golgi units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Glick
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Yam PT, Pincus Z, Gupta GD, Bashkurov M, Charron F, Pelletier L, Colman DR. N-cadherin relocalizes from the periphery to the center of the synapse after transient synaptic stimulation in hippocampal neurons. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79679. [PMID: 24223993 PMCID: PMC3815108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
N-cadherin is a cell adhesion molecule which is enriched at synapses. Binding of N-cadherin molecules to each other across the synaptic cleft has been postulated to stabilize adhesion between the presynaptic bouton and the postsynaptic terminal. N-cadherin is also required for activity-induced changes at synapses, including hippocampal long term potentiation and activity-induced spine expansion and stabilization. We hypothesized that these activity-dependent changes might involve changes in N-cadherin localization within synapses. To determine whether synaptic activity changes the localization of N-cadherin, we used structured illumination microscopy, a super-resolution approach which overcomes the conventional resolution limits of light microscopy, to visualize the localization of N-cadherin within synapses of hippocampal neurons. We found that synaptic N-cadherin exhibits a spectrum of localization patterns, ranging from puncta at the periphery of the synapse adjacent to the active zone to an even distribution along the synaptic cleft. Furthermore, the N-cadherin localization pattern within synapses changes during KCl depolarization and after transient synaptic stimulation. During KCl depolarization, N-cadherin relocalizes away from the central region of the synaptic cleft to the periphery of the synapse. In contrast, after transient synaptic stimulation with KCl followed by a period of rest in normal media, fewer synapses have N-cadherin present as puncta at the periphery and more synapses have N-cadherin present more centrally and uniformly along the synapse compared to unstimulated cells. This indicates that transient synaptic stimulation modulates N-cadherin localization within the synapse. These results bring new information to the structural organization and activity-induced changes occurring at synapses, and suggest that N-cadherin relocalization may contribute to activity dependent changes at synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia T. Yam
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Program in Neuroengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Zachary Pincus
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Gagan D. Gupta
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mikhail Bashkurov
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frédéric Charron
- Program in Neuroengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laurence Pelletier
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David R. Colman
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Program in Neuroengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Iwaszkiewicz KS, Schneider JJ, Hua S. Targeting peripheral opioid receptors to promote analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:132. [PMID: 24167491 PMCID: PMC3807052 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of endogenous pain control are significant. Increasing studies have clearly produced evidence for the clinical usefulness of opioids in peripheral analgesia. The immune system uses mechanisms of cell migration not only to fight pathogens but also to control pain and inflammation within injured tissue. It has been demonstrated that peripheral inflammatory pain can be effectively controlled by an interaction of immune cell-derived opioid peptides with opioid receptors on peripheral sensory nerve terminals. Experimental and clinical studies have clearly shown that activation of peripheral opioid receptors with exogenous opioid agonists and endogenous opioid peptides are able to produce significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, without central opioid mediated side effects (e.g., respiratory depression, sedation, tolerance, dependence). This article will focus on the role of opioids in peripheral inflammatory conditions and the clinical implications of targeting peripheral opioid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina S Iwaszkiewicz
- The School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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