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García-Olmo DC, Picazo MG, García-Olmo D. Melanoma transplants in “green” mice: Fluorescent cells in tumors are not equivalent to host-derived cells. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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2
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Young WS, Song J, Mezey É. Hybridization Histochemistry of Neural Transcripts. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 82:1.3.1-1.3.27. [PMID: 29357110 PMCID: PMC6217960 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This unit presents protocols to locate RNA transcripts in tissues. Numerous approaches are detailed, including those that use radiolabeled or colorimetric probes. Also, the probes may be modified oligodeoxynucleotides, singly or in pairs, as well as ribonucleic acids. High sensitivity and specificity are obtained, especially with sets of oligodeoxynucleotide pairs. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Scott Young
- Section on Neural Gene Expression, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - June Song
- Section on Neural Gene Expression, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Éva Mezey
- Adult Stem Cell Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Hadman M, Chiu FC, Lobel D, Borlongan CV. Article Commentary: Standardized Embryonic Tissue Collection and Hibernation Procedures, and MRI-Based Graft Assessment: Advancing Neural Transplantation Therapy for Huntington's Disease. Cell Transplant 2017; 12:677-8. [PMID: 15597511 DOI: 10.3727/000000003108747235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hadman
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia and Research and Affiliations Service Line, Augusta VMAC, GA 30912, USA
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Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) have been proposed as a promising cellular source for the treatment of diseases in nervous systems. NSCs can self-renew and generate major cell types of the mammalian central nervous system throughout adulthood. NSCs exist not only in the embryo, but also in the adult brain neurogenic region: the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle. Embryonic stem (ES) cells acquire NSC identity with a default mechanism. Under the regulations of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and fibroblast growth factors, the NSCs then become neural progenitors. Neurotrophic and differentiation factors that regulate gene expression for controlling neural cell fate and function determine the differentiation of neural progenitors in the developing mammalian brain. For clinical application of NSCs in neurodegenerative disorders and damaged neurons, there are several critical problems that remain to be resolved: 1) how to obtain enough NSCs from reliable sources for autologous transplantation; 2) how to regulate neural plasticity of different adult stem cells; 3) how to control differentiation of NSCs in the adult nervous system. In order to understand the mechanisms that control NSC differentiation and behavior, we review the ontogeny of NSCs and other stem cell plasticity of neuronal differentiation. The role of NSCs and their regulation by neurotrophic factors in CNS development are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chao Hsu
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Jhunan, Taiwan
| | - Don-Ching Lee
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Jhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Ming Chiu
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Jhunan, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Institute of Medical Technology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Dennie D, Louboutin JP, Strayer DS. Migration of bone marrow progenitor cells in the adult brain of rats and rabbits. World J Stem Cells 2016; 8:136-157. [PMID: 27114746 PMCID: PMC4835673 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v8.i4.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis takes place in the adult mammalian brain in three areas: Subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus (DG); subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle; olfactory bulb. Different molecular markers can be used to characterize the cells involved in adult neurogenesis. It has been recently suggested that a population of bone marrow (BM) progenitor cells may migrate to the brain and differentiate into neuronal lineage. To explore this hypothesis, we injected recombinant SV40-derived vectors into the BM and followed the potential migration of the transduced cells. Long-term BM-directed gene transfer using recombinant SV40-derived vectors leads to expression of the genes delivered to the BM firstly in circulating cells, then after several months in mature neurons and microglial cells, and thus without central nervous system (CNS) lesion. Most of transgene-expressing cells expressed NeuN, a marker of mature neurons. Thus, BM-derived cells may function as progenitors of CNS cells in adult animals. The mechanism by which the cells from the BM come to be neurons remains to be determined. Although the observed gradual increase in transgene-expressing neurons over 16 mo suggests that the pathway involved differentiation of BM-resident cells into neurons, cell fusion as the principal route cannot be totally ruled out. Additional studies using similar viral vectors showed that BM-derived progenitor cells migrating in the CNS express markers of neuronal precursors or immature neurons. Transgene-positive cells were found in the subgranular zone of the DG of the hippocampus 16 mo after intramarrow injection of the vector. In addition to cells expressing markers of mature neurons, transgene-positive cells were also positive for nestin and doublecortin, molecules expressed by developing neuronal cells. These cells were actively proliferating, as shown by short term BrdU incorporation studies. Inducing seizures by using kainic acid increased the number of BM progenitor cells transduced by SV40 vectors migrating to the hippocampus, and these cells were seen at earlier time points in the DG. We show that the cell membrane chemokine receptor, CCR5, and its ligands, enhance CNS inflammation and seizure activity in a model of neuronal excitotoxicity. SV40-based gene delivery of RNAi targeting CCR5 to the BM results in downregulating CCR5 in circulating cells, suggesting that CCR5 plays an important role in regulating traffic of BM-derived cells into the CNS, both in the basal state and in response to injury. Furthermore, reduction in CCR5 expression in circulating cells provides profound neuroprotection from excitotoxic neuronal injury, reduces neuroinflammation, and increases neuronal regeneration following this type of insult. These results suggest that BM-derived, transgene-expressing, cells can migrate to the brain and that they become neurons, at least in part, by differentiating into neuron precursors and subsequently developing into mature neurons.
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Young WS, Song J, Mezey É. Hybridization Histochemistry of Neural Transcripts. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 75:1.3.1-1.3.27. [PMID: 27063785 PMCID: PMC4858714 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Expression of genes is manifested by the production of RNA transcripts within cells. Hybridization histochemistry (or in situ hybridization) permits localization of these transcripts with cellular resolution or better. Furthermore, the relative amounts of transcripts detected in different tissues or in the same tissues in different states (e.g., physiological or developmental) may be quantified. This unit describes hybridization histochemical techniques using either oligodeoxynucleotide probes (see Basic Protocols 1 and 2, Alternate Protocol 1) or RNA probes (riboprobes; see Basic Protocols 3 and 5). These methods include a more recent approach using commercially available sets of oligodeoxynucleotide pairs for colorimetric and fluorescent detection (see Basic Protocol 2), as well as a method for detection of the Y chromosome using either mouse or human riboprobes (see Basic Protocol 5). Additional methods include colorimetric detection (see Basic Protocol 4) and tyramide signal amplification (TSA) of digoxigenin-labeled probes (see Alternate Protocol 2), and autoradiographic detection of radiolabeled probes (see Basic Protocol 6). Finally, methods are provided for labeling oligodeoxynucleotide (see Support Protocol 1) and RNA (see Support Protocol 2) probes, and verifying the probes by northern analysis (see Support Protocol 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- W Scott Young
- Section on Neural Gene Expression, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - June Song
- Section on Neural Gene Expression, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Éva Mezey
- Adult Stem Cell Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Nationals Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Borlongan CV, Glover LE, Sanberg PR, Hess DC. Permeating the blood brain barrier and abrogating the inflammation in stroke: implications for stroke therapy. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18:3670-6. [PMID: 22574981 DOI: 10.2174/138161212802002841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell therapy has been shown as a potential treatment for stroke and other neurological disorders. Human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) may be a promising source of stem cells for cell therapy. The most desired outcomes occur when stem cells cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) and eventually reach the injured brain site. We propose, from our previous studies, that mannitol is capable of disrupting the BBB, allowing the transplanted cells to enter the brain from the periphery. However, when the BBB is compromised, the inflammatory response from circulation may also be able to penetrate the brain and thus may actually exacerbate the stroke rather than afford therapeutic effects. We discuss how an NF-kB decoy can inhibit the inflammatory responses in the stroke brain thereby reducing the negative effects associated with BBB disruption. In this review, we propose the combination of mannitol-induced BBB permeation and NF-kB decoy for enhancing the therapeutic benefits of cell therapy in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar V Borlongan
- Department of Neurology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.
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Iskovich S, Goldenberg-Cohen N, Stein J, Yaniv I, Farkas DL, Askenasy N. β-Cell Neogenesis: Experimental Considerations in Adult Stem Cell Differentiation. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:569-82. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Iskovich
- Frankel Laboratory, Center for Stem Cell Research, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Nitza Goldenberg-Cohen
- Krieger Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Jerry Stein
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Isaac Yaniv
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | | | - Nadir Askenasy
- Frankel Laboratory, Center for Stem Cell Research, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
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Yasuhara T, Hara K, Maki M, Xu L, Yu G, Ali MM, Masuda T, Yu SJ, Bae EK, Hayashi T, Matsukawa N, Kaneko Y, Kuzmin-Nichols N, Ellovitch S, Cruz EL, Klasko SK, Sanberg CD, Sanberg PR, Borlongan CV. Mannitol facilitates neurotrophic factor up-regulation and behavioural recovery in neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic rats with human umbilical cord blood grafts. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 14:914-21. [PMID: 20569276 PMCID: PMC3823123 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that blood–brain barrier permeabilization using mannitol enhances the therapeutic efficacy of systemically administered human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) by facilitating the entry of neurotrophic factors from the periphery into the adult stroke brain. Here, we examined whether the same blood–brain barrier manipulation approach increases the therapeutic effects of intravenously delivered HUCB in a neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic (HI) injury model. Seven-day-old Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to unilateral HI injury and then at day 7 after the insult, animals intravenously received vehicle alone, mannitol alone, HUCB cells (15k mononuclear fraction) alone or a combination of mannitol and HUCB cells. Behavioural tests at post-transplantation days 7 and 14 showed that HI animals that received HUCB cells alone or when combined with mannitol were significantly less impaired in motor asymmetry and motor coordination compared with those that received vehicle alone or mannitol alone. Brain tissues from a separate animal cohort from the four treatment conditions were processed for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at day 3 post-transplantation, and revealed elevated levels of GDNF, NGF and BDNF in those that received HUCB cells alone or when combined with mannitol compared with those that received vehicle or mannitol alone, with the combined HUCB cells and mannitol exhibiting the most robust neurotropic factor up-regulation. Histological assays revealed only sporadic detection of HUCB cells, suggesting that the trophic factor–mediated mechanism, rather than cell replacement per se, principally contributed to the behavioural improvement. These findings extend the utility of blood–brain barrier permeabilization in facilitating cell therapy for treating neonatal HI injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yasuhara
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
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Meyer AK, Maisel M, Hermann A, Stirl K, Storch A. Restorative approaches in Parkinson's Disease: Which cell type wins the race? J Neurol Sci 2010; 289:93-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Harting MT, Jimenez F, Xue H, Fischer UM, Baumgartner J, Dash PK, Cox CS. Intravenous mesenchymal stem cell therapy for traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg 2009; 110:1189-97. [PMID: 19301973 DOI: 10.3171/2008.9.jns08158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Cell therapy has shown preclinical promise in the treatment of many diseases, and its application is being translated to the clinical arena. Intravenous mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has been shown to improve functional recovery after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Herein, the authors report on their attempts to reproduce such observations, including detailed characterizations of the MSC population, non-bromodeoxyuridine-based cell labeling, macroscopic and microscopic cell tracking, quantification of cells traversing the pulmonary microvasculature, and well-validated measurement of motor and cognitive function recovery. METHODS Rat MSCs were isolated, expanded in vitro, immunophenotyped, and labeled. Four million MSCs were intravenously infused into Sprague-Dawley rats 24 hours after receiving a moderate, unilateral controlled cortical impact TBI. Infrared macroscopic cell tracking was used to identify cell distribution. Immunohistochemical analysis of brain and lung tissues 48 hours and 2 weeks postinfusion revealed transplanted cells in these locations, and these cells were quantified. Intraarterial blood sampling and flow cytometry were used to quantify the number of transplanted cells reaching the arterial circulation. Motor and cognitive behavioral testing was performed to evaluate functional recovery. RESULTS At 48 hours post-MSC infusion, the majority of cells were localized to the lungs. Between 1.5 and 3.7% of the infused cells were estimated to traverse the lungs and reach the arterial circulation, 0.295% reached the carotid artery, and a very small percentage reached the cerebral parenchyma (0.0005%) and remained there. Almost no cells were identified in the brain tissue at 2 weeks postinfusion. No motor or cognitive functional improvements in recovery were identified. CONCLUSIONS The intravenous infusion of MSCs appeared neither to result in significant acute or prolonged cerebral engraftment of cells nor to modify the recovery of motor or cognitive function. Less than 4% of the infused cells were likely to traverse the pulmonary microvasculature and reach the arterial circulation, a phenomenon termed the "pulmonary first-pass effect," which may limit the efficacy of this therapeutic approach. The data in this study contradict the findings of previous reports and highlight the potential shortcomings of acute, single-dose, intravenous MSC therapy for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Harting
- Departments of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Texas, USA
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Gong L, Wu Q, Song B, Lu B, Zhang Y. Differentiation of rat mesenchymal stem cells transplanted into the subretinal space of sodium iodate-injected rats. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2009; 36:666-71. [PMID: 18983552 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2008.01857.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) was investigated in a retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) damage model induced by the administration of sodium iodate. METHODS Cultured rat MSCs were transfected with enhanced green fluorescent protein and transplanted into the subretinal space of rats injected 4 days earlier with sodium iodate. Immunofluorescence analysis was performed 5 weeks later. RESULTS The transduction efficiency was 99.9%. Viable MSCs were detected 5 weeks after transplantation, mainly in the subretinal space. The cells expressed pan-cytokeratin, glial fibrillary acidic protein and rhodopsin. CONCLUSIONS Bone marrow MSCs transplanted into the subretinal space of sodium iodate-injected rats have the ability to differentiate into RPE, photoreceptor and glial lineage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Transdifferentiation of stem cells: a critical view. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 114:73-106. [PMID: 19343303 DOI: 10.1007/10_2008_49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently a large amount of new data on the plasticity of stem cells of various lineages have emerged, providing new perspectives especially for the therapeutic application of adult stem cells. Previously unknown possibilities of cell differentiation beyond the known commitment of a given stem cell have been described using keywords such as "blood to liver," or "bone to brain." Controversies on the likelihood, as well as the biological significance, of these conversions almost immediately arose within this young field of stem cell biology. This chapter will concentrate on these controversies and focus on selected examples demonstrating the technical aspects of stem cell transdifferentiation and the evaluation of the tools used to analyze these events.
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Tan BTG, Lee MMG, Ruan R. Bone-marrow-derived cells that home to acoustic deafened cochlea preserved their hematopoietic identity. J Comp Neurol 2008; 509:167-79. [PMID: 18461607 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The high degree of bone marrow cell (BMC) plasticity has prompted us to test its restoration possibility in inner ear repair. Our aim was to determine the potential of these cells to transdifferentiate into specialized cochlea cell types after acoustic injury and BMC mobilization. Lethally irradiated mice were transplanted with BMCs from green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice and subjected to acoustic deafening 3 months later. In a separate experiment, stem cell factor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor were administered to test the effect of BMC mobilization on bone marrow-derived cell (BMDC) transdifferentiation. All mice showed almost complete chimerism 3 months after bone marrow transplantation. Upon acoustic trauma, robust BMDC migration was observed in the deafened cochlea. GFP+ cell migration was most prominent during the first week after acoustic deafening, and these cells accumulated significantly at the spiral ligament, perilymphatic compartment walls, and limbus regions. Most of the BMDCs expressed CD45 and CD68 and were identified as macrophages. Upregulation of stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) was also observed in the spiral ligament during the first week after acoustic deafening. Cytokine treatment resulted in increased BMC mobilization in the systemic circulation. However, the presence of any stem cell progenitors or the differentiation of BMDCs into any cell types expressing cochlea sensory, supporting, fibrocytic, or neuronal markers were not detected in the deafened cochlea. In conclusion, we have demonstrated the homing capability of BMDCs to the deafened cochlea, and these cells displayed mature hematopoietic properties without spontaneous transdifferentiation to any cochlea cell types after acoustic trauma or bone marrow mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Tiong Gee Tan
- Delivery of Drugs, Proteins and Genes Group, Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore, Singapore
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Louboutin JP, Agrawal L, Liu B, Strayer DS. In vivogene transfer to the CNS using recombinant SV40-derived vectors. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:1319-35. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.9.1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
Expression of genes is manifested by the production of RNA transcripts within cells. Hybridization histochemistry (or in situ hybridization) permits localization of these transcripts with cellular resolution or better. Furthermore, the relative amounts of transcripts detected within different tissues or the same tissues in different states (e.g., physiological or developmental) may be quantified. This unit describes hybridization histochemical techniques using either oligonucleotide probes or RNA probes (riboprobes). Also presented is the use of probes labeled with digoxigenin for colorimetric detection of RNA transcripts and a technique to detect the Y chromosome using either mouse or human riboprobes. Finally, a procedure is presented for the autoradiographic detection of radiolabeled probes. Methods are provided for labeling oligodeoxynucleotide and RNA probes and performing northern analyses using these probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Scott Young
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Harting MT, Baumgartner JE, Worth LL, Ewing-Cobbs L, Gee AP, Day MC, Cox CS. Cell therapies for traumatic brain injury. Neurosurg Focus 2008; 24:E18. [PMID: 18341394 DOI: 10.3171/foc/2008/24/3-4/e17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Preliminary discoveries of the efficacy of cell therapy are currently being translated to clinical trials. Whereas a significant amount of work has been focused on cell therapy applications for a wide array of diseases, including cardiac disease, bone disease, hepatic disease, and cancer, there continues to be extraordinary anticipation that stem cells will advance the current therapeutic regimen for acute neurological disease. Traumatic brain injury is a devastating event for which current therapies are limited. In this report the authors discuss the current status of using adult stem cells to treat traumatic brain injury, including the basic cell types and potential mechanisms of action, preclinical data, and the initiation of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Harting
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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18
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Abstract
Cells of the central nervous system were once thought to be incapable of regeneration. This dogma has been challenged in the last decade with studies showing new, migrating stem cells in the brain in many rodent injury models and findings of new neurones in the human hippocampus in adults. Moreover, there are reports of bone marrow-derived cells developing neuronal and vascular phenotypes and aiding in repair of injured brain. These findings have fuelled excitement and interest in regenerative medicine for neurological diseases, arguably the most difficult diseases to treat. There are numerous proposed regenerative approaches to neurological diseases. These include cell therapy approaches in which cells are delivered intracerebrally or are infused by an intravenous or intra-arterial route; stem cell mobilization approaches in which endogenous stem and progenitor cells are mobilized by cytokines such as granulocyte colony stimulatory factor (GCSF) or chemokines such as SDF-1; trophic and growth factor support, such as delivering brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) into the brain to support injured neurones; these approaches may be used together to maximize recovery. While initially, it was thought that cell therapy might work by a 'cell replacement' mechanism, a large body of evidence is emerging that cell therapy works by providing trophic or 'chaperone' support to the injured tissue and brain. Angiogenesis and neurogenesis are coupled in the brain. Increasing angiogenesis with adult stem cell approaches in rodent models of stroke leads to preservation of neurones and improved functional outcome. A number of stem and progenitor cell types has been proposed as therapy for neurological disease ranging from neural stem cells to bone marrow derived stem cells to embryonic stem cells. Any cell therapy approach to neurological disease will have to be scalable and easily commercialized if it will have the necessary impact on public health. Currently, bone marrow-derived cell populations such as the marrow stromal cell, multipotential progenitor cells, umbilical cord stem cells and neural stem cells meet these criteria the best. Of great clinical significance, initial evidence suggests these cell types may be delivered by an allogeneic approach, so strict tissue matching may not be necessary. The most immediate impact on patients will be achieved by making use of the trophic support capability of cell therapy and not by a cell replacement mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Hess
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Samadikuchaksaraei A. An overview of tissue engineering approaches for management of spinal cord injuries. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2007; 4:15. [PMID: 17501987 PMCID: PMC1876804 DOI: 10.1186/1743-0003-4-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to devastating neurological deficits and disabilities, which necessitates spending a great deal of health budget for psychological and healthcare problems of these patients and their relatives. This justifies the cost of research into the new modalities for treatment of spinal cord injuries, even in developing countries. Apart from surgical management and nerve grafting, several other approaches have been adopted for management of this condition including pharmacologic and gene therapy, cell therapy, and use of different cell-free or cell-seeded bioscaffolds. In current paper, the recent developments for therapeutic delivery of stem and non-stem cells to the site of injury, and application of cell-free and cell-seeded natural and synthetic scaffolds have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Samadikuchaksaraei
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
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Nguyen Huu S, Oster M, Uzan S, Chareyre F, Aractingi S, Khosrotehrani K. Maternal neoangiogenesis during pregnancy partly derives from fetal endothelial progenitor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:1871-6. [PMID: 17267612 PMCID: PMC1794298 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0606490104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal progenitor cells enter the maternal circulation during pregnancy and can persist for decades. We aimed to determine the role of these cells in tissue inflammation during pregnancy. WT female mice were mated to males transgenic for the EGFP (ubiquitous) or the luciferase gene controlled by the VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2; V-Luc) promoter. A contact hypersensitivity reaction was triggered during such pregnancies. Fetal cells were tracked by using real-time quantitative amplification of the transgene (real-time PCR), Y chromosome in situ hybridization (FISH), immunofluorescence or in vivo bioluminescence imaging. Real-time PCR disclosed fetal cells in the inflamed areas in all tested mice (17/17) with higher frequency and numbers in the inflamed compared with the control areas (P = 0.01). Double labeling demonstrated CD31+ EGFP+ fetal cells organized as blood vessels. In WT pregnant mice bearing V-Luc fetuses, a specific luciferase activity signal could be detected at the hypersensitivity site only, demonstrating the elective presence of VEGFR2-expressing fetal cells. In conclusion, using various techniques, we found the presence of fetal endothelial cells lining blood vessels in maternal sites of inflammation. These results imply that fetal endothelial progenitor cells are acquired by the mother and participate in maternal angiogenesis during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sau Nguyen Huu
- *Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, EA 4053, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie du Développement, 27 Rue de Chaligny, 75012 Paris, France; and
| | - Michèle Oster
- *Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, EA 4053, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie du Développement, 27 Rue de Chaligny, 75012 Paris, France; and
| | - Serge Uzan
- *Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, EA 4053, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie du Développement, 27 Rue de Chaligny, 75012 Paris, France; and
| | - Fabrice Chareyre
- Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U674 Laboratoire de Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides, and
| | - Sélim Aractingi
- *Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, EA 4053, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie du Développement, 27 Rue de Chaligny, 75012 Paris, France; and
- Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Dermatologie, 4 Rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France
| | - Kiarash Khosrotehrani
- *Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, EA 4053, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie du Développement, 27 Rue de Chaligny, 75012 Paris, France; and
- Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Dermatologie, 4 Rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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21
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Abstract
Almost 10 yr have passed since we first entertained the idea that circulating blood cells originating in the bone marrow might contribute to central nervous system (CNS) cell lineages. Initially, we showed that microgalia are derived from bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs). Later, we found that BMSCs might also give rise to other neural cells--even neurons. We made our first observations in rodents, and then we examined human samples. In the brains of female patients who received bone marrow from male donors there are cells with neurons-specific markers together with the Y chromosome suggesting that they are the progeny donor bone marrow cells. All of our data and numerous recent experiments in the field suggest that circulating BM cells are quite plastic. Thus, they might be used in regenerative medicine to help heal or replace lost tissue in many different organs.
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22
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Khosrotehrani K, Reyes RR, Johnson KL, Freeman RB, Salomon RN, Peter I, Stroh H, Guégan S, Bianchi DW. Fetal cells participate over time in the response to specific types of murine maternal hepatic injury. Hum Reprod 2006; 22:654-61. [PMID: 17074776 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/del426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In humans, fetal microchimeric cells transferred to maternal tissues during pregnancy can adopt a hepatocyte phenotype. Our objective was to determine whether fetal cells participate in the response to specific murine post-partum hepatic injuries. METHODS Wild-type female mice were bred to males transgenic for the enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) (n = 42). Following delivery, we created models of chemical or surgical injury with carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) injection or by performing partial hepatectomy. Liver injury was assessed histologically. Fetal cells in maternal liver were detected and measured by real-time PCR amplification of the gfp transgene and by immunofluorescence using anti-GFP antibodies. RESULTS PCR results showed that in chemical but not surgical injury, fetal GFP+ cells were detectable in maternal liver and spleen and that fetal cell presence was significantly increased over time following injury (4 versus 8 weeks, P = 0.006 for liver and P = 0.0006 for spleen). In some animals, following chemical injury, GFP+ cells were detected by immunofluorescence. CONCLUSIONS The results of this preliminary study suggest that specific types of injury may elicit different fetal cell responses in maternal organs. There is a significant effect of time on fetal cell presence in liver and spleen. Furthermore, real-time PCR amplification is more sensitive than immunofluorescence for the detection of microchimeric fetal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Khosrotehrani
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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23
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Louboutin JP, Liu B, Reyes BAS, Van Bockstaele EJ, Strayer DS. Rat bone marrow progenitor cells transduced in situ by rSV40 vectors differentiate into multiple central nervous system cell lineages. Stem Cells 2006; 24:2801-9. [PMID: 16960137 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Using bone marrow-directed gene transfer, we tested whether bone marrow-derived cells may function as progenitors of central nervous system (CNS) cells in adult animals. SV40-derived gene delivery vectors were injected directly into femoral bone marrow, and we examined transgene expression in blood and brain for 0-16 months thereafter by immunostaining for FLAG epitope marker. An average of 5% of peripheral blood cells and 25% of femoral marrow cells were FLAG(+) throughout the study. CNS FLAG-expressing cells were mainly detected in the dentate gyrus (DG) and periventricular subependymal zone (PSZ). Although absent before 1 month and rare at 4 months, DG and PSZ FLAG(+) cells were abundant 16 months after bone marrow injection. Approximately 5% of DG cells expressed FLAG, including neurons (48.6%) and microglia (49.7%), and occasional astrocytes (1.6%), as determined by double immunostaining for FLAG and lineage markers. These data suggest that one or more populations of cells resident within adult bone marrow can migrate to the brain and differentiate into CNS-specific cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Louboutin
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Jefferson Medical College, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
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24
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Askenasy N, Nadir A. From the Atom to the Cell: Is the Cat Alive? Quantum Mechanics and Stem Cell Plasticity as Déjà Vu. Stem Cells Dev 2006; 15:488-91. [PMID: 16978052 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2006.15.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The concepts submitted by quantum mechanics fascinated the scientific community during the first half of the 20(th) century. The second half was dominated by biology, culminating in the sequencing of the human genome and the study of stem cells. Although the anticipated revolution of cellular therapies in medicine is in its infancy, the conceptual debate over stem cell plasticity shares similarities with evolution of the quantum theory. Are there notions and modes of thinking that stem cell biologists should adopt from the evolution in the interpretation of the laws of physics?
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadir Askenasy
- Frankel Laboratory, Center for Stem Cell Research, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tiva, Israel 49202.
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25
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Korochkin LI, Revishchin AV, Okhotin VE. Neural stem cells and their role in recovery processes in the nervous system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 36:499-512. [PMID: 16645765 DOI: 10.1007/s11055-006-0047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2005] [Revised: 04/29/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Published data and our own results on the identification, cultivation, and potential therapeutic utilization of regional stem cells from humans and animals are reviewed. Pluripotent stem cells have been shown to proliferate in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation in adult human and animal brains. Data on the hierarchical organization of genetic networks in controlling individual development suggest a possible functional role for repeat mini-and microsatellite DNA sequences in stem cell differentiation. Methods of using human bone marrow as a source of stem cells for restoring damaged tissue in the brain are discussed. Heat-shock proteins have been found to block the formation of glial scars after neural transplantation. The viability of stem cells after transplantation can be increased by transfer of genes for neurotrophic growth factors into the genomes of the neurons undergoing transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L I Korochkin
- Neurogenetics and Developmental Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
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26
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Alison MR, Lovell MJ, Direkze NC, Wright NA, Poulsom R. Stem cell plasticity and tumour formation. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42:1247-56. [PMID: 16632345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell plasticity refers to the ability of certain stem cells to switch lineage determination and generate unexpected cell types. This review applies largely to bone marrow cells (BMCs), which appear to contribute positively to the regeneration of several damaged non-haematopoietic tissues. This beneficial effect on regeneration may be a direct result of BMCs giving rise to organ parenchymal cells. Alternatively, it could be due to BMCs fusing with existing parenchymal cells, or providing paracrine growth factor support, or contributing to neovascularisation. In the context of oncology, BMC derivation of the tumour stroma and vasculature has profound biological and therapeutic implications, and there are several examples of carcinomas seemingly being derived from BMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm R Alison
- Centre for Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, Queen Mary' School of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel, London E1 2AT, UK.
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27
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Conti L, Reitano E, Cattaneo E. Neural stem cell systems: diversities and properties after transplantation in animal models of diseases. Brain Pathol 2006; 16:143-54. [PMID: 16768755 PMCID: PMC8095762 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2006.00009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently available effective treatments of the diseased or damaged central nervous system (CNS) are restricted to a limited pharmacological relief of symptoms or those given to avoid further damage. Therefore the search is on for treatments that can restore function in the CNS. During recent years replacement of damaged neurons by cell transplantation is being enthusiastically explored as a potential treatment for many neurodegenerative diseases, stroke and traumatic brain injury. Several references in both scientific journals and popular newspapers concerning different types of cultured stem cells, potentially exploitable to treat pathological conditions of the brain, raise important questions pertinent to the fundamental and realistic differences between grafts of primary neural cells and the transplantation of in vitro expanded neural stem cells (NSCs). Our aim is to review the available information on the grafting of different NSC types into the adult rodent brain, focusing on critical aspects for the development of clinical therapies to replace damaged neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Conti
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Erika Reitano
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Cattaneo
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
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28
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Abstract
The realization that the adult nervous system develops from multipotential stem cells and that cells with stem-like properties are retained in the adult CNS has provoked an intense search for ways to utilize their potential for therapeutic treatments of multiple neurological disorders. Transplantation of neural stem cells or more restricted progenitors to replace cells lost to injury or disease may facilitate functional recovery in a spectrum of neurological disorders. Alternatively, expansion and recruitment of endogenous progenitors may be effective in treating widespread cell loss in the adult CNS. A major challenge to the development of effective stem cell therapies is to direct the fate of the newly generated cells to specifically replace those lost to disease. Insights from developmental research are providing molecular targets for regulating the differentiation of neural stem cells and their progeny in areas of injury to the adult CNS. Given the commonality of processes mediating the assembly of multicellular systems, the approaches developed in the CNS will likely be applicable for selective cell replacement in the auditory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Miller
- Department of Neurosciences, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Case School of Medicine Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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29
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Anderson DA, Wu Y, Jiang S, Zhang X, Streeter PR, Spangrude GJ, Archer DR, Fleming WH. Donor marker infidelity in transgenic hematopoietic stem cells. Stem Cells 2005; 23:638-43. [PMID: 15849171 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic marking approaches are increasingly used to evaluate the developmental potential of stem cells. However, cell fate mapping studies using different transgenic marking systems have produced conflicting results. These disparate findings may be due in part to the infidelity of donor marker gene expression. Analysis of hematopoietic stem cells (c-Kit+, Sca-1+, lineage marker- [KSL]) from a transgenic mouse (1Osb) engineered to ubiquitously express the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reveals two distinct populations. Forty percent of KSL cells demonstrate intermediate levels of EGFP fluorescence and differentiate into subpopulations of B cells, T cells, and myeloid cells that do not express EGFP. By contrast, progeny of the remaining 60% of KSL cells are almost exclusively EGFP bright. Long-term multilineage hematopoietic reconstitution and serial transplantation experiments show that these differences in EGFP are a property of self-renewing stem cells. Furthermore, both the transgene integration site and the activation status of a cell are important determinants of EGFP expression. These results indicate that a combination of donor cell markers is required to reliably track the full differentiation potential of transgenic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Anderson
- Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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30
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Khosrotehrani K, Johnson KL, Guégan S, Stroh H, Bianchi DW. Natural history of fetal cell microchimerism during and following murine pregnancy. J Reprod Immunol 2005; 66:1-12. [PMID: 15949558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2004] [Revised: 02/02/2005] [Accepted: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In humans, fetal cells enter the maternal circulation during all pregnancies and can persist for decades. Human studies, however, are often limited by the number of subjects and the availability of healthy and diseased tissues for analysis. We sought to develop a murine model to establish the natural history of fetal cell microchimerism in various maternal tissues during and after healthy pregnancies resulting from congenic and allogenic matings. We bred C57BL/6J and DBA/2J virgin female mice to C57BL/6J males transgenic for the enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP), which shows autosomal dominant inheritance with complete penetrance and is under the control of a ubiquitous chicken beta-actin promoter and a cytomegalovirus enhancer. During pregnancy and at different times after delivery, female mice were sacrificed. Tissues were collected and the presence of the gfp transgene and GFP+ cells was assessed by real-time quantitative PCR and by immunofluorescence. During pregnancy, microchimerism was detected in all tissues from mice carrying GFP+ fetuses. Fetal cells were often mononuclear. The frequency of fetal cells in the lungs was significantly higher compared to other tissues. The level of microchimerism was also significantly higher in congenic compared to allogenic matings. After delivery, the frequency of fetal cells decreased and fetal cells were undetectable at 2 and 3 weeks after the first delivery. However, some mice that had three gestations had detectable fetal cells 3 weeks after their last delivery. Using sensitive methods of detection, we demonstrate that fetal cell microchimerism occurs during all murine pregnancies. We describe a useful model for the study of the consequences of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiarash Khosrotehrani
- Division of Genetics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts-New England Medical Center, 750 Washington Street, P.O. Box 394, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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31
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Pluchino S, Zanotti L, Deleidi M, Martino G. Neural stem cells and their use as therapeutic tool in neurological disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 48:211-9. [PMID: 15850660 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2004] [Accepted: 12/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous neural tissue repair occurs in patients affected by inflammatory and degenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). However, this process is not robust enough to promote a functional and stable recovery of the CNS architecture. The development of cell-based therapies aimed at promoting brain repair, through damaged cell-replacement, is therefore foreseen. Several experimental cell-based strategies aimed at replacing damaged neural cells have been developed in the last 30 years. Although successful in promoting site-specific repair in focal CNS disorders, most of these therapeutic approaches have failed to foster repair in multifocal CNS diseases where the anatomical and functional damage is widespread. Stem cell-based therapies have been recently proposed and might represent in the near future a plausible alternative strategy in these disorders. However, before envisaging any human applications of stem cell-based therapies in neurological diseases, we need to consider some preliminary and still unsolved issues: (i) the ideal stem cell source for transplantation, (ii) the most appropriate route of stem cell administration, and, last but not least, (iii) the best approach to achieve an appropriate, functional, and long-lasting integration of transplanted stem cells into the host tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pluchino
- Department of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Neuroimmunology Unit-DIBIT, Milano, Italy
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32
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van de Stolpe A, van den Brink S, van Rooijen M, Ward-van Oostwaard D, van Inzen W, Slaper-Cortenbach I, Fauser B, van den Hout N, Weima S, Passier R, Smith N, Denning C, Mummery C. Human embryonic stem cells: towards therapies for cardiac disease. Derivation of a Dutch human embryonic stem cell line. Reprod Biomed Online 2005; 11:476-85. [PMID: 16274613 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)61144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell transplantation is being discussed as a potential therapy for multiple disorders caused by loss or malfunction of single or at most a few cell types. These include diabetes, Parkinson's disease and myocardial infarction or cardiac failure. However, it is not yet clear whether cells from adult tissues ('adult stem cells') or embryos ('embryonic stem cells') will prove to be the most appropriate replacement cells; most likely, each disease will have its own preferred source. This study presents the background to this discussion and the current state of research in replacement of cardiac tissue, with focus on recent developments using human embryonic stem cells. It also describes a new human embryonic stem cell (HESC) line, NL-HESC1, the first to be derived in the Netherlands, and shows that it forms cardiac cells in a manner comparable with that of hES2 and hES3 cells grown in the same laboratory.
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33
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Gangopadhyay NN, Shen H, Landreneau R, Luketich JD, Schuchert MJ. Isolation and tracking of a rare lymphoid progenitor cell which facilitates bone marrow transplantation in mice. J Immunol Methods 2004; 292:73-81. [PMID: 15350513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2004.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2004] [Revised: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 06/02/2004] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow cells are composed of pluripotent stem cells to terminally differentiated cells, with a wide variety of abundance of each cell type. In the past, many of the cell types within this heterogeneous population have been characterized either by expression of specific proteins or using functional markers. In spite of promising results obtained with the latter method, various cell types within bone marrow have not been well characterized due to the low abundance of a specific cell type. Considering the demand for a reliable technique to enrich cell types, a wide variety of approaches, ranging from simple nylon wool columns to high-speed cell sorting, have evolved. Only limited success has been obtained with approaches ranging from the detection of MHC antigen to positron emission tomography to track the ontogeny of specific bone marrow-derived cells in studies of syngeneic or allogeneic transplantation. The present study describes a relatively simple method to enrich and track a rare bone marrow cell (facilitating cell, FC), which can facilitate allogeneic bone marrow stem cell transplantation in mice. The isolation technique is comprised of enrichment of FC by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) system followed by purification through high-speed cell sorter. An initial inoculation of 30,000 FC obtained from male mice was detected in the thymus, spleen, and bone marrow of allogeneic female recipients, by using 32P-labeled dCTP in a specific PCR for Y-chromosome. This technique may improve the efficiency of isolation of other rare cells from the bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupur N Gangopadhyay
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, W1554 BST, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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34
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Pluchino S, Furlan R, Martino G. Cell-based remyelinating therapies in multiple sclerosis: evidence from experimental studies. Curr Opin Neurol 2004; 17:247-55. [PMID: 15167057 DOI: 10.1097/00019052-200406000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Spontaneous remyelination occurs in the central nervous system of patients with multiple sclerosis. However, this process is not robust enough to promote a functional and stable recovery of the myelin architecture. The development of cell-based therapies, aimed at promoting multifocal remyelination, is therefore foreseen. RECENT FINDINGS Several experimental cell-based strategies aimed at replacing damaged myelin-forming cells have been developed in the last few years. However, most of these therapeutic approaches - although consistently able to form new myelin sheaths at the transplantation site - are unfeasible owing to the mutifocality of the demyelinating process in multiple sclerosis patients and the inability to grow and produce large numbers of differentiated myelin-forming cells in vitro. Stem cell-based therapies that partially overcome these limitations have been proposed recently. SUMMARY Stem cell-based remyelinating therapies can be considered a plausible alternative strategy in immune-mediated demyelinating disorders. However, before any potential applications in patients with multiple sclerosis can be envisaged, it is necessary to confront the following preliminary, and still unsolved, questions: (1) the ideal stem cell source for transplantation; (2) the most appropriate route of stem cell administration; and, last but not least, (3) the best approach for achieving an appropriate, functional and long-lasting integration of transplanted stem cells into the host tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pluchino
- Neuroimmunology Unit - Department of Biotechnology (DIBIT) and Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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35
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Vassilopoulos G, Russell DW. Cell fusion: an alternative to stem cell plasticity and its therapeutic implications. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2004; 13:480-5. [PMID: 14550412 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-437x(03)00110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell fusion has long been known to produce viable cells and to have a major role in mammalian development and differentiation. As gene expression profiles can change after cell fusion, this event must be also considered as an alternative explanation for the many cases of 'stem cell plasticity' that have been recently described and are promoted as a promising therapeutic strategy. Cell fusion has been demonstrated to occur in some recent studies, and the available evidence is often not inconsistent with cell fusion in others. Cell fusion itself has therapeutic potential, but low rates of spontaneous fusion and safety concerns may ultimately limit its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Vassilopoulos
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mailstop 357720, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7720, USA.
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36
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Fang TC, Poulsom R. Cell-based therapies for birth defects: a role for adult stem cell plasticity? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 69:238-49. [PMID: 14671777 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.10019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapy can offer a reasonable approach to the treatment of specific birth defects, particularly those for which hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can be used to restore (even partially) the number of cells, protein levels, or enzyme activity. Relatively few clinical experiences have been published on this subject, but when a natural selective advantage exists for the cell graft, a degree of "rescue" is possible. Strategies have been developed to confer a selective advantage through genetic engineering of donor cells, and this approach may prove valuable in the treatment of birth defects, as it is in hematological malignancy. Stem cell (SC) plasticity, or transdifferentiation, may offer another route for delivery of cells to established or developing organs. A wide variety of studies support the concept that adult tissue-specific SCs can, if displaced from their normal niche to another, be reprogrammed to produce cell types appropriate to their new environment. Clinical observations reveal that persistent tissue microchimerism develops not only in blood lineages after transfusion, but also in thyroid follicular epithelium via transplacental exchange. In addition, hepatic and renal parenchyma also become chimeric following allografts or bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Experimental models indicate that a renal glomerulosclerosis phenotype can be transferred by grafting whole BM, and that a severe liver disorder in fah-/- mice can be overcome by grafting HSCs and then exerting a selection pressure. It may be possible in the future to exploit the ability of adult SCs to contribute to diverse tissues; however, our understanding of the processes involved is at a very early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Chao Fang
- Histopathology Unit, Cancer Resarch UK, London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
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37
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Alison MR, Poulsom R, Otto WR, Vig P, Brittan M, Direkze NC, Lovell M, Fang TC, Preston SL, Wright NA. Recipes for adult stem cell plasticity: fusion cuisine or readymade? J Clin Pathol 2004; 57:113-20. [PMID: 14747430 PMCID: PMC1770217 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2003.010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2003] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A large body of evidence supports the idea that certain adult stem cells, particularly those of bone marrow origin, can engraft at alternative locations, particularly when the recipient organ is damaged. Under strong and positive selection pressure these cells will clonally expand/differentiate, making an important contribution to tissue replacement. Similarly, bone marrow derived cells can be amplified in vitro and differentiated into many types of tissue. Despite seemingly irrefutable evidence for stem cell plasticity, a veritable chorus of detractors has emerged, some doubting its very existence, motivated perhaps by more than a little self interest. The issues that have led to this situation include the inability to reproduce certain quite startling observations, and extrapolation from the behaviour of embryonic stem cells to suggest that adult bone marrow cells simply fuse with other cells and adopt their phenotype. Although these issues need resolving and, accepting that cell fusion does appear to allow reprogramming of haemopoietic cells in special circumstances, criticising this whole new field because some areas remain unclear is not good science.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Alison
- Histopathology Unit, Cancer Research (UK), London WC2A 3PX, UK.
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38
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Chu Q, Wang Y, Fu X, Zhang S. Mechanism of in vitro differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells into neuron-like cells. Curr Med Sci 2004; 24:259-61. [PMID: 15315342 DOI: 10.1007/bf02832006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to study whether marrow stromal cells (MSCs) can be induced into nerve-like cells in vitro, and the mechanism, the MSCs in Wistar rats were isolated and cultured, and then induced with DMSO and BHA in vitro. The expression of specific marking proteins in neurons, glia and neural stem cells were detected before preinduction, at 24 h of preinduction, at 6 h, 24 h, and 48 h of neuronal induction by using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The ultrastructural changes after the inducement were observed. The results showed that after the inducement, many MSCs turned into bipolar, multipolar and taper, and then intersected as network structure. At the same time, some MSCs had the typical neuron-like ultrastructure. Immunohistochemistry revealed that NeuN and Nestin expression was detectable after inducement, but there was no GFAP and CNP expression. Western blotting showed the expression of Nestin was strong at 6 h of neuronal induction, and decreased at 24 h, 48 h of the induction. NeuN was detectable at 6 h of neuronal induction, and increased at 24 h, 48 h of the induction. It was concluded MSCs were induced into neural stem cells, and then differentiated into neuron-like cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Kanazawa Y, Verma IM. Little evidence of bone marrow-derived hepatocytes in the replacement of injured liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100 Suppl 1:11850-3. [PMID: 12920184 PMCID: PMC304097 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1834198100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We have tested the ability of bone marrow (BM) cells (BMCs) to form hepatocytes in liver injury models. We used three models: (i) carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) treatment, (ii) albumin-urokinase transgenic mouse [TgN(Alb1Plau)], and (iii) hepatitis B transgenic mouse [TgN(Alb1HBV)]. As a nonselective liver injury model, irradiated C57BL/6 (B6) mice were transplanted with BMCs from GFP transgenic mouse [TgN(ActbEGFP)] or beta-galactosidase transgenic mouse [TgN(MtnLacZ)] followed by the administration of CCl4. Irradiated TgN(Alb1HBV) and TgN(Alb1Plau) were also transplanted with BMCs from TgN(ActbEGFP) or TgN(MtnLacZ). Approximately 1.5 x 106 hepatocytes per liver were analyzed for GFP-positive cells, and the whole livers were inspected for beta-galactosidase expression. No GFP-positive hepatocytes and no gross blue staining of the livers with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-d-galactoside in any of the 18 recipient mice analyzed were detected. The livers from female animals with gender-mismatched BM transplantation were also tested with Y chromosome fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis to detect donor-derived cells. A total of five isolated hepatocytes were positive for Y chromosome in 4.1 x 105 hepatocytes analyzed. Our results demonstrate that there is little or no contribution of BMCs to the replacement of injured livers in these models. We conclude that BM-derived cells cannot generally lead to a cure of liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kørbling
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
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Abstract
The degree to which these elephants are disruptive to the steady advancement of the adult stem cell field will become clear with time. In some ways they enliven the discourse, but in many ways they interfere with efficient progress. Naming these elephants is a first step toward dealing with them. If we remain aware of these issues when evaluating new research, we are less likely to make careless mistakes, and we are more likely to be able to hold scientists, politicians, journalists, and entrepreneurs accountable for their practices. Although all adult stem cell researchers will spend time profitably riding some of these elephants, we will all inevitably spend more time cleaning up after them. Perhaps open, careful, and unbiased discussions of these elephants will help the cleanup work be less odious and completed sooner, rather than later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Theise
- Department of Pathology, Division of Digestive Diseases, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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Castro RF, Jackson KA, Goodell MA, Robertson CS, Liu H, Shine HD. Response to Comment on "Failure of Bone Marrow Cells to Transdifferentiate into Neural Cells in Vivo". Science 2003. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1080631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond F. Castro
- Department of Pediatrics
Baylor College of Medicine
Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kathyjo A. Jackson
- Department of Pediatrics
and Center for Cell and Gene Therapy
Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Margaret A. Goodell
- Departments of Pediatrics, Immunology
and Center for Cell and Gene Therapy
Baylor College of Medicine
| | | | - Hao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery
Baylor College of Medicine
| | - H. David Shine
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience, Molecular and
Cellular Biology
andCenter for Cell and Gene Therapy
Baylor College of Medicine
E-mail:
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