1
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Jeon D, Hill E, McNeel DG. Toll-like receptor agonists as cancer vaccine adjuvants. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2297453. [PMID: 38155525 PMCID: PMC10760790 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2297453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy to treat cancer patients. Among the wide range of immunological approaches, cancer vaccines have been investigated to activate and expand tumor-reactive T cells. However, most cancer vaccines have not shown significant clinical benefit as monotherapies. This is likely due to the antigen targets of vaccines, "self" proteins to which there is tolerance, as well as to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. To help circumvent immune tolerance and generate effective immune responses, adjuvants for cancer vaccines are necessary. One representative adjuvant family is Toll-Like receptor (TLR) agonists, synthetic molecules that stimulate TLRs. TLRs are the largest family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that serve as the sensors of pathogens or cellular damage. They recognize conserved foreign molecules from pathogens or internal molecules from cellular damage and propel innate immune responses. When used with vaccines, activation of TLRs signals an innate damage response that can facilitate the development of a strong adaptive immune response against the target antigen. The ability of TLR agonists to modulate innate immune responses has positioned them to serve as adjuvants for vaccines targeting infectious diseases and cancers. This review provides a summary of various TLRs, including their expression patterns, their functions in the immune system, as well as their ligands and synthetic molecules developed as TLR agonists. In addition, it presents a comprehensive overview of recent strategies employing different TLR agonists as adjuvants in cancer vaccine development, both in pre-clinical models and ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghwan Jeon
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ethan Hill
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Douglas G. McNeel
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
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2
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Yao R, Xie C, Xia X. Recent progress in mRNA cancer vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2307187. [PMID: 38282471 PMCID: PMC10826636 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2307187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The research and development of messenger RNA (mRNA) cancer vaccines have gradually overcome numerous challenges through the application of personalized cancer antigens, structural optimization of mRNA, and the development of alternative RNA-based vectors and efficient targeted delivery vectors. Clinical trials are currently underway for various cancer vaccines that encode tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), tumor-specific antigens (TSAs), or immunomodulators. In this paper, we summarize the optimization of mRNA and the emergence of RNA-based expression vectors in cancer vaccines. We begin by reviewing the advancement and utilization of state-of-the-art targeted lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), followed by presenting the primary classifications and clinical applications of mRNA cancer vaccines. Collectively, mRNA vaccines are emerging as a central focus in cancer immunotherapy, offering the potential to address multiple challenges in cancer treatment, either as standalone therapies or in combination with current cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhui Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunyuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Kembou-Ringert JE, Hotio FN, Steinhagen D, Thompson KD, Surachetpong W, Rakus K, Daly JM, Goonawardane N, Adamek M. Knowns and unknowns of TiLV-associated neuronal disease. Virulence 2024; 15:2329568. [PMID: 38555518 PMCID: PMC10984141 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2329568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) is associated with pathological changes in the brain of infected fish, but the mechanisms driving the virus's neuropathogenesis remain poorly characterized. TiLV establishes a persistent infection in the brain of infected fish even when the virus is no longer detectable in the peripheral organs, rendering therapeutic interventions and disease management challenging. Moreover, the persistence of the virus in the brain may pose a risk for viral reinfection and spread and contribute to ongoing tissue damage and neuroinflammatory processes. In this review, we explore TiLV-associated neurological disease. We discuss the possible mechanism(s) used by TiLV to enter the central nervous system (CNS) and examine TiLV-induced neuroinflammation and brain immune responses. Lastly, we discuss future research questions and knowledge gaps to be addressed to significantly advance this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Japhette E. Kembou-Ringert
- Department of infection, immunity and Inflammation, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Fortune N. Hotio
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kim D. Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, UK
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Janet M. Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Niluka Goonawardane
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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4
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Seabaugh JA, Anderson DM. Pathogenicity and virulence of Yersinia. Virulence 2024; 15:2316439. [PMID: 38389313 PMCID: PMC10896167 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2316439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The genus Yersinia includes human, animal, insect, and plant pathogens as well as many symbionts and harmless bacteria. Within this genus are Yersinia enterocolitica and the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis complex, with four human pathogenic species that are highly related at the genomic level including the causative agent of plague, Yersinia pestis. Extensive laboratory, field work, and clinical research have been conducted to understand the underlying pathogenesis and zoonotic transmission of these pathogens. There are presently more than 500 whole genome sequences from which an evolutionary footprint can be developed that details shared and unique virulence properties. Whereas the virulence of Y. pestis now seems in apparent homoeostasis within its flea transmission cycle, substantial evolutionary changes that affect transmission and disease severity continue to ndergo apparent selective pressure within the other Yersiniae that cause intestinal diseases. In this review, we will summarize the present understanding of the virulence and pathogenesis of Yersinia, highlighting shared mechanisms of virulence and the differences that determine the infection niche and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarett A. Seabaugh
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA
| | - Deborah M. Anderson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA
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5
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Tong Jia Ming S, Tan Yi Jun K, Carissimo G. Pathogenicity and virulence of O'nyong-nyong virus: A less studied Togaviridae with pandemic potential. Virulence 2024; 15:2355201. [PMID: 38797948 PMCID: PMC11135837 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2355201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
O'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) is a neglected mosquito-borne alphavirus belonging to the Togaviridae family. ONNV is known to be responsible for sporadic outbreaks of acute febrile disease and polyarthralgia in Africa. As climate change increases the geographical range of known and potential new vectors, recent data indicate a possibility for ONNV to spread outside of the African continent and grow into a greater public health concern. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge on ONNV epidemiology, host-pathogen interactions, vector-virus responses, and insights into possible avenues to control risk of further epidemics. In this review, the limited ONNV literature is compared and correlated to other findings on mainly Old World alphaviruses. We highlight and discuss studies that investigate viral and host factors that determine viral-vector specificity, along with important mechanisms that determine severity and disease outcome of ONNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Tong Jia Ming
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Katrina Tan Yi Jun
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guillaume Carissimo
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technical University, Singapore, Singapore
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6
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Landers VD, Thomas M, Isom CM, Karki D, Sokoloski KJ. Capsid protein mediated evasion of IRAK1-dependent signalling is essential to Sindbis virus neuroinvasion and virulence in mice. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2300452. [PMID: 38164715 PMCID: PMC10773654 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2300452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACTAlphaviruses are arthropod-borne, single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses that are recognized as rapidly emerging pathogens. Despite being exquisitely sensitive to the effects of the innate immune response alphaviruses can readily replicate, disseminate, and induce pathogenesis in immunologically competent hosts. Nonetheless, how alphaviruses evade the induction of an innate immune response prior to viral gene expression, or in non-permissive infections, is unknown. Previously we reported the identification of a novel host/pathogen interaction between the viral Capsid (CP) protein and the host IRAK1 protein. The CP/IRAK1 interaction was determined to negatively impact IRAK1-dependent PAMP detection in vitro, however, the precise importance of the CP/IRAK1 interaction to alphaviral infection remained unknown. Here we detail the identification of the CP/IRAK1 interaction determinants of the Sindbis virus (SINV) CP protein and examine the importance of the interaction to alphaviral infection and pathogenesis in vivo using an interaction deficient mutant of the model neurotropic strain of SINV. Importantly, these interaction determinants are highly conserved across multiple Old-World alphaviruses, including Ross River virus (RRV), Mayaro virus (MAYV), Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and Semliki Forest virus (SFV). In the absence of a functional CP/IRAK1 interaction, SINV replication is significantly restricted and fails to disseminate from the primary site of inoculation due to the induction of a robust type-I Interferon response. Altogether these data indicate that the evasion of IRAK1-dependent signalling is critical to overcoming the host innate immune response and the in vivo data presented here demonstrate the importance of the CP/IRAK1 interaction to neurovirulence and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Douglas Landers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Milton Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Cierra M. Isom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Deepa Karki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Kevin J. Sokoloski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Center for Predictive Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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7
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Rupani H, Busse WW, Howarth PH, Bardin PG, Adcock IM, Konno S, Jackson DJ. Therapeutic relevance of eosinophilic inflammation and airway viral interactions in severe asthma. Allergy 2024; 79:2589-2604. [PMID: 39087443 DOI: 10.1111/all.16242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The role of eosinophils in airway inflammation and asthma pathogenesis is well established, with raised eosinophil counts in blood and sputum associated with increased disease severity and risk of asthma exacerbation. Conversely, there is also preliminary evidence suggesting antiviral properties of eosinophils in the airways. These dual roles for eosinophils are particularly pertinent as respiratory virus infections contribute to asthma exacerbations. Biologic therapies targeting key molecules implicated in eosinophil-associated pathologies have been approved in patients with severe asthma and, therefore, the effects of depleting eosinophils in a clinical setting are of considerable interest. This review discusses the pathological and antiviral roles of eosinophils in asthma and exacerbations. We also highlight the significant reduction in asthma exacerbations seen with biologic therapies, even at the height of the respiratory virus season. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of these findings in relation to the role of eosinophils in inflammation and antiviral responses to respiratory virus infection in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitasha Rupani
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - William W Busse
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Peter H Howarth
- Global Medical, Global Specialty and Primary Care, GSK, Brentford, Middlesex, UK
| | - Philip G Bardin
- Monash Lung Sleep Allergy and Immunology, Monash University and Medical Centre and Hudson Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Satoshi Konno
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - David J Jackson
- Guy's Severe Asthma Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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8
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Shimizu T. RNA recognition in toll-like receptor signaling. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2024; 88:102913. [PMID: 39168045 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2024.102913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
RNA, either from invading pathogens or within the hosts, is one of the principal PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and other receptors of the innate immune system exist that detect immunostimulatory RNA including double and single stranded RNA, and then induce cytokine-mediated antiviral and proinflammatory responses. Recent years have seen remarkable progress in biochemical, immunological, and structural biological studies on TLRs, opening new avenues for TLR signaling. In this review, we highlight our current understanding of RNA- sensing TLRs and discuss the regulatory mechanisms that normally prevent inappropriate responses to self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Shimizu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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9
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Ranjan S, Panda AK. Association of Toll-Like Receptor 7 (TLR7) Polymorphisms with Predisposition to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): A Meta and Trial Sequential Analysis. Biochem Genet 2024; 62:3350-3366. [PMID: 38103124 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10600-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by autoantibody production and organ involvement. The role of toll-like receptor-7 in SLE is well established. Although genetic variations in the TLR-7 gene have been associated with an increased risk of developing SLE, the findings are not consistent. We performed a meta-analysis of previously published articles on four important single nucleotide polymorphisms in the TLR-7 gene (rs3853839, rs179008, rs179019, and rs179010) to reach a valid conclusion. Various literature databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus, were scoured for eligible reports until May 10, 2023. GPower software v.3 was used to assess the power of individual reports included in the meta-analysis. Comprehensive Meta-analysis v3 software was used to perform all statistics. The publication biases in each genetic comparison model were investigated using funnel plots and Egger's regression test. To test heterogeneity, Cochrane Q statistics, probability value and I2 were used. Considering the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, the current study included a total of 10 eligible studies that included 15,472 SLE cases and 16,721 healthy controls. The meta-analysis revealed a significant association between TLR7 polymorphisms (rs179019 and rs179010) and susceptibility to SLE development. Other TLR7 polymorphisms (rs3853839 and rs179008), on the other hand, showed no significant association. Furthermore, the trial sequential analysis identified the need for additional case control studies for TLR-7 polymorphisms (rs3853839, rs179008, and rs179019) other than the rs179010 polymorphism. TLR7 variants for rs179010 and rs179019 are risk factor for the development of SLE. Further investigations are required to reach a valid conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shovit Ranjan
- University Department of Zoology, Kolhan University, Chaibasa, Jharkhand, 833202, India
| | - Aditya K Panda
- ImmGen EvSys Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Berhampur University, Bhanja Bihar, Berhampur, Odisha, 760007, India.
- Centre of Excellence on Bioprospecting of Ethnopharmaceuticals of Southern Odisha (CoE-BESO), Berhampur University, Bhanja Bihar, Berhampur, Odisha, India.
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10
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Lensch V, Gabba A, Hincapie R, Bhagchandani SH, Basak A, Alam MM, Noble J, Irvine DJ, Shalek AK, Johnson JA, Finn MG, Kiessling LL. Carbohydrate-Lectin Interactions Reprogram Dendritic Cells to Promote Type 1 Anti-Tumor Immunity. ACS NANO 2024; 18:26770-26783. [PMID: 39283240 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c07360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/02/2024]
Abstract
Cancer vaccine development is inhibited by a lack of strategies for directing dendritic cell (DC) induction of effective tumor-specific cellular immunity. Pathogen engagement of DC lectins and toll-like receptors (TLRs) is thought to shape immunity by directing T cell function. Controlling downstream responses, however, remains a major challenge. A critical goal in advancing vaccine development involves the identification of receptors that drive type 1 cellular immunity. The immune system monitors cells for aberrant glycosylation (a sign of a foreign entity), but potent activation occurs when a second signal, such as single-stranded RNA or lipopolysaccharide, is present to activate TLR signaling. To exploit dual signaling, we engineered a glycan-costumed virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine that displays a DC-SIGN-selective aryl mannose ligand and encapsulates TLR7 agonists. These VLPs deliver programmable peptide antigens to induce robust DC activation and type 1 cellular immunity. In contrast, VLPs lacking this critical DC-SIGN ligand promoted DC-mediated humoral immunity, offering limited tumor control. Vaccination with glycan-costumed VLPs generated tumor antigen-specific Th1 CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that infiltrated solid tumors, significantly inhibiting tumor growth in a murine melanoma model. The tailored VLPs also afforded protection against the reintroduction of tumor cells. Thus, DC lectin-driven immune reprogramming, combined with the modular programmability of VLP platforms, provides a promising framework for directing cellular immunity to advance cancer immunotherapies and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Lensch
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Adele Gabba
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Robert Hincapie
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Sachin H Bhagchandani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ankit Basak
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Mohammad Murshid Alam
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeffery Noble
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, United States
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - M G Finn
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Laura L Kiessling
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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11
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Kopetz S, Murphy DA, Pu J, Ciardiello F, Desai J, Van Cutsem E, Wasan HS, Yoshino T, Saffari H, Zhang X, Hamilton P, Xie T, Yaeger R, Tabernero J. Molecular profiling of BRAF-V600E-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer in the phase 3 BEACON CRC trial. Nat Med 2024:10.1038/s41591-024-03235-9. [PMID: 39313594 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-03235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
The BEACON CRC study demonstrated that encorafenib (Enco)+cetuximab (Cetux)±binimetinib (Bini) significantly improved overall survival (OS) versus Cetux + chemotherapy in previously treated patients with BRAF-V600E-mutant mCRC, providing the basis for the approval of the Enco+Cetux regimen in the United States and the European Union. A greater understanding of biomarkers predictive of response to Enco+Cetux±Bini treatment is of clinical relevance. In this prespecified, exploratory biomarker analysis of the BEACON CRC study, we characterize genomic and transcriptomic correlates of clinical outcomes and acquired resistance mechanisms through integrated clinical and molecular analysis, including whole-exome and -transcriptome tissue sequencing and circulating tumor DNA genomic profiling. Tumors with higher immune signatures showed a trend towards increased OS benefit with Enco+Bini+Cetux. RAS, MAP2K1 and MET alterations were most commonly acquired with Enco+Cetux±Bini, and more frequent in patients with a high baseline cell-cycle gene signature; baseline TP53 mutation was associated with acquired MET amplification. Acquired mutations were subclonal and polyclonal, with evidence of increased tumor mutation rate with Enco+Cetux±Bini and mutational signatures (SBS17a/b). These findings support treatment with Enco+Cetux±Bini for patients with BRAF-V600E-mutant mCRC and provide insights into the biology of response and resistance to MAPK-pathway-targeted therapy. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT02928224.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Kopetz
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | | | - Jie Pu
- Pfizer, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jayesh Desai
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric Van Cutsem
- University Hospitals Gasthuisberg Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rona Yaeger
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Josep Tabernero
- Vall d'Hebron Hospital Campus and Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Delgado-Wicke P, Fernández de Córdoba-Oñate S, Roy-Vallejo E, Alegría-Carrasco E, Rodríguez-Serrano DA, Lamana A, Montes N, Nicolao-Gómez A, Carracedo-Rodríguez R, Marcos-Jiménez A, Díaz-Fernández P, Galván-Román JM, Rabes-Rodríguez L, Sanz-Alba M, Álvarez-Rodríguez J, Villa-Martí A, Rodríguez-Franco C, Villapalos-García G, Zubiaur P, Abad-Santos F, de Los Santos I, Gomariz RP, García-Vicuña R, Muñoz-Calleja C, González-Álvaro I, Fernández-Ruiz E. Genetic variants regulating the immune response improve the prediction of COVID-19 severity provided by clinical variables. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20728. [PMID: 39237611 PMCID: PMC11377536 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-71476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The characteristics of the host are crucial in the final outcome of COVID-19. Herein, the influence of genetic and clinical variants in COVID-19 severity was investigated in a total of 1350 patients. Twenty-one single nucleotide polymorphisms of genes involved in SARS-CoV-2 sensing as Toll-like-Receptor 7, antiviral immunity as the type I interferon signalling pathway (TYK2, STAT1, STAT4, OAS1, SOCS) and the vasoactive intestinal peptide and its receptors (VIP/VIPR1,2) were studied. To analyse the association between polymorphisms and severity, a model adjusted by age, sex and different comorbidities was generated by ordinal logistic regression. The genotypes rs8108236-AA (OR 0.12 [95% CI 0.02-0.53]; p = 0.007) and rs280519-AG (OR 0.74 [95% CI 0.56-0.99]; p = 0.03) in TYK2, and rs688136-CC (OR 0.7 [95% CI 0.5-0.99]; p = 0.046) in VIP, were associated with lower severity; in contrast, rs3853839-GG in TLR7 (OR 1.44 [95% CI 1.07-1.94]; p = 0.016), rs280500-AG (OR 1.33 [95% CI 0.97-1.82]; p = 0.078) in TYK2 and rs1131454-AA in OAS1 (OR 1.29 [95% CI 0.95-1.75]; p = 0.110) were associated with higher severity. Therefore, these variants could influence the risk of severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Delgado-Wicke
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario La Princesa and Health Research Institute (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Fernández de Córdoba-Oñate
- Rheumathology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
- Hematology Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilia Roy-Vallejo
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Estíbaliz Alegría-Carrasco
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario La Princesa and Health Research Institute (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Amalia Lamana
- Cell Biology Department, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Montes
- Rheumathology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
- Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
- Methodology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Nicolao-Gómez
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario La Princesa and Health Research Institute (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Carracedo-Rodríguez
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario La Princesa and Health Research Institute (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Marcos-Jiménez
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Díaz-Fernández
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Galván-Román
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Rabes-Rodríguez
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Sanz-Alba
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Álvarez-Rodríguez
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Villa-Martí
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodríguez-Franco
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Villapalos-García
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Zubiaur
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Abad-Santos
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio de Los Santos
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa P Gomariz
- Cell Biology Department, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario García-Vicuña
- Rheumathology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
- Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilia Muñoz-Calleja
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
- Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Elena Fernández-Ruiz
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario La Princesa and Health Research Institute (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain.
- Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Do CTP, Prochnau JY, Dominguez A, Wang P, Rao MK. The Road Ahead in Pancreatic Cancer: Emerging Trends and Therapeutic Prospects. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1979. [PMID: 39335494 PMCID: PMC11428787 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12091979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
This review explores the challenges and emerging trends in pancreatic cancer therapy. In particular, we focus on the tumor microenvironment and the potential of immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, characterized by its dense stromal architecture, presents unique challenges for effective treatment. Recent advancements have emphasized the role of the tumor microenvironment in therapeutic resistance and disease progression. We discuss novel strategies targeting the desmoplastic barrier and immunosuppressive cells to enhance immune cell infiltration and activation. Recent clinical trials, particularly those involving novel immunotherapeutic agents and tumor vaccines, are examined to understand their efficacy and limitations. Our analysis reveals that combining immunotherapy with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or drugs targeting epigenetic processes shows promise, improving overall survival rates and response to treatment. For instance, trials utilizing checkpoint inhibitors in combination with standard chemotherapies have extended disease-free survival by up to 6 months compared to chemotherapy alone. Importantly, vaccines targeting specific tumor neoantigens have shown the potential to increase patient survival. However, these approaches also face significant challenges, including overcoming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and enhancing the delivery and efficacy of therapeutic agents. By providing an overview of both the promising results and the obstacles encountered, this review aims to highlight ongoing efforts to refine immunotherapy approaches for better patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris T P Do
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jack Y Prochnau
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Angel Dominguez
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Manjeet K Rao
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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14
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Ngo C, Garrec C, Tomasello E, Dalod M. The role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in immunity during viral infections and beyond. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:1008-1035. [PMID: 38777879 PMCID: PMC11364676 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Type I and III interferons (IFNs) are essential for antiviral immunity and act through two different but complimentary pathways. First, IFNs activate intracellular antimicrobial programs by triggering the upregulation of a broad repertoire of viral restriction factors. Second, IFNs activate innate and adaptive immunity. Dysregulation of IFN production can lead to severe immune system dysfunction. It is thus crucial to identify and characterize the cellular sources of IFNs, their effects, and their regulation to promote their beneficial effects and limit their detrimental effects, which can depend on the nature of the infected or diseased tissues, as we will discuss. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) can produce large amounts of all IFN subtypes during viral infection. pDCs are resistant to infection by many different viruses, thus inhibiting the immune evasion mechanisms of viruses that target IFN production or their downstream responses. Therefore, pDCs are considered essential for the control of viral infections and the establishment of protective immunity. A thorough bibliographical survey showed that, in most viral infections, despite being major IFN producers, pDCs are actually dispensable for host resistance, which is achieved by multiple IFN sources depending on the tissue. Moreover, primary innate and adaptive antiviral immune responses are only transiently affected in the absence of pDCs. More surprisingly, pDCs and their IFNs can be detrimental in some viral infections or autoimmune diseases. This makes the conservation of pDCs during vertebrate evolution an enigma and thus raises outstanding questions about their role not only in viral infections but also in other diseases and under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Ngo
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Clémence Garrec
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Elena Tomasello
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
| | - Marc Dalod
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
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15
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Shoja Doost J, Fazel F, Boodhoo N, Sharif S. mRNA Vaccination: An Outlook on Innate Sensing and Adaptive Immune Responses. Viruses 2024; 16:1404. [PMID: 39339880 PMCID: PMC11437395 DOI: 10.3390/v16091404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccination has led to significant dismantling of infectious diseases worldwide. Since the dawn of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, there has been increased popularity in the usage and study of the mRNA vaccine platform. Here, we highlight fundamental knowledge on mRNA vaccine pharmacology, followed by the immunity conferred by innate sensing and adaptive responses resulting from exposure to the mRNA vaccine construct and encapsulation materials. A better understanding of these immune mechanisms will shed light on further improvements in mRNA vaccine design, aiming to improve efficiency and optimize immune responses upon inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (J.S.D.); (F.F.); (N.B.)
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16
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Xie Y, Chi Y, Tao X, Yu P, Liu Q, Zhang M, Yang N, Liu S, Zhu W. Rabies Virus Regulates Inflammatory Response in BV-2 Cells through Activation of Myd88 and NF-κB Signaling Pathways via TLR7. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9144. [PMID: 39273091 PMCID: PMC11395267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal neurological infectious disease caused by rabies virus (RABV), which invades the central nervous system (CNS). RABV with varying virulence regulates chemokine expression, and the mechanisms of signaling pathway activation remains to be elucidated. The relationship between Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and immune response induced by RABV has not been fully clarified. Here, we investigated the role of TLR7 in the immune response induced by RABV, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to evaluate the data. We found that different RABV strains (SC16, HN10, CVS-11) significantly increased CCL2, CXCL10 and IL-6 production. Blocking assays indicated that the TLR7 inhibitor reduced the expression of CCL2, CXCL10 and IL-6 (p < 0.01). The activation of the Myd88 pathway in BV-2 cells stimulated by RABV was TLR7-dependent, whereas the inhibition of Myd88 activity reduced the expression of CCL2, CXCL10 and IL-6 (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, the RABV stimulation of BV-2 cells resulted in TRL7-mediated activation of NF-κB and induced the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. CCL2, CXCL10 and IL-6 release was attenuated by the specific NF-κB inhibitor used (p < 0.01). The findings above demonstrate that RABV-induced expression of CCL2, CXCL10 and IL-6 involves Myd88 and NF-κB pathways via the TLR7 signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yinglin Chi
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Pengcheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Minghui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Nuo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shuqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wuyang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
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17
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Kaizuka M, Tatsuta T, Kawaguchi S, Yoshizawa T, Yoshida S, Tateda T, Sawada Y, Ota S, Hayamizu S, Hasui K, Kikuchi H, Hiraga H, Chinda D, Muroya T, Hakamada K, Kijima H, Mikami T, Fukuda S, Sakuraba H. Toll-Like Receptor 7-Expressed Macrophages Are Involved in the Pathogenesis of Esophageal Achalasia and Esophagogastric Junction Outflow Obstruction. Digestion 2024:1-12. [PMID: 39102805 DOI: 10.1159/000540693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Esophageal achalasia is a typical esophageal motility disorder (EMD). Although viral infections have been hypothesized to play a role in the pathogenesis of esophageal achalasia, its etiology remains unclear. This study used esophageal muscle layer specimens collected during per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) procedures to investigate the association between esophageal achalasia and esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (EGJOO) and pattern recognition receptors. METHODS Patients with esophageal achalasia and EGJOO who underwent POEM were allocated to the EMD group. Biopsies of the inner circular muscle were conducted during the POEM procedure. The control group comprised individuals diagnosed with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma who underwent surgical resection. Expression of pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7, was examined by polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to determine TLR7 expression sites in the esophageal muscle layer, and the relationship between TLR7 mRNA expression and clinical score was investigated. RESULTS Our analysis revealed a notable upregulation of TLR7 mRNA levels within the muscle layer of esophageal achalasia and EGJOO, in contrast to those of control specimens. In contrast, the correlation between TLR7 and clinical score was not significant. Immunohistochemical staining revealed increased numbers of TLR7-expressing macrophages between the muscle layers. CONCLUSIONS TLR7-expressing macrophages are involved in the innate immune response underlying esophageal achalasia and EGJOO. This result will lead to the elucidation of new pathogenetic mechanisms and the development of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Kaizuka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology,,Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan,
| | - Tetsuya Tatsuta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology,,Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Shogo Kawaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology,,Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
- Department of Vascular and Inflammatory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yoshizawa
- Department of Pathology and Bioscience, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Shukuko Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology,,Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
- Shibata Irika Co., Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Tateda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology,,Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yohei Sawada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology,,Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Shinji Ota
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology,,Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Shiro Hayamizu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology,,Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Keisuke Hasui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology,,Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Hidezumi Kikuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology,,Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
- Department of Community Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Hiroto Hiraga
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology,,Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Chinda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology,,Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
- Division of Endoscopy, Hirosaki University Hospital, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Muroya
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kenichi Hakamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kijima
- Department of Pathology and Bioscience, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Mikami
- Department of Preemptive Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Shinsaku Fukuda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology,,Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
- Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Hirotake Sakuraba
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology,,Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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18
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Bhattacharya S, Jenkins MC, Keshavarz-Joud P, Bourque AR, White K, Alvarez Barkane AM, Bryksin AV, Hernandez C, Kopylov M, Finn M. Heterologous Prime-Boost with Immunologically Orthogonal Protein Nanoparticles for Peptide Immunofocusing. ACS NANO 2024; 18:20083-20100. [PMID: 39041587 PMCID: PMC11308774 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Protein nanoparticles are effective platforms for antigen presentation and targeting effector immune cells in vaccine development. Encapsulins are a class of protein-based microbial nanocompartments that self-assemble into icosahedral structures with external diameters ranging from 24 to 42 nm. Encapsulins from Myxococcus xanthus were designed to package bacterial RNA when produced in E. coli and were shown to have immunogenic and self-adjuvanting properties enhanced by this RNA. We genetically incorporated a 20-mer peptide derived from a mutant strain of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) into the encapsulin protomeric coat protein for presentation on the exterior surface of the particle, inducing the formation of several nonicosahedral structures that were characterized by cryogenic electron microscopy. This immunogen elicited conformationally relevant humoral responses to the SARS-CoV-2 RBD. Immunological recognition was enhanced when the same peptide was presented in a heterologous prime/boost vaccination strategy using the engineered encapsulin and a previously reported variant of the PP7 virus-like particle, leading to the development of a selective antibody response against a SARS-CoV-2 RBD point mutant. While generating epitope-focused antibody responses is an interplay between inherent vaccine properties and B/T cells, here we demonstrate the use of orthogonal nanoparticles to fine-tune the control of epitope focusing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Bhattacharya
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Matthew C. Jenkins
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Parisa Keshavarz-Joud
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Alisyn Retos Bourque
- Parker
H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Keiyana White
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Amina Maria Alvarez Barkane
- Parker
H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Anton V. Bryksin
- Parker
H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Carolina Hernandez
- New
York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Mykhailo Kopylov
- New
York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - M.G. Finn
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School
of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United
States
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19
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Triana-Martinez F, Pierantoni A, Graca D, Bergo V, Emelyanov A, Grigorash BB, Tsuji S, Nakano S, Grosse L, Brglez V, Marty P, Dellamonica J, Fornace AJ, Trompouki E, Hara E, Seitz-Polski B, Bulavin DV. p16 High immune cell - controlled disease tolerance as a broad defense and healthspan extending strategy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.15.603540. [PMID: 39026790 PMCID: PMC11257523 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.15.603540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The ability of an organism to overcome infectious diseases has traditionally been linked to killing invading pathogens. Accumulating evidence, however, indicates that, apart from restricting pathogen loads, organismal survival is coupled to an additional yet poorly understood mechanism called disease tolerance. Here we report that p16High immune cells play a key role in establishing disease tolerance. We found that the FDA-approved BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine is a potent and rapid inducer of p16High immune subsets both in mice and humans. In turn, p16High immune cells were indispensable for counteracting different lethal conditions, including LPS-induced sepsis, acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and ionizing irradiation. Mechanistically, we propose that activation of TLR7 or a low physiological activity of STING is sufficient to induce p16High immune subset that, in turn, establishes a low adenosine environment and disease tolerance. Furthermore, containing these signals within a beneficial range by deleting MDA5 that appeared sufficient to maintain a low activity of STING, induces p16High immune cells and delays organ deterioration upon aging with improved healthspan. Our data highlight the beneficial role of p16High immune subsets in establishing a low adenosine environment and disease tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Triana-Martinez
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN); Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM; CNRS, Nice, France
| | - Alessandra Pierantoni
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN); Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM; CNRS, Nice, France
| | - Daisy Graca
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
- UR2CA - Unité de Recherche Clinique Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Nice, France
| | - Veronica Bergo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology (IMPRS-MCB), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Emelyanov
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN); Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM; CNRS, Nice, France
| | - Bogdan B Grigorash
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN); Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM; CNRS, Nice, France
| | - Shunya Tsuji
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sosuke Nakano
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Laurent Grosse
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN); Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM; CNRS, Nice, France
| | - Vesna Brglez
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
- UR2CA - Unité de Recherche Clinique Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Nice, France
| | | | - Jean Dellamonica
- UR2CA - Unité de Recherche Clinique Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Nice, France
- Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU, Nice, France
| | - Albert J Fornace
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Eirini Trompouki
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN); Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM; CNRS, Nice, France
| | - Eiji Hara
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Seitz-Polski
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
- UR2CA - Unité de Recherche Clinique Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Nice, France
| | - Dmitry V Bulavin
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN); Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM; CNRS, Nice, France
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20
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Xu X, Hong Y, Fan H, Guo Z. Nucleic Acid Materials-Mediated Innate Immune Activation for Cancer Immunotherapy. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202400111. [PMID: 38622787 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Abnormally localized nucleic acids (NAs) are considered as pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in innate immunity. They are recognized by NAs-specific pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), leading to the activation of associated signaling pathways and subsequent production of type I interferons (IFNs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which further trigger the adaptive immunity. Notably, NAs-mediated innate immune activation is highly dependent on the conformation changes, especially the aggregation of PRRs. Evidence indicates that the characteristics of NAs including their length, concentration and even spatial structure play essential roles in inducing the aggregation of PRRs. Therefore, nucleic acid materials (NAMs) with high valency of NAs and high-order structures hold great potential for activating innate and adaptive immunity, making them promising candidates for cancer immunotherapy. In recent years, a variety of NAMs have been developed and have demonstrated significant efficacy in achieving satisfactory anti-tumor immunity in multiple mouse models, exhibiting huge potential for clinical application in cancer treatment. This review aims to discuss the mechanisms of NAMs-mediated innate immune response, and summarize their applications in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuxuan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huanhuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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21
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Pacheco-García U, Varela-López E, Serafín-López J. Immune Stimulation with Imiquimod to Best Face SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Prevent Long COVID. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7661. [PMID: 39062904 PMCID: PMC11277483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Through widespread immunization against SARS-CoV-2 prior to or post-infection, a substantial segment of the global population has acquired both humoral and cellular immunity, and there has been a notable reduction in the incidence of severe and fatal cases linked to this virus and accelerated recovery times for those infected. Nonetheless, a significant demographic, comprising around 20% to 30% of the adult population, remains unimmunized due to diverse factors. Furthermore, alongside those recovered from the infection, there is a subset of the population experiencing persistent symptoms referred to as Long COVID. This condition is more prevalent among individuals with underlying health conditions and immune system impairments. Some Long COVID pathologies stem from direct damage inflicted by the viral infection, whereas others arise from inadequate immune system control over the infection or suboptimal immunoregulation. There are differences in the serum cytokines and miRNA profiles between infected individuals who develop severe COVID-19 or Long COVID and those who control adequately the infection. This review delves into the advantages and constraints associated with employing imiquimod in human subjects to enhance the immune response during SARS-CoV-2 immunization. Restoration of the immune system can modify it towards a profile of non-susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. An adequate immune system has the potential to curb viral propagation, mitigate symptoms, and ameliorate the severe consequences of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursino Pacheco-García
- Department of Cardio-Renal Pathophysiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Elvira Varela-López
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Jeanet Serafín-López
- Department of Immunology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
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22
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Bérouti M, Lammens K, Heiss M, Hansbauer L, Bauernfried S, Stöckl J, Pinci F, Piseddu I, Greulich W, Wang M, Jung C, Fröhlich T, Carell T, Hopfner KP, Hornung V. Lysosomal endonuclease RNase T2 and PLD exonucleases cooperatively generate RNA ligands for TLR7 activation. Immunity 2024; 57:1482-1496.e8. [PMID: 38697119 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is essential for recognition of RNA viruses and initiation of antiviral immunity. TLR7 contains two ligand-binding pockets that recognize different RNA degradation products: pocket 1 recognizes guanosine, while pocket 2 coordinates pyrimidine-rich RNA fragments. We found that the endonuclease RNase T2, along with 5' exonucleases PLD3 and PLD4, collaboratively generate the ligands for TLR7. Specifically, RNase T2 generated guanosine 2',3'-cyclic monophosphate-terminated RNA fragments. PLD exonuclease activity further released the terminal 2',3'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (2',3'-cGMP) to engage pocket 1 and was also needed to generate RNA fragments for pocket 2. Loss-of-function studies in cell lines and primary cells confirmed the critical requirement for PLD activity. Biochemical and structural studies showed that PLD enzymes form homodimers with two ligand-binding sites important for activity. Previously identified disease-associated PLD mutants failed to form stable dimers. Together, our data provide a mechanistic basis for the detection of RNA fragments by TLR7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Bérouti
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Lammens
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Heiss
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Larissa Hansbauer
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Bauernfried
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Stöckl
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Francesca Pinci
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Ignazio Piseddu
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Greulich
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Meiyue Wang
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Christophe Jung
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Fröhlich
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Carell
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Peter Hopfner
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
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23
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Metthew Lam LK, Oatman E, Eckart KA, Klingensmith NJ, Flowers E, Sayegh L, Yuen J, Clements RL, Meyer NJ, Jurado KA, Vaughan AE, Eisenbarth SC, Mangalmurti NS. Human red blood cells express the RNA sensor TLR7. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15789. [PMID: 38982195 PMCID: PMC11233670 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66410-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) express the nucleic acid-binding toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and bind CpG-containing DNA. However, whether human RBCs express other nucleic acid-binding TLRs is unknown. Here we show that human RBCs express the RNA sensor TLR7. TLR7 is present on the red cell membrane and is associated with the RBC membrane protein Band 3. In patients with SARS-CoV2-associated sepsis, TLR7-Band 3 interactions in the RBC membrane are increased when compared with healthy controls. In vitro, RBCs bind synthetic ssRNA and RNA from ssRNA viruses. Thus, RBCs may serve as a previously unrecognized sink for exogenous RNA, expanding the repertoire of non-gas exchanging functions performed by RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Metthew Lam
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Emily Oatman
- Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care, and Emergency Surgical Services, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kaitlyn A Eckart
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nathan J Klingensmith
- Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care, and Emergency Surgical Services, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Emily Flowers
- Department Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Layal Sayegh
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Julia Yuen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Rebecca L Clements
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nuala J Meyer
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kellie A Jurado
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Andrew E Vaughan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Nilam S Mangalmurti
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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24
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Guasp P, Reiche C, Sethna Z, Balachandran VP. RNA vaccines for cancer: Principles to practice. Cancer Cell 2024; 42:1163-1184. [PMID: 38848720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2024.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Vaccines are the most impactful medicines to improve health. Though potent against pathogens, vaccines for cancer remain an unfulfilled promise. However, recent advances in RNA technology coupled with scientific and clinical breakthroughs have spurred rapid discovery and potent delivery of tumor antigens at speed and scale, transforming cancer vaccines into a tantalizing prospect. Yet, despite being at a pivotal juncture, with several randomized clinical trials maturing in upcoming years, several critical questions remain: which antigens, tumors, platforms, and hosts can trigger potent immunity with clinical impact? Here, we address these questions with a principled framework of cancer vaccination from antigen detection to delivery. With this framework, we outline features of emergent RNA technology that enable rapid, robust, real-time vaccination with somatic mutation-derived neoantigens-an emerging "ideal" antigen class-and highlight latent features that have sparked the belief that RNA could realize the enduring vision for vaccines against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Guasp
- Immuno-Oncology Service, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Hepatopancreatobiliary Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charlotte Reiche
- Immuno-Oncology Service, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Hepatopancreatobiliary Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zachary Sethna
- Immuno-Oncology Service, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Hepatopancreatobiliary Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vinod P Balachandran
- Immuno-Oncology Service, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Hepatopancreatobiliary Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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25
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An W, Lakhina S, Leong J, Rawat K, Husain M. Host Innate Antiviral Response to Influenza A Virus Infection: From Viral Sensing to Antagonism and Escape. Pathogens 2024; 13:561. [PMID: 39057788 PMCID: PMC11280125 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus possesses an RNA genome of single-stranded, negative-sensed, and segmented configuration. Influenza virus causes an acute respiratory disease, commonly known as the "flu" in humans. In some individuals, flu can lead to pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Influenza A virus (IAV) is the most significant because it causes recurring seasonal epidemics, occasional pandemics, and zoonotic outbreaks in human populations, globally. The host innate immune response to IAV infection plays a critical role in sensing, preventing, and clearing the infection as well as in flu disease pathology. Host cells sense IAV infection through multiple receptors and mechanisms, which culminate in the induction of a concerted innate antiviral response and the creation of an antiviral state, which inhibits and clears the infection from host cells. However, IAV antagonizes and escapes many steps of the innate antiviral response by different mechanisms. Herein, we review those host and viral mechanisms. This review covers most aspects of the host innate immune response, i.e., (1) the sensing of incoming virus particles, (2) the activation of downstream innate antiviral signaling pathways, (3) the expression of interferon-stimulated genes, (4) and viral antagonism and escape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Matloob Husain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (W.A.); (S.L.); (J.L.); (K.R.)
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26
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Goetz M, Thotathil N, Zhao Z, Mitragotri S. Vaccine adjuvants for infectious disease in the clinic. Bioeng Transl Med 2024; 9:e10663. [PMID: 39036089 PMCID: PMC11256182 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants, materials added to vaccines to enhance the resulting immune response, are important components of vaccination that are many times overlooked. While vaccines always include an antigen to tell the body what to vaccinate to, of equal importance the adjuvant provides the how, a significant factor in producing a complete response. The adjuvant space has been slow to develop with the first use of an adjuvant in a licensed vaccine occurring in the 1930s, and remaining the only adjuvant in licensed vaccines for the next 80 years. However, with vaccination at the forefront of protection against new and complex pathogens, it is important to consider all components when designing an effective vaccine. Here we summarize the adjuvant space in licensed vaccines as well as the novel adjuvant space in clinical trials with a specific focus on the materials utilized and their resulting impact on the immune response. We discuss five major categories of adjuvant materials: aluminum salts, nanoparticles, viral vectors, TLR agonists, and emulsions. For each category, we delve into the current clinical trials space, the impact of these materials on vaccination, as well as some of the ways in which they could be improved. Adjuvants present an exciting opportunity to improve vaccine responses and stability, this review will help inform about the current progress of this space. Translational impact statement In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccines for infectious diseases have come into the spotlight. While antigens have always been an important focus of vaccine design, the adjuvant is a significant tool for enhancing the immune response to the vaccine that has been largely underdeveloped. This article provides a broad review of the history of adjuvants and, the current vaccine adjuvant space, and the progress seen in adjuvants in clinical trials. There is specific emphasis on the material landscape for adjuvants and their resulting mechanism of action. Looking ahead, while the novel vaccine adjuvant space features exciting new technologies and materials, there is still a need for more to meet the protective needs of new and complex pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Goetz
- John A Paulson School of Engineering & Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityAllstonMassachusettsUSA
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired EngineeringBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Naaz Thotathil
- University of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstMassachusettsUSA
| | - Zongmin Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy, University of Illinois ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A Paulson School of Engineering & Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityAllstonMassachusettsUSA
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired EngineeringBostonMassachusettsUSA
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27
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Forsyth KS, Jiwrajka N, Lovell CD, Toothacre NE, Anguera MC. The conneXion between sex and immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:487-502. [PMID: 38383754 PMCID: PMC11216897 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-00996-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
There are notable sex-based differences in immune responses to pathogens and self-antigens, with female individuals exhibiting increased susceptibility to various autoimmune diseases, and male individuals displaying preferential susceptibility to some viral, bacterial, parasitic and fungal infections. Although sex hormones clearly contribute to sex differences in immune cell composition and function, the presence of two X chromosomes in female individuals suggests that differential gene expression of numerous X chromosome-linked immune-related genes may also influence sex-biased innate and adaptive immune cell function in health and disease. Here, we review the sex differences in immune system composition and function, examining how hormones and genetics influence the immune system. We focus on the genetic and epigenetic contributions responsible for altered X chromosome-linked gene expression, and how this impacts sex-biased immune responses in the context of pathogen infection and systemic autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Forsyth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nikhil Jiwrajka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Claudia D Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Natalie E Toothacre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Montserrat C Anguera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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28
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Allard RL, Mayfield J, Barchiesi R, Salem NA, Mayfield RD. Toll-like receptor 7: A novel neuroimmune target to reduce excessive alcohol consumption. Neurobiol Stress 2024; 31:100639. [PMID: 38765062 PMCID: PMC11101708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2024.100639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of innate immune receptors that recognize molecular patterns in foreign pathogens and intrinsic danger/damage signals from cells. TLR7 is a nucleic acid sensing endosomal TLR that is activated by single-stranded RNAs from microbes or by small noncoding RNAs that act as endogenous ligands. TLR7 signals through the MyD88 adaptor protein and activates the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7). TLR7 is found throughout the brain and is highly expressed in microglia, the main immune cells of the brain that have also been implicated in alcohol drinking in mice. Upregulation of TLR7 mRNA and protein has been identified in postmortem hippocampus and cortex from AUD subjects that correlated positively with lifetime consumption of alcohol. Similarly, Tlr7 and downstream signaling genes were upregulated in rat hippocampal and cortical slice cultures after chronic alcohol exposure and in these regions after chronic binge-like alcohol treatment in mice. In addition, repeated administration of the synthetic TLR7 agonists imiquimod (R837) or resiquimod (R848) increased voluntary alcohol drinking in different rodent models and produced sustained upregulation of IRF7 in the brain. These findings suggest that chronic TLR7 activation may drive excessive alcohol drinking. In the brain, this could occur through increased levels of endogenous TLR7 activators, like microRNAs and Y RNAs. This review explores chronic TLR7 activation as a pathway of dysregulated neuroimmune signaling in AUD and the endogenous small RNA ligands in the brain that could perpetuate innate immune responses and escalate alcohol drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth L. Allard
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research and The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Jody Mayfield
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research and The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Riccardo Barchiesi
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research and The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Nihal A. Salem
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research and The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - R. Dayne Mayfield
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research and The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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29
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Stein C, Voigts J, Niederreiter L, Kowarschik S, Huber R, Lüth VM. Antiproliferative and immunomodulative potential of Citrullus colocynthis and its bioactive compounds in human lymphocytes and lung cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 328:118053. [PMID: 38499257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad is a member of the Cucurbitaceae plant family which has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of lung diseases such as asthma and bronchitis. AIM OF THE STUDY The study was conducted to investigate antiproliferative and immunomodulating effects of C. colocynthis and isolated cucurbitacins on human T lymphocytes and lung epithelial cells in order to evaluate their potential in the treatment of airway diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Different concentrations of an ethanolic extract of C. colocynthis fruits and cucurbitacins B (CuB), E (CuE) and E-glucopyranoside (CuE-Glu) were analysed for their cytotoxicity and immunomodulatory potential on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) of healthy donors and on the epithelial lung cancer cell line A549. Viability and proliferation were tested using WST1 and CFSE assays. Flow cytometric analysis of AnnexinV/PI staining was used to investigate cell death through apoptosis/necrosis. Effects on regulatory mechanisms of T lymphocytes, such as CD69 and CD25 marker activation, cytokine production of the cytokines interleukin 2 (IL2), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interferon γ (IFNy) were also analysed via flow cytometry. Influences on the activator protein 1 (AP1), nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) or nuclear factor 'kappa-light-chain-enhancer' of activated B-cells (NFκB) pathways were analysed in the Jurkat reporter cell line. Cytokine secretion in A549 cells stimulated with virus-like particles was analysed using the bead-based Legendplex™ assay. RESULTS Non-toxic concentrations of C. colocynthis and CuE-Glu showed dose-dependent effects on viability and proliferation in both T lymphocytes and A549 cells. The extracts inhibited lymphocyte activation and suppressed T cell effector functions, which was also shown by lower production of cytokines IL2, TNFα and IFNy. A dose dependent inhibition of the pathways NFκB, NFAT and AP1 in Jurkat cells could be observed. In A549 cells, especially CuE and CuE-Glu showed inhibitory effects on cytokine production following a simulated viral infection. Unglycosylated cucurbitacins were more effective in suppressing the immune function in lymphocytes than glycosylated cucurbitacins, however this activity is limited to cytotoxic concentrations. CONCLUSION In our study we could confirm the immunmodulating effect of C. colocynthis and cucurbitacins B, E and E-glucopyranoside in vitro by suppression of different pathways of inflammation and T cell proliferation. Activity in a lung cell model using a virus-like stimulation shows promise for further research regarding cucurbitacins in airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Stein
- Centre for Complementary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79102, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Johanna Voigts
- Centre for Complementary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79102, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Lisa Niederreiter
- Centre for Complementary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79102, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Kowarschik
- Centre for Complementary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79102, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Roman Huber
- Centre for Complementary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79102, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Volker M Lüth
- Centre for Complementary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79102, Freiburg, Germany.
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30
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Kaliappan A, Ramakrishnan S, Thomas P, Verma SK, Panwar K, Singh M, Dey S, Mohan Chellappa M. Polymorphism in the leucine-rich repeats of TLR7 in different breeds of chicken and in silico analysis of its effect on TLR7 structure and function. Gene 2024; 912:148373. [PMID: 38490513 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Chicken toll-like receptor 7 (chTLR7) is a viral sensing pattern recognition receptor and detects ssRNA. The ligand binding site comprises leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) located in the ectodomain of chTLR7. Hence, any polymorphism in the binding site would modify its functional interaction with the ligand, resulting in varied strength of immune response. This study first aimed to compare the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the ligand binding site of TLR7 in three indigenous chicken breeds namely Aseel, Kadaknath, Nicobari along with an exotic breed White Leghorn. Four synonymous SNPs (P123P, I171I, N339N and L421L) and four non-synonymous SNPs (I121V, S135T, F356S and S447G) were identified among various breeds. We employed in silico tools to screen the pathogenic nsSNPs and one nsSNP was identified as having potential impact on chTLR7 protein. Moreover, sequence and structure-based methods were used to determine the effect of nsSNPs on protein stability. It revealed I121V, F356S, and S447G as decreasing the stability while S135T increasing the stability of chTLR7. Additionally, docking analysis confirmed that I121V and F356S reduced the binding affinity of ligands (R-848 and polyU) to chTLR7 protein. The results suggest that the nsSNPs found in this study could alter the ligand binding of chTLR7 and modify the immune response between different breeds further contributing to disease susceptibility or resistance. Further, in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to analyze the effect of these SNPs on susceptibility or resistance against various viral diseases in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinaya Kaliappan
- Immunology Section, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243 122, India
| | - Saravanan Ramakrishnan
- Immunology Section, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243 122, India.
| | - Prasad Thomas
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243 122, India
| | - Surya Kant Verma
- Immunology Section, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243 122, India
| | - Khushboo Panwar
- Immunology Section, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243 122, India
| | - Mithilesh Singh
- Immunology Section, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243 122, India
| | - Sohini Dey
- Recombinant DNA Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243 122, India
| | - Madhan Mohan Chellappa
- Recombinant DNA Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243 122, India
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31
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Zhu L, Qi Z, Zhang H, Wang N. Nucleic Acid Sensor-Mediated PANoptosis in Viral Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:966. [PMID: 38932258 PMCID: PMC11209569 DOI: 10.3390/v16060966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity, the first line of host defense against viral infections, recognizes viral components through different pattern-recognition receptors. Nucleic acids derived from viruses are mainly recognized by Toll-like receptors, nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors, absent in melanoma 2-like receptors, and cytosolic DNA sensors (e.g., Z-DNA-binding protein 1 and cyclic GMP-AMP synthase). Different types of nucleic acid sensors can recognize specific viruses due to their unique structures. PANoptosis is a unique form of inflammatory cell death pathway that is triggered by innate immune sensors and driven by caspases and receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinases through PANoptosome complexes. Nucleic acid sensors (e.g., Z-DNA-binding protein 1 and absent in melanoma 2) not only detect viruses, but also mediate PANoptosis through providing scaffold for the assembly of PANoptosomes. This review summarizes the structures of different nucleic acid sensors, discusses their roles in viral infections by driving PANoptosis, and highlights the crosstalk between different nucleic acid sensors. It also underscores the promising prospect of manipulating nucleic acid sensors as a therapeutic approach for viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China;
| | - Zehong Qi
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China;
- Key Laboratory of Sepsis Translational Medicine of Hunan, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- National Medicine Functional Experimental Teaching Center, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Huali Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China;
- Key Laboratory of Sepsis Translational Medicine of Hunan, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- National Medicine Functional Experimental Teaching Center, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Nian Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China;
- Key Laboratory of Sepsis Translational Medicine of Hunan, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- National Medicine Functional Experimental Teaching Center, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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32
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Alhamdan F, Bayarsaikhan G, Yuki K. Toll-like receptors and integrins crosstalk. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1403764. [PMID: 38915411 PMCID: PMC11194410 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1403764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune system recognizes invading microbes at both pathogen and antigen levels. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a key role in the first-line defense against pathogens. Major functions of TLRs include cytokine and chemokine production. TLRs share common downstream signaling pathways with other receptors. The crosstalk revolving around TLRs is rather significant and complex, underscoring the intricate nature of immune system. The profiles of produced cytokines and chemokines via TLRs can be affected by other receptors. Integrins are critical heterodimeric adhesion molecules expressed on many different cells. There are studies describing synergetic or inhibitory interplay between TLRs and integrins. Thus, we reviewed the crosstalk between TLRs and integrins. Understanding the nature of the crosstalk could allow us to modulate TLR functions via integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahd Alhamdan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Cardiac Anesthesia, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Anesthesia and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Ganchimeg Bayarsaikhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Cardiac Anesthesia, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Anesthesia and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Koichi Yuki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Cardiac Anesthesia, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Anesthesia and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
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33
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Sioud M, Juzeniene A, Sæbøe-Larssen S. Exploring the Impact of mRNA Modifications on Translation Efficiency and Immune Tolerance to Self-Antigens. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:624. [PMID: 38932353 PMCID: PMC11209393 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic modified mRNAs are being developed for a broad range of human diseases. However, the impact of potential miscoding of modified mRNAs on self-tolerance remains unknown. Additionally, more studies are needed to explore the effects of nucleoside alkylation on translation. While all six tested modifications are tolerated as substrates by T7 RNA polymerase and inhibited mRNA immunogenicity, the translation efficiency varied significantly depending on the type of modification. In contrast to methylation, ethylation at the N1 position of pseudouridine (Ψ) hindered translation, suggesting that the C5-C1' glycosidic bond alone is not a critical element for high translation. Inhibition of mRNA translation was also observed with 5-methoxyuridine modification. However, this inhibition was partially alleviated through the optimization of mRNA coding sequences. BALB/c mice immunized with syngeneic ψ-modified mRNA encoding for Wilms' tumor antigen-1 (WT1) developed a low but significant level of anti-WT1 IgG antibodies compared to those immunized with either unmodified or N1-methyl ψ-modified mRNA. Overall, the data indicate that adding a simple ethyl group (-CH2CH3) at the N1 position of ψ has a major negative effect on translation despite its reduced immunogenicity. Additionally, mRNA containing Ψ may alter translation fidelity at certain codons, which could lead to a breakdown of immune tolerance to self-antigens. This concern should be taken into account during gene replacement therapies, although it could benefit mRNA-based vaccines by generating a diverse repertoire of antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouldy Sioud
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Radiumhospitalet, Ullernchausseen 70, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Asta Juzeniene
- Department of Radiation Biology, Oslo University Hospital, Radiumhospitalet, Ullernchausseen 70, 0379 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Stein Sæbøe-Larssen
- Department of cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Radiumhospitalet, Ullernchausseen 70, 0379 Oslo, Norway;
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34
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Kayesh MEH, Kohara M, Tsukiyama-Kohara K. Recent Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of the Toll-like Receptor Response to Influenza Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5909. [PMID: 38892096 PMCID: PMC11172706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose a significant global threat to human health. A tightly controlled host immune response is critical to avoid any detrimental effects of IAV infection. It is critical to investigate the association between the response of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and influenza virus. Because TLRs may act as a double-edged sword, a balanced TLR response is critical for the overall benefit of the host. Consequently, a thorough understanding of the TLR response is essential for targeting TLRs as a novel therapeutic and prophylactic intervention. To date, a limited number of studies have assessed TLR and IAV interactions. Therefore, further research on TLR interactions in IAV infection should be conducted to determine their role in host-virus interactions in disease causation or clearance of the virus. Although influenza virus vaccines are available, they have limited efficacy, which should be enhanced to improve their efficacy. In this study, we discuss the current status of our understanding of the TLR response in IAV infection and the strategies adopted by IAVs to avoid TLR-mediated immune surveillance, which may help in devising new therapeutic or preventive strategies. Furthermore, recent advances in the use of TLR agonists as vaccine adjuvants to enhance influenza vaccine efficacy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh
- Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barishal 8210, Bangladesh
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan;
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Centre, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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35
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Shrestha R, Johnson P, Ghimire R, Whitley C, Channappanavar R. Differential TLR-ERK1/2 activity promotes viral ssRNA and dsRNA mimic-induced dysregulated immunity in macrophages. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.24.595760. [PMID: 38826464 PMCID: PMC11142249 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.24.595760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
RNA virus induced excessive inflammation and impaired antiviral interferon (IFN-I) responses are associated with severe disease. This innate immune response, also referred to as 'dysregulated immunity,' is caused by viral single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) and double-stranded-RNA (dsRNA) mediated exuberant inflammation and viral protein-induced IFN antagonism. However, key host factors and the underlying mechanism driving viral RNA-mediated dysregulated immunity are poorly defined. Here, using viral ssRNA and dsRNA mimics, which activate toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and TLR3, respectively, we evaluated the role of viral RNAs in causing dysregulated immunity. We show that murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) stimulated with TLR3 and TLR7 agonists induce differential inflammatory and antiviral cytokine response. TLR7 activation triggered a robust inflammatory cytokine/chemokine induction compared to TLR3 activation, whereas TLR3 stimulation induced significantly increased IFN/IFN stimulated gene (ISG) response relative to TLR7 activation. To define the mechanistic basis for dysregulated immunity, we examined cell-surface and endosomal TLR levels and downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) activation. We identified a significantly higher cell-surface and endosomal TLR7 expression compared to TLR3, which further correlated with early and robust MAPK (pERK1/2 and p-P38) and NF-kB activation in TLR7-stimulated macrophages. Furthermore, blocking EKR1/2, p38, and NF-kB activity reduced TLR3/7-induced inflammatory cytokine/chemokine levels, whereas only ERK1/2 inhibition enhanced viral RNA-mimic-induced IFN/ISG responses. Collectively, our results illustrate that high cell surface and endosomal TLR7 expression and robust ERK1/2 activation drive viral ssRNA mimic-induced excessive inflammatory and reduced IFN/ISG responses, and blocking ERK1/2 activity would mitigate viral-RNA/TLR-induced dysregulated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakshya Shrestha
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University. Stillwater, OK, 74078
| | - Paige Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University. Stillwater, OK, 74078
| | - Roshan Ghimire
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University. Stillwater, OK, 74078
| | - Cody Whitley
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University. Stillwater, OK, 74078
| | - Rudragouda Channappanavar
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University. Stillwater, OK, 74078
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078
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36
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Obare LM, Temu T, Mallal SA, Wanjalla CN. Inflammation in HIV and Its Impact on Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. Circ Res 2024; 134:1515-1545. [PMID: 38781301 PMCID: PMC11122788 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.124.323891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
People living with HIV have a 1.5- to 2-fold increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Despite treatment with highly effective antiretroviral therapy, people living with HIV have chronic inflammation that makes them susceptible to multiple comorbidities. Several factors, including the HIV reservoir, coinfections, clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP), microbial translocation, and antiretroviral therapy, may contribute to the chronic state of inflammation. Within the innate immune system, macrophages harbor latent HIV and are among the prominent immune cells present in atheroma during the progression of atherosclerosis. They secrete inflammatory cytokines such as IL (interleukin)-6 and tumor necrosis-α that stimulate the expression of adhesion molecules on the endothelium. This leads to the recruitment of other immune cells, including cluster of differentiation (CD)8+ and CD4+ T cells, also present in early and late atheroma. As such, cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems contribute to both systemic inflammation and vascular inflammation. On a molecular level, HIV-1 primes the NLRP3 (NLR family pyrin domain containing 3) inflammasome, leading to an increased expression of IL-1β, which is important for cardiovascular outcomes. Moreover, activation of TLRs (toll-like receptors) by HIV, gut microbes, and substance abuse further activates the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Finally, HIV proteins such as Nef (negative regulatory factor) can inhibit cholesterol efflux in monocytes and macrophages through direct action on the cholesterol transporter ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter A1), which promotes the formation of foam cells and the progression of atherosclerotic plaque. Here, we summarize the stages of atherosclerosis in the context of HIV, highlighting the effects of HIV, coinfections, and antiretroviral therapy on cells of the innate and adaptive immune system and describe current and future interventions to reduce residual inflammation and improve cardiovascular outcomes among people living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laventa M. Obare
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (L.M.O., S.A.M., C.N.W.)
| | - Tecla Temu
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.T.)
| | - Simon A. Mallal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (L.M.O., S.A.M., C.N.W.)
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.A.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.A.M.)
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, WA, Western Australia (S.A.M.)
| | - Celestine N. Wanjalla
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (L.M.O., S.A.M., C.N.W.)
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37
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Kunitomi A, Hirohata R, Osawa M, Washizu K, Arreola V, Saiki N, Kato TM, Nomura M, Kunitomi H, Ohkame T, Ohkame Y, Kawaguchi J, Hara H, Kusano K, Yamamoto T, Takashima Y, Tohyama S, Yuasa S, Fukuda K, Takasu N, Yamanaka S. H1FOO-DD promotes efficiency and uniformity in reprogramming to naive pluripotency. Stem Cell Reports 2024; 19:710-728. [PMID: 38701780 PMCID: PMC11103934 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2024.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity among both primed and naive pluripotent stem cell lines remains a major unresolved problem. Here we show that expressing the maternal-specific linker histone H1FOO fused to a destabilizing domain (H1FOO-DD), together with OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and LMYC, in human somatic cells improves the quality of reprogramming to both primed and naive pluripotency. H1FOO-DD expression was associated with altered chromatin accessibility around pluripotency genes and with suppression of the innate immune response. Notably, H1FOO-DD generates naive induced pluripotent stem cells with lower variation in transcriptome and methylome among clones and a more uniform and superior differentiation potency. Furthermore, we elucidated that upregulation of FKBP1A, driven by these five factors, plays a key role in H1FOO-DD-mediated reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kunitomi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Ryoko Hirohata
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; CiRA Foundation, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan
| | - Mitsujiro Osawa
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kaho Washizu
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Vanessa Arreola
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Norikazu Saiki
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomoaki M Kato
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; CiRA Foundation, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan
| | - Masaki Nomura
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; CiRA Foundation, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan
| | - Haruko Kunitomi
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Tokiko Ohkame
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ohkame
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Medical-risk Avoidance Based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takashima
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shugo Tohyama
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Yuasa
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fukuda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Naoko Takasu
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; CiRA Foundation, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamanaka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; CiRA Foundation, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan; Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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38
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Mendez-Gomez HR, DeVries A, Castillo P, von Roemeling C, Qdaisat S, Stover BD, Xie C, Weidert F, Zhao C, Moor R, Liu R, Soni D, Ogando-Rivas E, Chardon-Robles J, McGuiness J, Zhang D, Chung MC, Marconi C, Michel S, Barpujari A, Jobin GW, Thomas N, Ma X, Campaneria Y, Grippin A, Karachi A, Li D, Sahay B, Elliott L, Foster TP, Coleman KE, Milner RJ, Sawyer WG, Ligon JA, Simon E, Cleaver B, Wynne K, Hodik M, Molinaro AM, Guan J, Kellish P, Doty A, Lee JH, Massini T, Kresak JL, Huang J, Hwang EI, Kline C, Carrera-Justiz S, Rahman M, Gatica S, Mueller S, Prados M, Ghiaseddin AP, Silver NL, Mitchell DA, Sayour EJ. RNA aggregates harness the danger response for potent cancer immunotherapy. Cell 2024; 187:2521-2535.e21. [PMID: 38697107 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy remains limited by poor antigenicity and a regulatory tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we create "onion-like" multi-lamellar RNA lipid particle aggregates (LPAs) to substantially enhance the payload packaging and immunogenicity of tumor mRNA antigens. Unlike current mRNA vaccine designs that rely on payload packaging into nanoparticle cores for Toll-like receptor engagement in immune cells, systemically administered RNA-LPAs activate RIG-I in stromal cells, eliciting massive cytokine/chemokine response and dendritic cell/lymphocyte trafficking that provokes cancer immunogenicity and mediates rejection of both early- and late-stage murine tumor models. In client-owned canines with terminal gliomas, RNA-LPAs improved survivorship and reprogrammed the TME, which became "hot" within days of a single infusion. In a first-in-human trial, RNA-LPAs elicited rapid cytokine/chemokine release, immune activation/trafficking, tissue-confirmed pseudoprogression, and glioma-specific immune responses in glioblastoma patients. These data support RNA-LPAs as a new technology that simultaneously reprograms the TME while eliciting rapid and enduring cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector R Mendez-Gomez
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Anna DeVries
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Paul Castillo
- University of Florida, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Christina von Roemeling
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Sadeem Qdaisat
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Brian D Stover
- University of Florida, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Chao Xie
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Frances Weidert
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Chong Zhao
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Rachel Moor
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ruixuan Liu
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Dhruvkumar Soni
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ogando-Rivas
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jonathan Chardon-Robles
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - James McGuiness
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Dingpeng Zhang
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Michael C Chung
- University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Austin TX 78712
| | - Christiano Marconi
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Stephen Michel
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Arnav Barpujari
- University of Florida, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Gabriel W Jobin
- University of Florida, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Nagheme Thomas
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Xiaojie Ma
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; University of Florida, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Yodarlynis Campaneria
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Adam Grippin
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Aida Karachi
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Derek Li
- University of Florida, Division of Quantitative Sciences, UF Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Bikash Sahay
- University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Leighton Elliott
- University of Florida, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Timothy P Foster
- University of Florida, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kirsten E Coleman
- University of Florida, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Rowan J Milner
- University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - W Gregory Sawyer
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - John A Ligon
- University of Florida, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Eugenio Simon
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Brian Cleaver
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kristine Wynne
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Marcia Hodik
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Annette M Molinaro
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Neurological Surgery, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Juan Guan
- University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Austin TX 78712
| | - Patrick Kellish
- University of Florida Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Andria Doty
- University of Florida Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- University of Florida, Department of Biostatistics, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Tara Massini
- University of Florida, Department of Radiology, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jesse L Kresak
- University of Florida, Department of Pathology, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jianping Huang
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Eugene I Hwang
- Children's National Hospital, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Cassie Kline
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Maryam Rahman
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Sebastian Gatica
- University of Florida, Department of Anesthesiology, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Sabine Mueller
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Neurology, Neurological Surgery, and Pediatrics, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Michael Prados
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Neurological Surgery, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ashley P Ghiaseddin
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Natalie L Silver
- Cleveland Clinic, Center of Immunotherapy and Precision Immuno-Oncology/Head and Neck Institute, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Duane A Mitchell
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Elias J Sayour
- University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; University of Florida, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Hiltunen N, Kemi N, Väyrynen JP, Böhm J, Kauppila JH, Huhta H, Helminen O. Toll-like receptors 1-9 in small bowel neuroendocrine tumors-Clinical significance and prognosis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302813. [PMID: 38709790 PMCID: PMC11073674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors of the innate immunity. TLRs are known to mediate both antitumor effects and tumorigenesis. TLRs are abundant in many cancers, but their expression in small bowel neuroendocrine tumors (SB-NETs) is unknown. We aimed to characterize the expression of TLRs 1-9 in SB-NETs and lymph node metastases and evaluate their prognostic relevance. The present study included 125 patients with SB-NETs, of whom 95 had lymph node metastases, from two Finnish hospitals. Tissue samples were stained immunohistochemically for TLR expression, assessed based on cytoplasmic and nucleic staining intensity and percentage of positively stained cells. Statistical methods for survival analysis included Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression adjusted for confounding factors. Disease-specific survival (DSS) was the primary outcome. TLRs 1-2 and 4-9 were expressed in SB-NETs and lymph node metastases. TLR3 showed no positive staining. In primary SB-NETs, TLRs 1-9 were not associated with survival. For lymph node metastases, high cytoplasmic TLR7 intensity associated with worse DSS compared to low cytoplasmic intensity (26.4% vs. 84.9%, p = 0.028). Adjusted mortality hazard (HR) was 3.90 (95% CI 1.07-14.3). The expression of TLRs 1-6 and 8-9 in lymph node metastases were not associated with survival. SB-NETs and their lymph node metastases express cytoplasmic TLR 1-2 and 4-9 and nucleic TLR5. High TLR7 expression in SB-NET lymph node metastases was associated with worse prognosis. The current research has future perspective, as it can help create base for clinical drug trials to target specific TLRs with agonists or antagonists to treat neuroendocrine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Hiltunen
- Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Niko Kemi
- Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha P. Väyrynen
- Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jan Böhm
- Department of Pathology, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Joonas H. Kauppila
- Surgery Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heikki Huhta
- Surgery Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Olli Helminen
- Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Surgery Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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40
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Dorrity TJ, Shin H, Gertie JA, Chung H. The Sixth Sense: Self-nucleic acid sensing in the brain. Adv Immunol 2024; 161:53-83. [PMID: 38763702 PMCID: PMC11186578 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Our innate immune system uses pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) as a first line of defense to detect microbial ligands and initiate an immune response. Viral nucleic acids are key ligands for the activation of many PRRs and the induction of downstream inflammatory and antiviral effects. Initially it was thought that endogenous (self) nucleic acids rarely activated these PRRs, however emerging evidence indicates that endogenous nucleic acids are able to activate host PRRs in homeostasis and disease. In fact, many regulatory mechanisms are in place to finely control and regulate sensing of self-nucleic acids by PRRs. Sensing of self-nucleic acids is particularly important in the brain, as perturbations to nucleic acid sensing commonly leads to neuropathology. This review will highlight the role of nucleic acid sensors in the brain, both in disease and homeostasis. We also indicate the source of endogenous stimulatory nucleic acids where known and summarize future directions for the study of this growing field.
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Key Words
- Brain
- DNA sensing PRRs: cGAS, AIM2, TLR9
- Neurodegeneration: Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (AGS), Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Stroke, Traumatic brain injury
- Neurodevelopment
- Neuroinflammation
- Nuecleic acid immunity
- Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
- RNA sensing PRRs: MDA5, RIG-I, PKR, TLR3, TLR7/8
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Dorrity
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Heegwon Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jake A Gertie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States; Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hachung Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.
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41
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Son S, Park M, Kim J, Lee K. ACE mRNA (Additional Chimeric Element incorporated IVT mRNA) for Enhancing Protein Expression by Modulating Immunogenicity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307541. [PMID: 38447169 PMCID: PMC11095206 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The development of in vitro transcribed mRNA (IVT mRNA)-based therapeutics/vaccines depends on the management of IVT mRNA immunogenicity. IVT mRNA, which is used for intracellular protein translation, often triggers unwanted immune responses, interfering with protein expression and leading to reduced therapeutic efficacy. Currently, the predominant approach for mitigating immune responses involves the incorporation of costly chemically modified nucleotides like pseudouridine (Ψ) or N1-methylpseudouridine (m1Ψ) into IVT mRNA, raising concerns about expense and the potential misincorporation of amino acids into chemically modified codon sequences. Here, an Additional Chimeric Element incorporated mRNA (ACE mRNA), a novel approach incorporating two segments within a single IVT mRNA structure, is introduced. The first segment retains conventional IVT mRNA components prepared with unmodified nucleotides, while the second, comprised of RNA/DNA chimeric elements, aims to modulate immunogenicity. Notably, ACE mRNA demonstrates a noteworthy reduction in immunogenicity of unmodified IVT mRNA, concurrently demonstrating enhanced protein expression efficiency. The reduced immune responses are based on the ability of RNA/DNA chimeric elements to restrict retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-mediated immune activation. The developed ACE mRNA shows great potential in modulating the immunogenicity of IVT mRNA without the need for chemically modified nucleotides, thereby advancing the safety and efficacy of mRNA-based therapeutics/vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sora Son
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuGyeongsangnam‐do52828Republic of Korea
| | - Minsa Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuGyeongsangnam‐do52828Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuGyeongsangnam‐do52828Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuri Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuGyeongsangnam‐do52828Republic of Korea
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Chen Z, Zhang J, Feng T, Wang X, Zhou S, Pan W, Chen Z, Yan Y, Dai J. DDX20 positively regulates the interferon pathway to inhibit viral infection. Antiviral Res 2024; 225:105875. [PMID: 38552910 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The DEAD-box (DDX) family comprises RNA helicases characterized by the conserved sequence D(Asp)-E(Glu)-A(Ala)-D(Asp), participating in various RNA metabolism processes. Some DDX family members have been identified for their crucial roles in viral infections. In this study, RNAi library screening of the DDX family unveiled the antiviral activity of DDX20. Knockdown of DDX20 enhanced the replication of viruses such as vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1), while overexpression of DDX20 significantly diminished the replication level of these viruses. Mechanistically, DDX20 elevated the phosphorylation level of IRF3 induced by external stimuli by facilitating the interaction between TBK1 and IRF3, thereby promoting the expression of IFN-β. The increased IFN-β production, in turn, upregulated the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), including Cig5 and IFIT1, thereby exerting the antiviral effect. Finally, in an in vivo infection study, Ddx20 gene-deficient mice exhibited increased susceptibility to viral infection. This study provides new evidence that DDX20 positively modulates the interferon pathway and restricts viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Tingting Feng
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Shimeng Zhou
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Wen Pan
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Zhengrong Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Yongdong Yan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Jianfeng Dai
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Bodega-Mayor I, Delgado-Wicke P, Arrabal A, Alegría-Carrasco E, Nicolao-Gómez A, Jaén-Castaño M, Espadas C, Dopazo A, Martín-Gayo E, Gaspar ML, de Andrés B, Fernández-Ruiz E. Tyrosine kinase 2 modulates splenic B cells through type I IFN and TLR7 signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:199. [PMID: 38683377 PMCID: PMC11058799 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05234-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) is involved in type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling through IFN receptor 1 (IFNAR1). This signaling pathway is crucial in the early antiviral response and remains incompletely understood on B cells. Therefore, to understand the role of TYK2 in B cells, we studied these cells under homeostatic conditions and following in vitro activation using Tyk2-deficient (Tyk2-/-) mice. Splenic B cell subpopulations were altered in Tyk2-/- compared to wild type (WT) mice. Marginal zone (MZ) cells were decreased and aged B cells (ABC) were increased, whereas follicular (FO) cells remained unchanged. Likewise, there was an imbalance in transitional B cells in juvenile Tyk2-/- mice. RNA sequencing analysis of adult MZ and FO cells isolated from Tyk2-/- and WT mice in homeostasis revealed altered expression of IFN-I and Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) signaling pathway genes. Flow cytometry assays corroborated a lower expression of TLR7 in MZ B cells from Tyk2-/- mice. Splenic B cell cultures showed reduced proliferation and differentiation responses after activation with TLR7 ligands in Tyk2-/- compared to WT mice, with a similar response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or anti-CD40 + IL-4. IgM, IgG, IL-10 and IL-6 secretion was also decreased in Tyk2-/- B cell cultures. This reduced response of the TLR7 pathway in Tyk2-/- mice was partially restored by IFNα addition. In conclusion, there is a crosstalk between TYK2 and TLR7 mediated by an IFN-I feedback loop, which contributes to the establishment of MZ B cells and to B cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bodega-Mayor
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Research Institute (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
- Immunobiology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Delgado-Wicke
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Research Institute (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Arrabal
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Research Institute (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
- Immunobiology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estíbaliz Alegría-Carrasco
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Research Institute (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Nicolao-Gómez
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Research Institute (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Jaén-Castaño
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Research Institute (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Espadas
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Dopazo
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Martín-Gayo
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and IIS-Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Gaspar
- Immunobiology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén de Andrés
- Immunobiology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Fernández-Ruiz
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Research Institute (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain.
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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44
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Kaizuka M, Kawaguchi S, Tatsuta T, Tachizaki M, Kobori Y, Tanaka Y, Seya K, Matsumiya T, Imaizumi T, Sakuraba H. Resiquimod Induces C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 Via Nuclear Factor-Kappa B in SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cells. Neuromolecular Med 2024; 26:16. [PMID: 38668900 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-024-08782-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 plays an important role in recognizing virus-derived nucleic acids. TLR7 signaling in astrocytes and microglia is critical for activating immune responses against neurotrophic viruses. Neurons express TLR7, similar to glial cells; however, the role of neuronal TLR7 has not yet been fully elucidated. This study sought to determine whether resiquimod, the TLR7/8 agonist, induces the expression of inflammatory chemokines in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that TLR7 was constitutively expressed in SH-SY5Y cells. Stimulation with resiquimod induced C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) expression, accompanied by the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in SH-SY5Y cells. Resiquimod increased mRNA levels of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8) and CXCL10, while the increase was slight at the protein level. Knockdown of NF-κB p65 eliminated resiquimod-induced CCL2 production. This study provides novel evidence that resiquimod has promising therapeutic potential against central nervous system viral infections through its immunostimulatory effects on neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Kaizuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Shogo Kawaguchi
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Tatsuta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Mayuki Tachizaki
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Yuri Kobori
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tanaka
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Seya
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Tomoh Matsumiya
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Science, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Tadaatsu Imaizumi
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Hirotake Sakuraba
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
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45
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Carpenter S, O'Neill LAJ. From periphery to center stage: 50 years of advancements in innate immunity. Cell 2024; 187:2030-2051. [PMID: 38670064 PMCID: PMC11060700 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Over the past 50 years in the field of immunology, something of a Copernican revolution has happened. For a long time, immunologists were mainly concerned with what is termed adaptive immunity, which involves the exquisitely specific activities of lymphocytes. But the other arm of immunity, so-called "innate immunity," had been neglected. To celebrate Cell's 50th anniversary, we have put together a review of the processes and components of innate immunity and trace the seminal contributions leading to the modern state of this field. Innate immunity has joined adaptive immunity in the center of interest for all those who study the body's defenses, as well as homeostasis and pathology. We are now entering the era where therapeutic targeting of innate immune receptors and downstream signals hold substantial promise for infectious and inflammatory diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Carpenter
- University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High St., Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | - Luke A J O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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46
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Kawai T, Ikegawa M, Ori D, Akira S. Decoding Toll-like receptors: Recent insights and perspectives in innate immunity. Immunity 2024; 57:649-673. [PMID: 38599164 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an evolutionarily conserved family in the innate immune system and are the first line of host defense against microbial pathogens by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). TLRs, categorized into cell surface and endosomal subfamilies, recognize diverse PAMPs, and structural elucidation of TLRs and PAMP complexes has revealed their intricate mechanisms. TLRs activate common and specific signaling pathways to shape immune responses. Recent studies have shown the importance of post-transcriptional regulation in TLR-mediated inflammatory responses. Despite their protective functions, aberrant responses of TLRs contribute to inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Understanding the delicate balance between TLR activation and regulatory mechanisms is crucial for deciphering their dual role in immune defense and disease pathogenesis. This review provides an overview of recent insights into the history of TLR discovery, elucidation of TLR ligands and signaling pathways, and their relevance to various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Kawai
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara 630-0192, Japan; Life Science Collaboration Center (LiSCo), Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Moe Ikegawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ori
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DSS (CAMaD), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Host Defense, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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47
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He YJ, Lu G, Xu BJ, Mao QZ, Qi YH, Jiao GY, Weng HT, Tian YZ, Huang HJ, Zhang CX, Chen JP, Li JM. Maintenance of persistent transmission of a plant arbovirus in its insect vector mediated by the Toll-Dorsal immune pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315982121. [PMID: 38536757 PMCID: PMC10998634 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315982121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Throughout evolution, arboviruses have developed various strategies to counteract the host's innate immune defenses to maintain persistent transmission. Recent studies have shown that, in addition to bacteria and fungi, the innate Toll-Dorsal immune system also plays an essential role in preventing viral infections in invertebrates. However, whether the classical Toll immune pathway is involved in maintaining the homeostatic process to ensure the persistent and propagative transmission of arboviruses in insect vectors remain unclear. In this study, we revealed that the transcription factor Dorsal is actively involved in the antiviral defense of an insect vector (Laodelphax striatellus) by regulating the target gene, zinc finger protein 708 (LsZN708), which mediates downstream immune-related effectors against infection with the plant virus (Rice stripe virus, RSV). In contrast, an antidefense strategy involving the use of the nonstructural-protein (NS4) to antagonize host antiviral defense through competitive binding to Dorsal from the MSK2 kinase was employed by RSV; this competitive binding inhibited Dorsal phosphorylation and reduced the antiviral response of the host insect. Our study revealed the molecular mechanism through which Toll-Dorsal-ZN708 mediates the maintenance of an arbovirus homeostasis in insect vectors. Specifically, ZN708 is a newly documented zinc finger protein targeted by Dorsal that mediates the downstream antiviral response. This study will contribute to our understanding of the successful transmission and spread of arboviruses in plant or invertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Juan He
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Gang Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Bo-Jie Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Qian-Zhuo Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Yu-Hua Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Gao-Yang Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Hai-Tao Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Yan-Zhen Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Hai-Jian Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Jian-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Jun-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
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48
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Du WJ, Yang H, Tong F, Liu S, Zhang C, Chen Y, Yan Y, Xiang YW, Hua LY, Gong Y, Xu ZX, Liu X, Jiang X, Lu M, Guan JS, Han Q. Ash1L ameliorates psoriasis via limiting neuronal activity-dependent release of miR-let-7b. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1107-1127. [PMID: 37766518 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Psoriasis is a common autoimmune skin disease that significantly diminishes patients' quality of life. Interactions between primary afferents of the somatosensory system and the cutaneous immune system mediate the pathogenesis of psoriasis. This study aims to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of how primary sensory neurons regulate psoriasis formation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Skin and total RNA were extracted from wild-type (WT) and ASH1-like histone lysine methyltransferase (Ash1l+/- ) mice in both naive and imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis models. Immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) were then performed. Microfluidic chamber coculture was used to investigate the interaction between somatosensory neurons and bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs) ex vivo. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings were used to evaluate neuronal excitability after Ash1L haploinsufficiency in primary sensory neurons. KEY RESULTS The haploinsufficiency of ASH1L, a histone methyltransferase, in primary sensory neurons causes both neurite hyperinnervation and increased neuronal excitability, which promote miR-let-7b release from primary afferents in the skin in a neuronal activity-dependent manner. With a 'GUUGUGU' core sequence, miR-let-7b functions as an endogenous ligand of toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and stimulates the activation of dermal dendritic cells (DCs) and interleukin (IL)-23/IL-17 axis, ultimately exacerbating the symptoms of psoriasis. Thus, by limiting miR-let-7b release from primary afferents, ASH1L prevents dermal DC activation and ameliorates psoriasis. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Somatosensory neuron ASH1L modulates the cutaneous immune system by limiting neuronal activity-dependent release of miR-let-7b, which can directly activate dermal DCs via TLR7 and ultimately lead to aggravated psoriatic lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Jie Du
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yeying Chen
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE, NHC, CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuze Yan
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Wei Xiang
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Yang Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingfang Lu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE, NHC, CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Song Guan
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingjian Han
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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49
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Bitounis D, Jacquinet E, Rogers MA, Amiji MM. Strategies to reduce the risks of mRNA drug and vaccine toxicity. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:281-300. [PMID: 38263456 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00859-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
mRNA formulated with lipid nanoparticles is a transformative technology that has enabled the rapid development and administration of billions of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine doses worldwide. However, avoiding unacceptable toxicity with mRNA drugs and vaccines presents challenges. Lipid nanoparticle structural components, production methods, route of administration and proteins produced from complexed mRNAs all present toxicity concerns. Here, we discuss these concerns, specifically how cell tropism and tissue distribution of mRNA and lipid nanoparticles can lead to toxicity, and their possible reactogenicity. We focus on adverse events from mRNA applications for protein replacement and gene editing therapies as well as vaccines, tracing common biochemical and cellular pathways. The potential and limitations of existing models and tools used to screen for on-target efficacy and de-risk off-target toxicity, including in vivo and next-generation in vitro models, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Bitounis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Mansoor M Amiji
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
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50
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Li P, Xie Y, Wang J, Bao C, Duan J, Liu Y, Luo Q, Xu J, Ren Y, Jiang M, Li J, Guo H, Zhao H, Wang G, Liang Y, Lu W. Gene engineered exosome reverses T cell exhaustion in cancer immunotherapy. Bioact Mater 2024; 34:466-481. [PMID: 38292412 PMCID: PMC10825617 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer patients by immune checkpoint therapy have achieved long-term remission, with no recurrence of clinical symptoms of cancer for many years. Nevertheless, more than half of cancer patients are not responsive to this therapy due to immune exhaustion. Here, we report a novel gene engineered exosome which is rationally designed by engineering PD1 gene and simultaneously enveloping an immune adjuvant imiquimod (PD1-Imi Exo) for boosting response of cancer immune checkpoint blockage therapy. The results showed that PD1-Imi Exo had a vesicular round shape (approximately 139 nm), revealed a significant targeting and a strong binding effect with both cancer cell and dendritic cell, and demonstrated a remarkable therapeutic efficacy in the melanoma-bearing mice and in the breast cancer-bearing mice. The mechanism was associated with two facts that PD1-Imi Exo blocked the binding of CD8+ T cell with cancer cell, displaying a PD1/PDL1 immune checkpoint blockage effect, and that imiquimod released from PD1-Imi Exo promoted the maturation of immature dendritic cell, exhibiting a reversing effect on the immune exhaustion through activating and restoring function of CD8+ T cell. In conclusion, the gene engineered exosome could be used for reversing T cell exhaustion in cancer immunotherapy. This study also offers a promising new strategy for enhancing PD1/PDL1 therapeutic efficacy, preventing tumor recurrence or metastasis after surgery by rebuilding the patients' immunity, thus consolidating the overall prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peishan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ying Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jinling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chunjie Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jialun Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yixuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qian Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jiarui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuxin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jianwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Haitao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Huihui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Guiling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yanqin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Institute of Collaborative Innovation, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Wanliang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
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