1
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Liu W, Yan M, King-Jones K. Soul is a master control gene governing the development of the Drosophila prothoracic gland. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2405469121. [PMID: 39312662 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2405469121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The prothoracic gland (PG) is a major insect endocrine organ. It is the principal source of insect steroid hormones, and critical for key developmental events such as the molts, the establishment of critical weight (CW), pupation, and sexual maturation. However, little is known about the developmental processes that regulate PG morphology. In this study, we identified soul, which encodes a PG-specific basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor. We demonstrate that Tap, also a bHLH protein, dimerizes with Soul. Both are expressed in the developing PG. Interfering with either soul or tap function caused strikingly similar phenotypes, resulting in small and fragmented PGs, the abolishment of steroid hormone-producing gene expression, larval arrest, and a failure to undergo metamorphosis. Furthermore, both soul and tap showed expression peaks just prior to the CW checkpoint. Disrupting soul- or tap-function before, but not after, the CW checkpoint caused larval arrest, and perturbed highly similar gene cohorts, which were enriched for regulators and components of the steroid hormone biosynthesis pathway. Intriguingly, a chitin-based cuticle gene, Cpr49Ah, and a POU domain transcription factor gene, pdm3, are direct target genes of the Soul/Tap complex, and disruption of either phenocopied key aspects of soul/tap loss-of-function phenotypes. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the Soul/Tap heterodimer resides at the top of a complex gene hierarchy that drives PG development, CW establishment, and steroid hormone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Minyi Yan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Kirst King-Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
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2
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Dayton JN, Tran TT, Saint-Denis E, Dopman EB. Efficient CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing in the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39295240 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
The European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) is an agricultural pest and burgeoning model for research on speciation, seasonal adaptation and insect resistance management. Although previous work in O. nubilalis has identified genes associated with differences in life cycle, reproduction, and resistance to Bt toxins, the general lack of a robust gene-editing protocol for O. nubilalis has been a barrier to functional validation of candidate genes. Here, we demonstrate an efficient and practical methodology for heritable gene mutagenesis in O. nubilalis using the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system. Precise loss-of-function (LOF) mutations were generated at two circadian clock genes, period (per) and pigment-dispersing factor receptor (pdfr), and a developmental gene, prothoracicotropic hormone (ptth). Precluding the need for a visible genetic marker, gene-editing efficiency remained high across different single guide RNAs (sgRNA) and germline transmission of mutations to F1 offspring approached 100%. When single or dual sgRNAs were injected at a high concentration, gene-specific phenotypic differences in behaviour and development were identified in F0 mutants. Specifically, F0 gene mutants demonstrated that PER, but not PDFR, is essential for normal timing of eclosion. PTTH F0 mutants were significantly heavier and exhibited a higher incidence of diapause. This work will accelerate future studies of gene function in O. nubilalis and facilitate the development of similar screens in other Lepidopteran and non-model insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob N Dayton
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tammy T Tran
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elisa Saint-Denis
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erik B Dopman
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Valzania L, Alami A, Léopold P. A temporal allocation of amino acid resources ensures fitness and body allometry in Drosophila. Dev Cell 2024; 59:2277-2286.e6. [PMID: 38851190 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Organisms have evolved strategies to store resources and overcome periods of low or no nutrient access, including transient shortages or longer non-feeding developmental transitions. Holometabolous insects like Drosophila represent an attractive model to study resource allocation during development because they alternate feeding and non-feeding periods. Amino acids are essential components for tissue growth and renewal, but the strategies used for their storage remain largely unexplored. Here, we characterize the molecular mechanisms for the temporal production, accumulation, and use of specific storage proteins called hexamerins, and demonstrate their role in ensuring tissue formation and adult fitness. Moreover, we show that preventing hexamerin stores enhances the growth of early-developing organs while compromising the emergence of late-forming ones, consequently altering body allometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Valzania
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, UPMC Paris-Sorbonne, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Aya Alami
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, UPMC Paris-Sorbonne, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Léopold
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, UPMC Paris-Sorbonne, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.
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4
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Liu A, O’Connell J, Wall F, Carthew RW. Scaling between cell cycle duration and wing growth is regulated by Fat-Dachsous signaling in Drosophila. eLife 2024; 12:RP91572. [PMID: 38842917 PMCID: PMC11156469 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The atypical cadherins Fat and Dachsous (Ds) signal through the Hippo pathway to regulate growth of numerous organs, including the Drosophila wing. Here, we find that Ds-Fat signaling tunes a unique feature of cell proliferation found to control the rate of wing growth during the third instar larval phase. The duration of the cell cycle increases in direct proportion to the size of the wing, leading to linear-like growth during the third instar. Ds-Fat signaling enhances the rate at which the cell cycle lengthens with wing size, thus diminishing the rate of wing growth. We show that this results in a complex but stereotyped relative scaling of wing growth with body growth in Drosophila. Finally, we examine the dynamics of Fat and Ds protein distribution in the wing, observing graded distributions that change during growth. However, the significance of these dynamics is unclear since perturbations in expression have negligible impact on wing growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Liu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
- NSF-Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
- NSF-Simons National Institute for Theory and Mathematics in BiologyChicagoUnited States
| | - Jessica O’Connell
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Farley Wall
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Richard W Carthew
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
- NSF-Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
- NSF-Simons National Institute for Theory and Mathematics in BiologyChicagoUnited States
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5
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Krishnan N. Endocrine Control of Lipid Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38782869 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2024_807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Lipids are essential in insects and play pleiotropic roles in energy storage, serving as a fuel for energy-driven processes such as reproduction, growth, development, locomotion, flight, starvation response, and diapause induction, maintenance, and termination. Lipids also play fundamental roles in signal transduction, hormone synthesis, forming components of the cell membrane, and thus are essential for maintenance of normal life functions. In insects, the neuroendocrine system serves as a master regulator of most life activities, including growth and development. It is thus important to pay particular attention to the regulation of lipid metabolism through the endocrine system, especially when considering the involvement of peptide hormones in the processes of lipogenesis and lipolysis. In insects, there are several lipogenic and lipolytic hormones that are involved in lipid metabolism such as insulin-like peptides (ILPs), adipokinetic hormone (AKH), 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE), juvenile hormone (JH), and serotonin. Other neuropeptides such as diapause hormone-pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (DH-PBAN), CCHamide-2, short neuropeptide F, and the cytokines Unpaired 1 and 2 may play a role in inducing lipogenesis. On the other hand, neuropeptides such as neuropeptide F, allatostatin-A, corazonin, leukokinin, tachykinins, limostatins, and insulin-like growth factor (ILP6) stimulate lipolysis. This chapter briefly discusses the current knowledge of the endocrine regulation of lipid metabolism in insects that could be utilized to reveal differences between insects and mammalian lipid metabolism which may help understand human diseases associated with dysregulation of lipid metabolism. Physiological similarities of insects to mammals make them valuable model systems for studying human diseases characterized by disrupted lipid metabolism, including conditions like diabetes, obesity, arteriosclerosis, and various metabolic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natraj Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA.
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6
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Musselman LP, Truong HG, DiAngelo JR. Transcriptional Control of Lipid Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38782870 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2024_808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Transcriptional control of lipid metabolism uses a framework that parallels the control of lipid metabolism at the protein or enzyme level, via feedback and feed-forward mechanisms. Increasing the substrates for an enzyme often increases enzyme gene expression, for example. A paucity of product can likewise potentiate transcription or stability of the mRNA encoding the enzyme or enzymes needed to produce it. In addition, changes in second messengers or cellular energy charge can act as on/off switches for transcriptional regulators to control transcript (and protein) abundance. Insects use a wide range of DNA-binding transcription factors (TFs) that sense changes in the cell and its environment to produce the appropriate change in transcription at gene promoters. These TFs work together with histones, spliceosomes, and additional RNA processing factors to ultimately regulate lipid metabolism. In this chapter, we will first focus on the important TFs that control lipid metabolism in insects. Next, we will describe non-TF regulators of insect lipid metabolism such as enzymes that modify acetylation and methylation status, transcriptional coactivators, splicing factors, and microRNAs. To conclude, we consider future goals for studying the mechanisms underlying the control of lipid metabolism in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Palanker Musselman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Huy G Truong
- Division of Science, Pennsylvania State University, Berks Campus, Reading, PA, USA
| | - Justin R DiAngelo
- Division of Science, Pennsylvania State University, Berks Campus, Reading, PA, USA.
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7
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Liu A, O’Connell J, Wall F, Carthew RW. Scaling between cell cycle duration and wing growth is regulated by Fat-Dachsous signaling in Drosophila. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.08.01.551465. [PMID: 38645118 PMCID: PMC11030236 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.01.551465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The atypical cadherins Fat and Dachsous (Ds) signal through the Hippo pathway to regulate growth of numerous organs, including the Drosophila wing. Here, we find that Ds-Fat signaling tunes a unique feature of cell proliferation found to control the rate of wing growth during the third instar larval phase. The duration of the cell cycle increases in direct proportion to the size of the wing, leading to linear-like growth during the third instar. Ds-Fat signaling enhances the rate at which the cell cycle lengthens with wing size, thus diminishing the rate of wing growth. We show that this results in a complex but stereotyped relative scaling of wing growth with body growth in Drosophila. Finally, we examine the dynamics of Fat and Ds protein distribution in the wing, observing graded distributions that change during growth. However, the significance of these dynamics is unclear since perturbations in expression have negligible impact on wing growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Liu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston IL
- NSF-Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston IL
| | - Jessica O’Connell
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston IL
| | - Farley Wall
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston IL
| | - Richard W. Carthew
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston IL
- NSF-Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston IL
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8
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Turingan MJ, Li T, Wright J, Sharma A, Ding K, Khan S, Lee B, Grewal SS. Hypoxia delays steroid-induced developmental maturation in Drosophila by suppressing EGF signaling. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011232. [PMID: 38669270 PMCID: PMC11098494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Animals often grow and develop in unpredictable environments where factors like food availability, temperature, and oxygen levels can fluctuate dramatically. To ensure proper sexual maturation into adulthood, juvenile animals need to adapt their growth and developmental rates to these fluctuating environmental conditions. Failure to do so can result in impaired maturation and incorrect body size. Here we describe a mechanism by which Drosophila larvae adapt their development in low oxygen (hypoxia). During normal development, larvae grow and increase in mass until they reach critical weight (CW), after which point a neuroendocrine circuit triggers the production of the steroid hormone ecdysone from the prothoracic gland (PG), which promotes maturation to the pupal stage. However, when raised in hypoxia (5% oxygen), larvae slow their growth and delay their maturation to the pupal stage. We find that, although hypoxia delays the attainment of CW, the maturation delay occurs mainly because of hypoxia acting late in development to suppress ecdysone production. This suppression operates through a distinct mechanism from nutrient deprivation, occurs independently of HIF-1 alpha and does not involve dilp8 or modulation of Ptth, the main neuropeptide that initiates ecdysone production in the PG. Instead, we find that hypoxia lowers the expression of the EGF ligand, spitz, and that the delay in maturation occurs due to reduced EGFR/ERK signaling in the PG. Our study sheds light on how animals can adjust their development rate in response to changing oxygen levels in their environment. Given that hypoxia is a feature of both normal physiology and many diseases, our findings have important implications for understanding how low oxygen levels may impact animal development in both normal and pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Turingan
- Clark H Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Calgary, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tan Li
- Clark H Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Calgary, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jenna Wright
- Clark H Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Calgary, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Abhishek Sharma
- Clark H Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Calgary, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kate Ding
- Clark H Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Calgary, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shahoon Khan
- Clark H Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Calgary, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Byoungchun Lee
- Clark H Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Calgary, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Savraj S. Grewal
- Clark H Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Calgary, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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9
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Cavieres-Lepe J, Amini E, Zabel M, Nässel DR, Stanewsky R, Wegener C, Ewer J. Timed receptor tyrosine kinase signaling couples the central and a peripheral circadian clock in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2308067121. [PMID: 38442160 PMCID: PMC10945756 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308067121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks impose daily periodicities to behavior, physiology, and metabolism. This control is mediated by a central clock and by peripheral clocks, which are synchronized to provide the organism with a unified time through mechanisms that are not fully understood. Here, we characterized in Drosophila the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in coupling the central clock and the peripheral clock located in the prothoracic gland (PG), which together control the circadian rhythm of emergence of adult flies. The time signal from central clock neurons is transmitted via small neuropeptide F (sNPF) to neurons that produce the neuropeptide Prothoracicotropic Hormone (PTTH), which is then translated into daily oscillations of Ca2+ concentration and PTTH levels. PTTH signaling is required at the end of metamorphosis and transmits time information to the PG through changes in the expression of the PTTH receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), TORSO, and of ERK phosphorylation, a key component of PTTH transduction. In addition to PTTH, we demonstrate that signaling mediated by other RTKs contributes to the rhythmicity of emergence. Interestingly, the ligand to one of these receptors (Pvf2) plays an autocrine role in the PG, which may explain why both central brain and PG clocks are required for the circadian gating of emergence. Our findings show that the coupling between the central and the PG clock is unexpectedly complex and involves several RTKs that act in concert and could serve as a paradigm to understand how circadian clocks are coordinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Cavieres-Lepe
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso2360102, Chile
| | - Emad Amini
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biocenter, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Neurobiology and Genetics, Am Hubland, Würzburg97074, Germany
| | - Maia Zabel
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso2360102, Chile
| | - Dick R. Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 10691Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ralf Stanewsky
- Institute of Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, Multiscale Imaging Centre, University of Münster, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Wegener
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biocenter, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Neurobiology and Genetics, Am Hubland, Würzburg97074, Germany
| | - John Ewer
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso2360102, Chile
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso2360102, Chile
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10
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Tan JYK, Chew LY, Juhász G, Yu F. Interplay between autophagy and CncC regulates dendrite pruning in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2310740121. [PMID: 38408233 PMCID: PMC10927499 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310740121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is essential for the turnover of damaged organelles and long-lived proteins. It is responsible for many biological processes such as maintaining brain functions and aging. Impaired autophagy is often linked to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases in humans. However, the role of autophagy in neuronal pruning during development remains poorly understood. Here, we report that autophagy regulates dendrite-specific pruning of ddaC sensory neurons in parallel to local caspase activation. Impaired autophagy causes the formation of ubiquitinated protein aggregates in ddaC neurons, dependent on the autophagic receptor Ref(2)P. Furthermore, the metabolic regulator AMP-activated protein kinase and the insulin-target of rapamycin pathway act upstream to regulate autophagy during dendrite pruning. Importantly, autophagy is required to activate the transcription factor CncC (Cap "n" collar isoform C), thereby promoting dendrite pruning. Conversely, CncC also indirectly affects autophagic activity via proteasomal degradation, as impaired CncC results in the inhibition of autophagy through sequestration of Atg8a into ubiquitinated protein aggregates. Thus, this study demonstrates the important role of autophagy in activating CncC prior to dendrite pruning, and further reveals an interplay between autophagy and CncC in neuronal pruning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Yu Kelly Tan
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore117543, Singapore
| | - Liang Yuh Chew
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore117543, Singapore
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, BudapestH-1117, Hungary
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, SzegedH-6726, Hungary
| | - Fengwei Yu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore117543, Singapore
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11
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Cavigliasso F, Savitsky M, Koval A, Erkosar B, Savary L, Gallart-Ayala H, Ivanisevic J, Katanaev VL, Kawecki TJ. Cis-regulatory polymorphism at fiz ecdysone oxidase contributes to polygenic evolutionary response to malnutrition in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011204. [PMID: 38452112 PMCID: PMC10962836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigate the contribution of a candidate gene, fiz (fezzik), to complex polygenic adaptation to juvenile malnutrition in Drosophila melanogaster. Experimental populations maintained for >250 generations of experimental evolution to a nutritionally poor larval diet (Selected populations) evolved several-fold lower fiz expression compared to unselected Control populations. Here we show that this divergence in fiz expression is mediated by a cis-regulatory polymorphism. This polymorphism, originally sampled from a natural population in Switzerland, is distinct from a second cis-regulatory SNP previously identified in non-African D. melanogaster populations, implying that two independent cis-regulatory variants promoting high fiz expression segregate in non-African populations. Enzymatic analyses of Fiz protein expressed in E. coli demonstrate that it has ecdysone oxidase activity acting on both ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone. Four of five fiz paralogs annotated to ecdysteroid metabolism also show reduced expression in Selected larvae, implying that malnutrition-driven selection favored general downregulation of ecdysone oxidases. Finally, as an independent test of the role of fiz in poor diet adaptation, we show that fiz knockdown by RNAi results in faster larval growth on the poor diet, but at the cost of greatly reduced survival. These results imply that downregulation of fiz in Selected populations was favored by selection on the nutritionally poor diet because of its role in suppressing growth in response to nutrient shortage. However, they suggest that fiz downregulation is only adaptive in combination with other changes evolved by Selected populations, which ensure that the organism can sustain the faster growth promoted by fiz downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Cavigliasso
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mikhail Savitsky
- HumanaFly Facility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexey Koval
- Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Berra Erkosar
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Loriane Savary
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hector Gallart-Ayala
- Metabolomics Unit, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julijana Ivanisevic
- Metabolomics Unit, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir L. Katanaev
- Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tadeusz J. Kawecki
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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12
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Qian Q, Niwa R. Endocrine Regulation of Aging in the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster. Zoolog Sci 2024; 41:4-13. [PMID: 38587512 DOI: 10.2108/zs230056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The past few decades have witnessed increasing research clarifying the role of endocrine signaling in the regulation of aging in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Studies using the model organism fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster have largely advanced our understanding of evolutionarily conserved mechanisms in the endocrinology of aging and anti-aging. Mutations in single genes involved in endocrine signaling modify lifespan, as do alterations of endocrine signaling in a tissue- or cell-specific manner, highlighting a central role of endocrine signaling in coordinating the crosstalk between tissues and cells to determine the pace of aging. Here, we review the current landscape of research in D. melanogaster that offers valuable insights into the endocrine-governed mechanisms which influence lifespan and age-related physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyin Qian
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Niwa
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan,
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13
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Bakopoulos D, Golenkina S, Dark C, Christie EL, Sánchez-Sánchez BJ, Stramer BM, Cheng LY. Convergent insulin and TGF-β signalling drives cancer cachexia by promoting aberrant fat body ECM accumulation in a Drosophila tumour model. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57695. [PMID: 38014610 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we found that in the adipose tissue of wildtype animals, insulin and TGF-β signalling converge via a BMP antagonist short gastrulation (sog) to regulate ECM remodelling. In tumour bearing animals, Sog also modulates TGF-β signalling to regulate ECM accumulation in the fat body. TGF-β signalling causes ECM retention in the fat body and subsequently depletes muscles of fat body-derived ECM proteins. Activation of insulin signalling, inhibition of TGF-β signalling, or modulation of ECM levels via SPARC, Rab10 or Collagen IV in the fat body, is able to rescue tissue wasting in the presence of tumour. Together, our study highlights the importance of adipose ECM remodelling in the context of cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bakopoulos
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | | | - Callum Dark
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Elizabeth L Christie
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | | | - Brian M Stramer
- Kings College London, Randall Centre for Cell & Molecular Biophysics, London, UK
| | - Louise Y Cheng
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
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14
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Zhang JJ, Xi GS. Estrogen-related receptor functions via the 20-hydroxyecdysone and IIS/TOR signaling pathways to regulate the development and morphology changes of ant Polyrhachis vicina Roger (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 344:114373. [PMID: 37657761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen-related receptor (ERR) is a key regulator of insect growth, development, and metabolic processes in insects; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects are not fully understood. We investigated roles of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and insulin/insulin-like signaling/target of rapamycin (IIS/TOR) signaling pathways in the effects of PvERR on larval development, metamorphosis, and adult growth in ant Polyrhachis vicina Roger. PvFOXO expression levels depended on caste and developmental stage. PvERR RNAi significantly reduced the expression levels of IIS/TOR signaling pathway genes and 20E signaling pathway genes in fourth-instar larvae, pupae, females, and workers and significantly increased the expression levels of IIS/TOR signaling pathway genes PvFOXO and PvAkt in males. PvFOXO RNAi resulted in developmental defects and increased mortality. After PvFOXO RNAi, the expression of PvERR, 20E signaling pathway genes, and IIS/TOR signaling pathway genes decreased significantly in pupae, females, and workers and increased significantly in fourth-instar larvae. Exogenous 20E attenuated expression changes induced by PvFOXO RNAi in a sex- and stage-specific manner. These results indicate that ERR interacts with 20E and IIS/TOR signaling pathways to regulate caste determination, metamorphosis, and male fertility in P. vicina and that correlations between PvERR and PvFOXO are caste- and stage-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Juan Zhang
- Department of Physical Education, Xi'an International Studies University, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710128, PR China; Institute of Zoology, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710119, PR China.
| | - Geng-Si Xi
- Institute of Zoology, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710119, PR China
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15
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Liu F, Yu S, Chen N, Ren C, Li S. Nutrition- and hormone-controlled developmental plasticity in Blattodea. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 60:101128. [PMID: 37806339 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Blattodea, which includes cockroaches and termites, possesses high developmental plasticity that is mainly controlled by nutritional conditions and insect hormones. Insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS), target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1), and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein complex are the three primary nutrition-responsive signals. Juvenile hormone (JH) and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) constitute the two most vital insect hormones that might interact with each other through the Met, Kr-h1, E93 (MEKRE93) pathway. Nutritional and hormonal signals interconnect to create a complex regulatory network. Here we summarize recent progress in our understanding of how nutritional and hormonal signals coordinately control the developmental plasticity of metamorphosis, reproduction, and appendage regeneration in cockroaches as well as caste differentiation in termites. We also highlight several perspectives that should be further emphasized in the studies of developmental plasticity in Blattodea. This review provides a general landscape in the field of nutrition- and hormone-controlled developmental plasticity in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514779, China
| | - Shuxin Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Chonghua Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514779, China.
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16
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Yun HM, Hyun S. Role of gut commensal bacteria in juvenile developmental growth of the host: insights from Drosophila studies. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2023; 27:329-339. [PMID: 38023592 PMCID: PMC10653766 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2023.2282726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in maintaining health in a variety of organisms, from insects to humans. Further, beneficial symbiotic microbes are believed to contribute to improving the quality of life of the host. Drosophila is an optimal model for studying host-commensal microbe interactions because it allows for convenient manipulation of intestinal microbial composition. Fly microbiota has a simple taxonomic composition and can be cultivated and genetically tracked. This permits functional studies and analyses of the molecular mechanisms underlying their effects on host physiological processes. In this context, we briefly introduce the principle of juvenile developmental growth in Drosophila. Then, we discuss the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of gut commensal bacteria, such as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Acetobacter pomorum, in the fly gut microbiome on Drosophila juvenile growth, including specific actions of gut hormones and metabolites in conserved cellular signaling systems, such as the insulin/insulin-like (IIS) and the target of rapamycin (TOR) pathways. Given the similarities in tissue function/structure, as well as the high conservation of physiological systems between Drosophila and mammals, findings from the Drosophila model system will have significant implications for understanding the mechanisms underlying the interaction between the host and the gut microbiome in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Myoung Yun
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seogang Hyun
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
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17
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Oliveira AC, Homem CCF. Opposing effects of ecdysone signaling regulate neuroblast proliferation to ensure coordination of brain and organism development. Dev Biol 2023; 503:53-67. [PMID: 37549863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Growth regulation must be robust to ensure correct final size, but also adaptative to adjust to less favorable environmental conditions. Developmental coordination between whole-organism and the brain is particularly important, as the brain is a critical organ with little adaptability. Brain growth mainly depends on neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation to generate differentiated neural cells, it is however unclear how organism developmental progression is coordinated with NSCs. Here we demonstrate that the steroid hormone ecdysone plays a multi-step, stage specific role in regulating Drosophila NSCs, the neuroblasts. We used animals that are unable to synthesize ecdysone, to show that the developmental milestone called "critical weight peak", the peak that informs the body has reached minimum viable weight to survive metamorphosis, acts a checkpoint necessary to set neuroblast cell cycle pace during larval neurogenesis. The peaks of ecdysone that occur post-critical weight are no longer required to maintain neuroblast division rate. We additionally show that in a second stage, at the onset of pupariation, ecdysone is instead required to trigger neuroblast's proliferation exit and consequently the end of neurogenesis. We demonstrate that, without this signal from ecdysone, neuroblasts lose their ability to exit proliferation. Interestingly, although these neuroblasts proliferate for a longer period, the number of differentiated neurons is smaller compared to wild-type brains, suggesting a role for ecdysone in neuron maintenance. Our study provides insights into how neural stem cells coordinate their division rate with the pace of body growth, identifying a novel coordination mechanism between animal development and NSC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia C Oliveira
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina C F Homem
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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18
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Zhou Y, Zhou L, Li Q, Zhu X, Yu Z, Ke H, Chen Q, Ren B. Transcriptome analysis and identification of genes related to environmental adaptation of Grylloprimevala jilina Zhou & Ren 2023. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10717. [PMID: 38020696 PMCID: PMC10659822 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Grylloprimevala jilina is a true cave insect living in the dark areas of caves. It has the characteristics of sparse skin pigmentation, degeneration of the compound eyes and monocular eyes, and obvious preference for high-humidity and low-temperature environments. Given the highly specialized, rare, and limited distribution, G. jilina is considered an endangered species and also a first-level national protected insect in China. Cave creatures often undergo dramatic morphological changes in their sensory systems to adapt to the cave environment. Most previous studies mainly focused on morphological adaptive changes in cave insects, and only a few studied the changes at the gene level. In this study, we performed transcriptome analysis of G. jilina and constructed phylogenetic trees of genes that are related to environmental adaptation, including chemosensory, visual-related, reproduction-related, temperature adaptation-related, and winged morph differentiation-related genes. Besides, the expression levels of environmental adaption-related genes in different tissues, including antennae, heads, thoraxes, abdomens, legs, and tails, were analyzed. The results showed the loss of chemosensory genes and vision-related genes, the conservation of reproduction-related genes and temperature adaptation-related genes, and the conservation of wing-related genes despite the loss of wings, and the results were consistent with other cave insects. The identification and expression study of genes possibly related to the environmental adaptability in G. jilina provided basic data for the protection of this endangered species and increased knowledge about insect evolution in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhou
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and UtilizationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, MOENortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Lin Zhou
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and UtilizationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, MOENortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
- Istitude of Plant Protection Jilim Academy of Agricultural Science/Jilin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northeast ChinaMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AreasGongzhlingChina
| | - Qiuyao Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and UtilizationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, MOENortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and UtilizationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, MOENortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Zhongbo Yu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and UtilizationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, MOENortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Haoqin Ke
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and UtilizationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, MOENortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Qi Chen
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and UtilizationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, MOENortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Bingzhong Ren
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and UtilizationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, MOENortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
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19
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Abstract
Nutrient intake is obligatory for animal growth and development, but nutrients alone are not sufficient. Indeed, insulin and homologous hormones are required for normal growth even in the presence of nutrients. These hormones communicate nutrient status between organs, allowing animals to coordinate growth and metabolism with nutrient supply. Insulin and related hormones, such as insulin-like growth factors and insulin-like peptides, play important roles in development and metabolism, with defects in insulin production and signaling leading to hyperglycemia and diabetes. Here, we describe the insulin hormone family and the signal transduction pathways activated by these hormones. We highlight the roles of insulin signaling in coordinating maternal and fetal metabolism and growth during pregnancy, and we describe how secretion of insulin is regulated at different life stages. Additionally, we discuss the roles of insulin signaling in cell growth, stem cell proliferation and cell differentiation. We provide examples of the role of insulin in development across multiple model organisms: Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, zebrafish, mouse and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Suzawa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Michelle L. Bland
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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20
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Juarez-Carreño S, Geissmann F. The macrophage genetic cassette inr/dtor/pvf2 is a nutritional status checkpoint for developmental timing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh0589. [PMID: 37729406 PMCID: PMC10511196 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh0589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
A small number of signaling molecules, used reiteratively, control differentiation programs, but the mechanisms that adapt developmental timing to environmental cues are less understood. We report here that a macrophage inr/dtor/pvf2 genetic cassette is a developmental timing checkpoint in Drosophila, which either licenses or delays biosynthesis of the steroid hormone in the endocrine gland and metamorphosis according to the larval nutritional status. Insulin receptor/dTor signaling in macrophages is required and sufficient for production of the PDGF/VEGF family growth factor Pvf2, which turns on transcription of the sterol biosynthesis Halloween genes in the prothoracic gland via its receptor Pvr. In response to a starvation event or genetic manipulation, low Pvf2 signal delays steroid biosynthesis until it becomes Pvr-independent, thereby prolonging larval growth before pupariation. The significance of this developmental timing checkpoint for host fitness is illustrated by the observation that it regulates the size of the pupae and adult flies.
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21
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Gu SH, Lin PL. Signaling in cAMP-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis in prothoracic glands of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 149:104548. [PMID: 37481120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated downstream pathways of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling (which is related to prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis) in Bombyx mori prothoracic glands (PGs). Results showed that treatment with either dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP) or 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine (MIX) inhibited phosphorylation of adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and activated phosphorylation of the translational repressor, 4E-binding protein (4E-BP), a marker of target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling. A chemical activator of AMPK (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside, AICAR) increased dbcAMP-inhibited AMPK phosphorylation and blocked dbcAMP-stimulated phosphorylation of 4E-BP, indicating that inhibition of AMPK phosphorylation lies upstream of dbcAMP-stimulated TOR signaling. Treatment of PGs with dbcAMP and MIX also stimulated phosphorylation of a 37-kDa protein, as recognized by a protein kinase C (PKC) substrate antibody, indicating that cAMP activates PKC signaling. Treatment with either LY294002 or AICAR did not affect dbcAMP-stimulated phosphorylation of the PKC-dependent 37-kDa protein, indicating that cAMP-stimulated PKC signaling is not related to phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) or AMPK. In addition, dbcAMP-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis in PGs was partially inhibited by pretreatment with either LY294002, AICAR, or calphostin C. From these results, we concluded that AMPK/TOR/4E-BP and PKC pathways are involved in ecdysteroidogenesis of PGs stimulated by cAMP signaling in B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hong Gu
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, 1 Kuan-Chien Road, Taichung, Taiwan 404, ROC.
| | - Pei-Ling Lin
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, 1 Kuan-Chien Road, Taichung, Taiwan 404, ROC
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22
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Yu J, Song H, Wang Y, Liu Z, Wang H, Xu B. 20-hydroxyecdysone Upregulates Ecdysone Receptor (ECR) Gene to Promote Pupation in the Honeybee, Apis mellifera Ligustica. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:288-303. [PMID: 37365683 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A heterodimeric complex of two nuclear receptors, the ecdysone receptor (ECR) and ultraspiracle (USP), transduces 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) signaling to modulate insect growth and development. Here, we aimed to determine the relationship between ECR and 20E during larval metamorphosis and also the specific roles of ECR during larval-adult transition in Apis mellifera. We found that ECR gene expression peaked in the 7-day-old larvae, then decreased gradually from the pupae stage. 20E slowly reduced food consumption and then induced starvation, resulting in small-sized adults. In addition, 20E induced ECR expression to regulate larval development time. Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) were prepared using common dsECR as templates. After dsECR injection, larval transition to the pupal stage was delayed, and 80% of the larvae showed prolonged pupation beyond 18 h. Moreover, the mRNA levels of shd, sro, nvd, and spo, and ecdysteroid titers were significantly decreased in ECR RNAi larvae compared with those in GFP RNAi control larvae. ECR RNAi disrupted 20E signaling during larval metamorphosis. We performed rescuing experiments by injecting 20E in ECR RNAi larvae and found that the mRNA levels of ECR, USP, E75, E93, and Br-c were not restored. 20E induced apoptosis in the fat body during larval pupation, while RNAi knockdown of ECR genes reduced apoptosis. We concluded that 20E induced ECR to modulate 20E signaling to promote honeybee pupation. These results assist our understanding of the complicated molecular mechanisms of insect metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Hongyu Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Hongfang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Baohua Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
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23
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Wang XP, Sun SP, Li YX, Wang L, Dong DJ, Wang JX, Zhao XF. 20-hydroxyecdysone reprograms amino acid metabolism to support the metamorphic development of Helicoverpa armigera. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112644. [PMID: 37310862 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acid metabolism is regulated according to nutrient conditions; however, the mechanism is not fully understood. Using the holometabolous insect cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) as a model, we report that hemolymph metabolites are greatly changed from the feeding larvae to the wandering larvae and to pupae. Arginine, alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG), and glutamate (Glu) are identified as marker metabolites of feeding larvae, wandering larvae, and pupae, respectively. Arginine level is decreased by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) regulation via repression of argininosuccinate synthetase (Ass) expression and upregulation of arginase (Arg) expression during metamorphosis. α-KG is transformed from Glu by glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in larval midgut, which is repressed by 20E. The α-KG is then transformed to Glu by GDH-like in pupal fat body, which is upregulated by 20E. Thus, 20E reprogrammed amino acid metabolism during metamorphosis by regulating gene expression in a stage- and tissue-specific manner to support insect metamorphic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Pei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shu-Peng Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yan-Xue Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Du-Juan Dong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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24
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Sekar A, Leiblich A, Wainwright SM, Mendes CC, Sarma D, Hellberg JEEU, Gandy C, Goberdhan DCI, Hamdy FC, Wilson C. Rbf/E2F1 control growth and endoreplication via steroid-independent Ecdysone Receptor signalling in Drosophila prostate-like secondary cells. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010815. [PMID: 37363926 PMCID: PMC10328346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In prostate cancer, loss of the tumour suppressor gene, Retinoblastoma (Rb), and consequent activation of transcription factor E2F1 typically occurs at a late-stage of tumour progression. It appears to regulate a switch to an androgen-independent form of cancer, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which frequently still requires androgen receptor (AR) signalling. We have previously shown that upon mating, binucleate secondary cells (SCs) of the Drosophila melanogaster male accessory gland (AG), which share some similarities with prostate epithelial cells, switch their growth regulation from a steroid-dependent to a steroid-independent form of Ecdysone Receptor (EcR) control. This physiological change induces genome endoreplication and allows SCs to rapidly replenish their secretory compartments, even when ecdysone levels are low because the male has not previously been exposed to females. Here, we test whether the Drosophila Rb homologue, Rbf, and E2F1 regulate this switch. Surprisingly, we find that excess Rbf activity reversibly suppresses binucleation in adult SCs. We also demonstrate that Rbf, E2F1 and the cell cycle regulators, Cyclin D (CycD) and Cyclin E (CycE), are key regulators of mating-dependent SC endoreplication, as well as SC growth in both virgin and mated males. Importantly, we show that the CycD/Rbf/E2F1 axis requires the EcR, but not ecdysone, to trigger CycE-dependent endoreplication and endoreplication-associated growth in SCs, mirroring changes seen in CRPC. Furthermore, Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signalling, mediated by the BMP ligand Decapentaplegic (Dpp), intersects with CycD/Rbf/E2F1 signalling to drive endoreplication in these fly cells. Overall, our work reveals a signalling switch, which permits rapid growth of SCs and increased secretion after mating, independently of previous exposure to females. The changes observed share mechanistic parallels with the pathological switch to hormone-independent AR signalling seen in CRPC, suggesting that the latter may reflect the dysregulation of a currently unidentified physiological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashika Sekar
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Leiblich
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - S. Mark Wainwright
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cláudia C. Mendes
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dhruv Sarma
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carina Gandy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah C. I. Goberdhan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Freddie C. Hamdy
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Clive Wilson
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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25
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Zhang SY, Gao H, Askar A, Li XP, Zhang GC, Jing TZ, Zou H, Guan H, Zhao YH, Zou CS. Steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone disturbs fat body lipid metabolism and negatively regulates gluconeogenesis in Hyphantria cunea larvae. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:771-788. [PMID: 36342157 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) has been described to regulate fat body lipid metabolism in insects, but its accurate regulatory mechanism, especially the crosstalk between 20E-induced lipid metabolism and gluconeogenesis remains largely unclear. Here, we specially investigated the effect of 20E on lipid metabolism and gluconeogenesis in the fat body of Hyphantria cunea larvae, a notorious pest in forestry. Lipidomics analysis showed that a total of 1 907 lipid species were identified in the fat body of H. cunea larvae assigned to 6 groups and 48 lipid classes. The differentially abundant lipids analysis showed a significant difference between 20E-treated and control samples, indicating that 20E caused a remarkable alteration of lipidomics profiles in the fat body of H. cunea larvae. Further studies demonstrated that 20E accelerated fatty acid β-oxidation, inhibited lipid synthesis, and promoted lipolysis. Meanwhile, the activities of pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphatase were dramatically suppressed by 20E in the fat body of H. cunea larvae. As well, the transcriptions of genes encoding these 4 rate-limiting gluconeogenic enzymes were significantly downregulated in the fat body of H. cunea larvae after treatment with 20E. Taken together, our results revealed that 20E disturbed fat body lipid homeostasis, accelerated fatty acid β-oxidation and promoted lipolysis, but negatively regulated gluconeogenesis in H. cunea larvae. The findings might provide a new insight into hormonal regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in insect fat body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yu Zhang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Han Gao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Ankarjan Askar
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | | | - Guo-Cai Zhang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Tian-Zhong Jing
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Hang Zou
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Hao Guan
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yun-He Zhao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Chuan-Shan Zou
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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26
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Yuan Y, Wang Y, Ye W, Yuan E, Di J, Chen X, Xing Y, Sun Y, Ge F. Functional evaluation of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway in determination of wing polyphenism in pea aphid. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:816-828. [PMID: 36178731 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wing polyphenism is a common phenomenon that plays key roles in environmental adaptation of insects. Insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) pathway is a highly conserved pathway in regulation of metabolism, development, and growth in metazoans. It has been reported that IIS is required for switching of wing morph in brown planthopper via regulating the development of the wing pad. However, it remains elusive whether and how IIS pathway regulates transgenerational wing dimorphism in aphid. In this study, we found that pairing and solitary treatments can induce pea aphids to produce high and low percentage winged offspring, respectively. The expression level of ILP5 (insulin-like peptide 5) in maternal head was significantly higher upon solitary treatment in comparison with pairing, while silencing of ILP5 caused no obvious change in the winged offspring ratio. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of FoxO (Forkhead transcription factor subgroup O) in stage 20 embryos significantly increased the winged offspring ratio. The results of pharmacological and quantitative polymerase chain reaction experiments showed that the embryonic insulin receptors may not be involved in wing polyphenism. Additionally, ILP4 and ILP11 exhibited higher expression levels in 1st wingless offspring than in winged offspring. We demonstrate that FoxO negatively regulates the wing morph development in embryos. ILPs may regulate aphid wing polyphenism in a developmental stage-specific manner. However, the regulation may be not mediated by the canonical IIS pathway. The findings advance our understanding of IIS pathway in insect transgenerational wing polyphenism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Yuan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Jinan, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Wanwan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Erliang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Di
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Cangzhou Normal University, Cangzhou, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Cangzhou Normal University, Cangzhou, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yanling Xing
- College of Life Sciences, Cangzhou Normal University, Cangzhou, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yucheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Ge
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Jinan, China
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Kang XL, Li YX, Dong DJ, Wang JX, Zhao XF. 20-Hydroxyecdysone counteracts insulin to promote programmed cell death by modifying phosphoglycerate kinase 1. BMC Biol 2023; 21:119. [PMID: 37226192 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01621-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regulation of glycolysis and autophagy during feeding and metamorphosis in holometabolous insects is a complex process that is not yet fully understood. Insulin regulates glycolysis during the larval feeding stage, allowing the insects to grow and live. However, during metamorphosis, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) takes over and regulates programmed cell death (PCD) in larval tissues, leading to degradation and ultimately enabling the insects to transform into adults. The precise mechanism through which these seemingly contradictory processes are coordinated remains unclear and requires further research. To understand the coordination of glycolysis and autophagy during development, we focused our investigation on the role of 20E and insulin in the regulation of phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1). We examined the glycolytic substrates and products, PGK1 glycolytic activity, and the posttranslational modification of PGK1 during the development of Helicoverpa armigera from feeding to metamorphosis. RESULTS Our findings suggest that the coordination of glycolysis and autophagy during holometabolous insect development is regulated by a balance between 20E and insulin signaling pathways. Glycolysis and PGK1 expression levels were decreased during metamorphosis under the regulation of 20E. Insulin promoted glycolysis and cell proliferation via PGK1 phosphorylation, while 20E dephosphorylated PGK1 via phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) to repress glycolysis. The phosphorylation of PGK1 at Y194 by insulin and its subsequent promotion of glycolysis and cell proliferation were important for tissue growth and differentiation during the feeding stage. However, during metamorphosis, the acetylation of PGK1 by 20E was key in initiating PCD. Knockdown of phosphorylated PGK1 by RNA interference (RNAi) at the feeding stage led to glycolysis suppression and small pupae. Insulin via histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) deacetylated PGK1, whereas 20E via acetyltransferase arrest-defective protein 1 (ARD1) induced PGK1 acetylation at K386 to stimulate PCD. Knockdown of acetylated-PGK1 by RNAi at the metamorphic stages led to PCD repression and delayed pupation. CONCLUSIONS The posttranslational modification of PGK1 determines its functions in cell proliferation and PCD. Insulin and 20E counteractively regulate PGK1 phosphorylation and acetylation to give it dual functions in cell proliferation and PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Le Kang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yan-Xue Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Du-Juan Dong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Bobrovskikh MA, Gruntenko NE. Mechanisms of Neuroendocrine Stress Response in Drosophila and Its Effect on Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism. INSECTS 2023; 14:474. [PMID: 37233102 PMCID: PMC10231120 DOI: 10.3390/insects14050474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Response to short-term stress is a fundamental survival mechanism ensuring protection and adaptation in adverse environments. Key components of the neuroendocrine stress reaction in insects are stress-related hormones, including biogenic amines (dopamine and octopamine), juvenile hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone, adipokinetic hormone and insulin-like peptides. In this review we focus on different aspects of the mechanism of the neuroendocrine stress reaction in insects on the D. melanogaster model, discuss the interaction of components of the insulin/insulin-like growth factors signaling pathway and other stress-related hormones, and suggest a detailed scheme of their possible interaction and effect on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism under short-term heat stress. The effect of short-term heat stress on metabolic behavior and possible regulation of its mechanisms are also discussed here.
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29
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Xing BL, Wang SF, Gulinuer A, Ye GY, Yang L. Transcriptional regulation of host insulin signaling pathway genes controlling larval development by Microplitis manilae parasitization. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 113:e22003. [PMID: 36694471 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Idiobiont parasitoids using other insects as hosts sabotage the host growth and development to ensure their offspring survival. Numerous studies have discovered that insect development is subtly regulated by the conserved insulin signaling pathway. However, little is known about how wasp parasitization disrupts host development controlled by the insulin signaling pathway. Here we address this study to determine the effect of wasp parasitism on host Spodoptera frugiperda development using the idiobiont parasitoid Microplitis manilae as a model. Upon M. manilae parasitization, the body weight, body length, and food consumption of host insect were dramatically reduced compared to the unparasitized S. frugiperda. We next identified the core genes involved in host insulin signaling pathway and further analyzed the domain organizations of these genes. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on the insulin receptors clustered S. frugiperda together with other noctuidae insects. In the latter study, we profiled the expression patterns of host insulin signaling pathway genes in response to M. manilae parasitization at 2, 24, and 48 h, significant decreases in mRNA levels were recorded in S. frugiperda larvae upon 24 and 48 h parasitization. These current findings substantially add to our understanding of the physiological interaction between parasitoid and host insects, thus contributing to revealing the molecular mechanism of parasitic wasps regulating host development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Lin Xing
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute & School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Shao-Feng Wang
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ahamaijiang Gulinuer
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute & School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Gong-Yin Ye
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute & School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Sanya, China
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30
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Duan TF, Li L, Wang HC, Pang BP. MicroRNA miR-2765-3p regulates reproductive diapause by targeting FoxO in Galeruca daurica. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:279-292. [PMID: 35731017 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The forkhead box O (FoxO), as a conserved transcription factor, plays an indispensable role in regulating insect diapause. However, how FoxO is regulated to control diapause in insects remains unknown. In this study, we discovered functional binding sites for miR-2765-3p in the 3' untranslated region of FoxO in Galeruca daurica. The luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-2765-3p targeted FoxO and suppressed its expression. The expression profiles of miR-2765-3p and FoxO displayed opposite patterns during the female developmental process. Overexpression of miR-2765-3p by the injection of the miR-2765-3p agomir into adult females reduced FoxO expression, leading to the suppression of lipid accumulation, promotion of ovarian development, and inhibition of reproductive diapause. This is similar to the phenotype that results from the depletion of FoxO by injecting dsFoxO into adult females. In addition, the repression of miR-2765-3p by injecting the miR-2765-3p antagomir increased the FoxO transcript level, leading to the stimulation of lipid accumulation, depression of ovarian development, and induction of reproductive diapause. A hormone injection assay showed that the juvenile hormone (JH) agonist (methoprene) upregulated miR-2765-3p and downregulated FoxO. Notably, injecting methoprene rescued ovarian development defects associated with miR-2765-3p inhibition. These findings indicate that the JH/miR-2765-3p/FoxO axis plays a vital role in the regulation of reproductive diapause in G. daurica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Feng Duan
- Research Center for Grassland Entomology, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Ling Li
- Research Center for Grassland Entomology, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Hai-Chao Wang
- Research Center for Grassland Entomology, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Bao-Ping Pang
- Research Center for Grassland Entomology, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
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31
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Paloma Álvarez-Rendón J, Manuel Murillo-Maldonado J, Rafael Riesgo-Escovar J. The insulin signaling pathway a century after its discovery: Sexual dimorphism in insulin signaling. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 330:114146. [PMID: 36270337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Since practically a century ago, the insulin pathway was discovered in both vertebrates and invertebrates, implying an evolutionarily ancient origin. After a century of research, it is now clear that the insulin signal transduction pathway is a critical, flexible and pleiotropic pathway, evolving into multiple anabolic functions besides glucose homeostasis. It regulates paramount aspects of organismal well-being like growth, longevity, intermediate metabolism, and reproduction. Part of this diversification has been attained by duplications and divergence of both ligands and receptors riding on a common general signal transduction system. One of the aspects that is strikingly different is its usage in reproduction, particularly in male versus female development and fertility within the same species. This review highlights sexual divergence in metabolism and reproductive tract differences, the occurrence of sexually "exaggerated" traits, and sex size differences that are due to the sexes' differential activity/response to the insulin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Paloma Álvarez-Rendón
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico
| | - Juan Manuel Murillo-Maldonado
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico
| | - Juan Rafael Riesgo-Escovar
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico.
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32
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Zhao H, Long S, Liu S, Yuan D, Huang D, Xu J, Ma Q, Wang G, Wang J, Li S, Tian L, Li K. Atg1 phosphorylation is activated by AMPK and indispensable for autophagy induction in insects. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 152:103888. [PMID: 36493962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation is a key post-translational modification in regulating autophagy in yeast and mammalians, yet it is not fully illustrated in invertebrates such as insects. ULK1/Atg1 is a functionally conserved serine/threonine protein kinase involved in autophagosome initiation. As a result of alternative splicing, Atg1 in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, is present as three mRNA isoforms, with BmAtg1c showing the highest expression levels. Here, we found that BmAtg1c mRNA expression, BmAtg1c protein expression and phosphorylation, and autophagy simultaneously peaked in the fat body during larval-pupal metamorphosis. Importantly, two BmAtg1c phosphorylation sites were identified at Ser269 and Ser270, which were activated by BmAMPK, the major energy-sensing kinase, upon stimulation with 20-hydroxyecdysone and starvation; additionally, these Atg1 phosphorylation sites are evolutionarily conserved in insects. The two BmAMPK-activated phosphorylation sites in BmAtg1c were found to be required for BmAMPK-induced autophagy. Moreover, the two corresponding DmAtg1 phosphorylation sites in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, are functionally conserved for autophagy induction. In conclusion, AMPK-activated Atg1 phosphorylation is indispensable for autophagy induction and evolutionarily conserved in insects, shedding light on how various groups of organisms differentially regulate ULK1/Atg1 phosphorylation for autophagy induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haigang Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China; Key Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China; ChemPartner PharmaTech Co., Ltd, Jiangmen, 529081, China; Quantum Hi-Tech (Guangdong) Biological Co., Ltd, Jiangmen, 529081, China
| | - Shihui Long
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Suning Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Dongwei Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China; Key Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Danyan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiuqin Ma
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guirong Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture (Shenzhen Branch), Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Sheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou, 514779, China
| | - Ling Tian
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Kang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou, 514779, China.
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Okamoto N, Watanabe A. Interorgan communication through peripherally derived peptide hormones in Drosophila. Fly (Austin) 2022; 16:152-176. [PMID: 35499154 PMCID: PMC9067537 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2022.2061834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, endocrine factors such as hormones and cytokines regulate development and homoeostasis through communication between different organs. For understanding such interorgan communications through endocrine factors, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster serves as an excellent model system due to conservation of essential endocrine systems between flies and mammals and availability of powerful genetic tools. In Drosophila and other insects, functions of neuropeptides or peptide hormones from the central nervous system have been extensively studied. However, a series of recent studies conducted in Drosophila revealed that peptide hormones derived from peripheral tissues also play critical roles in regulating multiple biological processes, including growth, metabolism, reproduction, and behaviour. Here, we summarise recent advances in understanding target organs/tissues and functions of peripherally derived peptide hormones in Drosophila and describe how these hormones contribute to various biological events through interorgan communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Okamoto
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Degree Programs in Life and Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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34
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Gu SH, Chang CH, Lin PL. Bombyxin-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis in relation to sugar transporter/trehalase expressions in Bombyx prothoracic glands. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 151:103864. [PMID: 36336193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies showed that bombyxin stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis in Bombyx mori prothoracic glands (PGs) during a long-term incubation period in a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt-dependent manner. In the present study, we further investigated the downstream signaling cascade in bombyxin-stimulated PGs. Our results showed that upon treatment with bombyxin, expression levels of the sugar transport 1 (St1) and St4 genes and trehalase 1 (Treh1) gene, but not ecdysteroid biosynthesis genes were greatly enhanced compared to the controls. Treatment with LY294002 (an inhibitor of PI3K) reduced the enhanced St1 and Treh1 expression levels, clearly indicating the involvement of PI3K. Treatment with 1 mM of mpV(pic) (a potent inhibitor of protein phosphotyrosine phosphatase and activator of insulin receptor (InR) kinase) also stimulated expression levels of the St1 and Treh1 genes, thus further confirming the involvement of the InR. Determining Treh enzyme activity showed that bombyxin treatment stimulated Treh enzyme activity in time- and PI3K-dependent manners. Validamycin A (a Treh inhibitor) blocked bombyxin-stimulated Treh enzyme activity and partly decreased bombyxin-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis. A specific sugar transport inhibitor (cytochalasin B) and a glycolysis inhibitor (2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG)) also reduced bombyxin-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis. Taken together, these results indicated that increased expressions of Sts and Treh1 and enhanced Treh enzyme activity downstream of InR/PI3K are involved in bombyxin-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis in B. mori PGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hong Gu
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, 1 Kuan-Chien Road, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chia-Hao Chang
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, 1 Kuan-Chien Road, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Ling Lin
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, 1 Kuan-Chien Road, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, ROC
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35
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Li C, Zhang J, Du H, Yang L, Wang Y, Lu Y, Li B, Chen K. Lowfat functions downstream of Myo20 to regulate wing and leg morphogenesis in Tribolium castaneum. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 148:103829. [PMID: 36028072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Myosin Myo20 plays vital roles in the morphogenesis of wings and legs among insects, but the function and signalling of Myo20 remain unclear. We show that Myo20 regulates wing cell division, ecdysteroid and amino acid metabolism, and gene expression in Tribolium castaneum. By RNA-seq, we identified 582 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between control and ds-Myo20 larvae of T. castaneum. Of these DEGs, silencing Myo20 significantly decreased the mRNA and protein levels of lowfat. During development, lowfat has the highest expression in early pupae and the lowest level in 1-day embryos. Tissue-specific analysis indicated that lowfat was abundantly expressed in the head, fat body and epidermis of late-stage larvae and in wings and legs of 1, 2 and 5-day pupae. Likewise, knockdown of lowfat affected wing and leg morphogenesis, ecdysteroid and amino acid metabolism, and gene expression in T. castaneum. Silencing Myo20 or lowfat activated CYP18A1 to degrade ecdysteroids, stimulated amino acids catabolism to increase the transcription of 4E-BP but reduce S6K and cycE expression. These results suggest that Lowfat works downstream of Myo20 to employ target of rapamycin (TOR) signalling for wing and leg morphogenesis in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Jiangyan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Huanyu Du
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Liu Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Youwei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Yaoyao Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Bin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Keping Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
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36
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Cobham AE, Neumann B, Mirth CK. Maintaining robust size across environmental conditions through plastic brain growth dynamics. Open Biol 2022; 12:220037. [PMID: 36102061 PMCID: PMC9471992 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ growth is tightly regulated across environmental conditions to generate an appropriate final size. While the size of some organs is free to vary, others need to maintain constant size to function properly. This poses a unique problem: how is robust final size achieved when environmental conditions alter key processes that regulate organ size throughout the body, such as growth rate and growth duration? While we know that brain growth is ‘spared’ from the effects of the environment from humans to fruit flies, we do not understand how this process alters growth dynamics across brain compartments. Here, we explore how this robustness in brain size is achieved by examining differences in growth patterns between the larval body, the brain and a brain compartment—the mushroom bodies—in Drosophila melanogaster across both thermal and nutritional conditions. We identify key differences in patterns of growth between the whole brain and mushroom bodies that are likely to underlie robustness of final organ shape. Further, we show that these differences produce distinct brain shapes across environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansa E Cobham
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brent Neumann
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christen K Mirth
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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37
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Nutrition influences nervous system development by regulating neural stem cell homeostasis. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL SCIENCE ACADEMY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s43538-022-00107-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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38
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Yuh Chew L, He J, Wong JJL, Li S, Yu F. AMPK activates the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway to govern dendrite pruning via the insulin pathway in Drosophila. Development 2022; 149:275791. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
During Drosophila metamorphosis, the ddaC dendritic arborisation sensory neurons selectively prune their larval dendrites in response to steroid hormone ecdysone signalling. The Nrf2-Keap1 pathway acts downstream of ecdysone signalling to promote proteasomal degradation and thereby dendrite pruning. However, how the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway is activated remains largely unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the metabolic regulator AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a cell-autonomous role in dendrite pruning. Importantly, AMPK is required for Mical and Headcase expression and for activation of the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway. We reveal that AMPK promotes the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway and dendrite pruning partly via inhibition of the insulin pathway. Moreover, the AMPK-insulin pathway is required for ecdysone signalling to activate the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway during dendrite pruning. Overall, this study reveals an important mechanism whereby ecdysone signalling activates the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway via the AMPK-insulin pathway to promote dendrite pruning, and further suggests that during the nonfeeding prepupal stage metabolic alterations lead to activation of the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway and dendrite pruning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yuh Chew
- 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore 1 Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory , , 117604 , Singapore
- National University of Singapore 2 Department of Biological Sciences , , 117543 , Singapore
| | - Jianzheng He
- 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore 1 Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory , , 117604 , Singapore
| | - Jack Jing Lin Wong
- 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore 1 Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory , , 117604 , Singapore
| | - Sheng Li
- Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University 3 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology , , Guangzhou 510631 , China
| | - Fengwei Yu
- 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore 1 Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory , , 117604 , Singapore
- National University of Singapore 2 Department of Biological Sciences , , 117543 , Singapore
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39
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Nguyen PK, Cheng LY. Non-autonomous regulation of neurogenesis by extrinsic cues: a Drosophila perspective. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 1:kvac004. [PMID: 38596708 PMCID: PMC10913833 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The formation of a functional circuitry in the central nervous system (CNS) requires the correct number and subtypes of neural cells. In the developing brain, neural stem cells (NSCs) self-renew while giving rise to progenitors that in turn generate differentiated progeny. As such, the size and the diversity of cells that make up the functional CNS depend on the proliferative properties of NSCs. In the fruit fly Drosophila, where the process of neurogenesis has been extensively investigated, extrinsic factors such as the microenvironment of NSCs, nutrients, oxygen levels and systemic signals have been identified as regulators of NSC proliferation. Here, we review decades of work that explores how extrinsic signals non-autonomously regulate key NSC characteristics such as quiescence, proliferation and termination in the fly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong-Khanh Nguyen
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Louise Y Cheng
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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40
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Zou H, Zou H, Li X, Qiu Q, Geng N, Zhang B, Yan G, Zhang Z, Zhang S, Yao B, Zhang G, Zou C. Metformin-induced AMPK activation suppresses larval growth and molting probably by disrupting 20E synthesis and glycometabolism in fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea Drury. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 183:105083. [PMID: 35430073 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metformin, considered to be a potent AMPK activator, is widely used for clinical therapy of cancer and diabetes due to its distinct function in regulating cell energy balance and body metabolism. However, the effect of metformin-induced AMPK activation on the growth and development of insects remains largely unknown. In the present study, we focused on the role of metformin in regulating the growth and development of Hyphantria cunea, a notorious defoliator in the forestry. Firstly, we obtained the complete coding sequences of HcAMPKα2, HcAMPKβ1, HcAMPKγ2 from H. cunea, which encoded a protein of 512, 281, and 680 amino acids respectively. Furthermore, the phylogenetic analysis revealed that these three subunits were highly homologous with the AMPK subunits from other lepidopteran species. According to the bioassay, we found metformin remarkably restrained the growth and development of H. cunea larvae, and caused molting delayed and body weight reduced. In addition, expressions of HcAMPKα2, HcAMPKβ1, and HcAMPKγ2 were upregulated 3.30-, 5.93- and 5.92-folds at 24 h after treatment, confirming that metformin activated AMPK signaling at the transcriptional level in H. cunea larvae. Conversely, the expressions of two vital Halloween genes (HcCYP306A1 and HcCYP314A1) in the 20E synthesis pathway were remarkably suppressed by metformin. Thus, we presumed that metformin delayed larval molting probably by impeding 20E synthesis in the H. cunea larvae. Finally, we found that metformin accelerated glycogen breakdown, elevated in vivo trehalose level, promoted chitin synthesis, and upregulated transcriptions of the genes in chitin synthesis pathway. Taken together, the findings provide a new insight into the molecular mechanisms by which AMPK regulates carbohydrate metabolism and chitin synthesis in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Zou
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Hang Zou
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Xingpeng Li
- School of Forestry, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, PR China
| | - Qian Qiu
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Nannan Geng
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Bihan Zhang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Gaige Yan
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Shengyu Zhang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Bin Yao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Guocai Zhang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China.
| | - Chuanshan Zou
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China.
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41
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Gáliková M, Klepsatel P. Endocrine control of glycogen and triacylglycerol breakdown in the fly model. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 138:104-116. [PMID: 35393234 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the combination of genetics, transcriptomic and proteomic approaches yielded substantial insights into the mechanisms behind the synthesis and breakdown of energy stores in the model organisms. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has been particularly useful to unravel genetic regulations of energy metabolism. Despite the considerable evolutionary distance between humans and flies, the energy storage organs, main metabolic pathways, and even their genetic regulations remained relatively conserved. Glycogen and fat are universal energy reserves used in all animal phyla and several of their endocrine regulators, such as the insulin pathway, are highly evolutionarily conserved. Nevertheless, some of the factors inducing catabolism of energy stores have diverged significantly during evolution. Moreover, even within a single insect species, D. melanogaster, there are substantial developmental and context-dependent variances in the regulation of energy stores. These differences include, among others, the endocrine pathways that govern the catabolic events or the predominant fuel which is utilized for the given process. For example, many catabolic regulators that control energy reserves in adulthood seem to be largely dispensable for energy mobilization during development. In this review, we focus on a selection of the most important catabolic regulators from the group of peptide hormones (Adipokinetic hormone, Corazonin), catecholamines (octopamine), steroid hormones (20-hydroxyecdysone), and other factors (extracellular adenosine, regulators of lipase Brummer). We discuss their roles in the mobilization of energy reserves for processes such as development through non-feeding stages, flight or starvation survival. Finally, we conclude with future perspectives on the energy balance research in the fly model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Gáliková
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 06 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Peter Klepsatel
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 06 Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
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42
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Jaszczak JS, DeVault L, Jan LY, Jan YN. Steroid hormone signaling activates thermal nociception during Drosophila peripheral nervous system development. eLife 2022; 11:e76464. [PMID: 35353036 PMCID: PMC8967384 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory neurons enable animals to detect environmental changes and avoid harm. An intriguing open question concerns how the various attributes of sensory neurons arise in development. Drosophila melanogaster larvae undergo a behavioral transition by robustly activating a thermal nociceptive escape behavior during the second half of larval development (third instar). The Class IV dendritic arborization (C4da) neurons are multimodal sensors which tile the body wall of Drosophila larvae and detect nociceptive temperature, light, and mechanical force. In contrast to the increase in nociceptive behavior in the third instar, we find that ultraviolet light-induced Ca2+ activity in C4da neurons decreases during the same period of larval development. Loss of ecdysone receptor has previously been shown to reduce nociception in third instar larvae. We find that ligand-dependent activation of ecdysone signaling is sufficient to promote nociceptive responses in second instar larvae and suppress expression of subdued (encoding a TMEM16 channel). Reduction of subdued expression in second instar C4da neurons not only increases thermal nociception but also decreases the response to ultraviolet light. Thus, steroid hormone signaling suppresses subdued expression to facilitate the sensory switch of C4da neurons. This regulation of a developmental sensory switch through steroid hormone regulation of channel expression raises the possibility that ion channel homeostasis is a key target for tuning the development of sensory modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Jaszczak
- Department of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseUnited States
| | - Laura DeVault
- Department of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University Medical SchoolSaint LouisUnited States
| | - Lily Yeh Jan
- Department of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseUnited States
| | - Yuh Nung Jan
- Department of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseUnited States
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43
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The steroid hormone ecdysone regulates growth rate in response to oxygen availability. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4730. [PMID: 35304878 PMCID: PMC8933497 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08563-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In almost all animals, physiologically low oxygen (hypoxia) during development slows growth and reduces adult body size. The developmental mechanisms that determine growth under hypoxic conditions are, however, poorly understood. Here we show that the growth and body size response to moderate hypoxia (10% O2) in Drosophila melanogaster is systemically regulated via the steroid hormone ecdysone. Hypoxia increases level of circulating ecdysone and inhibition of ecdysone synthesis ameliorates the negative effect of low oxygen on growth. We also show that the effect of ecdysone on growth under hypoxia is through suppression of the insulin/IGF-signaling pathway, via increased expression of the insulin-binding protein Imp-L2. These data indicate that growth suppression in hypoxic Drosophila larvae is accomplished by a systemic endocrine mechanism that overlaps with the mechanism that slows growth at low nutrition. This suggests the existence of growth-regulatory mechanisms that respond to general environmental perturbation rather than individual environmental factors.
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44
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Huang K, Liu Y, Perrimon N. Roles of Insect Oenocytes in Physiology and Their Relevance to Human Metabolic Diseases. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 2:859847. [PMID: 38468774 PMCID: PMC10926422 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2022.859847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Oenocytes are large secretory cells present in the abdomen of insects known to synthesize very-long-chain fatty acids to produce hydrocarbons and pheromones that mediate courtship behavior in adult flies. In recent years, oenocytes have been implicated in the regulation of energy metabolism. These hepatocyte-like cells accumulate lipid droplets under starvation and can non-autonomously regulate tracheal waterproofing and adipocyte lipid composition. Here, we summarize evidence, mostly from Drosophila, establishing that oenocytes perform liver-like functions. We also compare the functional differences in oenocytes and the fat body, another lipid storage tissue which also performs liver-like functions. Lastly, we examine signaling pathways that regulate oenocyte metabolism derived from other metabolic tissues, as well as oenocyte-derived signals that regulate energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerui Huang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, United States
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45
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Ghosh S, Leng W, Wilsch-Bräuninger M, Barrera-Velázquez M, Léopold P, Eaton S. A local insulin reservoir in Drosophila alpha cell homologs ensures developmental progression under nutrient shortage. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1788-1797.e5. [PMID: 35316653 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling (IIS) controls many aspects of development and physiology. In Drosophila, a conserved family of insulin-like peptides called Dilps is produced by brain neurosecretory cells, and it regulates organismal growth and developmental timing. To accomplish these systemic functions, the Dilps are secreted into the general circulation, and they signal to peripheral tissues in an endocrine fashion. Here, we describe the local uptake and storage of Dilps in the corpora cardiaca (CC), an endocrine organ composed of alpha cell homologs known to produce the glucagon-like adipokinetic hormone (AKH). We show that Dilp uptake by the CC relies on the expression of an IGF-binding protein called ImpL2. Following their uptake, immunogold staining demonstrates that Dilps are co-packaged with AKH in dense-core vesicles for secretion. In response to nutrient shortage, this specific Dilp reservoir is released and activates IIS in a paracrine manner in the prothoracic gland. This stimulates the production of the steroid hormone ecdysone and initiates entry into pupal development. We therefore uncover a sparing mechanism whereby insulin stores in CC serve to locally activate IIS and the production of ecdysone in the PG, accelerating developmental progression in adverse food conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhrid Ghosh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Biotechnologisches Zentrum, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Weihua Leng
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michaela Wilsch-Bräuninger
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mariana Barrera-Velázquez
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Undergraduate Program on Genomic Sciences, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, UNAM, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Pierre Léopold
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3215, Inserm U934, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Suzanne Eaton
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Biotechnologisches Zentrum, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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46
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Nogueira Alves A, Oliveira MM, Koyama T, Shingleton A, Mirth CK. Ecdysone coordinates plastic growth with robust pattern in the developing wing. eLife 2022; 11:72666. [PMID: 35261337 PMCID: PMC8947767 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals develop in unpredictable, variable environments. In response to environmental change, some aspects of development adjust to generate plastic phenotypes. Other aspects of development, however, are buffered against environmental change to produce robust phenotypes. How organ development is coordinated to accommodate both plastic and robust developmental responses is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the steroid hormone ecdysone coordinates both plasticity of organ size and robustness of organ pattern in the developing wings of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Using fed and starved larvae that lack prothoracic glands, which synthesize ecdysone, we show that nutrition regulates growth both via ecdysone and via an ecdysone-independent mechanism, while nutrition regulates patterning only via ecdysone. We then demonstrate that growth shows a graded response to ecdysone concentration, while patterning shows a threshold response. Collectively, these data support a model where nutritionally regulated ecdysone fluctuations confer plasticity by regulating disc growth in response to basal ecdysone levels and confer robustness by initiating patterning only once ecdysone peaks exceed a threshold concentration. This could represent a generalizable mechanism through which hormones coordinate plastic growth with robust patterning in the face of environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alexander Shingleton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Christen K Mirth
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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47
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Kamiyama T, Niwa R. Transcriptional Regulators of Ecdysteroid Biosynthetic Enzymes and Their Roles in Insect Development. Front Physiol 2022; 13:823418. [PMID: 35211033 PMCID: PMC8863297 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.823418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones are responsible for coordinating many aspects of biological processes in most multicellular organisms, including insects. Ecdysteroid, the principal insect steroid hormone, is biosynthesized from dietary cholesterol or plant sterols. In the last 20 years, a number of ecdysteroidogenic enzymes, including Noppera-bo, Neverland, Shroud, Spook/Spookier, Cyp6t3, Phantom, Disembodied, Shadow, and Shade, have been identified and characterized in molecular genetic studies using the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. These enzymes are encoded by genes collectively called the Halloween genes. The transcriptional regulatory network, governed by multiple regulators of transcription, chromatin remodeling, and endoreplication, has been shown to be essential for the spatiotemporal expression control of Halloween genes in D. melanogaster. In this review, we summarize the latest information on transcriptional regulators that are crucial for controlling the expression of ecdysteroid biosynthetic enzymes and their roles in insect development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kamiyama
- College of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Niwa
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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48
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Texada MJ, Lassen M, Pedersen LH, Koyama T, Malita A, Rewitz K. Insulin signaling couples growth and early maturation to cholesterol intake in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1548-1562.e6. [PMID: 35245460 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition is one of the most important influences on growth and the timing of maturational transitions including mammalian puberty and insect metamorphosis. Childhood obesity is associated with precocious puberty, but the assessment mechanism that links body fat to early maturation is unknown. During development, the intake of nutrients promotes signaling through insulin-like systems that govern the growth of cells and tissues and also regulates the timely production of the steroid hormones that initiate the juvenile-adult transition. We show here that the dietary lipid cholesterol, which is required as a component of cell membranes and as a substrate for steroid biosynthesis, also governs body growth and maturation in Drosophila via promoting the expression and release of insulin-like peptides. This nutritional input acts via the nutrient sensor TOR, which is regulated by the Niemann-Pick-type-C 1 (Npc1) cholesterol transporter, in the glia of the blood-brain barrier and cells of the adipose tissue to remotely drive systemic insulin signaling and body growth. Furthermore, increasing intracellular cholesterol levels in the steroid-producing prothoracic gland strongly promotes endoreduplication, leading to an accelerated attainment of a nutritional checkpoint that normally ensures that animals do not initiate maturation prematurely. These findings, therefore, show that a Npc1-TOR signaling system couples the sensing of the lipid cholesterol with cellular and systemic growth control and maturational timing, which may help explain both the link between cholesterol and cancer as well as the connection between body fat (obesity) and early puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Texada
- Department of Biology, Section for Cell and Neurobiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mette Lassen
- Department of Biology, Section for Cell and Neurobiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisa H Pedersen
- Department of Biology, Section for Cell and Neurobiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Takashi Koyama
- Department of Biology, Section for Cell and Neurobiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alina Malita
- Department of Biology, Section for Cell and Neurobiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Rewitz
- Department of Biology, Section for Cell and Neurobiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Hutfilz C. Endocrine Regulation of Lifespan in Insect Diapause. Front Physiol 2022; 13:825057. [PMID: 35242054 PMCID: PMC8886022 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.825057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diapause is a physiological adaptation to conditions that are unfavorable for growth or reproduction. During diapause, animals become long-lived, stress-resistant, developmentally static, and non-reproductive, in the case of diapausing adults. Diapause has been observed at all developmental stages in both vertebrates and invertebrates. In adults, diapause traits weaken into adaptations such as hibernation, estivation, dormancy, or torpor, which represent evolutionarily diverse versions of the traditional diapause traits. These traits are regulated through modifications of the endocrine program guiding development. In insects, this typically includes changes in molting hormones, as well as metabolic signals that limit growth while skewing the organism's energetic demands toward conservation. While much work has been done to characterize these modifications, the interactions between hormones and their downstream consequences are incompletely understood. The current state of diapause endocrinology is reviewed here to highlight the relevance of diapause beyond its use as a model to study seasonality and development. Specifically, insect diapause is an emerging model to study mechanisms that determine lifespan. The induction of diapause represents a dramatic change in the normal progression of age. Hormones such as juvenile hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone, and prothoracicotropic hormone are well-known to modulate this plasticity. The induction of diapause-and by extension, the cessation of normal aging-is coordinated by interactions between these pathways. However, research directly connecting diapause endocrinology to the biology of aging is lacking. This review explores connections between diapause and aging through the perspective of endocrine signaling. The current state of research in both fields suggests appreciable overlap that will greatly contribute to our understanding of diapause and lifespan determination.
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Gao Y, Liu S, Jia Q, Wu L, Yuan D, Li EY, Feng Q, Wang G, Palli SR, Wang J, Li S. Juvenile hormone membrane signaling phosphorylates USP and thus potentiates 20-hydroxyecdysone action in Drosophila. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2022; 67:186-197. [PMID: 36546012 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH) and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) coordinately regulate development and metamorphosis in insects. Two JH intracellular receptors, methoprene-tolerant (Met) and germ-cell expressed (Gce), have been identified in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. To investigate JH membrane signaling pathway without the interference from JH intracellular signaling, we characterized phosphoproteome profiles of the Met gce double mutant in the absence or presence of JH in both chronic and acute phases. Functioning through a potential receptor tyrosine kinase and phospholipase C pathway, JH membrane signaling activated protein kinase C (PKC) which phosphorylated ultraspiracle (USP) at Ser35, the PKC phosphorylation site required for the maximal action of 20E through its nuclear receptor complex EcR-USP. The uspS35A mutant, in which Ser was replaced with Ala at position 35 by genome editing, showed decreased expression of Halloween genes that are responsible for ecdysone biosynthesis and thus attenuated 20E signaling that delayed developmental timing. The uspS35A mutant also showed lower Yorkie activity that reduced body size. Altogether, JH membrane signaling phosphorylates USP at Ser35 and thus potentiates 20E action that regulates the normal fly development. This study helps better understand the complex JH signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514779, China
| | - Suning Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Qiangqiang Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Lixian Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Dongwei Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Emma Y Li
- International Department, The Affiliated High School of South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Qili Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Guirong Wang
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Subba R Palli
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park 20742, USA.
| | - Sheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514779, China.
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