1
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Jonusaite S, Himmerkus N. Paracellular barriers: Advances in assessing their contribution to renal epithelial function. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 298:111741. [PMID: 39276851 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Regulation of salt and water balance occupies a dominant role in the physiology of many animals and often relies on the function of the renal system. In the mammalian kidney, epithelial ion and water transport requires high degree of coordination between the transcellular and paracellular pathways, the latter being defined by the intercellular tight junctions (TJs). TJs seal the paracellular pathway in a highly specialized manner, either by forming a barrier against the passage of solutes and/or water or by allowing the passage of ions and/or water through them. This functional TJ plasticity is now known to be provided by the members of the claudin family of tetraspan proteins. Unlike mammalian nephron, the renal structures of insects, the Malpighian tubules, lack TJs and instead have smooth septate junctions (sSJs) as paracellular barrier forming junctions. Many questions regarding the molecular and functional properties of sSJs remain open but research on model species have begun to inform our understanding. The goal of this commentary is to highlight key concepts and most recent findings that have emerged from the molecular and functional dissection of paracellular barriers in the mammalian and insect renal epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Jonusaite
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 5, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Nina Himmerkus
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 5, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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2
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Rathnayake SS, Erramilli SK, Kossiakoff AA, Vecchio AJ. Cryo-EM structures of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin bound to its human receptor, claudin-4. Structure 2024:S0969-2126(24)00384-8. [PMID: 39383874 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2024.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/11/2024]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CpE) causes prevalent and deadly gastrointestinal disorders. CpE binds to receptors called claudins on the apical surfaces of small intestinal epithelium. Claudins normally regulate paracellular transport but are hijacked from doing so by CpE and are instead led to form claudin/CpE complexes. Claudin/CpE complexes are the building blocks of oligomeric β-barrel pores that penetrate the plasma membrane and induce gut cytotoxicity. Here, we present the structures of CpE in complex with its native claudin receptor in humans, claudin-4, using cryogenic electron microscopy. The structures reveal the architecture of the claudin/CpE complex, the residues used in binding, the orientation of CpE relative to the membrane, and CpE-induced changes to claudin-4. Further, structures and modeling allude to the biophysical procession from claudin/CpE complexes to cytotoxic β-barrel pores during pathogenesis. In full, this work proposes a model of claudin/CpE assembly and provides strategies to obstruct its formation to treat CpE diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Satchal K Erramilli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Anthony A Kossiakoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alex J Vecchio
- Department of Structural Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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3
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Pashkova N, Peterson TA, Ptak CP, Winistorfer SC, Guerrero-Given D, Kamasawa N, Ahern CA, Shy ME, Piper RC. Disrupting the transmembrane domain interface between PMP22 and MPZ causes peripheral neuropathy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.24.573255. [PMID: 38187781 PMCID: PMC10769442 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.24.573255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
PMP22 and MPZ are abundant myelin membrane proteins in Schwann cells. The MPZ adhesion protein holds myelin wraps together across the intraperiod line. PMP22 is a tetraspan protein belonging to the Claudin superfamily. Loss of either MPZ or PMP22 causes severe demyelinating Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) peripheral neuropathy, and duplication of PMP22 causes the most common form of CMT, CMT1A. Yet, the molecular functions provided by PMP22 and how its alteration causes CMT are unknown. Here we find MPZ and PMP22 form a specific complex through interfaces within their transmembrane domains. We also find that the PMP22 A67T patient variant that causes a loss-of-function (Hereditary Neuropathy with Pressure Palsies) phenotype maps to this interface, and blocks MPZ association without affecting localization to the plasma membrane or interactions with other proteins. These data define the molecular basis for the MPZ~PMP22 interaction and indicate this complex fulfills an important function in myelinating cells.
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4
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Yu ASL, Curry JN. Paracellular Transport and Renal Tubule Calcium Handling: Emerging Roles in Kidney Stone Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024:00001751-990000000-00411. [PMID: 39207856 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The kidney plays a major role in maintenance of serum calcium concentration, which must be kept within a narrow range to avoid disruption of numerous physiologic processes that depend critically on the level of extracellular calcium, including cell signaling, bone structure, and muscle and nerve function. This defense of systemic calcium homeostasis comes, however, at the expense of the dumping of calcium into the kidney tissue and urine. Because of the large size and multivalency of the calcium ion, its salts are the least soluble among all the major cations in the body. The potential pathologic consequences of this are nephrocalcinosis and kidney stone disease. In this review, we discuss recent advances that have highlighted critical roles for the proximal tubule and thick ascending limb in renal calcium reabsorption, elucidated the molecular mechanisms for paracellular transport in these segments, and implicated disturbances in these processes in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan S L Yu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Joshua N Curry
- Division of Nephrology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon
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5
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Marsch P, Rajagopal N, Nangia S. Biophysics of claudin proteins in tight junction architecture: Three decades of progress. Biophys J 2024; 123:2363-2378. [PMID: 38859584 PMCID: PMC11365114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions are cell-cell adhesion complexes that act as gatekeepers of the paracellular space. Formed by several transmembrane proteins, the claudin family performs the primary gate-keeping function. The claudin proteins form charge and size-selective diffusion barriers to maintain homeostasis across endothelial and epithelial tissue. Of the 27 known claudins in mammals, some are known to seal the paracellular space, while others provide selective permeability. The differences in permeability arise due to the varying expression levels of claudins in each tissue. The tight junctions are observed as strands in freeze-fracture electron monographs; however, at the molecular level, tight junction strands form when multiple claudin proteins assemble laterally (cis assembly) within a cell and head-on (trans assembly) with claudins of the adjacent cell in a zipper-like architecture, closing the gap between the neighboring cells. The disruption of tight junctions caused by changing claudin expression levels or mutations can lead to diseases. Therefore, knowledge of the molecular architecture of the tight junctions and how that is tied to tissue-specific function is critical for fighting diseases. Here, we review the current understanding of the tight junctions accrued over the last three decades from experimental and computational biophysics perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Marsch
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Nandhini Rajagopal
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Shikha Nangia
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York.
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6
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van der Veen RE, Piontek J, Bieck M, Saiti A, Gonschior H, Lehmann M. Claudin-4 polymerizes after a small extracellular claudin-3-like substitution. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107693. [PMID: 39159821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions play a pivotal role in the functional integrity of the human body by forming barriers that compartmentalize tissues and protect the body from external threats. Essential components of tight junctions are the transmembrane claudin proteins, which can polymerize into tight junction strands and meshworks. This study delves into the structural determinants of claudin polymerization, using the close homology yet strong difference in polymerization capacity between claudin-3 and claudin-4. Through a combination of sequence alignment and structural modeling, critical residues in the second extracellular segment are pinpointed. Molecular dynamics simulations provide insights into the interactions of and the conformational changes induced by the identified extracellular segment 2 residues. Live-stimulated emission depletion imaging demonstrates that introduction of these residues from claudin-3 into claudin-4 significantly enhances polymerization in nonepithelial cells. In tight junction-deficient epithelial cells, mutated claudin-4 not only influences tight junction morphology but also partially restores barrier function. Understanding the structural basis of claudin polymerization is crucial, as it offers insights into the dynamic nature of tight junctions. This knowledge could be applied to targeted therapeutic interventions, offer insight to repair or prevent barrier defects associated with pathological conditions, or introduce temporary barrier openings during drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozemarijn E van der Veen
- Molecular Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jörg Piontek
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Bieck
- Molecular Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Arbesa Saiti
- Molecular Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Hannes Gonschior
- Molecular Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Lehmann
- Molecular Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.
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7
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Goverde CA, Pacesa M, Goldbach N, Dornfeld LJ, Balbi PEM, Georgeon S, Rosset S, Kapoor S, Choudhury J, Dauparas J, Schellhaas C, Kozlov S, Baker D, Ovchinnikov S, Vecchio AJ, Correia BE. Computational design of soluble and functional membrane protein analogues. Nature 2024; 631:449-458. [PMID: 38898281 PMCID: PMC11236705 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
De novo design of complex protein folds using solely computational means remains a substantial challenge1. Here we use a robust deep learning pipeline to design complex folds and soluble analogues of integral membrane proteins. Unique membrane topologies, such as those from G-protein-coupled receptors2, are not found in the soluble proteome, and we demonstrate that their structural features can be recapitulated in solution. Biophysical analyses demonstrate the high thermal stability of the designs, and experimental structures show remarkable design accuracy. The soluble analogues were functionalized with native structural motifs, as a proof of concept for bringing membrane protein functions to the soluble proteome, potentially enabling new approaches in drug discovery. In summary, we have designed complex protein topologies and enriched them with functionalities from membrane proteins, with high experimental success rates, leading to a de facto expansion of the functional soluble fold space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper A Goverde
- Laboratory of Protein Design and Immunoengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin Pacesa
- Laboratory of Protein Design and Immunoengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Goldbach
- Laboratory of Protein Design and Immunoengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lars J Dornfeld
- Laboratory of Protein Design and Immunoengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Petra E M Balbi
- Laboratory of Protein Design and Immunoengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Georgeon
- Laboratory of Protein Design and Immunoengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Rosset
- Laboratory of Protein Design and Immunoengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Srajan Kapoor
- Department of Structural Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jagrity Choudhury
- Department of Structural Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Justas Dauparas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christian Schellhaas
- Laboratory of Protein Design and Immunoengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simon Kozlov
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sergey Ovchinnikov
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alex J Vecchio
- Department of Structural Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Bruno E Correia
- Laboratory of Protein Design and Immunoengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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8
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Erramilli SK, Dominik PK, Ogbu CP, Kossiakoff AA, Vecchio AJ. Structural and biophysical insights into targeting of claudin-4 by a synthetic antibody fragment. Commun Biol 2024; 7:733. [PMID: 38886509 PMCID: PMC11183071 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06437-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Claudins are a 27-member family of ~25 kDa membrane proteins that integrate into tight junctions to form molecular barriers at the paracellular spaces between endothelial and epithelial cells. As the backbone of tight junction structure and function, claudins are attractive targets for modulating tissue permeability to deliver drugs or treat disease. However, structures of claudins are limited due to their small sizes and physicochemical properties-these traits also make therapy development a challenge. Here we report the development of a synthetic antibody fragment (sFab) that binds human claudin-4 and the determination of a high-resolution structure of it bound to claudin-4/enterotoxin complexes using cryogenic electron microscopy. Structural and biophysical results reveal this sFabs mechanism of select binding to human claudin-4 over other homologous claudins and establish the ability of sFabs to bind hard-to-target claudins to probe tight junction structure and function. The findings provide a framework for tight junction modulation by sFabs for tissue-selective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satchal K Erramilli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Pawel K Dominik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Pfizer, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Chinemerem P Ogbu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Anthony A Kossiakoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Alex J Vecchio
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
- Department of Structural Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
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9
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De Sanctis F, Dusi S, Caligola S, Anselmi C, Petrova V, Rossi B, Angelini G, Erdeljan M, Wöll S, Schlitter AM, Metzler T, Steiger K, Borok Z, Bailey P, Bauer A, Halin C, Boschi F, Giugno R, Canè S, Lawlor R, Corbo V, Scarpa A, Constantin G, Ugel S, Vascotto F, Sahin U, Türeci Ö, Bronte V. Expression of the membrane tetraspanin claudin 18 on cancer cells promotes T lymphocyte infiltration and antitumor immunity in pancreatic cancer. Immunity 2024; 57:1378-1393.e14. [PMID: 38749447 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Tumors weakly infiltrated by T lymphocytes poorly respond to immunotherapy. We aimed to unveil malignancy-associated programs regulating T cell entrance, arrest, and activation in the tumor environment. Differential expression of cell adhesion and tissue architecture programs, particularly the presence of the membrane tetraspanin claudin (CLDN)18 as a signature gene, demarcated immune-infiltrated from immune-depleted mouse pancreatic tumors. In human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and non-small cell lung cancer, CLDN18 expression positively correlated with more differentiated histology and favorable prognosis. CLDN18 on the cell surface promoted accrual of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), facilitating direct CTL contacts with tumor cells by driving the mobilization of the adhesion protein ALCAM to the lipid rafts of the tumor cell membrane through actin. This process favored the formation of robust immunological synapses (ISs) between CTLs and CLDN18-positive cancer cells, resulting in increased T cell activation. Our data reveal an immune role for CLDN18 in orchestrating T cell infiltration and shaping the tumor immune contexture.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Humans
- Mice
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/immunology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Claudins/metabolism
- Claudins/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Immunological Synapses/metabolism
- Immunological Synapses/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Membrane Microdomains/metabolism
- Membrane Microdomains/immunology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Sanctis
- Section of Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Silvia Dusi
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Anselmi
- Section of Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Varvara Petrova
- Section of Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Barbara Rossi
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gabriele Angelini
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michael Erdeljan
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Wöll
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna Melissa Schlitter
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, TUM, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Metzler
- Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP), Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP), Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Zea Borok
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Peter Bailey
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Aline Bauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Halin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Federico Boschi
- Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Rosalba Giugno
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefania Canè
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Rita Lawlor
- Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; ARC-Net Centre for Applied Research on Cancer, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Corbo
- Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; ARC-Net Centre for Applied Research on Cancer, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- ARC-Net Centre for Applied Research on Cancer, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gabriela Constantin
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; The Center for Biomedical Computing (CBMC), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Ugel
- Section of Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Fulvia Vascotto
- TRON-Translational Oncology at the University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ugur Sahin
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, Mainz, Germany; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Özlem Türeci
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, Mainz, Germany; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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10
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Hashimoto Y, Besmond C, Boddaert N, Munnich A, Campbell M. A loss of function mutation in CLDN25 causing Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like leukodystrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2024; 33:1055-1063. [PMID: 38493358 PMCID: PMC11153337 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddae038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Claudin-25 (CLDN-25), also known as Claudin containing domain 1, is an uncharacterized claudin family member. It has less conserved amino acid sequences when compared to other claudins. It also has a very broad tissue expression profile and there is currently a lack of functional information from murine knockout models. Here, we report a de novo missense heterozygous variant in CLDN25 (c. 745G>C, p. A249P) found in a patient diagnosed with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like leukodystrophy and presenting with symptoms such as delayed motor development, several episodes of tonic absent seizures and generalized dystonia. The variant protein does not localize to the cell-cell borders where it would normally be expected to be expressed. Amino acid position 249 is located 4 amino acids from the C-terminal end of the protein where most claudin family members have a conserved binding motif for the key scaffolding protein ZO-1. However, CLDN-25 does not contain this motif. Here, we show that the C-terminal end of CLDN-25 is required for its junctional localization in a ZO-1 independent manner. The A249P mutant protein as well as a deletion mutant lacking its last 5 C-terminal amino acids also failed to localize to the cell-cell border in vitro. Intriguingly, cellular knockout of CLDN25, in vitro, appeared to increase the integrity of the tight junction between 2 contacting cells, while driving highly unusual increased movement of solutes between cells. We propose that the barrier function of CLDN-25 is akin to a decoy claudin, whereby decreasing its expression in "leaky" epithelial cells and endothelial cells will drive dynamic changes in the adhesion and interaction capacity of cell-cell contact points. While it remains unclear how this de novo CLDN-25 mutant induces leukodystrophy, our findings strongly suggest that this mutation induces haploinsufficiency of CLDN-25. Elucidating the function of this uncharacterized claudin protein will lead to a better understanding of the role of claudin proteins in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Hashimoto
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, D02 VF25, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claude Besmond
- INSERM UMR1163, Institut Imagine, Paris University, F-75015, Paris, France
- Clinical Genetics Department, Necker Hospital, APHP Centre-Paris University, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Boddaert
- INSERM UMR1163, Institut Imagine, Paris University, F-75015, Paris, France
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Arnold Munnich
- INSERM UMR1163, Institut Imagine, Paris University, F-75015, Paris, France
- Clinical Genetics Department, Necker Hospital, APHP Centre-Paris University, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Matthew Campbell
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, D02 VF25, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro, Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
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11
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Dithmer S, Blasig IE, Fraser PA, Qin Z, Haseloff RF. The Basic Requirement of Tight Junction Proteins in Blood-Brain Barrier Function and Their Role in Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5601. [PMID: 38891789 PMCID: PMC11172262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This review addresses the role of tight junction proteins at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Their expression is described, and their role in physiological and pathological processes at the BBB is discussed. Based on this, new approaches are depicted for paracellular drug delivery and diagnostics in the treatment of cerebral diseases. Recent data provide convincing evidence that, in addition to its impairment in the course of diseases, the BBB could be involved in the aetiology of CNS disorders. Further progress will be expected based on new insights in tight junction protein structure and in their involvement in signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Dithmer
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany (I.E.B.)
| | - Ingolf E. Blasig
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany (I.E.B.)
| | | | - Zhihai Qin
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Reiner F. Haseloff
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany (I.E.B.)
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12
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Nguyen TP, Otani T, Tsutsumi M, Kinoshita N, Fujiwara S, Nemoto T, Fujimori T, Furuse M. Tight junction membrane proteins regulate the mechanical resistance of the apical junctional complex. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202307104. [PMID: 38517380 PMCID: PMC10959758 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202307104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Epithelia must be able to resist mechanical force to preserve tissue integrity. While intercellular junctions are known to be important for the mechanical resistance of epithelia, the roles of tight junctions (TJs) remain to be established. We previously demonstrated that epithelial cells devoid of the TJ membrane proteins claudins and JAM-A completely lack TJs and exhibit focal breakages of their apical junctions. Here, we demonstrate that apical junctions fracture when claudin/JAM-A-deficient cells undergo spontaneous cell stretching. The junction fracture was accompanied by actin disorganization, and actin polymerization was required for apical junction integrity in the claudin/JAM-A-deficient cells. Further deletion of CAR resulted in the disruption of ZO-1 molecule ordering at cell junctions, accompanied by severe defects in apical junction integrity. These results demonstrate that TJ membrane proteins regulate the mechanical resistance of the apical junctional complex in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Phuong Nguyen
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Physiological Sciences Program, Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Tetsuhisa Otani
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Physiological Sciences Program, Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Motosuke Tsutsumi
- Division of Biophotonics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Biophotonics Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kinoshita
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Basic Biology Program, Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Sachiko Fujiwara
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Physiological Sciences Program, Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nemoto
- Physiological Sciences Program, Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan
- Division of Biophotonics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Biophotonics Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Fujimori
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Basic Biology Program, Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Mikio Furuse
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Physiological Sciences Program, Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan
- Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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13
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Citi S, Fromm M, Furuse M, González-Mariscal L, Nusrat A, Tsukita S, Turner JR. A short guide to the tight junction. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261776. [PMID: 38712627 PMCID: PMC11128289 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are specialized regions of contact between cells of epithelial and endothelial tissues that form selective semipermeable paracellular barriers that establish and maintain body compartments with different fluid compositions. As such, the formation of TJs represents a critical step in metazoan evolution, allowing the formation of multicompartmental organisms and true, barrier-forming epithelia and endothelia. In the six decades that have passed since the first observations of TJs by transmission electron microscopy, much progress has been made in understanding the structure, function, molecular composition and regulation of TJs. The goal of this Perspective is to highlight the key concepts that have emerged through this research and the future challenges that lie ahead for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Citi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael Fromm
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin,Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mikio Furuse
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama Myodajii, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Lorenza González-Mariscal
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Mexico City 07360, México
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Mucosal Biology and Inflammation Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 4057 Biomedical Science Research Building, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization (ACRO),Teikyo University, Kaga 2-21-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Jerrold R. Turner
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 01125, USA
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14
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Zhou M, Zhou W, Yang H, Cao L, Li M, Yin P, Zhou Y. Molecular Modeling of Shockwave-Mediated Blood-Brain Barrier Opening for Targeted Drug Delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38622933 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Bubble-enhanced shock waves induce the transient opening of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) providing unique advantages for targeted drug delivery of brain tumor therapy, but little is known about the molecular details of this process. Based on our BBB model including 28 000 lipids and 280 tight junction proteins and coarse-grained dynamics simulations, we provided the molecular-level delivery mechanism of three typical drugs for the first time, including the lipophilic paclitaxel, hydrophilic gemcitabine, and siRNA encapsulated in liposome, across the BBB. The results show that the BBB is more difficult to be perforated by shock-induced jets than the human brain plasma membrane (PM), requiring higher shock wave speeds. For the pores formed, the BBB exhibits a greater ability to self-heal than PM. Hydrophobic paclitaxel can cross the BBB and be successfully absorbed, but the amount is only one-third of that of PM; however, the absorption of hydrophilic gemcitabine was almost negligible. Liposome-loaded siRNAs only stayed in the first layer of the BBB. The mechanism analysis shows that increasing the bubble size can promote drug absorption while reducing the risk of higher shock wave overpressure. An exponential function was proposed to describe the relation between bubble and overpressure, which can be extended to the experimental microbubble scale. The calculated overpressure is consistent with the experimental result. These molecular-scale details on shock-assisted BBB opening for targeted drug delivery would guide and assist experimental attempts to promote the application of this strategy in the clinical treatment of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Materials, Chinese Academy of Engineering and Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenyu Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Materials, Chinese Academy of Engineering and Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, Chinese Academy of Engineering and Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Luoxia Cao
- Institute of Chemical Materials, Chinese Academy of Engineering and Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials, Chinese Academy of Engineering and Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Ping Yin
- Institute of Chemical Materials, Chinese Academy of Engineering and Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Materials, Chinese Academy of Engineering and Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
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15
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Goverde CA, Pacesa M, Goldbach N, Dornfeld LJ, Balbi PEM, Georgeon S, Rosset S, Kapoor S, Choudhury J, Dauparas J, Schellhaas C, Kozlov S, Baker D, Ovchinnikov S, Vecchio AJ, Correia BE. Computational design of soluble functional analogues of integral membrane proteins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.05.09.540044. [PMID: 38496615 PMCID: PMC10942269 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.09.540044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
De novo design of complex protein folds using solely computational means remains a significant challenge. Here, we use a robust deep learning pipeline to design complex folds and soluble analogues of integral membrane proteins. Unique membrane topologies, such as those from GPCRs, are not found in the soluble proteome and we demonstrate that their structural features can be recapitulated in solution. Biophysical analyses reveal high thermal stability of the designs and experimental structures show remarkable design accuracy. The soluble analogues were functionalized with native structural motifs, standing as a proof-of-concept for bringing membrane protein functions to the soluble proteome, potentially enabling new approaches in drug discovery. In summary, we designed complex protein topologies and enriched them with functionalities from membrane proteins, with high experimental success rates, leading to a de facto expansion of the functional soluble fold space.
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16
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Legere EA, Baumholtz AI, Lachance JFB, Archer M, Piontek J, Ryan AK. Claudin-3 in the non-neural ectoderm is essential for neural fold fusion in chicken embryos. Dev Biol 2024; 507:20-33. [PMID: 38154769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The neural tube, the embryonic precursor to the brain and spinal cord, begins as a flat sheet of epithelial cells, divided into non-neural and neural ectoderm. Proper neural tube closure requires that the edges of the neural ectoderm, the neural folds, to elevate upwards and fuse along the dorsal midline of the embryo. We have previously shown that members of the claudin protein family are required for the early phases of chick neural tube closure. Claudins are transmembrane proteins, localized in apical tight junctions within epithelial cells where they are essential for regulation of paracellular permeability, strongly involved in apical-basal polarity, cell-cell adhesion, and bridging the tight junction to cytoplasmic proteins. Here we explored the role of Claudin-3 (Cldn3), which is specifically expressed in the non-neural ectoderm. We discovered that depletion of Cldn3 causes folic acid-insensitive primarily spinal neural tube defects due to a failure in neural fold fusion. Apical cell surface morphology of Cldn3-depleted non-neural ectodermal cells exhibited increased membrane blebbing and smaller apical surfaces. Although apical-basal polarity was retained, we observed altered Par3 and Pals1 protein localization patterns within the apical domain of the non-neural ectodermal cells in Cldn3-depleted embryos. Furthermore, F-actin signal was reduced at apical junctions. Our data presents a model of spina bifida, and the role that Cldn3 is playing in regulating essential apical cell processes in the non-neural ectoderm required for neural fold fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth-Ann Legere
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Canada; The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Amanda I Baumholtz
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Canada; The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | | | | - Jörg Piontek
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Aimee K Ryan
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Canada; The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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17
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Wang Y, Weng S, Tang Y, Lin S, Liu X, Zhang W, Liu G, Pandi B, Wu Y, Ma L, Wang L. A transmembrane scaffold from CD20 helps recombinant expression of a chimeric claudin 18.2 in an in vitro coupled transcription and translation system. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 215:106392. [PMID: 37952787 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 20 (CD20) is a nonglycosylated, multispanning transmembrane protein specifically integrated by B lymphocytes. Similar to CD20, another four-pass transmembrane protein, claudin 18.2, has attracted attention as an emerging therapeutic target for cancer. However, their poor solubility and toxic nature often hinder downstream applications, such as antibody drug development. Therefore, developing a cost-effective method for producing drug targets with multiple membrane-spanning domains is crucial. In this study, a high yield of recombinant CD20 was achieved through an E. coli-based in vitro coupled transcription-translation system. Surface plasmon resonance results showed that rituximab (an antileukemia drug) has nanomolar affinity with the CD20 protein, which aligns with published results. Notably, a previously hard-to-express claudin 18.2 recombinant protein was successfully expressed in the same reaction system by replacing its membrane-spanning domains with the transmembrane domains of CD20. The folding of the extracellular domain of the chimeric protein was verified using a commercial anti-claudin 18 antibody. This study provides a novel concept for promoting the expression of four-pass transmembrane proteins and lays the foundation for the large-scale industrial production of membrane-associated drug targets, similar to claudin 18.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Shaoting Weng
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yajie Tang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Sen Lin
- Anyang Kindstar Global Medical Laboratory Ltd, Anyang, Henan province, 455000, China
| | - Xiayue Liu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Henan Panran Medical Equipment Co., Ltd, Anyang, Henan province, 455000, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Boomi Pandi
- Department of bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | - Yinrong Wu
- Henan Panran Medical Equipment Co., Ltd, Anyang, Henan province, 455000, China
| | - Lei Ma
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China.
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18
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Wang X, Mao D, Jia J, Zhang J. Benvitimod Inhibits IL-4- and IL-13-Induced Tight Junction Impairment by Activating AHR/ARNT Pathway and Inhibiting STAT6 Phosphorylation in Human Keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:509-519.e7. [PMID: 37734479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Tight junctions are involved in skin barrier functions. In this study, the expression of CLDN1, CLDN4, and OCLN was found to decrease in skin lesions of atopic dermatitis by bioinformatics analysis. Immunohistochemistry staining in skin specimens from 12 patients with atopic dermatitis and 12 healthy controls also showed decreased CLDN1, CLDN4, and OCLN expression in atopic dermatitis lesions. In vitro studies showed that IL-4 and IL-13 downregulated CLDN1, CLDN4, and OCLN expression in HaCaT cells as well as CLDN4 and OCLN expression in human primary keratinocytes. This effect, which was mediated through the Jak-signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 signaling pathway, increased paracellular flux of 4-kDa dextran. Benvitimod, a new drug for atopic dermatitis, upregulated CLDN4 and OCLN through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor/aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator pathway. Benvitimod induced nuclear translocation of NRF2 and reduced production of ROS in keratinocytes, thus inhibiting IL-4-/IL-13-induced CLDN1 downregulation and signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 phosphorylation. These results indicate that T helper 2 cytokines are involved in tight junction impairment, and benvitimod can inhibit these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Mao
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Jia
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
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19
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Thapa R, Roy A, Nayek K, Basu A. Identification of a Novel Homozygous Missense Mutation in the CLDN16 Gene to Decipher the Ambiguous Clinical Presentation Associated with Autosomal Dominant Hypocalcaemia and Familial Hypomagnesemia with Hypercalciuria and Nephrocalcinosis in an Indian Family. Calcif Tissue Int 2024; 114:110-118. [PMID: 38078932 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-023-01142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis (FHNNC) is a rare autosomal recessive renal tubulopathy disorder characterized by excessive urinary loss of calcium and magnesium, polyuria, polydipsia, bilateral nephrocalcinosis, progressive chronic kidney disease, and renal failure. Also, sometimes amelogenesis imperfecta and severe ocular abnormalities are involved. The CLDN-16 and CLDN-19 genes encode the tight junction proteins claudin-16 and claudin-19, respectively, in the thick ascending loop of Henle in the kidney, epithelial cells of the retina, dental enamel, etc. Loss of function of the CLDN-16 and/or CLDN-19 genes leads to FHHNC. We present a case of FHHNC type 1, which was first confused with autosomal dominant hypocalcaemia (ADH) due to the presence of a very low serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration and other similar clinical features before the genetic investigations. After the exome sequencing, FHHNC type 1 was confirmed by uncovering a novel homozygous missense mutation in the CLDN-16 gene (Exon 2, c.374 T > C) which causes, altered protein structure with F55S. Associated clinical, biochemical, and imaging findings also corroborate final diagnosis. Our findings expand the spectrum of the CLDN-16 mutation, which will further help in the genetic diagnosis and management of FHNNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Thapa
- The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, WB, India
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, WB, India
| | - Amaresh Roy
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, Burdwan Medical College, and Hospital, Burdwan, WB, India
| | - Kaustav Nayek
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, Burdwan Medical College, and Hospital, Burdwan, WB, India.
| | - Anupam Basu
- The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, WB, India.
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, WB, India.
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20
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Song YY, Zhang XZ, Wang BN, Cheng YK, Guo X, Zhang X, Long SR, Liu RD, Wang ZQ, Cui J. A novel Trichinella spiralis serine proteinase disrupted gut epithelial barrier and mediated larval invasion through binding to RACK1 and activating MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011872. [PMID: 38190388 PMCID: PMC10798628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut epithelium is the first natural barrier against Trichinella spiralis larval invasion, but the mechanism by which larval penetration of gut epithelium is not completely elucidated. Previous studies showed that proteases secreted by T. spiralis intestinal infective larvae (IIL) degraded tight junctions (TJs) proteins of gut epithelium and mediated larval invasion. A new T. spiralis serine proteinase (TsSPc) was identified in the IIL surface proteins and ES proteins, rTsSPc bound to the intestinal epithelial cell (IECs) and promoted larval invasion of IECs. The aim of this study was to characterize the interacted proteins of TsSPc and IECs, and to investigate the molecular mechanisms of TsSPc mediating larval invasion of gut mucosa. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDING IIFT results showed natural TsSPc was detected in infected murine intestine at 6, 12 hours post infection (hpi) and 3 dpi. The results of GST pull-down, mass spectrometry (MS) and Co-IP indicated that rTsSPc bound and interacted specifically with receptor for activated protein C kinase 1 (RACK1) in Caco-2 cells. rTsSPc did not directly hydrolyze the TJs proteins. qPCR and Western blot showed that rTsSPc up-regulated RACK1 expression, activated MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway, reduced the expression levels of gut TJs (occludin and claudin-1) and adherent protein E-cad, increased the paracellular permeability and damaged the integrity of intestinal epithelial barrier. Moreover, the RACK1 inhibitor HO and ERK1/2 pathway inhibitor PD98059 abolished the rTsSPc activating ERK1/2 pathway, they also inhibited and abrogated the rTsSPc down-regulating expression of occludin, claudin-1 and E-cad in Caco-2 monolayer and infected murine intestine, impeded larval invasion and improved intestinal epithelial integrity and barrier function, reduced intestinal worm burdens and alleviated intestinal inflammation. CONCLUSIONS rTsSPc bound to RACK1 receptor in gut epithelium, activated MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway, decreased the expression of gut epithelial TJs proteins and disrupted the epithelial integrity, consequently mediated T. spiralis larval invasion of gut epithelium. The results are valuable to understand T. spiralis invasion mechanism, and TsSPc might be regarded as a vaccine target against T. spiralis invasion and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan Song
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bo Ning Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yong Kang Cheng
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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21
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Kamakura S, Hayase J, Kohda A, Iwakiri Y, Chishiki K, Izaki T, Sumimoto H. TMEM25 is a Par3-binding protein that attenuates claudin assembly during tight junction development. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:144-167. [PMID: 38177906 PMCID: PMC10897455 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-023-00018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The tight junction (TJ) in epithelial cells is formed by integral membrane proteins and cytoplasmic scaffolding proteins. The former contains the claudin family proteins with four transmembrane segments, while the latter includes Par3, a PDZ domain-containing adaptor that organizes TJ formation. Here we show the single membrane-spanning protein TMEM25 localizes to TJs in epithelial cells and binds to Par3 via a PDZ-mediated interaction with its C-terminal cytoplasmic tail. TJ development during epithelial cell polarization is accelerated by depletion of TMEM25, and delayed by overexpression of TMEM25 but not by that of a C-terminally deleted protein, indicating a regulatory role of TMEM25. TMEM25 associates via its N-terminal extracellular domain with claudin-1 and claudin-2 to suppress their cis- and trans-oligomerizations, both of which participate in TJ strand formation. Furthermore, Par3 attenuates TMEM25-claudin association via binding to TMEM25, implying its ability to affect claudin oligomerization. Thus, the TJ protein TMEM25 appears to negatively regulate claudin assembly in TJ formation, which regulation is modulated by its interaction with Par3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Kamakura
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junya Hayase
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Kohda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuko Iwakiri
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kanako Chishiki
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Izaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideki Sumimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan.
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22
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Łukaszewicz-Zając M, Mroczko B. Claudins-Promising Biomarkers for Selected Gastrointestinal (GI) Malignancies? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:152. [PMID: 38201579 PMCID: PMC10778544 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite recent() improvements in diagnostic ability() and treatment() strategies for patients() with neoplastic disease(), gastrointestinal (GI) cancers(), such() as colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, and oesophageal cancers(), are still common() malignancies and the leading() cause() of cancer() deaths worldwide(), with a high frequency of recurrence and metastasis as well as poor patient() prognosis. There is a link() between the secretion of proteolytic enzymes that degrade the extracellular matrix and the pathogenesis of GI tumours. Recent() findings have focused() on the potential() significance() of selected claudins (CLDNs) in the pathogenesis and prognosis of GI cancers(). Tight junctions (TJs) have been proven to play an important role() in maintaining cell() polarity and permeability. A number of authors have recently() revealed that TJ proteins, particularly() selected CLDNs, are related() to inflammation and the development() of various tumours, including GI malignancies. This review() presents general() characteristics and the involvement() of selected CLDNs in the progression() of GI malignancies, with a focus() on the potential() application() of these proteins in the diagnosis() and prognosis of colorectal cancer() (CRC), gastric cancer() (GC), pancreatic cancer() (PC), and oesophageal cancer() (EC). Our review() indicates that selected CLDNs, particularly() CLDN1, 2, 4, 7, and 18, play a significant() role() in the development() of GI tumours and in patient() prognosis. Furthermore, selected CLDNs may be of value() in the design() of therapeutic() strategies for the treatment() of recurrent tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Łukaszewicz-Zając
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University, Waszyngtona 15 a, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Barbara Mroczko
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University, Waszyngtona 15 a, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland;
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
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23
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Hale WD, Romero AM, Huganir RL, Twomey EC. Structure of Transmembrane AMPA Receptor Regulatory Protein Subunit γ2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.28.569079. [PMID: 38076787 PMCID: PMC10705454 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.28.569079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory proteins (TARPs) are claudin-like proteins that tightly regulate AMPA receptors (AMPARs) and are fundamental for excitatory neurotransmission. We used cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to reconstruct the 36 kDa TARP subunit γ2 to 2.3 Å and reveal the structural diversity of TARPs. Our data reveals critical motifs that distinguish TARPs from claudins and define how sequence variations within TARPs differentiate subfamilies and their regulation of AMPARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Dylan Hale
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Alejandra Montaño Romero
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Richard L. Huganir
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Edward C. Twomey
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- The Beckman Center for Cryo-EM at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA USA
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24
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Raya-Sandino A, Lozada-Soto KM, Rajagopal N, Garcia-Hernandez V, Luissint AC, Brazil JC, Cui G, Koval M, Parkos CA, Nangia S, Nusrat A. Claudin-23 reshapes epithelial tight junction architecture to regulate barrier function. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6214. [PMID: 37798277 PMCID: PMC10556055 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Claudin family tight junction proteins form charge- and size-selective paracellular channels that regulate epithelial barrier function. In the gastrointestinal tract, barrier heterogeneity is attributed to differential claudin expression. Here, we show that claudin-23 (CLDN23) is enriched in luminal intestinal epithelial cells where it strengthens the epithelial barrier. Complementary approaches reveal that CLDN23 regulates paracellular ion and macromolecule permeability by associating with CLDN3 and CLDN4 and regulating their distribution in tight junctions. Computational modeling suggests that CLDN23 forms heteromeric and heterotypic complexes with CLDN3 and CLDN4 that have unique pore architecture and overall net charge. These computational simulation analyses further suggest that pore properties are interaction-dependent, since differently organized complexes with the same claudin stoichiometry form pores with unique architecture. Our findings provide insight into tight junction organization and propose a model whereby different claudins combine to form multiple distinct complexes that modify epithelial barrier function by altering tight junction structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Raya-Sandino
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Nandhini Rajagopal
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | - Anny-Claude Luissint
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer C Brazil
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Guiying Cui
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory + Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Koval
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Charles A Parkos
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shikha Nangia
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Sequential expression of claudins, a family of tight junction proteins, along the nephron mirrors the sequential expression of ion channels and transporters. Only by the interplay of transcellular and paracellular transport can the kidney efficiently maintain electrolyte and water homeostasis in an organism. Although channel and transporter defects have long been known to perturb homeostasis, the contribution of individual tight junction proteins has been less clear. Over the past two decades, the regulation and dysregulation of claudins have been intensively studied in the gastrointestinal tract. Claudin expression patterns have, for instance, been found to be affected in infection and inflammation, or in cancer. In the kidney, a deeper understanding of the causes as well as the effects of claudin expression alterations is only just emerging. Little is known about hormonal control of the paracellular pathway along the nephron, effects of cytokines on renal claudin expression or relevance of changes in paracellular permeability to the outcome in any of the major kidney diseases. By summarizing current findings on the role of specific claudins in maintaining electrolyte and water homeostasis, this Review aims to stimulate investigations on claudins as prognostic markers or as druggable targets in kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Meoli
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothee Günzel
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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26
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Nyimanu D, Behm C, Choudhury S, Yu ASL. The role of claudin-2 in kidney function and dysfunction. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1437-1445. [PMID: 37387353 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Claudin-2 is a tight junction protein expressed in leaky epithelia where it forms paracellular pores permeable to cations and water. The paracellular pore formed by claudin-2 is important in energy-efficient cation and water transport in the proximal tubules of the kidneys. Mounting evidence now suggests that claudin-2 may modulate cellular processes often altered in disease, including cellular proliferation. Also, dysregulation of claudin-2 expression has been linked to various diseases, including kidney stone disease and renal cell carcinoma. However, the mechanisms linking altered claudin-2 expression and function to disease are poorly understood and require further investigation. The aim of this review is to discuss the current understanding of the role of claudin-2 in kidney function and dysfunction. We provide a general overview of the claudins and their organization in the tight junction, the expression, and function of claudin-2 in the kidney, and the evolving evidence for its role in kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duuamene Nyimanu
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, U.S.A
| | - Christine Behm
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, U.S.A
| | - Sonali Choudhury
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, U.S.A
| | - Alan S L Yu
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, U.S.A
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27
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McGuinness S, Li P, Li Y, Fuladi S, Konar S, Sajjadi S, Sidahmed M, Li Y, Shen L, Araghi FK, Weber CR. Molecular dynamics analyses of CLDN15 pore size and charge selectivity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.16.553400. [PMID: 37645840 PMCID: PMC10461993 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.16.553400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The Claudin-15 (CLDN15) channel is important for nutrient, electrolyte, and water transport in the gastrointestinal tract. We used cell culture studies and molecular dynamics simulations to elucidate its structure and permeability mechanisms. We provide a model that underscores the crucial role of the D55 residue in the CLDN15 selectivity filter, which interacts with permeating cations. Our studies demonstrated the mechanisms whereby the size and charge of the D55 residue influence paracellular permeability. By altering D55 to larger, negatively charged glutamic acid (E) or similarly sized neutral asparagine (N), we observed changes in pore size and selectivity, respectively. D55E mutation decreased pore size, favoring small ion permeability without affecting charge selectivity, while D55N mutation led to reduced charge selectivity without markedly altering size selectivity. These findings shed light on the complex interplay of size and charge selectivity of CLDN15 channels. This knowledge can inform the development of strategies to modulate the function of CLDN15 and similar channels, which has implications for tight junction modulation in health and disease.
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28
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Higashi T, Stephenson RE, Schwayer C, Huljev K, Higashi AY, Heisenberg CP, Chiba H, Miller AL. ZnUMBA - a live imaging method to detect local barrier breaches. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260668. [PMID: 37461809 PMCID: PMC10445723 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial barrier function is commonly analyzed using transepithelial electrical resistance, which measures ion flux across a monolayer, or by adding traceable macromolecules and monitoring their passage across the monolayer. Although these methods measure changes in global barrier function, they lack the sensitivity needed to detect local or transient barrier breaches, and they do not reveal the location of barrier leaks. Therefore, we previously developed a method that we named the zinc-based ultrasensitive microscopic barrier assay (ZnUMBA), which overcomes these limitations, allowing for detection of local tight junction leaks with high spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we present expanded applications for ZnUMBA. ZnUMBA can be used in Xenopus embryos to measure the dynamics of barrier restoration and actin accumulation following laser injury. ZnUMBA can also be effectively utilized in developing zebrafish embryos as well as cultured monolayers of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) II epithelial cells. ZnUMBA is a powerful and flexible method that, with minimal optimization, can be applied to multiple systems to measure dynamic changes in barrier function with spatiotemporal precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Higashi
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Rachel E. Stephenson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Cornelia Schwayer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Karla Huljev
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Atsuko Y. Higashi
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | | | - Hideki Chiba
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Ann L. Miller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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29
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Ramirez-Velez I, Belardi B. Storming the gate: New approaches for targeting the dynamic tight junction for improved drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 199:114905. [PMID: 37271282 PMCID: PMC10999255 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As biologics used in the clinic outpace the number of new small molecule drugs, an important challenge for their efficacy and widespread use has emerged, namely tissue penetrance. Macromolecular drugs - bulky, high-molecular weight, hydrophilic agents - exhibit low permeability across biological barriers. Epithelial and endothelial layers, for example within the gastrointestinal tract or at the blood-brain barrier, present the most significant obstacle to drug transport. Within epithelium, two subcellular structures are responsible for limiting absorption: cell membranes and intercellular tight junctions. Previously considered impenetrable to macromolecular drugs, tight junctions control paracellular flux and dictate drug transport between cells. Recent work, however, has shown tight junctions to be dynamic, anisotropic structures that can be targeted for delivery. This review aims to summarize new approaches for targeting tight junctions, both directly and indirectly, and to highlight how manipulation of tight junction interactions may help usher in a new era of precision drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Ramirez-Velez
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Brian Belardi
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
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30
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Erramilli SK, Dominik PK, Ogbu CP, Kossiakoff AA, Vecchio AJ. Cryo-EM structures of a synthetic antibody against 22 kDa claudin-4 reveal its complex with Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.12.544689. [PMID: 37398044 PMCID: PMC10312657 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.12.544689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Claudins are a family of ∼25 kDa membrane proteins that integrate into tight junctions to form molecular barriers at the paracellular spaces between endothelial and epithelial cells. Humans have 27 subtypes, which homo- and hetero-oligomerize to impart distinct properties and physiological functions to tissues and organs. As the structural and functional backbone of tight junctions, claudins are attractive targets for therapeutics capable of modulating tissue permeability to deliver drugs or treat disease. However, structures of claudins are limited due to their small sizes and physicochemical properties-these traits also make therapy development a challenge. We have developed a synthetic antibody fragment (sFab) that binds human claudin-4 and used it to resolve structures of its complex with Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CpE) using cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM). The resolution of the structures reveals the architectures of 22 kDa claudin-4, the 14 kDa C-terminal domain of CpE, and the mechanism by which this sFab binds claudins. Further, we elucidate the biochemical and biophysical bases of sFab binding and demonstrate that this molecule exhibits subtype-selectivity by assaying homologous claudins. Our results provide a framework for developing sFabs against hard-to-target claudins and establishes the utility of sFabs as fiducial markers for determining cryo-EM structures of this small membrane protein family at resolutions that surpass X-ray crystallography. Taken together, this work highlights the ability of sFabs to elucidate claudin structure and function and posits their potential as therapeutics for modulating tight junctions by targeting specific claudin subtypes.
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31
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Aldous N, Moin ASM, Abdelalim EM. Pancreatic β-cell heterogeneity in adult human islets and stem cell-derived islets. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:176. [PMID: 37270452 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04815-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies reported that pancreatic β-cells are heterogeneous in terms of their transcriptional profiles and their abilities for insulin secretion. Sub-populations of pancreatic β-cells have been identified based on the functionality and expression of specific surface markers. Under diabetes condition, β-cell identity is altered leading to different β-cell sub-populations. Furthermore, cell-cell contact between β-cells and other endocrine cells within the islet play an important role in regulating insulin secretion. This highlights the significance of generating a cell product derived from stem cells containing β-cells along with other major islet cells for treating patients with diabetes, instead of transplanting a purified population of β-cells. Another key question is how close in terms of heterogeneity are the islet cells derived from stem cells? In this review, we summarize the heterogeneity in islet cells of the adult pancreas and those generated from stem cells. In addition, we highlight the significance of this heterogeneity in health and disease conditions and how this can be used to design a stem cell-derived product for diabetes cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura Aldous
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Education City, PO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abu Saleh Md Moin
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Education City, PO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
- Research Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Bahrain, Adliya, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Essam M Abdelalim
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar.
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Education City, PO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar.
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32
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Hashimoto Y, Greene C, Munnich A, Campbell M. The CLDN5 gene at the blood-brain barrier in health and disease. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:22. [PMID: 36978081 PMCID: PMC10044825 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00424-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The CLDN5 gene encodes claudin-5 (CLDN-5) that is expressed in endothelial cells and forms tight junctions which limit the passive diffusions of ions and solutes. The blood-brain barrier (BBB), composed of brain microvascular endothelial cells and associated pericytes and end-feet of astrocytes, is a physical and biological barrier to maintain the brain microenvironment. The expression of CLDN-5 is tightly regulated in the BBB by other junctional proteins in endothelial cells and by supports from pericytes and astrocytes. The most recent literature clearly shows a compromised BBB with a decline in CLDN-5 expression increasing the risks of developing neuropsychiatric disorders, epilepsy, brain calcification and dementia. The purpose of this review is to summarize the known diseases associated with CLDN-5 expression and function. In the first part of this review, we highlight the recent understanding of how other junctional proteins as well as pericytes and astrocytes maintain CLDN-5 expression in brain endothelial cells. We detail some drugs that can enhance these supports and are being developed or currently in use to treat diseases associated with CLDN-5 decline. We then summarise mutagenesis-based studies which have facilitated a better understanding of the physiological role of the CLDN-5 protein at the BBB and have demonstrated the functional consequences of a recently identified pathogenic CLDN-5 missense mutation from patients with alternating hemiplegia of childhood. This mutation is the first gain-of-function mutation identified in the CLDN gene family with all others representing loss-of-function mutations resulting in mis-localization of CLDN protein and/or attenuated barrier function. Finally, we summarize recent reports about the dosage-dependent effect of CLDN-5 expression on the development of neurological diseases in mice and discuss what cellular supports for CLDN-5 regulation are compromised in the BBB in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Hashimoto
- Trinity College Dublin, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Dublin, D02 VF25, Ireland.
| | - Chris Greene
- Trinity College Dublin, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Dublin, D02 VF25, Ireland
| | - Arnold Munnich
- Institut Imagine, INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Cité, Paris, F-75015, France
- Departments of Pediatric Neurology and Medical Genetics, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Cité, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Matthew Campbell
- Trinity College Dublin, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Dublin, D02 VF25, Ireland.
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33
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Zhang D, Lape R, Shaikh SA, Kohegyi BK, Watson JF, Cais O, Nakagawa T, Greger IH. Modulatory mechanisms of TARP γ8-selective AMPA receptor therapeutics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1659. [PMID: 36966141 PMCID: PMC10039940 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
AMPA glutamate receptors (AMPARs) mediate excitatory neurotransmission throughout the brain. Their signalling is uniquely diversified by brain region-specific auxiliary subunits, providing an opportunity for the development of selective therapeutics. AMPARs associated with TARP γ8 are enriched in the hippocampus, and are targets of emerging anti-epileptic drugs. To understand their therapeutic activity, we determined cryo-EM structures of the GluA1/2-γ8 receptor associated with three potent, chemically diverse ligands. We find that despite sharing a lipid-exposed and water-accessible binding pocket, drug action is differentially affected by binding-site mutants. Together with patch-clamp recordings and MD simulations we also demonstrate that ligand-triggered reorganisation of the AMPAR-TARP interface contributes to modulation. Unexpectedly, one ligand (JNJ-61432059) acts bifunctionally, negatively affecting GluA1 but exerting positive modulatory action on GluA2-containing AMPARs, in a TARP stoichiometry-dependent manner. These results further illuminate the action of TARPs, demonstrate the sensitive balance between positive and negative modulatory action, and provide a mechanistic platform for development of both positive and negative selective AMPAR modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Zhang
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Remigijus Lape
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Saher A Shaikh
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bianka K Kohegyi
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jake F Watson
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- IST Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Ondrej Cais
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Terunaga Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, USA
| | - Ingo H Greger
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
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34
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Berselli A, Alberini G, Benfenati F, Maragliano L. The impact of pathogenic and artificial mutations on Claudin-5 selectivity from molecular dynamics simulations. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:2640-2653. [PMID: 37138900 PMCID: PMC10149405 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight-junctions (TJs) are multi-protein complexes between adjacent endothelial or epithelial cells. In the blood-brain-barrier (BBB), they seal the paracellular space and the Claudin-5 (Cldn5) protein forms their backbone. Despite the fundamental role in brain homeostasis, little is known on Cldn5-based TJ assemblies. Different structural models were suggested, with Cldn5 protomers generating paracellular pores that restrict the passage of ions and small molecules. Recently, the first Cldn5 pathogenic mutation, G60R, was identified and shown to induce Cl--selective channels and Na+ barriers in BBB TJs, providing an excellent opportunity to validate the structural models. Here, we used molecular dynamics to study the permeation of ions and water through two distinct G60R-Cldn5 paracellular architectures. Only the so-called Pore I reproduces the functional modification observed in experiments, displaying a free energy (FE) minimum for Cl- and a barrier for Na+ consistent with anionic selectivity. We also studied the artificial Q57D and Q63D mutations in the constriction region, Q57 being conserved in Cldns except for cation permeable homologs. In both cases, we obtain FE profiles consistent with facilitated passage of cations. Our calculations provide the first in-silico description of a Cldn5 pathogenic mutation, further assessing the TJ Pore I model and yielding new insight on BBB's paracellular selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Berselli
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology (NSYN@UniGe), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Giulio Alberini
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology (NSYN@UniGe), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology (NSYN@UniGe), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genova, Italy
- Corresponding authors at: Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology (NSYN@UniGe), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Luca Maragliano
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology (NSYN@UniGe), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
- Corresponding authors at: Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology (NSYN@UniGe), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132 Genova, Italy.
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Claudin-10b cation channels in tight junction strands: Octameric-interlocked pore barrels constitute paracellular channels with low water permeability. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:1711-1727. [PMID: 36874155 PMCID: PMC9977872 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Claudin proteins constitute the backbone of tight junctions (TJs) regulating paracellular permeability for solutes and water. The molecular mechanism of claudin polymerization and paracellular channel formation is unclear. However, a joined double-rows architecture of claudin strands has been supported by experimental and modeling data. Here, we compared two variants of this architectural model for the related but functionally distinct cation channel-forming claudin-10b and claudin-15: tetrameric-locked-barrel vs octameric-interlocked-barrels model. Homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulations of double-membrane embedded dodecamers indicate that claudin-10b and claudin-15 share the same joined double-rows architecture of TJ-strands. For both, the results indicate octameric-interlocked-barrels: Sidewise unsealed tetrameric pore scaffolds interlocked with adjacent pores via the β1β2 loop of the extracellular segment (ECS) 1. This loop mediates hydrophobic clustering and, together with ECS2, cis- and trans-interaction between claudins of the adjacent tetrameric pore scaffolds. In addition, the β1β2 loop contributes to lining of the ion conduction pathway. The charge-distribution along the pore differs between claudin-10b and claudin-15 and is suggested to be a key determinant for the cation- and water permeabilities that differ between the two claudins. In the claudin-10b simulations, similar as for claudin-15, the conserved D56 in the pore center is the main cation interaction site. In contrast to claudin-15 channels, the claudin-10b-specific D36, K64 and E153 are suggested to cause jamming of cations that prevents efficient water passage. In sum, we provide novel mechanistic information about polymerization of classic claudins, formation of embedded channels and thus regulation of paracellular transport across epithelia.
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36
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Fuladi S, McGuinness S, Shen L, Weber CR, Khalili-Araghi F. Molecular mechanism of claudin-15 strand flexibility: A computational study. J Gen Physiol 2022; 154:213632. [PMID: 36318156 PMCID: PMC9629798 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202213116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudins are one of the major components of tight junctions that play a key role in the formation and maintenance of the epithelial barrier function. Tight junction strands are dynamic and capable of adapting their structure in response to large-scale tissue rearrangement and cellular movement. Here, we present molecular dynamics simulations of claudin-15 strands of up to 225 nm in length in two parallel lipid membranes and characterize their mechanical properties. The persistence length of claudin-15 strands is comparable with those obtained from analyses of freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Our results indicate that lateral flexibility of claudin strands is due to an interplay of three sets of interfacial interaction networks between two antiparallel double rows of claudins in the membranes. In this model, claudins are assembled into interlocking tetrameric ion channels along the strand that slide with respect to each other as the strands curve over submicrometer-length scales. These results suggest a novel molecular mechanism underlying claudin-15 strand flexibility. It also sheds light on intermolecular interactions and their role in maintaining epithelial barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Fuladi
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL
| | - Sarah McGuinness
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL
| | - Le Shen
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Fatemeh Khalili-Araghi
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL,Correspondence to Fatemeh Khalili-Araghi:
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37
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Wu J, Zhu Z, Liu W, Zhang Y, Kang Y, Liu J, Hu C, Wang R, Zhang M, Chen L, Shao L. How Nanoparticles Open the Paracellular Route of Biological Barriers: Mechanisms, Applications, and Prospects. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15627-15652. [PMID: 36121682 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biological barriers are essential physiological protective systems and obstacles to drug delivery. Nanoparticles (NPs) can access the paracellular route of biological barriers, either causing adverse health impacts on humans or producing therapeutic opportunities. This Review introduces the structural and functional influences of NPs on the key components that govern the paracellular route, mainly tight junctions, adherens junctions, and cytoskeletons. Furthermore, we evaluate their interaction mechanisms and address the influencing factors that determine the ability of NPs to open the paracellular route, which provides a better knowledge of how NPs can open the paracellular route in a safer and more controllable way. Finally, we summarize limitations in the research models and methodologies of the existing research in the field and provide future research direction. This Review demonstrates the in-depth causes for the reversible opening or destruction of the integrity of barriers generated by NPs; more importantly, it contributes insights into the design of NP-based medications to boost paracellular drug delivery efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junrong Wu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhenjun Zhu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Yiyuan Kang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Chen Hu
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ruolan Wang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Manjin Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Longquan Shao
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou 510515, China
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38
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Berselli A, Benfenati F, Maragliano L, Alberini G. Multiscale modelling of claudin-based assemblies: a magnifying glass for novel structures of biological interfaces. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:5984-6010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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39
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Opportunities and challenges in delivering biologics for Alzheimer's disease by low-intensity ultrasound. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 189:114517. [PMID: 36030018 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Low-intensity ultrasound combined with intravenously injected microbubbles (US+MB) is a novel treatment modality for brain disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), safely and transiently allowing therapeutic agents to overcome the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that constitutes a major barrier for therapeutic agents. Here, we first provide an update on immunotherapies in AD and how US+MB has been applied to AD mouse models and in clinical trials, considering the ultrasound and microbubble parameter space. In the second half of the review, we compare different in vitro BBB models and discuss strategies for combining US+MB with BBB modulators (targeting molecules such as claudin-5), and highlight the insight provided by super-resolution microscopy. Finally, we conclude with a short discussion on how in vitro findings can inform the design of animal studies, and how the insight gained may aid treatment optimization in the clinical ultrasound space.
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40
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Berselli A, Alberini G, Benfenati F, Maragliano L. Computational study of ion permeation through claudin-4 paracellular channels. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1516:162-174. [PMID: 35811406 PMCID: PMC9796105 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Claudins (Cldns) form a large family of protein homologs that are essential for the assembly of paracellular tight junctions (TJs), where they form channels or barriers with tissue-specific selectivity for permeants. In contrast to several family members whose physiological role has been identified, the function of claudin 4 (Cldn4) remains elusive, despite experimental evidence suggesting that it can form anion-selective TJ channels in the renal epithelium. Computational approaches have recently been employed to elucidate the molecular basis of Cldns' function, and hence could help in clarifying the role of Cldn4. In this work, we use structural modeling and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to transfer two previously introduced structural models of Cldn-based paracellular complexes to Cldn4 to reproduce a paracellular anion channel. Free energy calculations for ionic transport through the pores allow us to establish the thermodynamic properties driving the ion-selectivity of the structures. While one model shows a cavity permeable to chloride and repulsive to cations, the other forms barrier to the passage of all the major physiological ions. Furthermore, our results confirm the charge selectivity role of the residue Lys65 in the first extracellular loop of the protein, rationalizing Cldn4 control of paracellular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Berselli
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology (NSYN@UniGe)Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenovaItaly
- Department of Experimental MedicineUniversità degli Studi di GenovaGenovaItaly
| | - Giulio Alberini
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology (NSYN@UniGe)Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenovaItaly
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoGenovaItaly
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology (NSYN@UniGe)Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenovaItaly
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoGenovaItaly
| | - Luca Maragliano
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology (NSYN@UniGe)Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenovaItaly
- Department of Life and Environmental SciencesPolytechnic University of MarcheAnconaItaly
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41
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Fuladi S, McGuinness S, Khalili-Araghi F. Role of TM3 in claudin-15 strand flexibility: A molecular dynamics study. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:964877. [PMID: 36250014 PMCID: PMC9557151 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.964877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudins are cell-cell adhesion proteins within tight junctions that connect epithelial cells together. Claudins polymerize into a network of strand-like structures within the membrane of adjoining cells and create ion channels that control paracellular permeability to water and small molecules. Tight junction morphology and barrier function is tissue specific and regulated by claudin subtypes. Here, we present a molecular dynamics study of claudin-15 strands within lipid membranes and the role of a single-point mutation (A134P) on the third transmembrane helix (TM3) of claudin-15 in determining the morphology of the strand. Our results indicate that the A134P mutation significantly affects the lateral flexibility of the strands, increasing the persistence length of claudin-15 strands by a factor of three. Analyses of claudin-claudin contact in our μsecond-long trajectories show that the mutation does not alter the intermolecular contacts (interfaces) between claudins. However, the dynamics and frequency of interfacial contacts are significantly affected. The A134P mutation introduces a kink in TM3 of claudin-15 similar to the one observed in claudin-3 crystal structure. The kink on TM3 skews the rotational flexibility of the claudins in the strands and limits their fluctuation in one direction. This asymmetric movement in the context of the double rows reduces the lateral flexibility of the strand and leads to higher persistence lengths of the mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Fuladi
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sarah McGuinness
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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42
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Rajagopal N, Nangia S. Unique structural features of claudin‐5 and claudin‐15 lead to functionally distinct tight junction strand architecture. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1517:225-233. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nandhini Rajagopal
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering Syracuse University Syracuse New York USA
| | - Shikha Nangia
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering Syracuse University Syracuse New York USA
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43
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Defective claudin-10 causes a novel variation of HELIX syndrome through compromised tight junction strand assembly. Genes Dis 2022; 9:1301-1314. [PMID: 35873018 PMCID: PMC9293720 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of claudin-10 based tight junctions (TJs) is paramount to paracellular Na+ transport in multiple epithelia. Sequence variants in CLDN10 have been linked to HELIX syndrome, a salt-losing tubulopathy with altered handling of divalent cations accompanied by dysfunctional salivary, sweat, and lacrimal glands. Here, we investigate molecular basis and phenotypic consequences of a newly identified homozygous CLDN10 variant that translates into a single amino acid substitution within the fourth transmembrane helix of claudin-10. In addition to hypohidrosis (H), electrolyte (E) imbalance with impaired urine concentrating ability, and hypolacrimia (L), phenotypic findings include altered salivary electrolyte composition and amelogenesis imperfecta but neither ichthyosis (I) nor xerostomia (X). Employing cellular TJ reconstitution assays, we demonstrate perturbation of cis- and trans-interactions between mutant claudin-10 proteins. Ultrastructures of reconstituted TJ strands show disturbed continuity and reduced abundance in the mutant case. Throughout, both major isoforms, claudin-10a and claudin-10b, are differentially affected with claudin-10b showing more severe molecular alterations. However, expression of the mutant in renal epithelial cells with endogenous TJs results in wild-type-like ion selectivity and conductivity, indicating that aberrant claudin-10 is generally capable of forming functional paracellular channels. Thus, mutant proteins prove pathogenic by compromising claudin-10 TJ strand assembly. Additional ex vivo investigations indicate their insertion into TJs to occur in a tissue-specific manner.
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44
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Negi S, Hashimoto-Hill S, Alenghat T. Neonatal microbiota-epithelial interactions that impact infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:955051. [PMID: 36090061 PMCID: PMC9453604 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.955051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite modern therapeutic developments and prophylactic use of antibiotics during birth or in the first few months of life, enteric infections continue to be a major cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity globally. The neonatal period is characterized by initial intestinal colonization with microbiota and concurrent immune system development. It is also a sensitive window during which perturbations to the environment or host can significantly impact colonization by commensal microbes. Extensive research has demonstrated that these early life alterations to the microbiota can lead to enhanced susceptibility to enteric infections and increased systemic dissemination in newborns. Various contributing factors continue to pose challenges in prevention and control of neonatal enteric infections. These include alterations in the gut microbiota composition, impaired immune response, and effects of maternal factors. In addition, there remains limited understanding for how commensal microbes impact host-pathogen interactions in newborns. In this review, we discuss the recent recognition of initial microbiota-epithelial interactions that occur in neonates and can regulate susceptibility to intestinal infection. These studies suggest the development of neonatal prophylactic or therapeutic regimens that include boosting epithelial defense through microbiota-directed interventions.
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45
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Gonschior H, Schmied C, Van der Veen RE, Eichhorst J, Himmerkus N, Piontek J, Günzel D, Bleich M, Furuse M, Haucke V, Lehmann M. Nanoscale segregation of channel and barrier claudins enables paracellular ion flux. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4985. [PMID: 36008380 PMCID: PMC9411157 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32533-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The paracellular passage of ions and small molecules across epithelia is controlled by tight junctions, complex meshworks of claudin polymers that form tight seals between neighboring cells. How the nanoscale architecture of tight junction meshworks enables paracellular passage of specific ions or small molecules without compromising barrier function is unknown. Here we combine super-resolution stimulated emission depletion microscopy in live and fixed cells and tissues, multivariate classification of super-resolution images and fluorescence resonance energy transfer to reveal the nanoscale organization of tight junctions formed by mammalian claudins. We show that only a subset of claudins can assemble into characteristic homotypic meshworks, whereas tight junctions formed by multiple claudins display nanoscale organization principles of intermixing, integration, induction, segregation, and exclusion of strand assemblies. Interestingly, channel-forming claudins are spatially segregated from barrier-forming claudins via determinants mainly encoded in their extracellular domains also known to harbor mutations leading to human diseases. Electrophysiological analysis of claudins in epithelial cells suggests that nanoscale segregation of distinct channel-forming claudins enables barrier function combined with specific paracellular ion flux across tight junctions. Meshworks of claudin polymers control the paracellular transport and barrier properties of epithelial tight junctions. Here, the authors show different claudin nanoscale organization principles, finding that claudin segregation enables barrier formation and paracellular ion flux across tight junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Gonschior
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher Schmied
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jenny Eichhorst
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Himmerkus
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jörg Piontek
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothee Günzel
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Bleich
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mikio Furuse
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Volker Haucke
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125, Berlin, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Lehmann
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125, Berlin, Germany.
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46
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Orlando BJ, Dominik PK, Roy S, Ogbu CP, Erramilli SK, Kossiakoff AA, Vecchio AJ. Development, structure, and mechanism of synthetic antibodies that target claudin and Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin complexes. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102357. [PMID: 35952760 PMCID: PMC9463536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Strains of Clostridium perfringens produce a two-domain enterotoxin (CpE) that afflicts humans and domesticated animals, causing prevalent gastrointestinal illnesses. CpE’s C-terminal domain (cCpE) binds cell surface receptors, followed by a restructuring of its N-terminal domain to form a membrane-penetrating β-barrel pore, which is toxic to epithelial cells of the gut. The claudin family of membrane proteins are known receptors for CpE and also control the architecture and function of cell-cell contacts (tight junctions) that create barriers to intercellular molecular transport. CpE binding and assembly disables claudin barrier function and induces cytotoxicity via β-pore formation, disrupting gut homeostasis; however, a structural basis of this process and strategies to inhibit the claudin–CpE interactions that trigger it are both lacking. Here, we used a synthetic antigen-binding fragment (sFab) library to discover two sFabs that bind claudin-4 and cCpE complexes. We established these sFabs’ mode of molecular recognition and binding properties and determined structures of each sFab bound to claudin-4–cCpE complexes using cryo-EM. The structures reveal that the sFabs bind a shared epitope, but conform distinctly, which explains their unique binding equilibria. Mutagenesis of antigen/sFab interfaces observed therein result in binding changes, validating the structures, and uncovering the sFab’s targeting mechanism. From these insights, we generated a model for CpE’s claudin-bound β-pore that predicted sFabs would not prevent cytotoxicity, which we then verified in vivo. Taken together, this work demonstrates the development and mechanism of claudin/cCpE-binding sFabs that provide a framework and strategy for obstructing claudin/CpE assembly to treat CpE-linked gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Orlando
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824 USA
| | - Pawel K Dominik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637 USA
| | - Sourav Roy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588 USA
| | - Chinemerem P Ogbu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588 USA
| | - Satchal K Erramilli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637 USA
| | - Anthony A Kossiakoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637 USA
| | - Alex J Vecchio
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588 USA.
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47
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Berselli A, Alberini G, Benfenati F, Maragliano L. Computational Assessment of Different Structural Models for Claudin-5 Complexes in Blood-Brain Barrier Tight Junctions. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:2140-2153. [PMID: 35816296 PMCID: PMC9976285 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) strictly regulates the exchange of ions and molecules between the blood and the central nervous system. Tight junctions (TJs) are multimeric structures that control the transport through the paracellular spaces between the adjacent brain endothelial cells of the BBB. Claudin-5 (Cldn5) proteins are essential for TJ formation and assemble into multiprotein complexes via cis-interactions within the same cell membrane and trans-interactions across two contiguous cells. Despite the relevant biological function of Cldn5 proteins and their role as targets of brain drug delivery strategies, the molecular details of their assembly within TJs are still unclear. Two different structural models have been recently introduced, in which Cldn5 dimers belonging to opposite cells join to generate paracellular pores. However, a comparison of these models in terms of ionic transport features is still lacking. In this work, we used molecular dynamics simulations and free energy (FE) calculations to assess the two Cldn5 pore models and investigate the thermodynamic properties of water and physiological ions permeating through them. Despite different FE profiles, both structures present single/multiple FE barriers to ionic permeation, while being permissive to water flux. These results reveal that both models are compatible with the physiological role of Cldn5 TJ strands. By identifying the protein-protein surface at the core of TJ Cldn5 assemblies, our computational investigation provides a basis for the rational design of synthetic peptides and other molecules capable of opening paracellular pores in the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Berselli
- Center
for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology (NSYN@UniGe), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, Genova 16132, Italy
- Department
of Experimental Medicine, Università
Degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Giulio Alberini
- Center
for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology (NSYN@UniGe), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, Genova 16132, Italy
- IRCCS
Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center
for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology (NSYN@UniGe), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, Genova 16132, Italy
- IRCCS
Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Luca Maragliano
- Center
for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology (NSYN@UniGe), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, Genova 16132, Italy
- Department
of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic
University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona 60131, Italy
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48
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Wei T, Zhou M, Gu L, Zhou Y, Li M. How Shockwaves Open Tight Junctions of Blood–Brain Barrier: Comparison of Three Biomechanical Effects. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:5094-5102. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c02903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering and Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering and Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Lingzhi Gu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering and Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering and Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering and Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
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Shashikanth N, France MM, Xiao R, Haest X, Rizzo HE, Yeste J, Reiner J, Turner JR. Tight junction channel regulation by interclaudin interference. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3780. [PMID: 35773259 PMCID: PMC9246906 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31587-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions form selectively permeable seals across the paracellular space. Both barrier function and selective permeability have been attributed to members of the claudin protein family, which can be categorized as pore-forming or barrier-forming. Here, we show that claudin-4, a prototypic barrier-forming claudin, reduces paracellular permeability by a previously unrecognized mechanism. Claudin-4 knockout or overexpression has minimal effects on tight junction permeability in the absence of pore-forming claudins. However, claudin-4 selectively inhibits flux across cation channels formed by claudins 2 or 15. Claudin-4-induced loss of claudin channel function is accompanied by reduced anchoring and subsequent endocytosis of pore-forming claudins. Analyses in nonepithelial cells show that claudin-4, which is incapable of independent polymerization, disrupts polymeric strands and higher order meshworks formed by claudins 2, 7, 15, and 19. This process of interclaudin interference, in which one claudin disrupts higher order structures and channels formed by a different claudin, represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of barrier regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Shashikanth
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marion M France
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ruyue Xiao
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xenia Haest
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heather E Rizzo
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jose Yeste
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Johannes Reiner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Ahlswede L, Siebenaller C, Junglas B, Hellmann N, Schneider D. Human Claudin-7 cis-Interactions Are Not Crucial for Membrane-Membrane (Trans-) Interactions. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:908383. [PMID: 35832741 PMCID: PMC9271825 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.908383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Claudin-7 (Cldn7) is a member of the Claudin (Cldn) superfamily. In vivo, these proteins form tight junctions, which establish constricted connections between cells. Cldns oligomerize within the membrane plane (= cis-interaction), and also interact with Cldns from adjacent cells (= trans-interaction). Interactions of Cldns are typically studied in vivo and structural analyses of isolated Cldns are limited. Here, we describe heterologous expression in E. coli and purification of human Cldn7, enabling in vitro analyses of the isolated protein using detergent and model membrane systems. Cldn7 exists as a monomer, hexamer, and various higher oligomers in micelles. While only limited unfolding of the protein was observed in the presence of the anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate, decreased ionic strength did affect Cldn7 cis-interactions. Furthermore, we identified two amino acids which mediate electrostatic cis-interactions and analyzed the impact of disturbed cis-interaction on trans-contacts via atomic force microscopy and monitoring Förster resonance energy transfer between fluorescently labeled Cldn7-containing proteoliposomes. Our results indicate that Cldn7 cis-oligomerization might not be a prerequisite for establishing trans-contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Ahlswede
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Carmen Siebenaller
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Benedikt Junglas
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadja Hellmann
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dirk Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- *Correspondence: Dirk Schneider,
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