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Ballarin CS, Fontúrbel FE, Rech AR, Oliveira PE, Goés GA, Polizello DS, Oliveira PH, Hachuy-Filho L, Amorim FW. How many animal-pollinated angiosperms are nectar-producing? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:2008-2020. [PMID: 38952269 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
The diversity of plant-pollinator interactions is grounded in floral resources, with nectar considered one of the main floral rewards plants produce for pollinators. However, a global evaluation of the number of animal-pollinated nectar-producing angiosperms and their distribution world-wide remains elusive. We compiled a thorough database encompassing 7621 plant species from 322 families to estimate the number and proportion of nectar-producing angiosperms reliant on animal pollination. Through extensive sampling of plant communities, we also explored the interplay between nectar production, floral resource diversity, latitudinal and elevational gradients, contemporary climate, and environmental characteristics. Roughly 223 308 animal-pollinated angiosperms are nectar-producing, accounting for 74.4% of biotic-pollinated species. Global distribution patterns of nectar-producing plants reveal a distinct trend along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients, with increased proportions of plants producing nectar in high latitudes and altitudes. Conversely, tropical communities in warm and moist climates exhibit greater floral resource diversity and a lower proportion of nectar-producing plants. These findings suggest that ecological trends driven by climate have fostered the diversification of floral resources in warmer and less seasonal climates, reducing the proportion of solely nectar-producing plants. Our study provides a baseline for understanding plant-pollinator relationships, plant diversification, and the distribution of plant traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio S Ballarin
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações - LEPI, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Bioestatística, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho' (IBB - UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, Botucatu, SP, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, IBB - UNESP, Rua Prof. Dr Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, Botucatu, SP, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Francisco E Fontúrbel
- Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Universidad 330, Valparaíso, CEP 2373223, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus of Patagonian Limit of Life (LiLi), Valdivia, CEP 5090000, Chile
| | - André R Rech
- Programas de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Estudos Rurais e Ciências Florestais, Faculdade Interdisciplinar em Humanidades, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, CEP 39100-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo E Oliveira
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, CEP 38405302, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Alcarás Goés
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações - LEPI, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Bioestatística, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho' (IBB - UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, Botucatu, SP, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
- Laboratório de Restauração Florestal - LERF, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho' (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, CEP 18610-034, Brazil
| | - Diego S Polizello
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações - LEPI, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Bioestatística, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho' (IBB - UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, Botucatu, SP, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia, IBB - UNESP, Rua Prof. Dr Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Pablo H Oliveira
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações - LEPI, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Bioestatística, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho' (IBB - UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, Botucatu, SP, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia, IBB - UNESP, Rua Prof. Dr Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Leandro Hachuy-Filho
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações - LEPI, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Bioestatística, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho' (IBB - UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, Botucatu, SP, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia, IBB - UNESP, Rua Prof. Dr Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Felipe W Amorim
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações - LEPI, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Bioestatística, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho' (IBB - UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, Botucatu, SP, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, IBB - UNESP, Rua Prof. Dr Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, Botucatu, SP, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia, IBB - UNESP, Rua Prof. Dr Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
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2
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Song X, Katabuchi M, Chase JM, Johnson DJ, Zhang W, Deng X, Cao M, Yang J. Drought tolerance and species abundance mediate dry season negative density dependence in a tropical forest. Ecology 2024:e4382. [PMID: 39056489 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD) is thought to be a key process in maintaining plant diversity. However, the strength of CNDD is highly variable in space and time as well as among species, and correlates of this variation that might help to understand and explain it remain largely unquantified. Using Bayesian hierarchical models, we took advantage of 10-year seedling monitoring data that were collected annually in every dry and rainy season in a seasonal tropical forest. We quantified the interspecific variation in the strength of CNDD and its temporal variation. We also examined potential correlates of this interspecific and temporal variation, including species functional traits (such as drought-tolerant traits, defense-related traits, and recourse acquisition traits) and species abundances. In the dry season, we found a negative relationship between the density of neighboring conspecific seedlings on seedling survival, while in the rainy season, there was a negative relationship between the density of neighboring conspecific adults on seedling survival. In addition, we found that interspecific variation in CNDD was related to drought-tolerant traits in the dry season but not in the rainy season. Across years, we found that drought-intolerant species suffer less CNDD during the dry seasons that have higher rainfall, whereas drought-tolerant species suffer less CNDD when the dry season has lower rainfall. We also found that rare species suffered stronger CNDD in the dry season. Overall, our study highlights that CNDD is highly variable among species and through time, necessitating a deeper appreciation of the environmental and functional contexts of CNDD and their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Masatoshi Katabuchi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Jonathan M Chase
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Daniel J Johnson
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Wenfu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaobao Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Min Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Jie Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
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3
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Zhang H, Gao Y, Zheng X, Hu Y, Zhou X, Fang Y, Li Y, Xie L, Ding H. Neighborhood Diversity Promotes Tree Growth in a Secondary Forest: The Interplay of Intraspecific Competition, Interspecific Competition, and Spatial Scale. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1994. [PMID: 39065520 PMCID: PMC11280550 DOI: 10.3390/plants13141994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the biodiversity-productivity relationship (BPR) is crucial for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management. While it is known that diversity enhances forest productivity, the underlying mechanisms at the local neighborhood level remain poorly understood. We established a 9.6 ha dynamic forest plot to study how neighborhood diversity, intraspecific competition, and interspecific competition influence tree growth across spatial scales using linear mixed-effects models. Our analysis reveals a significant positive correlation between neighborhood species richness (NSR) and relative growth rate (RGR). Notably, intraspecific competition, measured by conspecific neighborhood density and resource competition, negatively impacts RGR at finer scales, indicating intense competition among conspecifics for limited resources. In contrast, interspecific competition, measured by heterospecific density and resource competition, has a negligible impact on RGR. The relative importance of diversity and intra/interspecific competition in influencing tree growth varies with scale. At fine scales, intraspecific competition dominates negatively, while at larger scales, the positive effect of NSR on RGR increases, contributing to a positive BPR. These findings highlight the intricate interplay between local interactions and spatial scale in modulating tree growth, emphasizing the importance of considering biotic interactions and spatial variability in studying BPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Zhang
- Innovative Research Team for Forest Restoration Mechanisms, Chishui National Ecological Quality Comprehensive Monitoring Stations, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Nanjing 210042, China
- Research Center for Nature Conservation and Biodiversity, State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Ecology and Environment of Wuyi Mountains, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory on Biosafety, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Yuanyun Gao
- Innovative Research Team for Forest Restoration Mechanisms, Chishui National Ecological Quality Comprehensive Monitoring Stations, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- Research Center for Nature Conservation and Biodiversity, State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Ecology and Environment of Wuyi Mountains, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory on Biosafety, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Yaping Hu
- Research Center for Nature Conservation and Biodiversity, State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Ecology and Environment of Wuyi Mountains, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory on Biosafety, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- Research Center for Nature Conservation and Biodiversity, State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Ecology and Environment of Wuyi Mountains, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory on Biosafety, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Yanming Fang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yao Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lei Xie
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Hui Ding
- Research Center for Nature Conservation and Biodiversity, State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Ecology and Environment of Wuyi Mountains, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory on Biosafety, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Nanjing 210042, China
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4
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Quiles P, Barrientos R. Interspecific interactions disrupted by roads. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:1121-1139. [PMID: 38303408 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Roads have pervasive impacts on wildlife, including habitat loss and fragmentation, road mortality, habitat pollution and increased human use of habitats surrounding them. However, the effects of roads on interspecific interactions are less understood. Here we provide a synthesis of the existing literature on how species interactions may be disrupted by roads, identify knowledge gaps, and suggest avenues for future research and conservation management. We conducted a systematic search using the Web of Science database for each species interaction (predation, competition, mutualism, parasitism, commensalism and amensalism). These searches yielded 2144 articles, of which 195 were relevant to our topic. Most of these studies focused on predation (50%) or competition (24%), and less frequently on mutualism (17%) or, parasitism (9%). We found no studies on commensalism or amensalism. Studies were biased towards mammals from high-income countries, with most conducted in the USA (34%) or Canada (18%). Our literature review identified several patterns. First, roads disrupt predator-prey relationships, usually with negative impacts on prey populations. Second, new disturbed habitats created in road corridors often benefit more competitive species, such as invasive species, although some native or endangered species can also thrive there. Third, roads degrade mutualistic interactions like seed dispersal and pollination. Fourth, roads can increase parasitism rates, although the intensity of the alteration is species specific. To reduce the negative impacts of roads on interspecific interactions, we suggest the following management actions: (i) verges should be as wide and heterogenous as possible, as this increases microhabitat diversity, thus enhancing ecosystem services like pollination and seed dispersal; (ii) combining different mowing regimes can increase the complexity of the habitat corridor, enabling it to act as a habitat for more species; (iii) the use of de-icing salts should be gradually reduced and replaced with less harmful products or maintenance practices; (iv) wildlife passes should be implemented in groups to reduce animal concentrations inside them; (v) periodic removal of carcasses from the road to reduce the use of this resource by wildlife; and (vi) implementation of traffic-calming schemes could enhance interspecific interactions like pollination and avoid disruption of predator-prey relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Quiles
- Road Ecology Lab, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, C/ José Antonio Novais 12, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Barrientos
- Road Ecology Lab, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, C/ José Antonio Novais 12, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
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5
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LaManna JA. Uncovering drivers of global tree diversity. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:701-702. [PMID: 38637695 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01695-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A LaManna
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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6
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Ruiz-Moreno A, Emslie MJ, Connolly SR. High response diversity and conspecific density-dependence, not species interactions, drive dynamics of coral reef fish communities. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14424. [PMID: 38634183 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Species-to-species and species-to-environment interactions are key drivers of community dynamics. Disentangling these drivers in species-rich assemblages is challenging due to the high number of potentially interacting species (the 'curse of dimensionality'). We develop a process-based model that quantifies how intraspecific and interspecific interactions, and species' covarying responses to environmental fluctuations, jointly drive community dynamics. We fit the model to reef fish abundance time series from 41 reefs of Australia's Great Barrier Reef. We found that fluctuating relative abundances are driven by species' heterogenous responses to environmental fluctuations, whereas interspecific interactions are negligible. Species differences in long-term average abundances are driven by interspecific variation in the magnitudes of both conspecific density-dependence and density-independent growth rates. This study introduces a novel approach to overcoming the curse of dimensionality, which reveals highly individualistic dynamics in coral reef fish communities that imply a high level of niche structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Ruiz-Moreno
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Michael J Emslie
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sean R Connolly
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
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7
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Chauvier-Mendes Y, Pollock LJ, Verburg PH, Karger DN, Pellissier L, Lavergne S, Zimmermann NE, Thuiller W. Transnational conservation to anticipate future plant shifts in Europe. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:454-466. [PMID: 38253754 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02287-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
To meet the COP15 biodiversity framework in the European Union (EU), one target is to protect 30% of its land by 2030 through a resilient transnational conservation network. The European Alps are a key hub of this network hosting some of the most extensive natural areas and biodiversity hotspots in Europe. Here we assess the robustness of the current European reserve network to safeguard the European Alps' flora by 2080 using semi-mechanistic simulations. We first highlight that the current network needs strong readjustments as it does not capture biodiversity patterns as well as our conservation simulations. Overall, we predict a strong shift in conservation need through time along latitudes, and from lower to higher elevations as plants migrate upslope and shrink their distribution. While increasing species, trait and evolutionary diversity, migration could also threaten 70% of the resident flora. In the face of global changes, the future European reserve network will need to ensure strong elevation and latitudinal connections to complementarily protect multifaceted biodiversity beyond national borders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohann Chauvier-Mendes
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Laura J Pollock
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Quebec
| | - Peter H Verburg
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Environmental Geography Group, Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dirk N Karger
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Lavergne
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, LECA, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, Grenoble, France
| | - Niklaus E Zimmermann
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, LECA, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, Grenoble, France
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8
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Delavaux CS, Crowther TW, Bever JD, Weigelt P, Gora EM. Mutualisms weaken the latitudinal diversity gradient among oceanic islands. Nature 2024; 627:335-339. [PMID: 38418873 PMCID: PMC10937366 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07110-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) dominates global patterns of diversity1,2, but the factors that underlie the LDG remain elusive. Here we use a unique global dataset3 to show that vascular plants on oceanic islands exhibit a weakened LDG and explore potential mechanisms for this effect. Our results show that traditional physical drivers of island biogeography4-namely area and isolation-contribute to the difference between island and mainland diversity at a given latitude (that is, the island species deficit), as smaller and more distant islands experience reduced colonization. However, plant species with mutualists are underrepresented on islands, and we find that this plant mutualism filter explains more variation in the island species deficit than abiotic factors. In particular, plant species that require animal pollinators or microbial mutualists such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi contribute disproportionately to the island species deficit near the Equator, with contributions decreasing with distance from the Equator. Plant mutualist filters on species richness are particularly strong at low absolute latitudes where mainland richness is highest, weakening the LDG of oceanic islands. These results provide empirical evidence that mutualisms, habitat heterogeneity and dispersal are key to the maintenance of high tropical plant diversity and mediate the biogeographic patterns of plant diversity on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille S Delavaux
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
| | - Thomas W Crowther
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - James D Bever
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Kansas Biological Survey, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Patrick Weigelt
- Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Campus Institute Data Science, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Evan M Gora
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá City, Panamá
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, USA
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9
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Hülsmann L, Chisholm RA, Comita L, Visser MD, de Souza Leite M, Aguilar S, Anderson-Teixeira KJ, Bourg NA, Brockelman WY, Bunyavejchewin S, Castaño N, Chang-Yang CH, Chuyong GB, Clay K, Davies SJ, Duque A, Ediriweera S, Ewango C, Gilbert GS, Holík J, Howe RW, Hubbell SP, Itoh A, Johnson DJ, Kenfack D, Král K, Larson AJ, Lutz JA, Makana JR, Malhi Y, McMahon SM, McShea WJ, Mohamad M, Nasardin M, Nathalang A, Norden N, Oliveira AA, Parmigiani R, Perez R, Phillips RP, Pongpattananurak N, Sun IF, Swanson ME, Tan S, Thomas D, Thompson J, Uriarte M, Wolf AT, Yao TL, Zimmerman JK, Zuleta D, Hartig F. Latitudinal patterns in stabilizing density dependence of forest communities. Nature 2024; 627:564-571. [PMID: 38418889 PMCID: PMC10954553 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown reduced performance in plants that are surrounded by neighbours of the same species1,2, a phenomenon known as conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD)3. A long-held ecological hypothesis posits that CNDD is more pronounced in tropical than in temperate forests4,5, which increases community stabilization, species coexistence and the diversity of local tree species6,7. Previous analyses supporting such a latitudinal gradient in CNDD8,9 have suffered from methodological limitations related to the use of static data10-12. Here we present a comprehensive assessment of latitudinal CNDD patterns using dynamic mortality data to estimate species-site-specific CNDD across 23 sites. Averaged across species, we found that stabilizing CNDD was present at all except one site, but that average stabilizing CNDD was not stronger toward the tropics. However, in tropical tree communities, rare and intermediate abundant species experienced stronger stabilizing CNDD than did common species. This pattern was absent in temperate forests, which suggests that CNDD influences species abundances more strongly in tropical forests than it does in temperate ones13. We also found that interspecific variation in CNDD, which might attenuate its stabilizing effect on species diversity14,15, was high but not significantly different across latitudes. Although the consequences of these patterns for latitudinal diversity gradients are difficult to evaluate, we speculate that a more effective regulation of population abundances could translate into greater stabilization of tropical tree communities and thus contribute to the high local diversity of tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Hülsmann
- Ecosystem Analysis and Simulation (EASI) Lab, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
- Theoretical Ecology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
- Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Ryan A Chisholm
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liza Comita
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Marco D Visser
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Salomon Aguilar
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Kristina J Anderson-Teixeira
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | - Norman A Bourg
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | - Warren Y Brockelman
- National Biobank of Thailand (NBT), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Bangkok, Thailand
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin
- Thai Long Term Forest Ecological Research Project, Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicolas Castaño
- Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas Sinchi, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Chia-Hao Chang-Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Keith Clay
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Stuart J Davies
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alvaro Duque
- Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sisira Ediriweera
- Department of Science and Technology, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Gregory S Gilbert
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Jan Holík
- Department of Forest Ecology, Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Robert W Howe
- Cofrin Center for Biodiversity, Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, WI, USA
| | - Stephen P Hubbell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Akira Itoh
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daniel J Johnson
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David Kenfack
- Global Earth Observatory (ForestGEO), Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kamil Král
- Department of Forest Ecology, Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrew J Larson
- Department of Forest Management, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
- Wilderness Institute, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - James A Lutz
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | | | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sean M McMahon
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA
| | - William J McShea
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Anuttara Nathalang
- National Biobank of Thailand (NBT), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natalia Norden
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Renan Parmigiani
- Department of Ecology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rolando Perez
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | | | | | - I-Fang Sun
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Donghwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Mark E Swanson
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | - Duncan Thomas
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jill Thompson
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, UK
| | - Maria Uriarte
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amy T Wolf
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, WI, USA
| | - Tze Leong Yao
- Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, Malaysia
| | - Jess K Zimmerman
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, USA
| | - Daniel Zuleta
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Florian Hartig
- Theoretical Ecology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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10
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Wu Y, Yang Z, Chen S, Sui M, Zhang G, Liu Q, Chen D, Ding F, Zang L. How do species richness and its component dependence vary along the natural restoration in extremely heterogeneous forest ecosystems? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 354:120265. [PMID: 38382441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Giant habitat heterogeneity is an important factor contributing to the high species richness (SR) in karst forests. Yet, the driving factor behind the alterations in SR patterns during natural restoration remains unclear. In this study, we established the forest dynamics plots along the natural restoration sequence (including shrub-tree mixed forest stage (SC), secondary forest stage (SG) and old-growth forest sage (OG)) in degraded karst forests to compare the SR and the dependence on its components (including total community abundance, species abundance distribution (SAD), and conspecific spatial aggregation (CSA)) among stages of natural restoration. By evaluating the degree of contribution of the components to local SR and rarefied SR, we found that the SG exhibited the highest local SR, while the rarefied SR remained increasing along the restoration sequence after controlling the sample size. At SC-SG stage, SAD and CSA contributed negatively to the differences in SR, while abundance made a positive contribution to SR differences. At SG-OG, abundance contributed positively to the difference in SR at all scales, while SAD contributed negatively at small scales. No significant contribution of CSA was found at observed scales. In addition, local SR varied more significantly with PIE than with abundance. Our research emphasizes the importance of eliminating the influence of abundance on species richness in forest ecology and management, as well as the significance of separately evaluating the components that shape the diversity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Wu
- Research Center of Forest Ecology, Collage of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Zeyu Yang
- Research Center of Forest Ecology, Collage of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Shiren Chen
- Research Center of Forest Ecology, Collage of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Mingzhen Sui
- Research Center of Forest Ecology, Collage of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China; Guizhou Libo Karst Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Libo, Guizhou, 558400, China
| | - Guangqi Zhang
- Research Center of Forest Ecology, Collage of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China; Guizhou Libo Karst Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Libo, Guizhou, 558400, China
| | - Qingfu Liu
- Research Center of Forest Ecology, Collage of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China; Guizhou Libo Karst Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Libo, Guizhou, 558400, China
| | - Danmei Chen
- Research Center of Forest Ecology, Collage of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China; Guizhou Libo Karst Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Libo, Guizhou, 558400, China
| | - Fangjun Ding
- Guizhou Libo Karst Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Libo, Guizhou, 558400, China
| | - Lipeng Zang
- Research Center of Forest Ecology, Collage of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China; Guizhou Libo Karst Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Libo, Guizhou, 558400, China.
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11
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Iuorio A, Baudena M, Eppinga MB, Giannino F, Rietkerk M, Veerman F. Travelling waves due to negative plant-soil feedbacks in a model including tree life-stages. Math Biosci 2024; 368:109128. [PMID: 38135247 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2023.109128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The emergence and maintenance of tree species diversity in tropical forests is commonly attributed to the Janzen-Connell (JC) hypothesis, which states that growth of seedlings is suppressed in the proximity of conspecific adult trees. As a result, a JC distribution due to a density-dependent negative feedback emerges in the form of a (transient) pattern where conspecific seedling density is highest at intermediate distances away from parent trees. Several studies suggest that the required density-dependent feedbacks behind this pattern could result from interactions between trees and soil-borne pathogens. However, negative plant-soil feedback may involve additional mechanisms, including the accumulation of autotoxic compounds generated through tree litter decomposition. An essential task therefore consists in constructing mathematical models incorporating both effects showing the ability to support the emergence of JC distributions. In this work, we develop and analyse a novel reaction-diffusion-ODE model, describing the interactions within tropical tree species across different life stages (seeds, seedlings, and adults) as driven by negative plant-soil feedback. In particular, we show that under strong negative plant-soil feedback travelling wave solutions exist, creating transient distributions of adult trees and seedlings that are in agreement with the Janzen-Connell hypothesis. Moreover, we show that these travelling wave solutions are pulled fronts and a robust feature as they occur over a broad parameter range. Finally, we calculate their linear spreading speed and show its (in)dependence on relevant nondimensional parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Iuorio
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Mathematics, Oskar-Morgenstern-Platz 1, Vienna, 1090, Austria; Parthenope University of Naples, Department of Engineering, Centro Direzionale - Isola C4, Naples, 80143, Italy.
| | - Mara Baudena
- Utrecht University, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Environmental Sciences Group, Utrecht, 3508 TC, The Netherlands; National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Corso Fiume 4, Torino, 10133, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina, 61, Palermo, 90133, Italy.
| | - Maarten B Eppinga
- University of Zurich, Department of Geography, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich, 8057, Switzerland.
| | - Francesco Giannino
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Agricultural Sciences, via Università 100, Portici, 80055, Italy.
| | - Max Rietkerk
- Utrecht University, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Environmental Sciences Group, Utrecht, 3508 TC, The Netherlands.
| | - Frits Veerman
- Leiden University, Mathematical Institute, Niels Bohrweg 1, Leiden, 2300 RA, The Netherlands.
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12
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Cheng J, Lončarević I, Cronberg N. Interspecific competition affects spore germination and gametophore development of mosses. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2024; 3:91. [PMID: 37810270 PMCID: PMC10558986 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.16004.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Interactions between moss species in their earliest growth stages have received little attention. To what extent interspecific competition or priority effects influence spore germination, protonemal development and gametophore emergence is unknown. We evaluated such effects in pairwise interaction between six common bryophyte species: Atrichum undulatum, Bryum argenteum, Ceratodon purpureus, Funaria hygrometrica, Hypnum cupressiforme, Leptobryum pyriforme. Methods Interspecific interactions were assessed in vitro. Spores were sterilized and sown on agar plates in three treatments: 1) as single species cultures (controls), 2) as pairwise species cultures inoculated simultaneously, and 3) with a time lag of 20 days between species. Data on time needed for spore germination, germination rate, the time needed for gametophore differentiation, number of gametophores per germinated spore and average diameter of colonies were collected. We also performed spore germination tests in single-species cultures at the start and end of the study, as well as tests for density-dependency at spore germination and gametophore formation. Results We observed strong pairwise interactive effects when sowing spores of different species simultaneously or with a delay of 20 days. The results indicate that spore germination is often inhibited by interspecific competition. The first species has an advantage as compared to the later colonizing species, i.e., an apparent priority effect. Interspecific interactions were also evident during gametophore development and included both inhibition and facilitation. Conclusion We found pronounced differences in the relative performance of species in interaction with other species during spore germination and gametophore formation. Allelopathic effects are the most probable explanation for these observations. Our results under sterile lab conditions are likely to reflect processes that occur in the wild, governing biotic filtering and bryophyte community assembly during primary and secondary colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmin Cheng
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Nils Cronberg
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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13
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Jiang F, Bennett JA, Crawford KM, Heinze J, Pu X, Luo A, Wang Z. Global patterns and drivers of plant-soil microbe interactions. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14364. [PMID: 38225803 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Plant-soil feedback (PSF) is an important mechanism determining plant community dynamics and structure. Understanding the geographic patterns and drivers of PSF is essential for understanding the mechanisms underlying geographic plant diversity patterns. We compiled a large dataset containing 5969 observations of PSF from 202 studies to demonstrate the global patterns and drivers of PSF for woody and non-woody species. Overall, PSF was negative on average and was influenced by plant attributes and environmental settings. Woody species PSFs did not vary with latitude, but non-woody PSFs were more negative at higher latitudes. PSF was consistently more positive with increasing aridity for both woody and non-woody species, likely due to increased mutualistic microbes relative to soil-borne pathogens. These findings were consistent between field and greenhouse experiments, suggesting that PSF variation can be driven by soil legacies from climates. Our findings call for caution to use PSF as an explanation of the latitudinal diversity gradient and highlight that aridity can influence plant community dynamics and structure across broad scales through mediating plant-soil microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiang
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jonathan A Bennett
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Kerri M Crawford
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Johannes Heinze
- Department of Biodiversity, Heinz Sielmann Foundation, Wustermark (OT Elstal), Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Xucai Pu
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ao Luo
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiheng Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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14
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Delavaux CS, Angst JK, Espinosa H, Brown M, Petticord DF, Schroeder JW, Broders K, Herre EA, Bever JD, Crowther TW. Fungal community dissimilarity predicts plant-soil feedback strength in a lowland tropical forest. Ecology 2024; 105:e4200. [PMID: 37897325 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Soil microbes impact plant community structure and diversity through plant-soil feedbacks. However, linking the relative abundance of plant pathogens and mutualists to differential plant recruitment remains challenging. Here, we tested for microbial mediation of pairwise feedback using a reciprocal transplant experiment in a lowland tropical forest in Panama paired with amplicon sequencing of soil and roots. We found evidence that plant species identity alters the microbial community, and these changes in microbial composition alter subsequent growth and survival of conspecific plants. We also found that greater community dissimilarity between species in their arbuscular mycorrhizal and nonpathogenic fungi predicted increased positive feedback. Finally, we identified specific microbial taxa across our target functional groups that differentially accumulated under conspecific settings. Collectively, these findings clarify how soil pathogens and mutualists mediate net feedback effects on plant recruitment, with implications for management and restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille S Delavaux
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
- Kansas Biological Survey, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Janika K Angst
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hilario Espinosa
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación, SENACYT, Panama City, Panama
- Universidad de Panama, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología, Departamento de Botánica, Panama City, Panama
- Coiba Scientific Station (Coiba AIP), Panama City, Panama
| | - Makenna Brown
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Daniel F Petticord
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | | - Kirk Broders
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
- Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Peoria, Illinois, USA
| | - Edward A Herre
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - James D Bever
- Kansas Biological Survey, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Thomas W Crowther
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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de Roos AM, He Q, Pascual M. An immune memory-structured SIS epidemiological model for hyperdiverse pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2218499120. [PMID: 37910552 PMCID: PMC10636369 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2218499120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A hyperdiverse class of pathogens of humans and wildlife, including the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, relies on multigene families to encode antigenic variation. As a result, high (asymptomatic) prevalence is observed despite high immunity in local populations under high-transmission settings. The vast diversity of "strains" and genes encoding this variation challenges the application of established models for the population dynamics of such infectious diseases. Agent-based models have been formulated to address theory on strain coexistence and structure, but their complexity can limit application to gain insights into population dynamics. Motivated by P. falciparum malaria, we develop an alternative formulation in the form of a structured susceptible-infected-susceptible population model in continuous time, where individuals are classified not only by age, as is standard, but also by the diversity of parasites they have been exposed to and retain in their specific immune memory. We analyze the population dynamics and bifurcation structure of this system of partial-differential equations, showing the existence of alternative steady states and an associated tipping point with transmission intensity. We attribute the critical transition to the positive feedback between parasite genetic diversity and force of infection. Basins of attraction show that intervention must drastically reduce diversity to prevent a rebound to high infection levels. Results emphasize the importance of explicitly considering pathogen diversity and associated specific immune memory in the population dynamics of hyperdiverse epidemiological systems. This statement is discussed in a more general context for ecological competition systems with hyperdiverse trait spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- André M. de Roos
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam1090 GE, The Netherlands
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM87501
| | - Qixin He
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | - Mercedes Pascual
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM87501
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL60637
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16
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Iuorio A, Eppinga MB, Baudena M, Veerman F, Rietkerk M, Giannino F. Modelling how negative plant-soil feedbacks across life stages affect the spatial patterning of trees. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19128. [PMID: 37926717 PMCID: PMC10625994 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44867-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we theoretically explore how litter decomposition processes and soil-borne pathogens contribute to negative plant-soil feedbacks, in particular in transient and stable spatial organisation of tropical forest trees and seedlings known as Janzen-Connell distributions. By considering soil-borne pathogens and autotoxicity both separately and in combination in a phenomenological model, we can study how both factors may affect transient dynamics and emerging Janzen-Connell distributions. We also identify parameter regimes associated with different long-term behaviours. Moreover, we compare how the strength of negative plant-soil feedbacks was mediated by tree germination and growth strategies, using a combination of analytical approaches and numerical simulations. Our interdisciplinary investigation, motivated by an ecological question, allows us to construct important links between local feedbacks, spatial self-organisation, and community assembly. Our model analyses contribute to understanding the drivers of biodiversity in tropical ecosystems, by disentangling the abilities of two potential mechanisms to generate Janzen-Connell distributions. Furthermore, our theoretical results may help guiding future field data analyses by identifying spatial signatures in adult tree and seedling distribution data that may reflect the presence of particular plant-soil feedback mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Iuorio
- Department of Engineering, Centro Direzionale-Isola C4, Parthenope University of Naples, 80143, Naples, Italy.
- Faculty of Mathematics, University of Vienna, Oskar-Morgenstern-Platz 1, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Maarten B Eppinga
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mara Baudena
- Environmental Sciences Group, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), National Research Council of Italy, Corso Fiume 4, 10133, Torino, Italy
| | - Frits Veerman
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 1, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Max Rietkerk
- Environmental Sciences Group, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Giannino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy
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17
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Delavaux CS, LaManna JA, Myers JA, Phillips RP, Aguilar S, Allen D, Alonso A, Anderson-Teixeira KJ, Baker ME, Baltzer JL, Bissiengou P, Bonfim M, Bourg NA, Brockelman WY, Burslem DFRP, Chang LW, Chen Y, Chiang JM, Chu C, Clay K, Cordell S, Cortese M, den Ouden J, Dick C, Ediriweera S, Ellis EC, Feistner A, Freestone AL, Giambelluca T, Giardina CP, Gilbert GS, He F, Holík J, Howe RW, Huaraca Huasca W, Hubbell SP, Inman F, Jansen PA, Johnson DJ, Kral K, Larson AJ, Litton CM, Lutz JA, Malhi Y, McGuire K, McMahon SM, McShea WJ, Memiaghe H, Nathalang A, Norden N, Novotny V, O'Brien MJ, Orwig DA, Ostertag R, Parker GG'J, Pérez R, Reynolds G, Russo SE, Sack L, Šamonil P, Sun IF, Swanson ME, Thompson J, Uriarte M, Vandermeer J, Wang X, Ware I, Weiblen GD, Wolf A, Wu SH, Zimmerman JK, Lauber T, Maynard DS, Crowther TW, Averill C. Mycorrhizal feedbacks influence global forest structure and diversity. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1066. [PMID: 37857800 PMCID: PMC10587352 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05410-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
One mechanism proposed to explain high species diversity in tropical systems is strong negative conspecific density dependence (CDD), which reduces recruitment of juveniles in proximity to conspecific adult plants. Although evidence shows that plant-specific soil pathogens can drive negative CDD, trees also form key mutualisms with mycorrhizal fungi, which may counteract these effects. Across 43 large-scale forest plots worldwide, we tested whether ectomycorrhizal tree species exhibit weaker negative CDD than arbuscular mycorrhizal tree species. We further tested for conmycorrhizal density dependence (CMDD) to test for benefit from shared mutualists. We found that the strength of CDD varies systematically with mycorrhizal type, with ectomycorrhizal tree species exhibiting higher sapling densities with increasing adult densities than arbuscular mycorrhizal tree species. Moreover, we found evidence of positive CMDD for tree species of both mycorrhizal types. Collectively, these findings indicate that mycorrhizal interactions likely play a foundational role in global forest diversity patterns and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille S Delavaux
- ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Joseph A LaManna
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jonathan A Myers
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Salomón Aguilar
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - David Allen
- Department of Biology, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, USA
| | - Alfonso Alonso
- Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kristina J Anderson-Teixeira
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Matthew E Baker
- Geography & Environmental Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Pulchérie Bissiengou
- Herbier National du Gabon, Institut de Pharmacopée et de Médecine Traditionelle, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Mariana Bonfim
- Department of Biology, Temple Ambler Field Station, Temple University, Ambler, PA, USA
| | - Norman A Bourg
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Warren Y Brockelman
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong Nueng, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | | | - Li-Wan Chang
- Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei City, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology/School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jyh-Min Chiang
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chengjin Chu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keith Clay
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Susan Cordell
- Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, USDA Forest Service, Hilo, HI, USA
| | - Mary Cortese
- Department of Biology, Temple Ambler Field Station, Temple University, Ambler, PA, USA
| | - Jan den Ouden
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher Dick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sisira Ediriweera
- Department of Science and Technology, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla, Sri Lanka
| | - Erle C Ellis
- Geography & Environmental Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anna Feistner
- Gabon Biodiversity Program, Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Gamba, Gabon
| | - Amy L Freestone
- Department of Biology, Temple Ambler Field Station, Temple University, Ambler, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Giambelluca
- University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1910 East-West Rd., Honolulu, HI, USA
- Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, USA
| | | | - Gregory S Gilbert
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Fangliang He
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jan Holík
- Department of Forest Ecology, Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Robert W Howe
- Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, WI, USA
| | - Walter Huaraca Huasca
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen P Hubbell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Faith Inman
- Department of Biology, University of Hawaii, Hilo, HI, USA
| | - Patrick A Jansen
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel J Johnson
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Kamil Kral
- Department of Forest Ecology, Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Andrew J Larson
- Department of Forest Management, W. A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
- The Wilderness Institute, W. A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Creighton M Litton
- University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1910 East-West Rd., Honolulu, HI, USA
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, USA
| | - James A Lutz
- The Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
- Wildland Resources Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Krista McGuire
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Sean M McMahon
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, NJ, USA
| | - William J McShea
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hervé Memiaghe
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Anuttara Nathalang
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong Nueng, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Natalia Norden
- Programa Ciencias de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Investigacion de Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Vojtech Novotny
- Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michael J O'Brien
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Almería, Spain
| | - David A Orwig
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Rolando Pérez
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Glen Reynolds
- The Royal Society SEARRP (UK/Malaysia), Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Sabrina E Russo
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pavel Šamonil
- Department of Forest Ecology, Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - I-Fang Sun
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mark E Swanson
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | - Maria Uriarte
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Vandermeer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xihua Wang
- Tiantong National Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ian Ware
- U.S. Forest Service, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Hilo, HI, USA
| | - George D Weiblen
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Amy Wolf
- Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, WI, USA
| | - Shu-Hui Wu
- Botanical Garden Division, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jess K Zimmerman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico
| | - Thomas Lauber
- ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel S Maynard
- ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas W Crowther
- ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Colin Averill
- ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Tian Z, Li W, Kou Y, Dong X, Liu H, Yang X, Dong Q, Chen T. Effects of Different Livestock Grazing on Foliar Fungal Diseases in an Alpine Grassland on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:949. [PMID: 37755057 PMCID: PMC10533196 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In grassland ecosystems, the occurrence and transmission of foliar fungal diseases are largely dependent on grazing by large herbivores. However, whether herbivores that have different body sizes differentially impact foliar fungal diseases remains largely unexplored. Thus, we conducted an 8-year grazing experiment in an alpine grassland on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China and tested how different types of livestock (sheep (Ovis aries), yak (Bos grunniens), or both)) affected foliar fungal diseases at the levels of both plant population and community. At the population level, grazing by a single species (yak or sheep) or mixed species (sheep and yak) significantly decreased the severity of eight leaf spot diseases. Similarly, at the community level, both single species (yak or sheep) and mixed grazing by both sheep and yak significantly decreased the community pathogen load. However, we did not find a significant difference in the community pathogen load among different types of livestock. These results suggest that grazing by large herbivores, independently of livestock type, consistently decreased the prevalence of foliar fungal diseases at both the plant population and community levels. We suggest that moderate grazing by sheep or yak is effective to control the occurrence of foliar fungal diseases in alpine grasslands. This study advances our knowledge of the interface between disease ecology, large herbivores, and grassland science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.T.); (W.L.); (Y.K.); (X.D.); (H.L.)
| | - Wenjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.T.); (W.L.); (Y.K.); (X.D.); (H.L.)
| | - Yixin Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.T.); (W.L.); (Y.K.); (X.D.); (H.L.)
| | - Xin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.T.); (W.L.); (Y.K.); (X.D.); (H.L.)
| | - Huining Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.T.); (W.L.); (Y.K.); (X.D.); (H.L.)
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Adaptive Management on Alpine Grassland, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (X.Y.); (Q.D.)
| | - Quanmin Dong
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Adaptive Management on Alpine Grassland, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (X.Y.); (Q.D.)
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.T.); (W.L.); (Y.K.); (X.D.); (H.L.)
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19
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Kalyuzhny M, Lake JK, Wright SJ, Ostling AM. Pervasive within-species spatial repulsion among adult tropical trees. Science 2023; 381:563-568. [PMID: 37535716 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg7021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
For species to coexist, performance must decline as the density of conspecific individuals increases. Although evidence for such conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD) exists in forests, the within-species spatial repulsion it should produce has rarely been demonstrated in adults. In this study, we show that in comparison to a null model of stochastic birth, death, and limited dispersal, the adults of dozens of tropical forest tree species show strong spatial repulsion, some to surprising distances of approximately 100 meters. We used simulations to show that such strong repulsion can only occur if CNDD considerably exceeds heterospecific negative density dependence-an even stronger condition required for coexistence-and that large-scale repulsion can indeed result from small-scale CNDD. These results demonstrate substantial niche differences between species that may stabilize species diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kalyuzhny
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Lake
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - S Joseph Wright
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa 0843-03092, Republic of Panama
| | - Annette M Ostling
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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20
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Chen B, Ma J, Yang C, Xiao X, Kou W, Wu Z, Yun T, Zaw ZN, Nawan P, Sengprakhon R, Zhou J, Wang J, Sun R, Zhang X, Xie G, Lan G. Diversified land conversion deepens understanding of impacts of rapid rubber plantation expansion on plant diversity in the tropics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162505. [PMID: 36863580 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the status and changes of plant diversity in rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) plantations is essential for sustainable plantation management in the context of rapid rubber expansion in the tropics, but remains very limited at the continental scale. In this study, we investigated plant diversity from 10-meter quadrats in 240 different rubber plantations in the six countries of the Great Mekong Subregion (GMS)-where nearly half of the world's rubber plantations are located-and analyzed the influence of original land cover types and stand age on plant diversity using Landsat and Sentinel-2 satellite imagery since the late 1980s. The results indicate that the average plant species richness of rubber plantations is 28.69 ± 7.35 (1061 species in total, of which 11.22 % are invasive), approximating half the species richness of tropical forests but roughly double that of the intensively managed croplands. Time-series satellite imagery analysis revealed that rubber plantations were primarily established in place of cropland (RPC, 37.72 %), old rubber plantations (RPORP, 27.63 %), and tropical forests (RPTF, 24.12 %). Plant species richness in RPTF (34.02 ± 7.62) was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than that in RPORP (26.41 ± 7.02) and RPC (26.34 ± 5.37). More importantly, species richness can be maintained for the duration of the 30-year economic cycle, and the number of invasive species decreases as the stand ages. Given diverse land conversions and changes in stand age, the total loss of species richness due to rapid rubber expansion in the GMS was 7.29 %, which is far below the traditional estimates that only consider tropical forest conversion. In general, maintaining higher species richness at the earliest stages of cultivation has significant implications for biodiversity conservation in rubber plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangqian Chen
- Rubber Research Institute (RRI), Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Hainan Danzhou Agro-ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of biodiversity Science, Fudan University, No. 2005, Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chuan Yang
- Rubber Research Institute (RRI), Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Hainan Danzhou Agro-ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Xiangming Xiao
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Center for Earth Observation and Modeling, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Weili Kou
- College of Big Data and Intelligent Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China
| | - Zhixiang Wu
- Rubber Research Institute (RRI), Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Hainan Danzhou Agro-ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Ting Yun
- School of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zar Ni Zaw
- Myanmar Rubber Planters and Producers Association, Yangon 11131, Myanmar; Agricultural Innovation and Management Division, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Piyada Nawan
- Songkhla Rubber Research Center, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Ratchada Sengprakhon
- Rubber Research Institute of Thailand/Rubber Authority of Thailand, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Jiannan Zhou
- Rubber Research Institute (RRI), Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Hainan Danzhou Agro-ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jikun Wang
- Rubber Research Institute (RRI), Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Hainan Danzhou Agro-ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Rubber Research Institute (RRI), Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Hainan Danzhou Agro-ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Xicai Zhang
- Rubber Research Institute (RRI), Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Hainan Danzhou Agro-ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Guishui Xie
- Rubber Research Institute (RRI), Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Hainan Danzhou Agro-ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Guoyu Lan
- Rubber Research Institute (RRI), Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Hainan Danzhou Agro-ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Haikou 571101, China.
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21
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Williams PJ, Brodie JF. Predicting how defaunation-induced changes in seed predation and dispersal will affect tropical tree populations. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2023; 37:e14014. [PMID: 36178021 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The loss of large animals due to overhunting and habitat loss potentially affects tropical tree populations and carbon cycling. Trees reliant on large-bodied seed dispersers are thought to be particularly negatively affected by defaunation. But besides seed dispersal, defaunation can also increase or decrease seed predation. It remains unclear how these different defaunation effects on early life stages ultimately affect tree population dynamics. We reviewed the literature on how tropical animal loss affects different plant life stages, and we conducted a meta-analysis of how defaunation affects seed predation. We used this information to parameterize models that altered matrix projection models from a suite of tree species to simulate defaunation-caused changes in seed dispersal and predation. We assessed how applying these defaunation effects affected population growth rates. On average, population-level effects of defaunation were negligible, suggesting that defaunation may not cause the massive reductions in forest carbon storage that have been predicted. In contrast to previous hypotheses, we did not detect an effect of seed size on changes in seed predation rates. The change in seed predation did not differ significantly between exclosure experiments and observational studies, although the results of observational studies were far more variable. Although defaunation surely affects certain tree taxa, species that benefit or are harmed by it and net changes in forest carbon storage cannot currently be predicted based on available data. Further research on how factors such as seed predation vary across tree species and defaunation scenarios is necessary for understanding cascading changes in species composition and diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jedediah F Brodie
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
- Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
- Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
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22
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Zobel M, Moora M, Pärtel M, Semchenko M, Tedersoo L, Öpik M, Davison J. The multiscale feedback theory of biodiversity. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:171-182. [PMID: 36182404 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants and their environments engage in feedback loops that not only affect individuals, but also scale up to the ecosystem level. Community-level negative feedback facilitates local diversity, while the ability of plants to engineer ecosystem-wide conditions for their own benefit enhances local dominance. Here, we suggest that local and regional processes influencing diversity are inherently correlated: community-level negative feedback predominates among large species pools formed under historically common conditions; ecosystem-level positive feedback is most apparent in historically restricted habitats. Given enough time and space, evolutionary processes should lead to transitions between systems dominated by positive and negative feedbacks: species-poor systems should become richer due to diversification of dominants and adaptation of subordinates; however, new monodominants may emerge due to migration or new adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Zobel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Mari Moora
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Meelis Pärtel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marina Semchenko
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Leho Tedersoo
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Biology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maarja Öpik
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - John Davison
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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23
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Wu Y, Brown A, Ricklefs RE. Host‐specific soil microbes contribute to habitat restriction of closely related oaks (
Quercus
spp.). Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9614. [PMCID: PMC9745265 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yingtong Wu
- Department of Biology University of Missouri–St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
- Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center University of Missouri–St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Alicia Brown
- Department of Biology University of Missouri–St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
- Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center University of Missouri–St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Robert E. Ricklefs
- Department of Biology University of Missouri–St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
- Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center University of Missouri–St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
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24
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Xu L, Clark AT, Rees M, Turnbull LA. Estimating competition in metacommunities: accounting for biases caused by dispersal. Methods Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.14022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- Department of Plant Sciences University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Adam T. Clark
- Institute of Biology Karl‐Franzens‐Universität Graz Graz Austria
| | - Mark Rees
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
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25
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da Silva DA, Pfeifer M, Vibrans AC. Conspecific density plays a pivotal role in shaping sapling community in highly fragmented subtropical forests. AUSTRAL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Augusto da Silva
- Environmental Engineering Graduate Program Regional University of Blumenau Blumenau São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marion Pfeifer
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Modelling, Evidence and Policy Group Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne UK
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26
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Barber C, Zaiats A, Applestein C, Rosenthal L, Caughlin TT. Bayesian models for spatially explicit interactions between neighbouring plants. Methods Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrii Zaiats
- Biological Sciences Boise State University Boise Idaho USA
| | - Cara Applestein
- Biological Sciences Boise State University Boise Idaho USA
- Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center U.S. Geological Survey Boise Idaho USA
| | - Lisa Rosenthal
- Department of Plant Pathology University of California Davis California USA
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27
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Ben Saadi C, Cayuela L, Bañares de Dios G, de Aledo JG, Matas-Granados L, Salinas N, La Torre Cuadros MDLÁ, Macía MJ. Latitudinal patterns and environmental drivers of taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity of woody plants in western Amazonian terra firme forests. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:978299. [PMID: 36275574 PMCID: PMC9585299 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.978299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating how environmental factors drive plant species distributions and how they affect latitudinal diversity gradients, remain essential questions in ecology and biogeography. In this study we aimed: 1) to investigate the relationships between all three diversity attributes, i.e., taxonomic diversity (TD), functional diversity (FD), and phylogenetic diversity (PD); 2) to quantify the latitudinal variation in these diversity attributes in western Amazonian terra firme forests; and 3) to understand how climatic and edaphic drivers contribute to explaining diversity patterns. We inventoried ca. 15,000 individuals from ca. 1,250 species, and obtained functional trait records for ca. 5,000 woody plant individuals in 50 plots of 0.1 ha located in five terra firme forest sites spread over a latitudinal gradient of 1200 km covering ca. 10°C in latitude in western Amazonia. We calculated all three diversity attributes using Hill numbers: q = 0 (richness), q = 1 (richness weighted by relative abundance), and q = 2 (richness weighted by dominance). Generalized linear mixed models were constructed for each diversity attribute to test the effects of different uncorrelated environmental predictors comprising the temperature seasonality, annual precipitation, soil pH and soil bulk density, as well as accounting for the effect of spatial autocorrelation, i.e., plots aggregated within sites. We confirmed that TD (q = 0, q = 1, and q = 2), FD (q = 0, q = 1, and q = 2), and PD (q = 0) increased monotonically towards the Equator following the latitudinal diversity gradient. The importance of rare species could explain the lack of a pattern for PD (q = 1 and q = 2). Temperature seasonality, which was highly correlated with latitude, and annual precipitation were the main environmental drivers of variations in TD, FD, and PD. All three diversity attributes increased with lower temperature seasonality, higher annual precipitation, and lower soil pH. We confirmed the existence of latitudinal diversity gradients for TD, FD, and PD in hyperdiverse Amazonian terra firme forests. Our results agree well with the predictions of the environmental filtering principle and the favourability hypothesis, even acting in a 10°C latitudinal range within tropical climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Ben Saadi
- Departamento de Biología, Área de Botánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Cayuela
- Departmento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Guillermo Bañares de Dios
- Departmento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Julia G. de Aledo
- Departamento de Biología, Área de Botánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Matas-Granados
- Departamento de Biología, Área de Botánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Norma Salinas
- Sección Quíımica, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
- School of Geography and Environment, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - María de los Ángeles La Torre Cuadros
- Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Científica del Sur, Villa el Salvador, Peru
- Departamento de Manejo Forestal, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru
| | - Manuel J. Macía
- Departamento de Biología, Área de Botánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Reu JC, Catano CP, Spasojevic MJ, Myers JA. Beta diversity as a driver of forest biomass across spatial scales. Ecology 2022; 103:e3774. [PMID: 35634996 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the importance of biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) relationships in ecology and conservation, relatively little is known about how BEF relationships change across spatial scales. Theory predicts that change in BEF relationships with increasing spatial scale will depend on variation in species composition across space (β-diversity), but empirical evidence for this is limited. Moreover, studies have not quantified the direct and indirect role the environment plays in costructuring ecosystem functioning across spatial scales. We used 14 temperate-forest plots 1.4 ha in size containing 18,323 trees to quantify scale-dependence between aboveground tree biomass and three components of tree-species diversity-α-diversity (average local diversity), γ-diversity (total diversity), and β-diversity. Using structural-equation models, we quantified the direct effects of each diversity component and the environment (soil nutrients and topography), as well as indirect effects of the environment, on tree biomass across 11 spatial extents ranging from 400 to 14,400 m2 . Our results show that the relationship between β-diversity and tree biomass strengthened with increasing spatial extent. Moreover, β-diversity appeared to be a stronger predictor of biomass than α-diversity and γ-diversity at intermediate to large spatial extents. The environment had strong direct and indirect effects on biomass, but, in contrast to diversity, these effects did not strengthen with increasing spatial extent. This study provides some of the first empirical evidence that β-diversity underpins the scaling of BEF relationships in naturally complex ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline C Reu
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Christopher P Catano
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Marko J Spasojevic
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Jonathan A Myers
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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29
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Nottingham AT, Scott JJ, Saltonstall K, Broders K, Montero-Sanchez M, Püspök J, Bååth E, Meir P. Microbial diversity declines in warmed tropical soil and respiration rise exceed predictions as communities adapt. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:1650-1660. [PMID: 36065063 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01200-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Perturbation of soil microbial communities by rising temperatures could have important consequences for biodiversity and future climate, particularly in tropical forests where high biological diversity coincides with a vast store of soil carbon. We carried out a 2-year in situ soil warming experiment in a tropical forest in Panama and found large changes in the soil microbial community and its growth sensitivity, which did not fully explain observed large increases in CO2 emission. Microbial diversity, especially of bacteria, declined markedly with 3 to 8 °C warming, demonstrating a breakdown in the positive temperature-diversity relationship observed elsewhere. The microbial community composition shifted with warming, with many taxa no longer detected and others enriched, including thermophilic taxa. This community shift resulted in community adaptation of growth to warmer temperatures, which we used to predict changes in soil CO2 emissions. However, the in situ CO2 emissions exceeded our model predictions threefold, potentially driven by abiotic acceleration of enzymatic activity. Our results suggest that warming of tropical forests will have rapid, detrimental consequences both for soil microbial biodiversity and future climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Nottingham
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. .,School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. .,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama.
| | - Jarrod J Scott
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | | | - Kirk Broders
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama.,Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service USDA, Peoria, IL, USA
| | | | - Johann Püspök
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Erland Bååth
- Section of Microbial Ecology, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Patrick Meir
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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30
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Busby PE, Newcombe G, Neat AS, Averill C. Facilitating Reforestation Through the Plant Microbiome: Perspectives from the Phyllosphere. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 60:337-356. [PMID: 35584884 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021320-010717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tree planting and natural regeneration contribute to the ongoing effort to restore Earth's forests. Our review addresses how the plant microbiome can enhance the survival of planted and naturally regenerating seedlings and serve in long-term forest carbon capture and the conservation of biodiversity. We focus on fungal leaf endophytes, ubiquitous defensive symbionts that protect against pathogens. We first show that fungal and oomycetous pathogen richness varies greatly for tree species native to the United States (n = 0-876 known pathogens per US tree species), with nearly half of tree species either without pathogens in these major groups or with unknown pathogens. Endophytes are insurance against the poorly known and changing threat of tree pathogens. Next, we review studies of plant phyllosphere feedback, but knowledge gaps prevent us from evaluating whether adding conspecific leaf litter to planted seedlings promotes defensive symbiosis, analogous to adding soil to promote positive feedback. Finally, we discuss research priorities for integrating the plant microbiome into efforts to expand Earth's forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Posy E Busby
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA;
| | - George Newcombe
- Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Abigail S Neat
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA;
| | - Colin Averill
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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31
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Jevon FV, De La Cruz D, LaManna JA, Lang AK, Orwig DA, Record S, Kouba PV, Ayres MP, Matthes JH. Experimental and observational evidence of negative conspecific density dependence in temperate ectomycorrhizal trees. Ecology 2022; 103:e3808. [PMID: 35792423 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD) promotes tree species diversity by reducing recruitment near conspecific adults due to biotic feedbacks from herbivores, pathogens, or competitors. While this process is well-described in tropical forests, tests of temperate tree species range from strong positive to strong negative density dependence. To explain this, several studies have suggested that tree species traits may help predict the strength and direction of density dependence: for example, ectomycorrhizal-associated tree species typically exhibit either positive or weaker negative conspecific density dependence. More generally, the strength of density dependence may be predictably related to other species-specific ecological attributes such as shade tolerance, or the relative local abundance of a species. To test the strength of density dependence and whether it affects seedling community diversity in a temperate forest, we tracked the survival of seedlings of three ectomycorrhizal-associated species experimentally planted beneath conspecific and heterospecific adults on the Prospect Hill tract of the Harvard Forest, in Massachusetts, USA. Experimental seedling survival was always lower under conspecific adults, which increased seedling community diversity in one of six treatments. We compared these results to evidence of CNDD from observed sapling survival patterns of 28 species over approximately 8 years in an adjacent 35-hectare forest plot. We tested whether species-specific estimates of CNDD were associated with mycorrhizal association, shade tolerance, and local abundance. We found evidence of significant, negative conspecific density dependence (CNDD) in 23 of 28 species, and positive conspecific density dependence in two species. Contrary to our expectations, ectomycorrhizal-associated species generally exhibited stronger (e.g. more negative) CNDD than arbuscular mycorrhizal- associated species. CNDD was also stronger in more shade tolerant species but was not associated with local abundance. Conspecific adult trees often have a negative influence on seedling survival in temperate forests, particularly for tree species with certain traits. Here we found strong experimental and observational evidence that ectomycorrhizal-associating species consistently exhibit CNDD. Moreover, similarities in the relative strength of density dependence from experiments and observations of sapling mortality suggest a mechanistic link between negative effects of conspecific adults on seedling and sapling survival and local tree species distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona V Jevon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Dayna De La Cruz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
| | - Joseph A LaManna
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ashley K Lang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - David A Orwig
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, MA, USA
| | - Sydne Record
- Department of Biology, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paige V Kouba
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Matthew P Ayres
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
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32
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Siqueira JA, Wakin T, Batista-Silva W, Silva JCF, Vicente MH, Silva JC, Clarindo WR, Zsögön A, Peres LEP, De Veylder L, Fernie AR, Nunes-Nesi A, Araújo WL. A long and stressful day: Photoperiod shapes aluminium tolerance in plants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 432:128704. [PMID: 35313159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aluminium (Al), a limiting factor for crop productivity in acidic soils (pH ≤ 5.5), imposes drastic constraints for food safety in developing countries. The major mechanisms that allow plants to cope with Al involve manipulations of organic acids metabolism and DNA-checkpoints. When assumed individually both approaches have been insufficient to overcome Al toxicity. On analysing the centre of origin of most cultivated plants, we hypothesised that day-length seems to be a pivotal agent modulating Al tolerance across distinct plant species. We observed that with increasing distance from the Equator, Al tolerance decreases, suggesting a relationship with the photoperiod. We verified that long-day (LD) species are generally more Al-sensitive than short-day (SD) species, whereas genetic conversion of tomato for SD growth habit boosts Al tolerance. Reduced Al tolerance correlates with DNA-checkpoint activation under LD. Furthermore, DNA-checkpoint-related genes are under positive selection in Arabidopsis accessions from regions with shorter days, suggesting that photoperiod act as a selective barrier for Al tolerance. A diel regulation and genetic diversity affect Al tolerance, suggesting that day-length orchestrates Al tolerance. Altogether, photoperiodic control of Al tolerance might contribute to solving the historical obstacle that imposes barriers for developing countries to reach a sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Antonio Siqueira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Thiago Wakin
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Willian Batista-Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - José Cleydson F Silva
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Matheus H Vicente
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (LCB), Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Jéssica C Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Wellington R Clarindo
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Agustin Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Lazaro E P Peres
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (LCB), Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Lieven De Veylder
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent B-9052, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.
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33
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Nishizawa K, Shinohara N, Cadotte MW, Mori AS. The latitudinal gradient in plant community assembly processes: A meta-analysis. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:1711-1724. [PMID: 35616424 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Beta(β)-diversity, or site-to-site variation in species composition, generally decreases with increasing latitude, and the underlying processes driving this pattern have been challenging to elucidate because the signals of community assembly processes are scale-dependent. In this meta-analysis, by synthesising the results of 103 studies that were distributed globally and conducted at various spatial scales, we revealed a latitudinal gradient in the detectable assembly processes of vascular plant communities. Variations in plant community composition at low and high latitudes were mainly explained by geographic variables, suggesting that distance decay and dispersal limitations causing spatial aggregation are influential in these regions. In contrast, variation in species composition correlated most strongly with environmental variables at mid-latitudes (20-30°), reflecting the importance of environmental filtering, although this unimodal pattern was not statistically significant. Importantly, our analysis revealed the effects of different spatial scales, such that the correlation with spatial variables was stronger at smaller sampling extents, and environmental variables were more influential at larger sampling extents. We concluded that plant communities are driven by different community assembly processes in distinct biogeographical regions, suggesting that the latitudinal gradient of biodiversity is created by a combination of multiple processes that vary with environmental and species size differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Nishizawa
- The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Marc W Cadotte
- Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
| | - Akira S Mori
- The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
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34
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Abstract
The introduction of trees outside their native ranges has greatly expanded the potential ranges of their pathogens and insect pests, which risk spilling over and impacting native flora. However, we often lack a strong understanding of the host, climatic, and geographic factors that allow pests to establish outside their hosts’ native ranges. Using global datasets of pest occurrences and the native and nonnative ranges of tree hosts, we show there are strong generalizable trends controlling pest occurrences and can predict the occurrence of pests outside their hosts’ native ranges with >75% accuracy. Our modeling framework offers a powerful tool to identify future invasive pest species and the ecological mechanisms controlling the accumulation of pests outside their hosts’ native ranges. Tree pests affect millions of hectares of natural and managed land annually, but we often lack a strong understanding of the factors limiting pest distributions and the drivers that facilitate the expansion of pests outside their hosts’ native ranges. Here, we use hierarchical Bayesian regression models to identify the key determinants of pest distributions from a global dataset of >310,000 pest presences/absences across 206 countries and an additional >120,000 pest occurrences outside the native host ranges to validate the model. Our results show there are strong, generalizable controls on pest ranges, including effects of host richness and phylogeny, geography, and climate. Remarkably, our model fit to pest distributions in native host ranges was able to predict pest presences outside the host native range with ∼79% accuracy. Our work has important implications for predicting regions that may be vulnerable to future pest invasions and understanding the accumulation of pests outside the native ranges of their hosts.
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35
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LaManna JA, Jones FA, Bell DM, Pabst RJ, Shaw DC. Tree species diversity increases with conspecific negative density dependence across an elevation gradient. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:1237-1249. [PMID: 35291051 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Elevational and latitudinal gradients in species diversity may be mediated by biotic interactions that cause density-dependent effects of conspecifics on survival or growth to differ from effects of heterospecifics (i.e. conspecific density dependence), but limited evidence exists to support this. We tested the hypothesis that conspecific density dependence varies with elevation using over 40 years of data on tree survival and growth from 23 old-growth temperate forest stands across a 1,000-m elevation gradient. We found that conspecific-density-dependent effects on survival of small-to-intermediate-sized focal trees were negative in lower elevation, higher diversity forest stands typically characterised by warmer temperatures and greater relative humidity. Conspecific-density-dependent effects on survival were less negative in higher elevation stands and ridges than in lower elevation stands and valley bottoms for small-to-intermediate-sized trees, but were neutral for larger trees across elevations. Conspecific-density-dependent effects on growth were negative across all tree size classes and elevations. These findings reveal fundamental differences in biotic interactions that may contribute to relationships between species diversity, elevation and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A LaManna
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - F Andrew Jones
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - David M Bell
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Robert J Pabst
- Department of Forest Ecosystems & Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - David C Shaw
- Department of Forest Engineering, Resources, and Management, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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36
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Bhatti UA, Yu Z, Hasnain A, Nawaz SA, Yuan L, Wen L, Bhatti MA. Evaluating the impact of roads on the diversity pattern and density of trees to improve the conservation of species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:14780-14790. [PMID: 34622403 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16627-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Roadside trees alter biotic and abiotic factors of plants diversity in an ecosystem. Rows of plants grow along the roadside due to the interplay between the arrival of propagule and seedling establishment, which depends on the road's specifications, land pattern, and road administration and protection practices. A field study was conducted to measure the roadside tree diversity in the city of Karachi (Pakistan). A total of 180 plots, divided into three primary road groups, were surveyed. The highest quantity of tree biomass per unit area was found on wide roads, followed by medium roads. On narrow roads, the least biomass was detected. A single species or a limited number of species dominated the tree community. Conocarpus erectus was the most dominant non-native species on all types of sidewalks or roadsides, followed by Guaiacum officinale. A total of 76 species (32 non-natives and 44 natives) that were selectively spread along the roadsides of the city were studied. There was a significant difference in phylogenetic diversity (PD), phylogenetic mean pairwise distance (MPD), and phylogenetic mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD) among wide, medium, and narrow roads. Management practices have a significant positive correlation with diversity indices. Our study identified patterns of diversity in roadside trees in Karachi. It provides the basis for future planning for plant protection, such as the protection of plant species, the maintenance of plant habitats, and the coordination of plant management in Karachi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzair Aslam Bhatti
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhaoyuan Yu
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ahmad Hasnain
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Linwang Yuan
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Luo Wen
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mughair Aslam Bhatti
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
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37
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Germain SJ, Lutz JA. Climate warming may weaken stabilizing mechanisms in old forests. ECOL MONOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara J. Germain
- Department of Wildland Resources Utah State University Logan Utah USA
| | - James A. Lutz
- Department of Wildland Resources Utah State University Logan Utah USA
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38
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Xu Z, Johnson DJ, Zhu K, Lin F, Ye J, Yuan Z, Mao Z, Fang S, Hao Z, Wang X. Interannual climate variability has predominant effects on seedling survival in a temperate forest. Ecology 2022; 103:e3643. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Daniel J. Johnson
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Kai Zhu
- Department of Environmental Studies University of California Santa Cruz California USA
| | - Fei Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China
| | - Ji Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China
| | - Zuoqiang Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China
| | - Zikun Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Shuai Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China
| | - Zhanqing Hao
- School of Ecology and Environment Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an China
| | - Xugao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China
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39
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Life Stage and Neighborhood-Dependent Survival of Longleaf Pine after Prescribed Fire. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Determining mechanisms of plant establishment in ecological communities can be particularly difficult in disturbance-dominated ecosystems. Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) and its associated plant community exemplify systems that evolved with disturbances, where frequent, widespread fires alter the population dynamics of longleaf pine within distinct life stages. We identified the primary biotic and environmental conditions that influence the survival of longleaf pine in this disturbance-dominated ecosystem. We combined data from recruitment surveys, tree censuses, dense lidar point clouds, and a forest-wide prescribed fire to examine the response of longleaf pine individuals to fire and biotic neighborhoods. We found that fire temperatures increased with increasing longleaf pine neighborhood basal area and decreased with higher oak densities. There was considerable variation in longleaf pine survival across life stages, with lowest survival probabilities occurring during the bolt stage and not in the earlier, more fire-resistant grass stage. Survival of grass-stage, bolt-stage, and sapling longleaf pines was negatively associated with basal area of neighboring longleaf pine and positively related to neighboring heterospecific tree density, primarily oaks (Quercus spp.). Our findings highlight the vulnerability of longleaf pine across life stages, which suggests optimal fire management strategies for controlling longleaf pine density, and—more broadly—emphasize the importance of fire in mediating species interactions.
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40
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Segnitz RM, Russo SE, Peay KG. Interactions with soil fungi alter density dependence and neighborhood effects in a locally abundant dipterocarp species. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8478. [PMID: 35127017 PMCID: PMC8796921 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Seedling recruitment can be strongly affected by the composition of nearby plant species. At the neighborhood scale (on the order of tens of meters), adult conspecifics can modify soil chemistry and the presence of host microbes (pathogens and mutualists) across their combined canopy area or rooting zones. At local or small spatial scales (on the order of one to few meters), conspecific seed or seedling density can influence the strength of intraspecific light and resource competition and also modify the density-dependent spread of natural enemies such as pathogens or invertebrate predators. Intrinsic correlation between proximity to adult conspecifics (i.e., recruitment neighborhood) and local seedling density, arising from dispersal, makes it difficult to separate the independent and interactive factors that contribute to recruitment success. Here, we present a field experiment in which we manipulated both the recruitment neighborhood and seedling density to explore how they interact to influence the growth and survival of Dryobalanops aromatica, a dominant ectomycorrhizal tree species in a Bornean tropical rainforest. First, we found that both local seedling density and recruitment neighborhood had effects on performance of D. aromatica seedlings, though the nature of these impacts varied between growth and survival. Second, we did not find strong evidence that the effect of density on seedling survival is dependent on the presence of conspecific adult trees. However, accumulation of mutualistic fungi beneath conspecifics adults does facilitate establishment of D. aromatica seedlings. In total, our results suggest that recruitment near adult conspecifics was not associated with a performance cost and may have weakly benefitted recruiting seedlings. Positive effects of conspecifics may be a factor facilitating the regional hyperabundance of this species. Synthesis: Our results provide support for the idea that dominant species in diverse forests may escape the localized recruitment suppression that limits abundance in rarer species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Max Segnitz
- Department of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Sabrina E. Russo
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraskaUSA
- Center for Plant Science InnovationUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | - Kabir G. Peay
- Department of BiologyStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Woods Institute for the EnvironmentStanfordCaliforniaUSA
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41
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Liu Y, Duan D, Jiang F, Tian Z, Feng X, Wu N, Hou F, Kardol P, Nan Z, Chen T. Long‐term heavy grazing increases community‐level foliar fungal diseases by shifting plant composition. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystems Center for Grassland Microbiome College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
- Industrial Crop Research Institute of Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Chengdu China
| | - Dongdong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystems Center for Grassland Microbiome College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Feifei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystems Center for Grassland Microbiome College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Zhen Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystems Center for Grassland Microbiome College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Xiaoxuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystems Center for Grassland Microbiome College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Nana Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystems Center for Grassland Microbiome College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Fujiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystems Center for Grassland Microbiome College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | - Zhibiao Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystems Center for Grassland Microbiome College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystems Center for Grassland Microbiome College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
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42
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Song X, Corlett RT. Do natural enemies mediate conspecific negative distance‐ and density‐dependence of trees? A meta‐analysis of exclusion experiments. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Mengla China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences Mengla China
| | - Richard T. Corlett
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences Mengla China
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Mengla China
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43
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Zaret MM, Bauer JT, Clay K, Whitaker BK. Conspecific leaf litter induces negative feedbacks in Asteraceae seedlings. Ecology 2021; 102:e03557. [PMID: 34625950 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The plant soil feedback (PSF) framework has been instrumental in understanding the impacts of soil microbes on plant fitness and species coexistence. PSFs develop when soil microbial communities are altered due to the identity and density of a particular plant species, which can then enhance or inhibit the local survival and growth of that plant species as well as different plant species. The recent extension of the PSF framework to aboveground microbiota, termed here as plant phyllosphere feedbacks (PPFs), can also help to determine the impact of aboveground microbes on plant fitness and species interactions. However, experimental tests of PPFs during early plant growth are nascent and the prevalence of PPFs across diverse plant species remains unknown. Additionally, it is unclear whether plant host characteristics, such as functional traits or phylogenetic distance, may help to predict the strength and direction of PPFs. To test for the prevalence of litter-mediated PPFs, recently senesced plant litter from 10 native Asteraceae species spanning a range of life history strategies was used to inoculate seedlings of both conspecific and heterospecific species. We found that exposure to conspecific litter significantly reduced the growth of four species relative to exposure to heterospecific litter (i.e., significant negative PPFs), three species experienced marginally significant negative PPFs, and the PPF estimates for all 10 species were negative. However, neither plant functional traits, nor phylogenetic distance were predictive of litter feedbacks across plant species pairs, suggesting that other mechanisms or traits not measured may be driving conspecific negative PPFs. Our results indicate that negative, litter-mediated PPFs are common among native Asteraceae species and that they may have substantial impacts on plant growth and plant species interactions, particularly during early plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max M Zaret
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.,Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jonathan T Bauer
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.,Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA.,Institute for the Environment and Sustainability, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Keith Clay
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Briana K Whitaker
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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44
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Robinson WD, Errichetti D, Pollock HS, Martinez A, Stouffer PC, Shen FY, Blake JG. Big Bird Plots: Benchmarking Neotropical Bird Communities to Address Questions in Ecology and Conservation in an Era of Rapid Change. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.697511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive networks of large plots have the potential to transform knowledge of avian community dynamics through time and across geographical space. In the Neotropics, the global hotspot of avian diversity, only six 100-ha plots, all located in lowland forests of Amazonia, the Guianan shield and Panama, have been inventoried sufficiently. We review the most important lessons learned about Neotropical forest bird communities from those big bird plots and explore opportunities for creating a more extensive network of additional plots to address questions in ecology and conservation, following the model of the existing ForestGEO network of tree plots. Scholarly impact of the big bird plot papers has been extensive, with the papers accumulating nearly 1,500 citations, particularly on topics of tropical ecology, avian conservation, and community organization. Comparisons of results from the plot surveys show no single methodological scheme works effectively for surveying abundances of all bird species at all sites; multiple approaches have been utilized and must be employed in the future. On the existing plots, abundance patterns varied substantially between the South American plots and the Central American one, suggesting different community structuring mechanisms are at work and that additional sampling across geographic space is needed. Total bird abundance in Panama, dominated by small insectivores, was double that of Amazonia and the Guianan plateau, which were dominated by large granivores and frugivores. The most common species in Panama were three times more abundant than those in Amazonia, whereas overall richness was 1.5 times greater in Amazonia. Despite these differences in community structure, other basic information, including uncertainty in population density estimates, has yet to be quantified. Results from existing plots may inform drivers of differences in community structure and create baselines for detection of long-term regional changes in bird abundances, but supplementation of the small number of plots is needed to increase generalizability of results and reveal the texture of geographic variation. We propose fruitful avenues of future research based on our current synthesis of the big bird plots. Collaborating with the large network of ForestGEO tree plots could be one approach to improve understanding of linkages between plant and bird diversity. Careful quantification of bird survey effort, recording of exact locations of survey routes or stations, and archiving detailed metadata will greatly enhance the value of benchmark data for future repeat surveys of the existing plots and initial surveys of newly established plots.
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45
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Fibich P, Ishihara MI, Suzuki SN, Doležal J, Altman J. Contribution of conspecific negative density dependence to species diversity is increasing towards low environmental limitation in Japanese forests. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18712. [PMID: 34548522 PMCID: PMC8455644 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Species coexistence is a result of biotic interactions, environmental and historical conditions. The Janzen-Connell hypothesis assumes that conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD) is one of the local processes maintaining high species diversity by decreasing population growth rates at high densities. However, the contribution of CNDD to species richness variation across environmental gradients remains unclear. In 32 large forest plots all over the Japanese archipelago covering > 40,000 individual trees of > 300 species and based on size distributions, we analysed the strength of CNDD of individual species and its contribution to species number and diversity across altitude, mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation and maximum snow depth gradients. The strength of CNDD was increasing towards low altitudes and high tree species number and diversity. The effect of CNDD on species number was changing across altitude, temperature and snow depth gradients and their combined effects contributed 11-18% of the overall explained variance. Our results suggest that CNDD can work as a mechanism structuring forest communities in the Japanese archipelago. Strong CNDD was observed to be connected with high species diversity under low environmental limitations where local biotic interactions are expected to be stronger than in niche-based community assemblies under high environmental filtering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Fibich
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic.
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Masae I Ishihara
- Field Science Education and Research Center, Ashiu Forest Research Station, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi N Suzuki
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo Hokkaido Forest, The University of Tokyo, Furano, Japan
| | - Jiří Doležal
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Altman
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
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46
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Liu Y, He F. Warming intensifies soil pathogen negative feedback on a temperate tree. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:2297-2307. [PMID: 33891310 PMCID: PMC8456973 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The soil pathogen-induced Janzen-Connell (JC) effect is considered as a primary mechanism regulating plant biodiversity worldwide. As predicted by the framework of the classic plant disease triangle, severity of plant diseases is often influenced by temperature, yet insufficient understanding of how increasing temperatures affect the JC effect contributes uncertainty in predictions about how global warming affects biodiversity. We conducted a 3-yr field warming experiment, combining open-top chambers with pesticide treatment, to test the effect of elevated temperatures on seedling mortality of a temperate tree species, Prunus padus, from a genus with known susceptibility to soil-borne pathogens. Elevated temperature significantly increased the mortality of P. padus seedlings in the immediate vicinity of parent trees, concurrent with increased relative abundance of pathogenic fungi identified to be virulent to Prunus species. Our study offers experimental evidence suggesting that global warming significantly intensifies the JC effect on a temperate tree species due to increased relative abundance of pathogenic fungi. This work advances our understanding about changes in the JC effect linked to ongoing global warming, which has important implications for predicting tree diversity in a warmer future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- ECNU‐Alberta Joint Laboratory for Biodiversity StudyTiantong National Station for Forest Ecosystem ResearchSchool of Ecology and Environmental SciencesEast China Normal UniversityShanghai200241China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological SecurityShanghai200092China
| | - Fangliang He
- ECNU‐Alberta Joint Laboratory for Biodiversity StudyTiantong National Station for Forest Ecosystem ResearchSchool of Ecology and Environmental SciencesEast China Normal UniversityShanghai200241China
- Department of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlberta,T6G 2H1Canada
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47
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Song C, Uricchio LH, Mordecai EA, Saavedra S. Understanding the emergence of contingent and deterministic exclusion in multispecies communities. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:2155-2168. [PMID: 34288350 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Competitive exclusion can be classified as deterministic or as historically contingent. While competitive exclusion is common in nature, it has remained unclear when multispecies communities formed by more than two species should be dominated by deterministic or contingent exclusion. Here, we take a fully parameterised model of an empirical competitive system between invasive annual and native perennial plant species to explain both the emergence and sources of competitive exclusion in multispecies communities. Using a structural approach to understand the range of parameters promoting deterministic and contingent exclusions, we then find heuristic theoretical support for the following three general conclusions. First, we find that the life-history of perennial species increases the probability of observing contingent exclusion by increasing their effective intrinsic growth rates. Second, we find that the probability of observing contingent exclusion increases with weaker intraspecific competition, and not with the level of hierarchical competition. Third, we find a shift from contingent exclusion to deterministic exclusion with increasing numbers of competing species. Our work provides a heuristic framework to increase our understanding about the predictability of species persistence within multispecies communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuliang Song
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lawrence H Uricchio
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Serguei Saavedra
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
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48
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Brown A, Heckman RW. Light alters the impacts of nitrogen and foliar pathogens on the performance of early successional tree seedlings. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11587. [PMID: 34285829 PMCID: PMC8272923 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Light limitation is a major driver of succession and an important determinant of the performance of shade-intolerant tree seedlings. Shade intolerance may result from a resource allocation strategy characterized by rapid growth and high metabolic costs, which may make shade-intolerant species particularly sensitive to nutrient limitation and pathogen pressure. In this study, we evaluated the degree to which nitrogen availability and fungal pathogen pressure interact to influence plant performance across different light environments. To test this, we manipulated nitrogen availability (high, low) and access by foliar fungal pathogens (sprayed with fungicide, unsprayed) to seedlings of the shade-intolerant tree, Liquidambar styraciflua, growing at low and high light availability, from forest understory to adjacent old field. Foliar fungal damage varied with light and nitrogen availability; in low light, increasing nitrogen availability tripled foliar damage, suggesting that increased nutrient availability in low light makes plants more susceptible to disease. Despite higher foliar damage under low light, spraying fungicide to exclude pathogens promoted 14% greater plant height only under high light conditions. Thus, although nitrogen availability and pathogen pressure each influenced aspects of plant performance, these effects were context dependent and overwhelmed by light limitation. This suggests that failure of shade-intolerant species to invade closed-canopy forest can be explained by light limitation alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Brown
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America.,Curriculum for the Environment and Ecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Robert W Heckman
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
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49
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Barry KE, Schnitzer SA. Are we missing the forest for the trees? Conspecific negative density dependence in a temperate deciduous forest. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245639. [PMID: 34264937 PMCID: PMC8282035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the central goals of ecology is to determine the mechanisms that enable coexistence among species. Evidence is accruing that conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD), the process by which plant seedlings are unable to survive in the area surrounding adults of their same species, is a major contributor to tree species coexistence. However, for CNDD to maintain community-level diversity, three conditions must be met. First, CNDD must maintain diversity for the majority of the woody plant community (rather than merely specific groups). Second, the pattern of repelled recruitment must increase in with plant size. Third, CNDD should extend to the majority of plant life history strategies. These three conditions are rarely tested simultaneously. In this study, we simultaneously test all three conditions in a woody plant community in a North American temperate forest. We examined whether understory and canopy woody species across height categories and dispersal syndromes were overdispersed-a spatial pattern indicative of CNDD-using spatial point pattern analysis across life history stages and strategies. We found that there was a strong signal of overdispersal at the community level. Across the whole community, larger individuals were more overdispersed than smaller individuals. The overdispersion of large individuals, however, was driven by canopy trees. By contrast, understory woody species were not overdispersed as adults. This finding indicates that the focus on trees for the vast majority of CNDD studies may have biased the perception of the prevalence of CNDD as a dominant mechanism that maintains community-level diversity when, according to our data, CNDD may be restricted largely to trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E. Barry
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Biodiversity Working Group, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Stefan A. Schnitzer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
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50
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Penczykowski RM, Sieg RD. Plantago spp. as Models for Studying the Ecology and Evolution of Species Interactions across Environmental Gradients. Am Nat 2021; 198:158-176. [PMID: 34143715 DOI: 10.1086/714589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA central challenge in ecology and evolutionary biology is to understand how variation in abiotic and biotic factors combine to shape the distribution, abundance, and diversity of focal species. Environmental gradients, whether natural (e.g., latitude, elevation, ocean proximity) or anthropogenic (e.g., land-use intensity, urbanization), provide compelling settings for addressing this challenge. However, not all organisms are amenable to the observational and experimental approaches required for untangling the factors that structure species along gradients. Here we highlight herbaceous plants in the genus Plantago as models for studying the ecology and evolution of species interactions along abiotic gradients. Plantago lanceolata and P. major are native to Europe and Asia but distributed globally, and they are established models for studying population ecology and interactions with herbivores, pathogens, and soil microbes. Studying restricted range congeners in comparison with those cosmopolitan species can provide insight into abiotic and biotic determinants of range size and population structure. We highlight one such species, P. rugelii, which is endemic to eastern North America. We give an overview of the literature on these focal Plantago species and explain why they are logical candidates for studies of species interactions across environmental gradients. Finally, we emphasize collaborative and community science approaches that can facilitate such research and note the amenability of Plantago for authentic research projects in science education.
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