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Huang T, Chen X, He J, Zheng P, Luo Y, Wu A, Yan H, Yu B, Chen D, Huang Z. Eugenol mimics exercise to promote skeletal muscle fiber remodeling and myokine IL-15 expression by activating TRPV1 channel. eLife 2024; 12:RP90724. [PMID: 38913071 PMCID: PMC11196110 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders are highly prevalent in modern society. Exercise mimetics are defined as pharmacological compounds that can produce the beneficial effects of fitness. Recently, there has been increased interest in the role of eugenol and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in improving metabolic health. The aim of this study was to investigate whether eugenol acts as an exercise mimetic by activating TRPV1. Here, we showed that eugenol improved endurance capacity, caused the conversion of fast-to-slow muscle fibers, and promoted white fat browning and lipolysis in mice. Mechanistically, eugenol promoted muscle fiber-type transformation by activating TRPV1-mediated CaN signaling pathway. Subsequently, we identified IL-15 as a myokine that is regulated by the CaN/nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) signaling pathway. Moreover, we found that TRPV1-mediated CaN/NFATc1 signaling, activated by eugenol, controlled IL-15 levels in C2C12 myotubes. Our results suggest that eugenol may act as an exercise mimetic to improve metabolic health via activating the TRPV1-mediated CaN signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengteng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Aimin Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Hui Yan
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
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2
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Langston PK, Mathis D. Immunological regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise. Cell Metab 2024; 36:1175-1183. [PMID: 38670108 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Exercise has long been acknowledged for its powerful disease-preventing, health-promoting effects. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects of exercise are not fully understood. Inflammation is a component of the stress response to exercise. Recent work has revealed that such inflammation is not merely a symptom of exertion; rather, it is a key regulator of exercise adaptations, particularly in skeletal muscle. The purpose of this piece is to provide a conceptual framework that we hope will integrate exercise immunology with exercise physiology, muscle biology, and cellular immunology. We start with an overview of early studies in the field of exercise immunology, followed by an exploration of the importance of stromal cells and immunocytes in the maintenance of muscle homeostasis based on studies of experimental muscle injury. Subsequently, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the functions and physiological relevance of the immune system in exercised muscle. Finally, we highlight a potential immunological basis for the benefits of exercise in musculoskeletal diseases and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kent Langston
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Diane Mathis
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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3
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Baskerville R, Castell L, Bermon S. Sports and Immunity, from the recreational to the elite athlete. Infect Dis Now 2024; 54:104893. [PMID: 38531477 DOI: 10.1016/j.idnow.2024.104893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The pivotal role of the immune system in physical activity is well-established. While interactions are complex, they tend to constitute discrete immune responses. Moderate intensity exercise causes leukocytosis with a mild anti-inflammatory cytokine profile and immunoenhancement. Above a threshold of intensity, lactate-mediated IL-6 release causes a proinflammatory state followed by a depressed inflammatory state, which stimulates immune adaptation and longer term cardiometabolic enhancement. Exercise-related immune responses are modulated by sex, age and immunonutrition. At all ability levels, these factors collectively affect the immune balance between enhancement or overload and dysfunction. Excessive training, mental stress or insufficient recovery risks immune cell exhaustion and hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA) stress responses causing immunodepression with negative impacts on performance or general health. Participation in sport provides additional immune benefits in terms of ensuring regularity, social inclusion, mental well-being and healthier life choices in terms of diet and reduced smoking and alcohol, thereby consolidating healthy lifestyles and longer term health. Significant differences exist between recreational and professional athletes in terms of inherent characteristics, training resilience and additional stresses arising from competition schedules, travel-related infections and stress. Exercise immunology examines the central role of immunity in exercise physiology and straddles multiple disciplines ranging from neuroendocrinology to nutrition and genetics, with the aim of guiding athletes to train optimally and safely. This review provides a brief outline of the main interactions of immunity and exercise, some influencing factors, and current guidance on maintaining immune health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda Castell
- Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stéphane Bermon
- World Athletics Health and Science Department, Monaco and LAMHESS, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
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4
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Sullivan JM, Bagnell AM, Alevy J, Avila EM, Mihaljević L, Saavedra-Rivera PC, Kong L, Huh JS, McCray BA, Aisenberg WH, Zuberi AR, Bogdanik L, Lutz CM, Qiu Z, Quinlan KA, Searson PC, Sumner CJ. Gain-of-function mutations of TRPV4 acting in endothelial cells drive blood-CNS barrier breakdown and motor neuron degeneration in mice. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadk1358. [PMID: 38776392 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adk1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Blood-CNS barrier disruption is a hallmark of numerous neurological disorders, yet whether barrier breakdown is sufficient to trigger neurodegenerative disease remains unresolved. Therapeutic strategies to mitigate barrier hyperpermeability are also limited. Dominant missense mutations of the cation channel transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) cause forms of hereditary motor neuron disease. To gain insights into the cellular basis of these disorders, we generated knock-in mouse models of TRPV4 channelopathy by introducing two disease-causing mutations (R269C and R232C) into the endogenous mouse Trpv4 gene. TRPV4 mutant mice exhibited weakness, early lethality, and regional motor neuron loss. Genetic deletion of the mutant Trpv4 allele from endothelial cells (but not neurons, glia, or muscle) rescued these phenotypes. Symptomatic mutant mice exhibited focal disruptions of blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) integrity, associated with a gain of function of mutant TRPV4 channel activity in neural vascular endothelial cells (NVECs) and alterations of NVEC tight junction structure. Systemic administration of a TRPV4-specific antagonist abrogated channel-mediated BSCB impairments and provided a marked phenotypic rescue of symptomatic mutant mice. Together, our findings show that mutant TRPV4 channels can drive motor neuron degeneration in a non-cell autonomous manner by precipitating focal breakdown of the BSCB. Further, these data highlight the reversibility of TRPV4-mediated BSCB impairments and identify a potential therapeutic strategy for patients with TRPV4 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Sullivan
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Anna M Bagnell
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jonathan Alevy
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Elvia Mena Avila
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Ljubica Mihaljević
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Lingling Kong
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jennifer S Huh
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Brett A McCray
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - William H Aisenberg
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | | | | | - Zhaozhu Qiu
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Katharina A Quinlan
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Peter C Searson
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Charlotte J Sumner
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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5
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Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Malin K, Dąbrowska I, Grzędzicka J, Ostaszewski P, Carter C. Immunology of Physical Exercise: Is Equus caballus an Appropriate Animal Model for Human Athletes? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5210. [PMID: 38791248 PMCID: PMC11121269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Domestic horses routinely participate in vigorous and various athletic activities. This enables the horse to serve as a model for studying athletic physiology and immunology in other species, including humans. For instance, as a model of physical efforts, such as endurance rides (long-distance running/aerobic exercise) and races (anaerobic exercise), the horse can be useful in evaluating post-exercise response. Currently, there has been significant interest in finding biomarkers, which characterize the advancement of training and adaptation to physical exercise in the horse. The parallels in cellular responses to physical exercises, such as changes in receptor expression and blood cell activity, improve our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the body's response to intense physical activity. This study focuses on the changes in levels of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and cellular response in the context of post-exercise immune response. Both the direction of changes in cytokine levels and cellular responses of the body, such as proliferation and expression of surface markers on lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils, show cross-functional similarities. This review reveals that horses are robust research models for studying the immune response to physical exercise in human athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Witkowska-Piłaszewicz
- Department of Large Animals Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Malin
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Izabela Dąbrowska
- Department of Large Animals Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jowita Grzędzicka
- Department of Large Animals Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Ostaszewski
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Craig Carter
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
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6
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Yao T, Wang H, Lin K, Wang R, Guo S, Chen P, Wu H, Liu T, Wang R. Exercise-induced microbial changes in preventing type 2 diabetes. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:892-899. [PMID: 36795181 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic benefits associated with long-term physical activity are well appreciated and growing evidence suggests that it involves the gut microbiota. Here we re-evaluated the link between exercise-induced microbial changes and those associated with prediabetes and diabetes. We found that the relative abundances of substantial amounts of diabetes-associated metagenomic species associated negatively with physical fitness in a Chinese athlete students cohort. We additionally showed that those microbial changes correlated more with handgrip strength, a simple but valuable biomarker suggestive of the diabetes states, than maximum oxygen intake, one of the key surrogates for endurance training. Moreover, the causal relationships among exercise, risks for diabetes, and gut microbiota were explored based on mediation analysis. We propose that the protective roles of exercise against type 2 diabetes are mediated, at least partly, by the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yao
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism & Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Kaiqing Lin
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Ruwen Wang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Shanshan Guo
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Peijie Chen
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan Microbiome Center, and Department of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Tiemin Liu
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism & Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Human Phenome Institute, and School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Ru Wang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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7
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Zhou Z, Yao J, Wu D, Huang X, Wang Y, Li X, Lu Q, Qiu Y. Type 2 cytokine signaling in macrophages protects from cellular senescence and organismal aging. Immunity 2024; 57:513-527.e6. [PMID: 38262419 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Accumulation of senescent cells in organs and tissues is a hallmark of aging and known to contribute to age-related diseases. Although aging-associated immune dysfunction, or immunosenescence, is known to contribute to this process, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we report that type 2 cytokine signaling deficiency accelerated aging and, conversely, that the interleukin-4 (IL-4)-STAT6 pathway protected macrophages from senescence. Mechanistically, activated STAT6 promoted the expression of genes involved in DNA repair both via homologous recombination and Fanconi anemia pathways. Conversely, STAT6 deficiency induced release of nuclear DNA into the cytoplasm to promote tissue inflammation and organismal aging. Importantly, we demonstrate that IL-4 treatment prevented macrophage senescence and improved the health span of aged mice to an extent comparable to senolytic treatment, with further additive effects when combined. Together, our findings support that type 2 cytokine signaling protects macrophages from immunosenescence and thus hold therapeutic potential for improving healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jingfei Yao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xun Huang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yushuang Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinmeng Li
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiang Lu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yifu Qiu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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8
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Coulis G, Villalta SA. Muscle immune cells protect mitochondrial organelles during exercise. Nature 2024; 625:35-36. [PMID: 38110631 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-03972-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
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9
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Pi A, Villivalam SD, Kang S. The Molecular Mechanisms of Fuel Utilization during Exercise. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1450. [PMID: 37998049 PMCID: PMC10669127 DOI: 10.3390/biology12111450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is widely recognized for its positive impact on human health and well-being. The process of utilizing substrates in skeletal muscle during exercise is intricate and governed by complex mechanisms. Carbohydrates and lipids serve as the primary fuel sources for skeletal muscle during exercise. It is now understood that fuel selection during exercise is not solely determined by physical activity itself but is also influenced by the overall metabolic state of the body. The balance between lipid and carbohydrate utilization significantly affects exercise capacity, including endurance, fatigue, and overall performance. Therefore, comprehensively understanding the regulation of substrate utilization during exercise is of utmost importance. The aim of this review is to provide an extensive overview of the current knowledge regarding the pathways involved in the regulation of substrate utilization during exercise. By synthesizing existing research, we can gain a holistic perspective on the intricate relationship between exercise, metabolism, and fuel selection. This advanced understanding has the potential to drive advancements in the field of exercise science and contribute to the development of personalized exercise strategies for individuals looking to optimize their performance and overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sona Kang
- Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology Department, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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10
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Langston PK, Sun Y, Ryback BA, Mueller AL, Spiegelman BM, Benoist C, Mathis D. Regulatory T cells shield muscle mitochondria from interferon-γ-mediated damage to promote the beneficial effects of exercise. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadi5377. [PMID: 37922340 PMCID: PMC10860652 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adi5377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Exercise enhances physical performance and reduces the risk of many disorders such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, dementia, and cancer. Exercise characteristically incites an inflammatory response, notably in skeletal muscles. Although some effector mechanisms have been identified, regulatory elements activated in response to exercise remain obscure. Here, we have addressed the roles of Foxp3+CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the healthful activities of exercise via immunologic, transcriptomic, histologic, metabolic, and biochemical analyses of acute and chronic exercise models in mice. Exercise rapidly induced expansion of the muscle Treg compartment, thereby guarding against overexuberant production of interferon-γ and consequent metabolic disruptions, particularly mitochondrial aberrancies. The performance-enhancing effects of exercise training were dampened in the absence of Tregs. Thus, exercise is a natural Treg booster with therapeutic potential in disease and aging contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Kent Langston
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School; Boston, 02115, USA
| | - Yizhi Sun
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, 02115, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School; Boston, 02115, USA
| | - Birgitta A. Ryback
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, 02115, USA
| | - Amber L. Mueller
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, 02115, USA
| | - Bruce M. Spiegelman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, 02115, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School; Boston, 02115, USA
| | | | - Diane Mathis
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School; Boston, 02115, USA
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11
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Bondi D, Bevere M, Piccirillo R, Sorci G, Di Felice V, Re Cecconi AD, D'Amico D, Pietrangelo T, Fulle S. Integrated procedures for accelerating, deepening, and leading genetic inquiry: A first application on human muscle secretome. Mol Genet Metab 2023; 140:107705. [PMID: 37837864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2023.107705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Beyond classical procedures, bioinformatic-assisted approaches and computational biology offer unprecedented opportunities for scholars. However, these amazing possibilities still need epistemological criticism, as well as standardized procedures. Especially those topics with a huge body of data may benefit from data science (DS)-assisted methods. Therefore, the current study dealt with the combined expert-assisted and DS-assisted approaches to address the broad field of muscle secretome. We aimed to apply DS tools to fix the literature research, suggest investigation targets with a data-driven approach, predict possible scenarios, and define a workflow. METHODS Recognized scholars with expertise on myokines were invited to provide a list of the most important myokines. GeneRecommender, GeneMANIA, HumanNet, and STRING were selected as DS tools. Networks were built on STRING and GeneMANIA. The outcomes of DS tools included the top 5 recommendations. Each expert-led discussion has been then integrated with an DS-led approach to provide further perspectives. RESULTS Among the results, 11 molecules had already been described as bona-fide myokines in literature, and 11 molecules were putative myokines. Most of the myokines and the putative myokines recommended by the DS tools were described as present in the cargo of extracellular vesicles. CONCLUSIONS Including both supervised and unsupervised learning methods, as well as encompassing algorithms focused on both protein interaction and gene represent a comprehensive approach to tackle complex biomedical topics. DS-assisted methods for reviewing existent evidence, recommending targets of interest, and predicting original scenarios are worth exploring as in silico recommendations to be integrated with experts' ideas for optimizing molecular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Bondi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Perugia, Italy.
| | - Michele Bevere
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Rosanna Piccirillo
- Department of Neurosciences, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
| | - Guglielmo Sorci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy; Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Perugia, Italy.
| | - Valentina Di Felice
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Andrea David Re Cecconi
- Department of Neurosciences, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
| | - Daniela D'Amico
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Pietrangelo
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Perugia, Italy.
| | - Stefania Fulle
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), Perugia, Italy.
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12
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Wei W, Riley NM, Lyu X, Shen X, Guo J, Raun SH, Zhao M, Moya-Garzon MD, Basu H, Sheng-Hwa Tung A, Li VL, Huang W, Wiggenhorn AL, Svensson KJ, Snyder MP, Bertozzi CR, Long JZ. Organism-wide, cell-type-specific secretome mapping of exercise training in mice. Cell Metab 2023; 35:1261-1279.e11. [PMID: 37141889 PMCID: PMC10524249 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a significant interest in identifying blood-borne factors that mediate tissue crosstalk and function as molecular effectors of physical activity. Although past studies have focused on an individual molecule or cell type, the organism-wide secretome response to physical activity has not been evaluated. Here, we use a cell-type-specific proteomic approach to generate a 21-cell-type, 10-tissue map of exercise training-regulated secretomes in mice. Our dataset identifies >200 exercise training-regulated cell-type-secreted protein pairs, the majority of which have not been previously reported. Pdgfra-cre-labeled secretomes were the most responsive to exercise training. Finally, we show anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, and exercise performance-enhancing activities for proteoforms of intracellular carboxylesterases whose secretion from the liver is induced by exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nicholas M Riley
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xuchao Lyu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xiaotao Shen
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94035, USA
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Steffen H Raun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Maria Dolores Moya-Garzon
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Himanish Basu
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan Sheng-Hwa Tung
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Veronica L Li
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wentao Huang
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Amanda L Wiggenhorn
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Katrin J Svensson
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94035, USA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Long
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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13
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Thirupathi A, Yong W, Oflaz O, Agascioglu E, Gu Y. Exercise and COVID-19: exercise intensity reassures immunological benefits of post-COVID-19 condition. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1036925. [PMID: 37275224 PMCID: PMC10233405 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1036925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Any form of physical activity, including exercise, has various benefits at the physiological (improving cardiac and respiratory functions, increasing skeletal muscle mass, and maintaining homeostasis) and psychological levels (improving cognitive function, reducing anxiety and depression) which help to combat any type of infection. In contrast, the infectivity ratio could reduce the physical activity of an individual, such as performing a habitual exercise. Adaptation to different exercise strategies including intensity and duration may better increase physical performance and improve the symptoms. For example, low to moderate intensity perhaps fails to induce this adaptive process, while high-intensity of exercise compromises immune health. This can aggravate the infection rate (Open window theory). However, high intensity with a shorter time produces various morphological alterations in the primary organs including the lungs and heart, which facilitate life support in COVID-19 patients. However, less information about exercise protocols failed to assure the benefits of exercise to COVID-19 patients, particularly post-COVID-19 conditions. Therefore, this review will answer how exercise intensity is crucial to reassure the exercise benefits for promoting safe participation before infection and post-COVID-19 conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Thirupathi
- Research Academy of Medicine Combining Sports, Ningbo No 2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Wang Yong
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ofcan Oflaz
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Eda Agascioglu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Research Academy of Medicine Combining Sports, Ningbo No 2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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14
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Abstract
Immunity to infection has been extensively studied in humans and mice bearing naturally occurring or experimentally introduced germline mutations. Mouse studies are sometimes neglected by human immunologists, on the basis that mice are not humans and the infections studied are experimental and not natural. Conversely, human studies are sometimes neglected by mouse immunologists, on the basis of the uncontrolled conditions of study and small numbers of patients. However, both sides would agree that the infectious phenotypes of patients with inborn errors of immunity often differ from those of the corresponding mutant mice. Why is that? We argue that this important question is best addressed by revisiting and reinterpreting the findings of both mouse and human studies from a genetic perspective. Greater caution is required for reverse-genetics studies than for forward-genetics studies, but genetic analysis is sufficiently strong to define the studies likely to stand the test of time. Genetically robust mouse and human studies can provide invaluable complementary insights into the mechanisms of immunity to infection common and specific to these two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Gros
- McGill University Research Center on Complex Traits, Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada;
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA;
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, and University of Paris Cité, Imagine Institute and Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
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15
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Kabat AM, Pearce EL, Pearce EJ. Metabolism in type 2 immune responses. Immunity 2023; 56:723-741. [PMID: 37044062 PMCID: PMC10938369 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The immune response is tailored to the environment in which it takes place. Immune cells sense and adapt to changes in their surroundings, and it is now appreciated that in addition to cytokines made by stromal and epithelial cells, metabolic cues provide key adaptation signals. Changes in immune cell activation states are linked to changes in cellular metabolism that support function. Furthermore, metabolites themselves can signal between as well as within cells. Here, we discuss recent progress in our understanding of how metabolic regulation relates to type 2 immunity firstly by considering specifics of metabolism within type 2 immune cells and secondly by stressing how type 2 immune cells are integrated more broadly into the metabolism of the organism as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka M Kabat
- Bloomberg Kimmel Institute, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Erika L Pearce
- Bloomberg Kimmel Institute, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Edward J Pearce
- Bloomberg Kimmel Institute, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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16
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Molofsky AB, Locksley RM. The ins and outs of innate and adaptive type 2 immunity. Immunity 2023; 56:704-722. [PMID: 37044061 PMCID: PMC10120575 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 immunity is orchestrated by a canonical group of cytokines primarily produced by innate lymphoid cells, group 2, and their adaptive counterparts, CD4+ helper type 2 cells, and elaborated by myeloid cells and antibodies that accumulate in response. Here, we review the cytokine and cellular circuits that mediate type 2 immunity. Building from insights in cytokine evolution, we propose that innate type 2 immunity evolved to monitor the status of microbe-rich epithelial barriers (outside) and sterile parenchymal borders (inside) to meet the functional demands of local tissue, and, when necessary, to relay information to the adaptive immune system to reinforce demarcating borders to sustain these efforts. Allergic pathology likely results from deviations in local sustaining units caused by alterations imposed by environmental effects during postnatal developmental windows and exacerbated by mutations that increase vulnerabilities. This framework positions T2 immunity as central to sustaining tissue repair and regeneration and provides a context toward understanding allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari B Molofsky
- Department of Lab Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0451, USA
| | - Richard M Locksley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0795, USA.
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17
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Li H, Wang P, Zhang C, Zuo Y, Zhou Y, Han R. Defective BVES-mediated feedback control of cAMP in muscular dystrophy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1785. [PMID: 36997581 PMCID: PMC10063672 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37496-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological processes incorporate feedback mechanisms to enable positive and/or negative regulation. cAMP is an important second messenger involved in many aspects of muscle biology. However, the feedback mechanisms for the cAMP signaling control in skeletal muscle are largely unknown. Here we show that blood vessel epicardial substance (BVES) is a negative regulator of adenylyl cyclase 9 (ADCY9)-mediated cAMP signaling involved in maintaining muscle mass and function. BVES deletion in mice reduces muscle mass and impairs muscle performance, whereas virally delivered BVES expressed in Bves-deficient skeletal muscle reverses these defects. BVES interacts with and negatively regulates ADCY9's activity. Disruption of BVES-mediated control of cAMP signaling leads to an increased protein kinase A (PKA) signaling cascade, thereby promoting FoxO-mediated ubiquitin proteasome degradation and autophagy initiation. Our study reveals that BVES functions as a negative feedback regulator of ADCY9-cAMP signaling in skeletal muscle, playing an important role in maintaining muscle homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwen Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Peipei Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Yuanbojiao Zuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Renzhi Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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18
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Goj T, Hoene M, Fritsche L, Schneeweiss P, Machann J, Petrera A, Hauck SM, Fritsche A, Birkenfeld AL, Peter A, Heni M, Niess AM, Moller A, Weigert C. The Acute Cytokine Response to 30-Minute Exercise Bouts Before and After 8-Week Endurance Training in Individuals With Obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:865-875. [PMID: 36285617 PMCID: PMC9999360 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT One acute bout of exercise leads to a rapid increase in the systemic cytokine concentration. Regular exercise might alter the cytokine response, in particular in beforehand untrained and obese individuals. OBJECTIVE Using a proximity extension assay, we studied the effects of acute exercise as well as endurance training on a panel of 92 cytokines related to inflammation. METHODS A total of 22 individuals (30 ± 9 years; peak oxygen uptake [VO2peak] 25.2 ± 4.2 mL/[kg × min]; body mass index [BMI] 31.7 ± 4.4) participated in an 8-week endurance exercise intervention. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after 30 minutes' ergometer exercise at 80% VO2peak. RESULTS Before and after the training intervention, 40 and 37 cytokines, respectively, were acutely increased more than 1.2-fold (Benjamini-Hochberg [BH]-adjusted P < .05). The exercise intervention did not change the acute increase in cytokines nor the resting cytokine levels, whereas fitness was improved and adiposity reduced. The increase in fitness led to a slight increase in power output when exercising at the same heart rate, which might explain the comparable increase in cytokines before and after the intervention. The largest acute increase was found for OSM, TGFA, CXCL1 and 5, and TNFSF14 (≥ 1.9-fold, BH-adjusted P < .001). The transcript levels of these proteins in whole blood were also elevated, particularly in the trained state. Only the acute increase in IL6 (1.3-fold) was related to the increase in lactate, confirming the lactate-driven secretion of IL6. CONCLUSION Our comprehensive proteomics approach detected several underexplored serum exerkines with up to now less understood function in the adaptation to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Goj
- Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Miriam Hoene
- Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Louise Fritsche
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Schneeweiss
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Research Institute for Sports and Physical Activity, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Machann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Section on Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Agnese Petrera
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 80939 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 80939 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peter
- Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Heni
- Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas M Niess
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Research Institute for Sports and Physical Activity, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anja Moller
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cora Weigert
- Correspondence: Cora Weigert, PhD, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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19
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Slaets H, Fonteyn L, Eijnde BO, Hellings N. Train your T cells: How skeletal muscles and T cells keep each other fit during aging. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 110:237-244. [PMID: 36893922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Frailty and a failing immune system lead to significant morbidities in the final years of life and bring along a significant burden on healthcare systems. The good news is that regular exercise provides an effective countermeasure for losing muscle tissue when we age while supporting proper immune system functioning. For a long time, it was assumed that exercise-induced immune responses are predominantly mediated by myeloid cells, but it has become evident that they receive important help from T lymphocytes. Skeletal muscles and T cells interact, not only in muscle pathology but also during exercise. In this review article, we provide an overview of the most important aspects of T cell senescence and discuss how these are modulated by exercise. In addition, we describe how T cells are involved in muscle regeneration and growth. A better understanding of the complex interactions between myocytes and T cells throughout all stages of life provides important insights needed to design strategies that effectively combat the wave of age-related diseases the world is currently faced with.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Slaets
- Neuro-Immune Connections and Repair Lab, Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Lena Fonteyn
- Neuro-Immune Connections and Repair Lab, Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; SMRC - Sports Medical Research Center, BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Bert O Eijnde
- SMRC - Sports Medical Research Center, BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Niels Hellings
- Neuro-Immune Connections and Repair Lab, Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; UMSC - University MS Center, Campus Diepenbeek, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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20
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Li H, Wang P, Hsu E, Pinckard KM, Stanford KI, Han R. Systemic AAV9.BVES delivery ameliorates muscular dystrophy in a mouse model of LGMDR25. Mol Ther 2023; 31:398-408. [PMID: 36433649 PMCID: PMC9931600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type R25 (LGMDR25) is caused by recessive mutations in BVES encoding a cAMP-binding protein, characterized by progressive muscular dystrophy with deteriorating muscle function and impaired cardiac conduction in patients. There is currently no therapeutic treatment for LGMDR25 patients. Here we report the efficacy and safety of recombinant adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9)-mediated systemic delivery of human BVES driven by a muscle-specific promoter MHCK7 (AAV9.BVES) in BVES-knockout (BVES-KO) mice. AAV9.BVES efficiently transduced the cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues when intraperitoneally injected into neonatal BVES-KO mice. AAV9.BVES dramatically improved body weight gain, muscle mass, muscle strength, and exercise performance in BVES-KO mice regardless of sex. AAV9.BVES also significantly ameliorated the histopathological features of muscular dystrophy. The heart rate reduction was also normalized in BVES-KO mice under exercise-induced stress following systemic AAV9.BVES delivery. Moreover, intravenous AAV9.BVES administration into adult BVES-KO mice after the disease onset also resulted in substantial improvement in body weight, muscle mass, muscle contractility, and stress-induced heart rhythm abnormality. No obvious toxicity was detected. Taken together, these results provide the proof-of-concept evidence to support the AAV9.BVES gene therapy for LGMDR25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwen Li
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Peipei Wang
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ethan Hsu
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kelsey M Pinckard
- Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Renzhi Han
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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21
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Cao Y, Li Y, Han W, Jia X, Zhu P, Wei B, Cong X, Wang Z. Sodium Butyrate Ameliorates Type 2 Diabetes-Related Sarcopenia Through IL-33-Independent ILC2s/IL-13/STAT3 Signaling Pathway. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:343-358. [PMID: 36733489 PMCID: PMC9888475 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s392350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Sarcopenia has been described as a new complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM and sarcopenia impact each other, resulting in a variety of adverse outcomes such as frailty, disability, poor quality of life and increased mortality. Sodium butyrate (NaB) is reported to play a protective role against T2DM. The present study aimed to investigate whether NaB could ameliorate T2DM-related sarcopenia and the underlying mechanisms. Materials and Methods The male db/db mice at 7-weeks were used as T2DM-related sarcopenia animal model with C57BL/6J mice as control. Mice were grouped according to whether they received NaB orally as follows: C57BL/6J+water group, C57BL/6J+NaB group, db/db+water group, and db/db+NaB group. Then, db/db mice receiving NaB orally were administered with inhibitors of group 2 innate lymphocytes (ILC2s), anti-CD90.2 by intraperitoneal injection divided into db/db+NaB+PBS group and db/db+NaB+anti-CD90.2 group. NaB dissolved in water at 150 mM. The skeletal muscle mass was measured by dural X-ray (DXA) test. ILC2s in spleen and skeletal muscle were evaluated by flow cytometry. The expressions of IL-33, IL-13, STAT3, P-STAT3, GATA-3 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) were assessed by ELISA or WB. The morphology of skeletal muscle fibers was assessed by immunofluorescence staining. Results The proportion of ILC2s and the expressions of ILC2s markers IL-13 and GATA-3 were all significantly decreased in db/db mice, and these changes were improved by NaB. NaB increased the proportion of slow-twitch fibers in gastrocnemius, thus partially reversing the reduced exercise capacity of db/db mice. The expression of slow-twitch fibers marker PGC-1α induced by NaB was increased via activation of ILC2s/IL-13/STAT3 pathway. On the other way, IL-33 was not necessary for the activation of ILC2s/IL-13/STAT3 pathway. After depletion of ILC2s by anti-CD90.2, the ameliorating effect of NaB on T2DM-related sarcopenia was partially antagonized. Conclusion These results indicated that NaB could ameliorate type 2 diabetes-related sarcopenia by activating IL-33-independent ILC2s/IL-13/STAT3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People’s Republic of China,State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Jinan, People’s Republic of China,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yulin Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People’s Republic of China,State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Jinan, People’s Republic of China,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenqiang Han
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People’s Republic of China,State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Jinan, People’s Republic of China,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People’s Republic of China,State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Jinan, People’s Republic of China,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People’s Republic of China,State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Jinan, People’s Republic of China,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Wei
- Shandong Asia-Pacific Highvarve Organisms Science and Technology Co, Ltd, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Cong
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, People’s Republic of China,Jinan Kuoda Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Jinan, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Xiaoyan Cong; Zhihao Wang, Email ;
| | - Zhihao Wang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
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22
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Differential Expression of Innate and Adaptive Immune Genes during Acute Physical Exercise in American Quarter Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020308. [PMID: 36670847 PMCID: PMC9854435 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Overtraining syndrome (OTS) is the reduction in performance due to excess training and lack of proper recovery, which can lead to a chronic deprivation of energy and reduction in the repair of damage that can accumulate over time. Here, the effect of acute, intense physical exercise on the expression of innate and adaptive immune genes in 12 racing-bred American Quarter Horses, after resting for 3 days and immediately after intense exercise for 1.8 miles were compared. The expression of 84 genes related to innate and adaptive immune responses was analyzed. Significant variation among individuals and between sexes was observed. The analysis showed that five genes were differentially expressed in both females and males, three only in females, and two in males. The upregulated genes were IL13 (male only), CCR4 (female only), TLR6, TLR9 (female only), NFKBIA, CXCR3, and TLR4, while the downregulated genes were IL6 (female only), CD4 (male only), and MYD88. The three main pathways containing genes that were affected by acute, intense physical exercise were Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation, and the NF-kappa B and chemokine signaling pathways, suggesting the activation of the proinflammatory responses as a result of the stress from the acute exercise. Gene expression could be used to assess indications of OTS.
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23
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Liu SF, Chang HC, Chang YP, Kuo HC, Tsai YC. IL13 Promoter (-1055) Polymorphism Associated with Leukocyte Mitochondria DNA Copy Number in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233787. [PMID: 36497047 PMCID: PMC9736668 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
IL13 polymorphism is associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Patients with COPD have smaller numbers of mitochondria deoxyribonucleic acid copies (mtDNA-CN) than people without COPD do. However, whether IL13 polymorphism affects the mutation and recombination of mitochondria remains unclear. Data for patients with COPD and non-COPD were collected from Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital to enable a comparison of their leukocyte mtDNA-CN and the association of this information with IL-13 promoter (−1055) polymorphism. This study included 99 patients with COPD and 117 individuals without COPD. The non-COPD individuals included 77 healthy individuals that never smoked and 40 healthy smokers. The patients with COPD exhibited significantly lower mtDNA-CN than non-COPD did (250.34 vs. 440.03; p < 0.001); mtDNA-CN was particularly pronounced in individuals with the IL13 CC and CT genotypes compared with individuals with the TT genotype. When only individuals without COPD were considered and when all participants were considered, the differences in the mtDNA-CNs in individuals with the CC and CT genotypes were more significant than those in individuals with the TT genotype (448.4 and 533.6 vs. 282.8; p < 0.05 in non-COPD group); (368.8 and 362.6 vs. 249.6, p < 0.05 in all participants). The increase mtDNA-CN in the CC and CT genotypes was also more than that in the TT genotype in COPD patients, but showed no significance (260.1 and 230.5 vs. 149.9; p = 0.343). The finding shows that COPD is a mitochondria regulatory disorder and IL-13 promoter (−1055) polymorphism is associated with leukocyte mtDNA-CN. Developing COPD control methods based on mitochondrial regulation will be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Feng Liu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Medical Department, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-731-7123 (ext. 8199)
| | - Hui-Chuan Chang
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ping Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Medical Department, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Chang Kuo
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Medical Department, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Chyn Tsai
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
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24
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Ostojic S. Downregulation of interleukin-13 as a possible proxy for ergolytic effects of hydrogen gas. Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Dillard LR, Wase N, Ramakrishnan G, Park JJ, Sherman NE, Carpenter R, Young M, Donlan AN, Petri W, Papin JA. Leveraging metabolic modeling to identify functional metabolic alterations associated with COVID-19 disease severity. Metabolomics 2022; 18:51. [PMID: 35819731 PMCID: PMC9273921 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-022-01904-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since the COVID-19 pandemic began in early 2020, SARS-CoV2 has claimed more than six million lives world-wide, with over 510 million cases to date. To reduce healthcare burden, we must investigate how to prevent non-acute disease from progressing to severe infection requiring hospitalization. METHODS To achieve this goal, we investigated metabolic signatures of both non-acute (out-patient) and severe (requiring hospitalization) COVID-19 samples by profiling the associated plasma metabolomes of 84 COVID-19 positive University of Virginia hospital patients. We utilized supervised and unsupervised machine learning and metabolic modeling approaches to identify key metabolic drivers that are predictive of COVID-19 disease severity. Using metabolic pathway enrichment analysis, we explored potential metabolic mechanisms that link these markers to disease progression. RESULTS Enriched metabolites associated with tryptophan in non-acute COVID-19 samples suggest mitigated innate immune system inflammatory response and immunopathology related lung damage prevention. Increased prevalence of histidine- and ketone-related metabolism in severe COVID-19 samples offers potential mechanistic insight to musculoskeletal degeneration-induced muscular weakness and host metabolism that has been hijacked by SARS-CoV2 infection to increase viral replication and invasion. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the metabolic transition from an innate immune response coupled with inflammatory pathway inhibition in non-acute infection to rampant inflammation and associated metabolic systemic dysfunction in severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Dillard
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - N Wase
- School of Medicine Core Facilities, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - G Ramakrishnan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - J J Park
- School of Medicine Core Facilities, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - N E Sherman
- School of Medicine Core Facilities, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - R Carpenter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - M Young
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - A N Donlan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - W Petri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - J A Papin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Health System, Box 800759, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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26
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Huston P. A Sedentary and Unhealthy Lifestyle Fuels Chronic Disease Progression by Changing Interstitial Cell Behaviour: A Network Analysis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:904107. [PMID: 35874511 PMCID: PMC9304814 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.904107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Managing chronic diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes, chronic lung disease and Alzheimer’s disease, account for a large proportion of health care spending, yet they remain in the top causes of premature mortality and are preventable. It is currently accepted that an unhealthy lifestyle fosters a state of chronic low-grade inflammation that is linked to chronic disease progression. Although this is known to be related to inflammatory cytokines, how an unhealthy lifestyle causes cytokine release and how that in turn leads to chronic disease progression are not well known. This article presents a theory that an unhealthy lifestyle fosters chronic disease by changing interstitial cell behavior and is supported by a six-level hierarchical network analysis. The top three networks include the macroenvironment, social and cultural factors, and lifestyle itself. The fourth network includes the immune, autonomic and neuroendocrine systems and how they interact with lifestyle factors and with each other. The fifth network identifies the effects these systems have on the microenvironment and two types of interstitial cells: macrophages and fibroblasts. Depending on their behaviour, these cells can either help maintain and restore normal function or foster chronic disease progression. When macrophages and fibroblasts dysregulate, it leads to chronic low-grade inflammation, fibrosis, and eventually damage to parenchymal (organ-specific) cells. The sixth network considers how macrophages change phenotype. Thus, a pathway is identified through this hierarchical network to reveal how external factors and lifestyle affect interstitial cell behaviour. This theory can be tested and it needs to be tested because, if correct, it has profound implications. Not only does this theory explain how chronic low-grade inflammation causes chronic disease progression, it also provides insight into salutogenesis, or the process by which health is maintained and restored. Understanding low-grade inflammation as a stalled healing process offers a new strategy for chronic disease management. Rather than treating each chronic disease separately by a focus on parenchymal pathology, a salutogenic strategy of optimizing interstitial health could prevent and mitigate multiple chronic diseases simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Huston
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Institut du Savoir Montfort (Research), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Patricia Huston, , orcid.org/0000-0002-2927-1176
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27
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Im S, Kim H, Jeong M, Yang H, Hong JY. Integrative understanding of immune-metabolic interaction. BMB Rep 2022. [PMID: 35651325 PMCID: PMC9252895 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2022.55.6.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that the immune system plays a critical role in various physiological processes beyond its classical pathogen control activity. Even under a sterile condition, various cells and tissues can utilize the immune system to meet a specific demand for proper physiological functions. Particularly, a strong link between immunity and metabolism has been identified. Studies have identified the reciprocal regulation between these two systems. For example, immune signals can regulate metabolism, and metabolism (cellular or systemic) can regulate immunity. In this review, we will summarize recent findings on this reciprocal regulation between immunity and metabolism, and discuss potential biological rules behind this interaction with integrative perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonyoung Im
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hawon Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Myunghyun Jeong
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hyeon Yang
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jun Young Hong
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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28
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Finding a Niche: Tissue Immunity and Innate Lymphoid Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1365:57-73. [PMID: 35567741 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8387-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The immune system plays essential roles in maintaining homeostasis in mammalian tissues that extend beyond pathogen clearance and host defense. Recently, several homeostatic circuits comprised of paired hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells have been described to influence tissue composition and turnover in development and after perturbation. Crucial circuit components include innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), which seed developing organs and shape their resident tissues by influencing progenitor fate decisions, microbial interactions, and neuronal activity. As they develop in tissues, ILCs undergo transcriptional imprinting that encodes receptivity to corresponding signals derived from their resident tissues but ILCs can also shift their transcriptional profiles to adapt to specific types of tissue perturbation. Thus, ILC functions are embedded within their resident tissues, where they constitute key regulators of homeostatic responses that can lead to both beneficial and pathogenic outcomes. Here, we examine the interactions between ILCs and various non-hematopoietic tissue cells, and discuss how specific ILC-tissue cell circuits form essential elements of tissue immunity.
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29
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Chow LS, Gerszten RE, Taylor JM, Pedersen BK, van Praag H, Trappe S, Febbraio MA, Galis ZS, Gao Y, Haus JM, Lanza IR, Lavie CJ, Lee CH, Lucia A, Moro C, Pandey A, Robbins JM, Stanford KI, Thackray AE, Villeda S, Watt MJ, Xia A, Zierath JR, Goodpaster BH, Snyder MP. Exerkines in health, resilience and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 18:273-289. [PMID: 35304603 PMCID: PMC9554896 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-022-00641-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The health benefits of exercise are well-recognized and are observed across multiple organ systems. These beneficial effects enhance overall resilience, healthspan and longevity. The molecular mechanisms that underlie the beneficial effects of exercise, however, remain poorly understood. Since the discovery in 2000 that muscle contraction releases IL-6, the number of exercise-associated signalling molecules that have been identified has multiplied. Exerkines are defined as signalling moieties released in response to acute and/or chronic exercise, which exert their effects through endocrine, paracrine and/or autocrine pathways. A multitude of organs, cells and tissues release these factors, including skeletal muscle (myokines), the heart (cardiokines), liver (hepatokines), white adipose tissue (adipokines), brown adipose tissue (baptokines) and neurons (neurokines). Exerkines have potential roles in improving cardiovascular, metabolic, immune and neurological health. As such, exerkines have potential for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, and possibly in the facilitation of healthy ageing. This Review summarizes the importance and current state of exerkine research, prevailing challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Chow
- Division of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Robert E Gerszten
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joan M Taylor
- Department of Pathology, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bente K Pedersen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism/Centre for PA Research (CIM/CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henriette van Praag
- Stiles-Nicholson Brain institute and Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Scott Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
| | - Mark A Febbraio
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zorina S Galis
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yunling Gao
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jacob M Haus
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ian R Lanza
- Division of Endocrinology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Carl J Lavie
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School-the University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Chih-Hao Lee
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre ('imas12'), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER en Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cedric Moro
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Team MetaDiab, Inserm UMR1297, Toulouse, France
- Toulouse III University-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Ambarish Pandey
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jeremy M Robbins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alice E Thackray
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Saul Villeda
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew J Watt
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashley Xia
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, & Metabolic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section for Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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30
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Studniberg SI, Ioannidis LJ, Utami RAS, Trianty L, Liao Y, Abeysekera W, Li‐Wai‐Suen CSN, Pietrzak HM, Healer J, Puspitasari AM, Apriyanti D, Coutrier F, Poespoprodjo JR, Kenangalem E, Andries B, Prayoga P, Sariyanti N, Smyth GK, Cowman AF, Price RN, Noviyanti R, Shi W, Garnham AL, Hansen DS. Molecular profiling reveals features of clinical immunity and immunosuppression in asymptomatic P. falciparum malaria. Mol Syst Biol 2022; 18:e10824. [PMID: 35475529 PMCID: PMC9045086 DOI: 10.15252/msb.202110824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical immunity to P. falciparum malaria is non-sterilizing, with adults often experiencing asymptomatic infection. Historically, asymptomatic malaria has been viewed as beneficial and required to help maintain clinical immunity. Emerging views suggest that these infections are detrimental and constitute a parasite reservoir that perpetuates transmission. To define the impact of asymptomatic malaria, we pursued a systems approach integrating antibody responses, mass cytometry, and transcriptional profiling of individuals experiencing symptomatic and asymptomatic P. falciparum infection. Defined populations of classical and atypical memory B cells and a TH2 cell bias were associated with reduced risk of clinical malaria. Despite these protective responses, asymptomatic malaria featured an immunosuppressive transcriptional signature with upregulation of pathways involved in the inhibition of T-cell function, and CTLA-4 as a predicted regulator in these processes. As proof of concept, we demonstrated a role for CTLA-4 in the development of asymptomatic parasitemia in infection models. The results suggest that asymptomatic malaria is not innocuous and might not support the induction of immune processes to fully control parasitemia or efficiently respond to malaria vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie I Studniberg
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVic.Australia,Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Lisa J Ioannidis
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVic.Australia,Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Retno A S Utami
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVic.Australia,Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia,Eijkman Institute for Molecular BiologyJakartaIndonesia
| | - Leily Trianty
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular BiologyJakartaIndonesia
| | - Yang Liao
- Olivia Newton‐John Cancer Research InstituteHeidelbergVic.Australia
| | - Waruni Abeysekera
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVic.Australia,School of Mathematics and StatisticsThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Connie S N Li‐Wai‐Suen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVic.Australia,School of Mathematics and StatisticsThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Halina M Pietrzak
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVic.Australia,Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Julie Healer
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVic.Australia,Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | | | - Dwi Apriyanti
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular BiologyJakartaIndonesia
| | | | | | | | | | - Pak Prayoga
- Papuan Health and Community FoundationPapuaIndonesia
| | | | - Gordon K Smyth
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVic.Australia,School of Mathematics and StatisticsThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Alan F Cowman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVic.Australia,Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Ric N Price
- Global and Tropical Health DivisionMenzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin UniversityDarwinNTAustralia,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global HealthNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK,Mahidol‐Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | | | - Wei Shi
- Olivia Newton‐John Cancer Research InstituteHeidelbergVic.Australia
| | - Alexandra L Garnham
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVic.Australia,School of Mathematics and StatisticsThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Diana S Hansen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVic.Australia,Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
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31
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Leuchtmann AB, Furrer R, Steurer SA, Schneider-Heieck K, Karrer-Cardel B, Sagot Y, Handschin C. Interleukin-6 potentiates endurance training adaptation and improves functional capacity in old mice. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:1164-1176. [PMID: 35191221 PMCID: PMC8978011 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interventions to preserve functional capacities at advanced age are becoming increasingly important. So far, exercise provides the only means to counteract age-related decrements in physical performance and muscle function. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of exercise interventions in elderly populations is hampered by reduced acceptance and compliance as well as disuse complications. We therefore studied whether application of interleukin-6 (IL-6), a pleiotropic myokine that is induced by skeletal muscle activity and exerts broad systemic effects in response to exercise, affects physical performance and muscle function alone or in combination with training in aged mice. METHODS Sedentary old male mice (Sed+Saline, n = 15) were compared with animals that received recombinant IL-6 (rIL-6) in an exercise-mimicking pulsatile manner (Sed+IL-6, n = 16), were trained with a moderate-intensity, low-volume endurance exercise regimen (Ex+Saline, n = 13), or were exposed to a combination of these two interventions (Ex+IL-6, n = 16) for 12 weeks. Before and at the end of the intervention, mice underwent a battery of tests to quantify endurance performance, muscle contractility in situ, motor coordination, and gait and metabolic parameters. RESULTS Mice exposed to enhanced levels of IL-6 during endurance exercise bouts showed superior improvements in endurance performance (33% more work and 12% greater peak power compared with baseline), fatigue resistance in situ (P = 0.0014 vs. Sed+Saline; P = 0.0199 vs. Sed+IL-6; and P = 0.0342 vs. Ex+Saline), motor coordination (rotarod performance, P = 0.0428), and gait (gait speed, P = 0.0053) following training. Pulsatile rIL-6 treatment in sedentary mice had only marginal effects on glucose tolerance and some gait parameters. No increase in adverse events or mortality related to rIL-6 treatment was observed. CONCLUSIONS Administration of rIL-6 paired with treadmill running bouts potentiates the adaptive response to a moderate-intensity low-volume endurance exercise regimen in old mice, while being safe and well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yves Sagot
- Sonnet Biotherapeutics CH SA, Geneva, Switzerland
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32
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Yan M, Wu MX. Low-level light pre-conditioning promotes C2C12 myoblast differentiation under hypoxic conditions. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2022; 15:e202100246. [PMID: 34751510 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exercise, especially anaerobic one, can gradually increase muscle mass over time as a result of adaptive responses of muscle cells to ensure metabolic homeostasis in the tissue. Low-level light therapy (LLLT) or photobiomodulation exhibits beneficial effects on promoting muscular functions, regeneration, and recovery from exhausting exercise, although the underlying cellular mechanisms remain poorly understood. We found that hypoxia, a condition following anaerobic exercise, significantly impeded myotube differentiation from myoblasts. However, this adverse effect was blunted greatly by pre-exposure of myoblast cells to a 980 nm laser at 0.1 J/cm2 , resulting in almost nearly normal myotube differentiation. LLL pre-treatment enhanced myotube formation by 80%, with a tubular diameter of 4.28 ± 0.11 μm on average, representative of a 53.4% increase over sham light treatment. The normalized myoblast differentiation concurred with 68% more mitochondrial mass and myogenin expression over controls. Moreover, LLL pre-treatment appeared to enhance glucose uptake, prevent energy metabolic switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, and diminish lactate production under hypoxic conditions. The observation provides valuable guidance with respect to the timing of LLLT and its potential effects on muscle strengths in concert with anaerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mei X Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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33
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Slavin MB, Memme JM, Oliveira AN, Moradi N, Hood DA. Regulatory networks controlling mitochondrial quality control in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C913-C926. [PMID: 35353634 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00065.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive plasticity of mitochondria within skeletal muscle is regulated by signals converging on a myriad of regulatory networks that operate during conditions of increased (i.e. exercise) and decreased (inactivity, disuse) energy requirements. Notably, some of the initial signals that induce adaptive responses are common to both conditions, differing in their magnitude and temporal pattern, to produce vastly opposing mitochondrial phenotypes. In response to exercise, signaling to PGC-1α and other regulators ultimately produces an abundance of high quality mitochondria, leading to reduced mitophagy and a higher mitochondrial content. This is accompanied by the presence of an enhanced protein quality control system that consists of the protein import machinery as well chaperones and proteases termed the UPRmt. The UPRmt monitors intra-organelle proteostasis, and strives to maintain a mito-nuclear balance between nuclear- and mtDNA-derived gene products via retrograde signaling from the organelle to the nucleus. In addition, antioxidant capacity is improved, affording greater protection against oxidative stress. In contrast, chronic disuse conditions produce similar signaling but result in decrements in mitochondrial quality and content. Thus, the interactive cross-talk of the regulatory networks that control organelle turnover during wide variations in muscle use and disuse remain incompletely understood, despite our improving knowledge of the traditional regulators of organelle content and function. This brief review acknowledges existing regulatory networks and summarizes recent discoveries of novel biological pathways involved in determining organelle biogenesis, dynamics, mitophagy, protein quality control and antioxidant capacity, identifying ample protein targets for therapeutic intervention that determine muscle and mitochondrial health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhaela B Slavin
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan M Memme
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ashley N Oliveira
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Neushaw Moradi
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David A Hood
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Salas-Venegas V, Flores-Torres RP, Rodríguez-Cortés YM, Rodríguez-Retana D, Ramírez-Carreto RJ, Concepción-Carrillo LE, Pérez-Flores LJ, Alarcón-Aguilar A, López-Díazguerrero NE, Gómez-González B, Chavarría A, Konigsberg M. The Obese Brain: Mechanisms of Systemic and Local Inflammation, and Interventions to Reverse the Cognitive Deficit. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:798995. [PMID: 35422689 PMCID: PMC9002268 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.798995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity are now considered a worldwide pandemic and a growing public health problem with severe economic and social consequences. Adipose tissue is an organ with neuroimmune-endocrine functions, which participates in homeostasis. So, adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia induce a state of chronic inflammation that causes changes in the brain and induce neuroinflammation. Studies with obese animal models and obese patients have shown a relationship between diet and cognitive decline, especially working memory and learning deficiencies. Here we analyze how obesity-related peripheral inflammation can affect central nervous system physiology, generating neuroinflammation. Given that the blood-brain barrier is an interface between the periphery and the central nervous system, its altered physiology in obesity may mediate the consequences on various cognitive processes. Finally, several interventions, and the use of natural compounds and exercise to prevent the adverse effects of obesity in the brain are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Salas-Venegas
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud (DCBS), Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosa Pamela Flores-Torres
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, DCBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México (CDMX), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yesica María Rodríguez-Cortés
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diego Rodríguez-Retana
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Jair Ramírez-Carreto
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Edgar Concepción-Carrillo
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Josefina Pérez-Flores
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud (DCBS), Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana Alarcón-Aguilar
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud (DCBS), Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma Edith López-Díazguerrero
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud (DCBS), Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Gómez-González
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, DCBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México (CDMX), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Anahí Chavarría
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mina Konigsberg
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud (DCBS), Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Mina Konigsberg,
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Cheng Q, Lu C, Qian R. The circadian clock regulates metabolic responses to physical exercise. Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:907-917. [PMID: 35282722 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2050384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed for years that physical exercise ameliorates metabolic diseases. Optimal exercise timing in humans and mammals has indicated that circadian clocks play a vital role in exercise and body metabolism. Skeletal muscle metabolism exhibits a robust circadian rhythm under the control of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Clock genes also control the development, differentiation, and function of skeletal muscles. In this review, we aimed to clarify the relationship between exercise, skeletal muscles, and the circadian clock. Health benefits can be attained by the scheduling of exercise at the best circadian time. Exercise therapy for metabolic diseases and cardiovascular health is a key adjuvant method. This review highlights the importance of exercise timing in maintaining healthy metabolism and circadian clocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyun Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruizhe Qian
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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36
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Mangano GD, Fouani M, D’Amico D, Di Felice V, Barone R. Cancer-Related Cachexia: The Vicious Circle between Inflammatory Cytokines, Skeletal Muscle, Lipid Metabolism and the Possible Role of Physical Training. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063004. [PMID: 35328423 PMCID: PMC8949960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a multifactorial and multi-organ syndrome that is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in late-stage chronic diseases. The main clinical features of cancer-related cachexia are chronic inflammation, wasting of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, insulin resistance, anorexia, and impaired myogenesis. A multimodal treatment has been suggested to approach the multifactorial genesis of cachexia. In this context, physical exercise has been found to have a general effect on maintaining homeostasis in a healthy life, involving multiple organs and their metabolism. The purpose of this review is to present the evidence for the relationship between inflammatory cytokines, skeletal muscle, and fat metabolism and the potential role of exercise training in breaking the vicious circle of this impaired tissue cross-talk. Due to the wide-ranging effects of exercise training, from the body to the behavior and cognition of the individual, it seems to be able to improve the quality of life in this syndrome. Therefore, studying the molecular effects of physical exercise could provide important information about the interactions between organs and the systemic mediators involved in the overall homeostasis of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Donato Mangano
- Correspondence: (G.D.M.); (R.B.); Tel.: +39-09-1238-65823 (G.D.M.); +39-09-1238-65823 (R.B.)
| | | | | | | | - Rosario Barone
- Correspondence: (G.D.M.); (R.B.); Tel.: +39-09-1238-65823 (G.D.M.); +39-09-1238-65823 (R.B.)
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37
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Padilha CS, Figueiredo C, Deminice R, Krüger K, Seelaender M, Rosa‐Neto JC, Lira FS. Costly immunometabolic remodelling in disused muscle buildup through physical exercise. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 234:e13782. [PMID: 34990078 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the immunometabolic disturbances during skeletal muscle atrophy caused by a plethora of circumstances ranging from hospitalization to spaceflight missions remain unknown. Here, we outline the possible pathways that might be dysregulated in such conditions and assess the potential of physical exercise to mitigate and promote the recovery of muscle morphology, metabolism and function after intervals of disuse. Studies applying exercise to attenuate disuse-induced muscle atrophy have shown a pivotal role of circulating myokines in the activation of anabolic signalling pathways. These muscle-derived factors induce accretion of contractile proteins in the myofibers, and at the same time decrease protein breakdown and loss. Regular exercise plays a crucial role in re-establishing adequate immunometabolism and increasing the migration and presence in the muscle of macrophages with an anti-inflammatory phenotype (M2) and T regulatory cells (Tregs) after disease-induced muscle loss. Additionally, the switch in metabolic pathways (glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation [OXPHOS]) is important for achieving rapid metabolic homeostasis during muscle regeneration. In this review, we discuss the molecular aspects of the immunometabolic response elicited by exercise during skeletal muscle regeneration. There is not, nevertheless, consensus on a single optimal intensity of exercise required to improve muscle strength, mass and functional capacity owing to the wide range of exercise protocols studied so far. Despite the absence of agreement on the specific strategy, physical exercise appears as a powerful complementary strategy to attenuate the harmful effects of muscle disuse in different scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila S. Padilha
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group Post‐graduation Program in Movement Sciences Department of Physical Education Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Presidente Prudente Brazil
| | - Caique Figueiredo
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group Post‐graduation Program in Movement Sciences Department of Physical Education Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Presidente Prudente Brazil
| | - Rafael Deminice
- Laboratory of Biochemistry Exercise Department of Physical Education Faculty of Physical Education and Sport State University of Londrina Londrina Brazil
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Institute of Sports Science Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy University of Giessen Giessen Germany
| | - Marília Seelaender
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group Department of Surgery LIM26‐HC Medical School University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - José Cesar Rosa‐Neto
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Fabio S. Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group Post‐graduation Program in Movement Sciences Department of Physical Education Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Presidente Prudente Brazil
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38
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Chen W, Chen Y, Wu R, Guo G, Liu Y, Zeng B, Liao X, Wang Y, Wang X. DHA alleviates diet-induced skeletal muscle fiber remodeling via FTO/m 6A/DDIT4/PGC1α signaling. BMC Biol 2022; 20:39. [PMID: 35135551 PMCID: PMC8827147 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01239-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity leads to a decline in the exercise capacity of skeletal muscle, thereby reducing mobility and promoting obesity-associated health risks. Dietary intervention has been shown to be an important measure to regulate skeletal muscle function, and previous studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 ω-3) on skeletal muscle function. At the molecular level, DHA and its metabolites were shown to be extensively involved in regulating epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and small non-coding microRNAs. However, whether and how epigenetic modification of mRNA such as N6-methyladenosine (m6A) mediates DHA regulation of skeletal muscle function remains unknown. Here, we analyze the regulatory effect of DHA on skeletal muscle function and explore the involvement of m6A mRNA modifications in mediating such regulation. Results DHA supplement prevented HFD-induced decline in exercise capacity and conversion of muscle fiber types from slow to fast in mice. DHA-treated myoblasts display increased mitochondrial biogenesis, while slow muscle fiber formation was promoted through DHA-induced expression of PGC1α. Further analysis of the associated molecular mechanism revealed that DHA enhanced expression of the fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO), leading to reduced m6A levels of DNA damage-induced transcript 4 (Ddit4). Ddit4 mRNA with lower m6A marks could not be recognized and bound by the cytoplasmic m6A reader YTH domain family 2 (YTHDF2), thereby blocking the decay of Ddit4 mRNA. Accumulated Ddit4 mRNA levels accelerated its protein translation, and the consequential increased DDIT4 protein abundance promoted the expression of PGC1α, which finally elevated mitochondria biogenesis and slow muscle fiber formation. Conclusions DHA promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and skeletal muscle fiber remodeling via FTO/m6A/DDIT4/PGC1α signaling, protecting against obesity-induced decline in skeletal muscle function. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01239-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang province, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yushi Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang province, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ruifan Wu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang province, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Guanqun Guo
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang province, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Youhua Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang province, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Botao Zeng
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang province, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xing Liao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang province, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang province, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xinxia Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang province, China. .,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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39
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Kistner TM, Pedersen BK, Lieberman DE. Interleukin 6 as an energy allocator in muscle tissue. Nat Metab 2022; 4:170-179. [PMID: 35210610 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00538-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research has shown that interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional molecule that is both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory, depending on the context. Here, we combine an evolutionary perspective with physiological data to propose that IL-6's context-dependent effects on metabolism reflect its adaptive role for short-term energy allocation. This energy-allocation role is especially salient during physical activity, when skeletal muscle releases large amounts of IL-6. We predict that during bouts of physical activity, myokine IL-6 fulfills the three main characteristics of a short-term energy allocator: it is secreted from muscle in response to an energy deficit, it liberates somatic energy through lipolysis and it enhances muscular energy uptake and transiently downregulates immune function. We then extend this model of energy allocation beyond myokine IL-6 to reinterpret the roles that IL-6 plays in chronic inflammation, as well as during COVID-19-associated hyperinflammation and multiorgan failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Kistner
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Bente K Pedersen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism/Centre for Physical Activity Research (CIM/CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Daniel E Lieberman
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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40
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Egawa T, Ogawa T, Yokokawa T, Kido K, Goto K, Hayashi T. Methylglyoxal reduces molecular responsiveness to 4 weeks of endurance exercise in mouse plantaris muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:477-488. [PMID: 35023763 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00539.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance exercise triggers skeletal muscle adaptations, including enhanced insulin signaling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial biogenesis. However, exercise-induced skeletal muscle adaptations may not occur in some cases, a condition known as exercise-resistance. Methylglyoxal (MG) is a highly reactive dicarbonyl metabolite and has detrimental effects on the body such as causing diabetic complications, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation. This study aimed to clarify the effect of methylglyoxal on skeletal muscle molecular adaptations following endurance exercise. Mice were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 12 per group): sedentary control group, voluntary exercise group, MG-treated group, and MG-treated with voluntary exercise group. Mice in the voluntary exercise group were housed in a cage with a running wheel, while mice in the MG-treated groups received drinking water containing 1% MG. Four weeks of voluntary exercise induced several molecular adaptations in the plantaris muscle, including increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α), mitochondria complex proteins, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), 72-kDa heat shock protein (HSP72), hexokinase II, and glyoxalase 1; this also enhanced insulin-stimulated Akt Ser473 phosphorylation and citrate synthase activity. However, these adaptations were suppressed with MG treatment. In the soleus muscle, the exercise-induced increases in the expression of TLR4, HSP72, and advanced glycation end products receptor 1 were inhibited with MG treatment. These findings suggest that MG is a factor that inhibits endurance exercise-induced molecular responses including mitochondrial adaptations, insulin signaling activation, and the upregulation of several proteins related to mitochondrial biogenesis, glucose handling, and glycation in primarily fast-twitch skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Egawa
- Laboratory of Health and Exercise Sciences, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ogawa
- Laboratory of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takumi Yokokawa
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kohei Kido
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Goto
- Laboratory of Physiology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyohashi SOZO University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hayashi
- Laboratory of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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41
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Docherty S, Harley R, McAuley JJ, Crowe LAN, Pedret C, Kirwan PD, Siebert S, Millar NL. The effect of exercise on cytokines: implications for musculoskeletal health: a narrative review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:5. [PMID: 34991697 PMCID: PMC8740100 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00397-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The physiological effects of physical exercise are ubiquitously reported as beneficial to the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems. Exercise is widely promoted by medical professionals to aid both physical and emotional wellbeing; however, mechanisms through which this is achieved are less well understood. Despite numerous beneficial attributes, certain types of exercise can inflict significant significant physiological stress. Several studies document a key relationship between exercise and immune activation. Activation of the innate immune system occurs in response to exercise and it is proposed this is largely mediated by cytokine signalling. Cytokines are typically classified according to their inflammatory properties and evidence has shown that cytokines expressed in response to exercise are diverse and may act to propagate, modulate or mitigate inflammation in musculoskeletal health. The review summarizes the existing literature on the relationship between exercise and the immune system with emphasis on how exercise-induced cytokine expression modulates inflammation and the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Docherty
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
| | - Rachael Harley
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
| | - Joseph J McAuley
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
| | - Lindsay A N Crowe
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
| | - Carles Pedret
- Sports Medicine and Imaging Department, Clinica Diagonal, C/Sant Mateu 24-26, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Paul D Kirwan
- School of Physiotherapy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Physiotherapy Department, Connolly Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stefan Siebert
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
| | - Neal L Millar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK.
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42
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Uzeloto JS, de Toledo-Arruda AC, Silva BSA, Braz AMM, de Lima FF, Grigoletto I, Ramos D, Golim MA, Ramos EMC. Effect of physical training on cytokine expression in CD4+ T lymphocytes in subjects with stable COPD. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2022; 16:17534666221091179. [PMID: 35695009 PMCID: PMC9189509 DOI: 10.1177/17534666221091179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Although evidence suggests that physical exercise reduces systemic inflammation, at the plasma level, there are still contradictions in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this sense, analysis of intracellular cytokines could clear off the effect of physical exercise on the inflammatory profile of these subjects. Aim: The aim was to evaluate the effect of physical training on cytokine expression in CD4+ T lymphocytes from subjects with COPD. Methods: This is a randomized controlled trial. Subjects with stable COPD were grouped into two groups, exercise and control. In total, 23 subjects with stable COPD were evaluated, of which 15 underwent aerobic strength training [physical exercise group (PEG)] and 8 underwent breathing exercises [respiratory physiotherapy group (RPG)]. Intracellular cytokines [interleukin (IL)-8, IL-13, IL-17, IL-6, IL-2, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)] from CD4+ T lymphocytes were analyzed from peripheral blood through flow cytometry, before and after 8 weeks of intervention. Results: The PEG and RPG groups had a mean age of 68 ± 5.96 and 72.25 ± 6.86 years and predicted forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) of 58.6 ± 15.99% and 39.75 ± 10.39%, respectively. It was possible to detect a significant reduction in IL-8 (p = 0.0125) and an increase in IL-13 (p = 0.0014) and an increase in TNF-α (p < 0.001) in both groups. Conclusion: Eight weeks of physical training, both peripheral and respiratory, were able to reduce concentrations of IL-8 and to increase IL-13, and TNF-α in CD4+ T lymphocytes in subjects with stable COPD. The findings reinforce the benefits of interventions in subjects with COPD, revealing data not previously investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana S Uzeloto
- Department of Physiotherapy, Postgraduate Program in Physiotherapy, Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Roberto Simonsen, 305, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Alessandra C de Toledo-Arruda
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruna S A Silva
- Physiotherapy, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, Presidente Prudente
| | - Aline M M Braz
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho.,Instituto de Biociencias Campus de Botucatu, Medical Biotechnology, Botucatu
| | - Fabiano F de Lima
- Physiotherapy, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, Presidente Prudente
| | - Isis Grigoletto
- Physiotherapy, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, Presidente Prudente
| | - Dionei Ramos
- Physiotherapy, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, Presidente Prudente
| | - Marjorie A Golim
- Botucatu Medical School, Postgraduate Program in Research & Development: Medical Biotechnology, Blood Center, Flow Cytometry Laboratory, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ercy M C Ramos
- Physiotherapy, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, Presidente Prudente
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43
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Sun Y, Wang Z, Nie C, Xue L, Wang Y, Song C, Fan M, Qian H, Ying H, Li Y, Wang L. Hydroxysafflor Yellow A Alters Fuel Selection From Glucose to Fat by Activating the PPARδ Pathway in Myocytes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:13838-13848. [PMID: 34757740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of fuel selection is critical in skeletal muscle function. Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) is the major bioactive component in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and, in our previous study, has been demonstrated to promote a shift from fast to slow myofiber. However, the effects of HSYA on fuel selection in skeletal muscle and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, the in vitro experiments found that water extracts of safflower, rich in HSYA, significantly suppressed the expressions of the genes related to glucose utilization and activated the expressions of the lipolysis genes. Furthermore, HSYA resulted in a shift in substrate utilization toward fat relative to carbohydrates in C2C12 myotubes. Animal tests showed HSYA could significantly reduce the respiratory exchange ratio and prolonge endurance performance in mice and also trigger a switch in intramuscular fuel selection preference from carbohydrates to fat at rest and during exercise. Mechanistic studies revealed that HSYA converted this fuel selection by activating peroxisome proliferator activated receptor δ (PPARδ), and these effects of HSYA could be reversed by specific suppression of PPARδ by PPARδ siRNA. Collectively, our study demonstrated that HSYA can switch substrate utilization from glucose to fat in myocytes by activating PPARδ signaling, resulting in prolonged endurance performance. These findings provided direct evidence for the endurance performance enhancement effect of HSYA and explored new perspectives for the innovation and application of HSYA in the health care industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- COFCO Aerocean Oils & Grain Industrial Co., Ltd, Shawan, NO.1 West Park Road, West Urumqi Road, Shawan County, Tacheng District, Xinjiang Province 832100, China
| | - Chenzhipeng Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lamei Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chunmei Song
- Food & Pharmacy College, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China
| | - Mingcong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Haifeng Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hao Ying
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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44
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Guo X, Hong T, Zhang S, Wei Y, Jin H, Miao Q, Wang K, Zhou M, Wang C, He B. IL-13 Alleviates Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis by Improving Fatty Acid Oxidation in Mitochondria. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:736603. [PMID: 34604237 PMCID: PMC8484794 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.736603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-induced cardiac injury (SIC) is one of the most common complications in the intensive care unit (ICU) with high morbidity and mortality. Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the main reasons for SIC, and Interleukin-13 (IL-13) is a master regulator of mitochondria biogenesis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of IL-13 in SIC and explore the underlying mechanism. It was found that reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis were significantly increased in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated primary cardiomyocytes, which was accompanied with obvious mitochondria dysfunction. The results of RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), mitochondrial membrane potential, fatty acid uptake and oxidation rate suggested that treatment with IL-13 could restore the function and morphology of mitochondria, indicating that it played an important role in protecting septic cardiomyocytes. These findings demonstrated that IL-13 alleviated sepsis-induced cardiac inflammation and apoptosis by improving mitochondrial fatty acid uptake and oxidation, suggesting that IL-13 may prove to be a potential promising target for SIC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Guo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Hong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yazhong Wei
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haizhen Jin
- Central Laboratory of Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Miao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Central Laboratory of Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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45
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Leuchtmann AB, Adak V, Dilbaz S, Handschin C. The Role of the Skeletal Muscle Secretome in Mediating Endurance and Resistance Training Adaptations. Front Physiol 2021; 12:709807. [PMID: 34456749 PMCID: PMC8387622 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.709807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise, in the form of endurance or resistance training, leads to specific molecular and cellular adaptions not only in skeletal muscles, but also in many other organs such as the brain, liver, fat or bone. In addition to direct effects of exercise on these organs, the production and release of a plethora of different signaling molecules from skeletal muscle are a centerpiece of systemic plasticity. Most studies have so far focused on the regulation and function of such myokines in acute exercise bouts. In contrast, the secretome of long-term training adaptation remains less well understood, and the contribution of non-myokine factors, including metabolites, enzymes, microRNAs or mitochondrial DNA transported in extracellular vesicles or by other means, is underappreciated. In this review, we therefore provide an overview on the current knowledge of endurance and resistance exercise-induced factors of the skeletal muscle secretome that mediate muscular and systemic adaptations to long-term training. Targeting these factors and leveraging their functions could not only have broad implications for athletic performance, but also for the prevention and therapy in diseased and elderly populations.
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46
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Goudreau AD, Everest C, Nagpal TS, Puranda JL, Bhattacharjee J, Vasanthan T, Adamo KB. Elucidating the interaction between maternal physical activity and circulating myokines throughout gestation: A scoping review. Am J Reprod Immunol 2021; 86:e13488. [PMID: 34331363 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) during pregnancy provides both maternal and fetal health benefits. It has been theorized that myokines, peptides secreted by contracting skeletal muscle, may play an important mechanistic role in facilitating the health benefits obtained from prenatal exercise. The objective of this review was to synthesize the current literature on the relationship between maternal PA and myokine response. A search strategy was developed using the terms pregnancy, PA, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, and TNF-α. A systematic search was completed in July 2020, in Medline, SPORTDiscus, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and in November 2020 for unpublished dissertations (grey literature; Proquest). Both human- and animal-based studies of any design were included, while commentaries and editorial articles were excluded. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers and summarized narratively. Data were thematically summarized based on the myokine and whether findings were from human or animal studies. Ten studies were included in this review. Findings from studies that examined IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α suggest a trimester-specific interaction between PA and myokine levels; no studies evaluated IL-13. Future research should investigate the PA-myokine relationship throughout all stages of gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine Everest
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Taniya S Nagpal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica L Puranda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jayonta Bhattacharjee
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | | | - Kristi B Adamo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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47
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Miguel-Dos-Santos R, Moreira JBN, Loennechen JP, Wisløff U, Mesquita T. Exercising immune cells: The immunomodulatory role of exercise on atrial fibrillation. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 68:52-59. [PMID: 34274371 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training is generally beneficial for cardiovascular health, improving stroke volume, cardiac output, and aerobic capacity. Despite these benefits, some evidence indicates that endurance training may increase the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF), particularly in highly trained individuals. Among multiple mechanisms, autonomic tone changes and atrial remodeling have been proposed as main contributors for exercise-induced AF. However, the contribution of local and systemic immunity is poorly understood in the development of atrial arrhythmogenic substrates. Here we aim to update the field of immunomodulation in the context of exercise and AF by compiling and reconciling the most recent evidence from preclinical and human studies and rationalize the applicability of "lone" AF terminology in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Miguel-Dos-Santos
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil; Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - José Bianco Nascimento Moreira
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Pål Loennechen
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; Department of Cardiology, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ulrik Wisløff
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; School of Human Movement and Nutrition Science, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Thássio Mesquita
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, California, United States..
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48
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Qian N, Gao Y, Wang J, Wang Y. Emerging role of interleukin-13 in cardiovascular diseases: A ray of hope. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:5351-5357. [PMID: 33943014 PMCID: PMC8184673 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the great progress made in the treatment for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the morbidity and mortality of CVDs remains high due to the lack of effective treatment strategy. Inflammation is a central pathophysiological feature of the heart in response to both acute and chronic injury, while the molecular basis and underlying mechanisms remains obscure. Interleukin (IL)-13, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, has been known as a critical mediator in allergy and asthma. Recent studies appraise the role of IL-13 in CVDs, revealing that IL-13 is not only involved in more obvious cardiac inflammatory diseases such as myocarditis but also relevant to acute or chronic CVDs of other origins, such as myocardial infarction and heart failure. The goal of this review is to summarize the advancement in our knowledge of the regulations and functions of IL-13 in CVDs and to discuss the possible mechanisms of IL-13 involved in CVDs. We highlight that IL-13 may be a promising target for immunotherapy in CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningjing Qian
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian'an Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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49
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Winn NC, Cottam MA, Wasserman DH, Hasty AH. Exercise and Adipose Tissue Immunity: Outrunning Inflammation. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:790-801. [PMID: 33899336 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is considered a precipitating factor and possibly an underlying cause of many noncommunicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease, metabolic diseases, and some cancers. Obesity, which manifests in more than 650 million people worldwide, is the most common chronic inflammatory condition, with visceral adiposity thought to be the major inflammatory hub that links obesity and chronic disease. Adipose tissue (AT) inflammation is triggered or heightened in large part by (1) accelerated immune cell recruitment, (2) reshaping of the AT stromal-immuno landscape (e.g., immune cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, adipocyte progenitors), and (3) perturbed AT immune cell function. Exercise, along with diet management, is a cornerstone in promoting weight loss and preventing weight regain. This review focuses on evidence that increased physical activity reduces AT inflammation caused by hypercaloric diets or genetic obesity. The precise cell types and mechanisms responsible for the therapeutic effects of exercise on AT inflammation remain poorly understood. This review summarizes what is known about obesity-induced AT inflammation and immunomodulation and highlights mechanisms by which aerobic exercise combats inflammation by remodeling the AT immune landscape. Furthermore, key areas are highlighted that require future exploration and novel discoveries into the burgeoning field of how the biology of exercise affects AT immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Winn
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Matthew A Cottam
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - David H Wasserman
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alyssa H Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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50
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Abstract
There is a growing interest in understanding tissue organization, homeostasis, and inflammation. However, despite an abundance of data, the organizing principles of tissue biology remain poorly defined. Here, we present a perspective on tissue organization based on the relationships between cell types and the functions that they perform. We provide a formal definition of tissue homeostasis as a collection of circuits that regulate specific variables within the tissue environment, and we describe how the functional organization of tissues allows for the maintenance of both tissue and systemic homeostasis. This leads to a natural definition of inflammation as a response to deviations from homeostasis that cannot be reversed by homeostatic mechanisms alone. We describe how inflammatory signals act on the same cellular functions involved in normal tissue organization and homeostasis in order to coordinate emergency responses to perturbations and ultimately return the system to a homeostatic state. Finally, we consider the hierarchy of homeostatic and inflammatory circuits and the implications for the development of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Meizlish
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Ruth A. Franklin
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Current affiliation: Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Xu Zhou
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Current affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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